Kusanthula kwa sayansi.

Source mu Chingerezi: Robert L. Kinney III - Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso umboni wa asayansi: Pakangodzikayika, zinthu zakale, komanso zinthu zina.
Linacre Quarterly 82 (4) 2015, 364 - 390
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000002
Kutanthauzira kwamagulu Sayansi ya Choonadi/ AT. Malangizo a Lysov, MD, Ph.D.

ZOKUTHANDIZA: Monga chifukwa chogwirizira “kugonana” kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akuti “kusintha” komanso momwe amagwiridwira ntchito kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ofanana. Komabe, zawonetsedwa kuti "kusintha" komanso magwiridwe antchito sizikugwirizana kuti mudziwe ngati kupatuka kumagonana kumabweretsa vuto lam'mutu ndipo kumabweretsa malingaliro abodza. Ndizosatheka kunena kuti malingaliro samakhala osokera, chifukwa chikhalidwe chotere sichingatsogolera "kusinthika", kupsinjika kapena kusokonezeka pantchito, mwanjira zina zovuta zambiri zamaganizidwe ziyenera kutchulidwa molakwika ngati zochitika wamba. Zomwe zatchulidwa m'mabuku omwe olemba anzawo amafotokoza sizimatsimikizirika, ndipo kafukufuku yemwe sakukayikira sangatchulidwe zachidziwikire.

DZIWANI

Nkhaniyi itatsala pang'ono kulembedwa, nduna yachikatolika [yemwe adalemba nkhani yokhudza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha] akuimbidwa mlandu wongogwiritsa ntchito "nkhani zokayikitsa, zolemba zakale komanso zodziwikiratu kuti ziwachititse ziwanda komanso amuna wamba" (Funk 2014) Pachifukwa chomwechi, mwana wina wogwira ntchito yolembedwera analemba kuti nyaniyo "adalowa m'magulu a zachikhalidwe cha anthu", "omwe sangathe"Gallbraith xnumx). Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti tanthauzo lake limatanthauza chiyani, koma zomwe adachita pankhaniyi zikubweretsa mafunso angapo ofunikira. Mlandu wogwiritsa ntchito zakale komanso kusunthira kudera lina kunja kwa mawonekedwe a aliyense zimakhudza zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, zikutanthauza kuti pali umboni wina womwe ndi watsopano kuposa uja woperekedwa ndi masisitere pankhani yokhudza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chachiwiri, zikutanthauza kuti pali akatswiri odalirika omwe ali ndi luso lotha kulingalira za kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Funso likubweranso: nanga bwanji ponena za kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "kosatha", zamasiku ano? Komanso, kodi akatswiri omwe amati ndi odalirika anena chiyani za kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha? Kufufuza kosavuta pa intaneti kumavumbula kuti ambiri mwa omwe amati ndi akatswiri azaumoyo amati pali umboni wambiri wasayansi wotsimikizira malingaliro awo kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lamaganizidwe. Poterepa, ndikofunikira kuwunikanso ndikuwunikanso umboni womwe umanenedwa kuti ndi wasayansi woti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lamaganizidwe.

Magulu awiri omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "otchuka komanso otchuka ngati akatswiri azovuta zamaganizidwe ku United States of America" ​​ndi American Psychological Association (APA) ndi American Psychiatric Association. Chifukwa chake, ndiyamba ndiziwunikanso momwe mabungwewa amafotokozera za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kenako ndilingalira "umboni wasayansi" womwe amati amalankhula m'malo mwake.

Ndikuwonetsa kuti pali zolakwika zazikulu pazomwe zimapezeka, zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati "umboni wa sayansi" pakuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la m'maganizo. Makamaka, gawo lalikulu la zolemba zomwe zaperekedwa monga umboni wa sayansi sizikugwirizana ndi mutu wa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso mavuto amisala. Chifukwa cha zolakwitsa izi, kudalirika kwa American Psychiatric Association ndi APA, makamaka pofotokoza zomwe ananena zokhudza kugonana kwa anthu, akufunsidwa.

KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO KU AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL KUKHALA NDI KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO KU AMERICAN

Ndiyamba ndi kufotokoza kwa APA ndi American Psychiatric Association, ndikulankhula za malingaliro awo pa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. APA imati ndi:

"... bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lasayansi ndi akatswiri oimira psychology ku United States. APA ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lazamalonda ndi ofufuza a 130 000, aphunzitsi, akatswiri azachipatala, alangizi ndi ophunzira. " (American Psychological Association 2014)

Cholinga chake ndi "Zomwe zimathandizira pakupanga, kulumikizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chazakuwongolera muchiwonetsero cha anthu komanso kukonza miyoyo ya anthu" (American Psychological Association 2014).

American Psychiatric Association (yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito APA):

"... ndi bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lazamisala padziko lonse lapansi. Awa ndi gulu lachipatala lomwe likuyimira mamembala ambiri, pakadali pano a 35 000 psychiatrists ... Mamembala ake amagwirira ntchito limodzi kupereka chisamaliro chothandiza komanso chithandizo chokwanira kwa anthu onse omwe ali ndi vuto lamaganizidwe, kuphatikiza kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. APA ndimawu ndi chikumbumtima cha akatswiri amakono a misala ” (American Psychiatric Association 2014a).

American Psychiatric Association imafalitsa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual yamavuto amisala - DSM, yomwe ndi:

"... mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri azaumoyo ku United States ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi wovomerezeka kalozera wokhudzana ndi matenda amisala. "DSM" ili ndi kufotokoza, zizindikiro ndi njira zina zodziwira matenda amisala. Zimapatsa umodzi kulumikizana kuti madokotala azilankhula za odwala awo ndikukhazikitsa njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzira matenda amisala. Zimapatsa mgwirizano pakati pa ofufuza kuti apeze njira zomwe zingabwezeretsedwe mtsogolo ndikuthandizira pakupanga mankhwala komanso zina. ” (American Psychiatric Association 2014b, kusankha kowonjezera).

Maupangiri ozindikira ndi owerengetsera amisala yamaganizidwe amatengedwa ngati malangizo ovomerezeka pakuwunikira mikhalidwe yamatenda amisala. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti amisala omwe amapanga American Psychiatric Association, makamaka iwo omwe ali ndi gawo la kufotokozera zomwe zimachitika mu "DSM," amawonedwa ngati olamulira komanso akatswiri pazokhudza zamisala (kwa anthu osazolowereka za sayansi, kuwerenga kwa kuwerenga maganizo ndi kosiyana ndi maphunziro azamisala, chifukwa chake pali mabungwe awiri ogwira ntchito omwe amaphunzira kusokonezeka kwa m'maganizo - zamaganizidwe ndi anthu amisala).

Malingaliro a APA ndi American Psychiatric Association pankhani yokhudza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha afotokozedwa m'malemba awiri ofunikira. Zolemba izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa. Chidule cha Amici Curiae cha APA¹zomwe zidaperekedwa panthawi ya US Supreme Court Lawrence v. Texas, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malamulo azotsutsana ndi sodomy athe. Lachiwiri ndi chikalata cha APA chotchedwa "Target Group Report on Appvum Therapeutic to Khola Kuchita Chiwerewere"². Olemba mu lipotili "Tinayang'ananso mwatsatanetsatane zolemba zomwe asayansi anena kuti zitha kusintha zokhudzana ndi kugonana" kuti apereke "malingaliro apadera kwa akatswiri ovomerezeka a zaumoyo, anthu, komanso andale" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 2) Zolemba zonsezi zili ndi mfundo zochokera pazinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati "umboni" wotsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la m'maganizo. Ndidzafotokozera zaumboni wazasayansi omwe aperekedwa m'mabukuwa ndipo ndidzaunikira komwe kunaperekedwa umboni wa sayansi.

Dziwani kuti "gulu lomwe likulembalo" lomwe linakonza chikalata chachiwiri lidayendetsedwa ndi a Judith M. Glassgold, omwe ndi a psychologist psychology. Amakhala pagulu la Journal of Gay ndi Lesbian Psychotherapy ndipo ndi wakale wapampando wa APA's Gay and Lesbian department (Nicolosi 2009) Mamembala ena pantchitoyo anali: Lee Bexted, Jack Drescher, Beverly Green, Robin Lyn Miller, Roger L. Worsington ndi Clinton W. Anderson. Malinga ndi a Joseph Nicolosi, Bexted, Drescher ndi Anderson "amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha," Miller ndi "wamwano," ndipo Green ndi amuna ogonana okhaokha (Nicolosi 2009) Chifukwa chake, asanawerenge malingaliro awo, owerenga akuyenera kukumbukira kuti oimira APA satenga nawo mbali pankhaniyi.

Nditenga zolemba ziwiri izi. Izi zimalola kufotokozedwa kwakukulu za udindo wa APA ndi American Psychiatric Association.

PANGANO LA MABODZA AWIRI PA HOMOSEXUALISM

APA imalemba za kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"... Kukopeka ndi kugonana komwe kumagonana amuna okhaokha, machitidwe awo, ndi momwe iwonso ali ndi magwiridwe abwinobwino komanso osiyanasiyana muzogonana - mwa kuyankhula kwina, sizikuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro kapena kukula." (Glassgold et al. 2009, 2).

Amafotokoza kuti mwa “zabwinobwino” amatanthauza "Konse kulibe matenda amisala komanso kupezeka kwabwino komanso kwabwino kotukuka kwamunthu" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 11) Olembera APA Ganizirani Izi "Kuthandizidwa ndi maziko abwino" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 15).

Chikalata cha APA Expert Opinion chikugwiritsanso ntchito mawu ngati awa:

"... kafukufuku wazaka makumi ambiri komanso zokumana nazo zapangitsa kuti mabungwe onse azaumoyo mdziko muno kuti aziganiza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yabwinobwino yogonana." (Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2003, 1).

Chifukwa chake, udindo waukulu wa APA ndi American Psychiatric Association ndikuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuti ndi vuto la m'maganizo, koma mawonekedwe abwinobwino ogonana amuna ndi akazi, ndipo iwo amati udindo wawo umakhazikitsidwa ndi umboni wofunikira wasayansi.

Sigmund Freud

Zolemba zonsezi zimapitiliza ndi kuwunikira kwa mbiri ya kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi psychoanalysis. Pepala limodzi limayamba ndi kugwira mawu a Sigmund Freud, yemwe adati kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "Kodi sichinthu chochititsa manyazi, cholakwika, komanso chamanyazi, sichingatchulidwe ngati matenda, koma ndikugonana." (Freud, 1960, 21, 423 - 4) Olembawo adawona kuti Freud adayesa kusintha njira zogonana ndi mkazi m'modzi, koma, popeza sanachite bwino, "Freud adaganiza kuti kuyesa kusintha malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungaphule kanthu." (Glassgold et al., 2009, 21).

Sizikunena kuti kalata yolembedwa ndi [Freud] mchaka cha 1935 idachotsedwa kale kapena sigwiranso ntchito, kutengera kusankha kwa mawu. Malonjezo a Freud akuti kusintha kwa malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "mwinamwake osachita bwino "pakangoyeserera kamodzi kokha kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati" nkhani yokayikitsa. " Chifukwa chake, deta ya Freud pankhaniyi ndiyosakwanira; kutengera kalata yake, sikutheka kunena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi mtundu wamba wamalingaliro a munthu wogonana. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti olemba sanasankhe mwadala malingaliro a Freud, omwe ananena kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "kusiyanasiyana pogonana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyimitsidwa kwina pakukula kwa kugonana"(Herek 2012) Kungopewa izi pang'onopang'ono pantchito ya Freud ndikusocheretsa. (Mwatsatanetsatane pazomwe Freud adalemba pankhani yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akhoza kuwerengera mu ntchito ya Nicolosi).

Alfred Kinsey

Chikalata cha APA Task Force ndiye chikutanthawuza mabuku awiri omwe alembedwa ndi Alfred Kinsey mu 1948 ndi 1953 (Kugonana Kwazogonana mu Munthu Wamkazi ndi Kugonana Kwa Munthu Wamunthu):

"... nthawi yomweyo momwe malingaliro azakugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi amisili ku America adakhazikitsidwa, umboni udalipo wokwanira kuti malingaliro onyazitsawa sanakwaniritsidwe. Buku la "Kugonana Mwamunayo mwa Munthu 'ndi" Kugonana mwa Amuna Amuna' lidawonetsa kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kofala kwambiri kuposa momwe kumaganiziridwira, zikusonyeza kuti machitidwe ngati amenewo ndi mbali ya kupitilizabe kugona machitidwe ogonana. ” (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Muno, mfundo yayikulu ndikuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi “kupitilira” kwa mchitidwe wogonana. Mwanjira ina, APA imafotokoza zotsatirazi zochokera m'mabuku a Kinsey:

1. Zawonetsedwa kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndiofala pakati pa anthu kuposa momwe amaganizira kale;
2. Chifukwa chake, pali magawidwe abwinobwino (kapena “kupitilizidwa”) kokopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo.

Zowunikira za Kinsey (zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi APA) ndizosakwanira monga kumasulira kwa zomwe Freud adanena. "Continuum" ndi "mndandanda wokhazikika womwe zinthu zoyandikana sizimasiyana kwenikweni, ngakhale zili kwina ndizosiyana kwambiri" (New Oxford American Dictionary 2010, sv yopitiliza) Chitsanzo cha kupitiliraku ndikuwerengedwa kwa kutentha - "chotentha" ndi "kuzizira" ndizosiyana kwambiri, koma ndizovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa 100 ° F ndi 99 ° F. Kinsey akufotokoza malingaliro ake osinthika mwachilengedwe:

"Dziko lapansi silingakhale logawikana chabe kukhala nkhosa ndi mbuzi. Osati onse akuda komanso onse oyera. Maziko a taxonomy ndi akuti chilengedwe nthawi zambiri chimatha kuchita ndi magulu ophatikizika. Malingaliro amunthu okha amalepheretsa magulu ndipo amayesa kuyikira mazira onse m'madengu. Nyama zakuthengo ndizopitilira munjira zake zonse.. Tikamvetsetsa izi pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kuzindikira bwino zomwe zachitika pakugonana. ” (Kinsey ndi Pomeroy 1948, kusankha kowonjezera).

Ponena za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Kinsey (monga alembi a APA) akutsimikiza kuti popeza anthu ena amakopeka ndi zogonana zawo, zimangokhala zokhazokha kuti pali kupitilizabe kwabwino kwa kugonana. Kuti muwone kuperewera kwa matanthauzidwe amtunduwu sikufuna digiri yasayansi. Chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe chimatsimikiziridwa osati powona chikhalidwe chotere pagulu. Izi zikugwira ntchito kwa sayansi yonse yazachipatala.

Kuti tithe kumvetsetsa zosavutikira za mfundo yotere, ndipereka chitsanzo cha machitidwe amodzi omwe amadziwika pakati pa anthu. Anthu ena amakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kuchotsa ziwalo zawo zathanzi; mwa anthu ena pali chikhumbo chofuna kuvulaza matupi awo, pomwe enanso amadzivulaza m'njira zina. Onsewa sikuti amadzipha, safuna kufa, koma akungofuna kuchotsa miyendo yawo yabwino kapena kuwononga matupi awo.

Mkhalidwe momwe munthu amamva kuti akufuna kuchotsa gawo lamthupi lodziwika bwino limadziwika mu sayansi monga "apotemophilia", "xenomelia", kapena "bodyurity disorder syndrome". Apothemophilia ndiye "Chikhumbo cha munthu wathanzi kudula dzanja lamanja ndi lothandizadi” (Brugger, Lenggenhager ndi Giummarra 2013, 1) Zinadziwika kuti "Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi apotemophilia ndi amuna", izo "Ambiri akufuna kudula mwendo 'ngakhale "Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi apothemophilia akufuna kuchotsa miyendo yonse" (Hilti et al., 2013, 319). Phunziro limodzi ndi abambo a 13, zidadziwika kuti maphunziro onse omwe ali ndi apotemophilia adakumana nawo «kulakalaka kwamphamvu macheka miyendo " (Hilti et al., 2013, 324, kusankha kwawonjezera). Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti izi zimachitika kuyambira paubwana, komanso kuti zimatha kupezeka kuyambira nthawi yobadwa (Blom, Hennekam ndi Denys 2012, 1). Mwanjira ina, anthu ena amatha kubadwa ndi chikhumbo kapena mtima wofuna kuchotsa dzanja lamphamvu. Komanso, mu kafukufuku pakati pa anthu a 54, zidapezeka kuti 64,8% ya anthu omwe ali ndi xenomyelia ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba (Blom, Hennekam ndi Denys 2012, 2). Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kuchotsa miyendo yolimba kumabweretsa "Kusintha kochititsa chidwi m'moyo wabwino" (Blom, Hennekam ndi Denys 2012, 3).

Chifukwa chake, mwachidule: pali mkhalidwe wama malingaliro momwe anthu "amalakalaka" ndi "kufunafuna" kuchotsa miyendo yawo wathanzi. Chilakolakochi chitha kukhala chamkati, kapena, mwanjira ina, anthu akhoza kubadwa ndi chikhumbo chakuchotsa miyendo yawo wathanzi. "Kukhumba" ndi "kukhumba" ndizofanana "kutengera" kapena "kukonda". "Kukhumba" kapena "kukhumba", sikuti kwenikweni sikungofanana ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa kudula (kuchitapo kanthu), koma kukonda, kulakalaka, kulakalaka, komanso kusunthanso komweko kumawonedwa ngati kuphwanya lamulo (Hiltiet al., 2013, 324)³.

Kuchotsa miyendo yathanzi matenda, komanso kufunitsitsa kuchotsa miyendo yathanzi kufunafuna kwachiphunzitso kapena zamatsenga. Chikhumbo cha pathological chimakula mu mawonekedwe a malingaliro, monga momwe zimachitikira ndi ambiri (ngati sichoncho). Nthawi zambiri, vutoli lakhalapo kuyambira ubwana. Pomaliza, anthu omwe amakwaniritsa zokhumba zawo ndikuchotsa manja onyentchera amakhala bwino atadulidwa. Mwanjira ina, iwo amene amachita malinga ndi kukhudzika kwake (malingaliro a m'maganizo) ndikuchita zina kuti achotse dzanja lamphamvu, amasintha "moyo wabwino" kapena amasangalala pambuyo poti achitapo kanthu. (Owerenga awone apa kufanana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha apotemophilia ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.)

Chitsanzo chachiwiri chokhala ndi vuto lamisala chomwe ndatchula pamwambapa ndi chomwe chimatchedwa. "Kudzivulaza", kapena "kudzicheka" (kufuna kudzivulaza wekha, zipsera). David Klonsky adanena kuti:

"Kusasinthika kopanda tanthauzo kumangotanthauza kuwononga kwa thupi la thupi limodzi (popanda zolinga zakudzipha), zomwe sizimayendetsedwa ndi malamulo apagulu ... Njira zodziwika zodziwikirazi zimaphatikizapo kudula, kukanda, kusokoneza, komanso kusokoneza machiritso a zilonda. Mitundu ina ndi monga kupaka mawu kapena zilembo pakhungu, kusoka ziwalo zathupi. ” (Klonsky 2007, 1039-40).

Klonsky ndi Muehlenkamp alemba kuti:

“Ena amagwiritsa ntchito kudzivulaza ngati njira yosangalatsira kapena kusangalala, yofanana ndi kudumphadumpha kapena kulumpha. Mwachitsanzo, zolinga zomwe anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito ngati zolinga zodzilemba zimaphatikizapo "Ndikufuna kukwera", "ndikuganiza kuti zingakhale zosangalatsa" komanso "kusangalala". Pazifukwa izi, kusintha kwachinyamata kumatha kuchitika pagulu la anzanu kapena anzanu. ” (Klonsky ndi Muehlenkamp 2007, 1050)

Momwemonso, Klonsky akuti

"... kuchuluka kwa kusinthika kwa magalimoto mu kuchuluka kwa anthu ndiwokwera ndipo mwina kuli kokulirapo pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata ... zikuwonekeratu kuti automitute imawonedwa ngakhale m'magulu omwe si a chipatala komanso ogwirira ntchito kwambiri, monga ophunzira aku sekondale, ophunzira aku koleji komanso ankhondo ... Kukula kofalikira kwa kusintha kwamoto akuti madotolo athekera kwambiri kuposa kale kuti akumanane ndi izi machitidwe awo azachipatala. ” (Klonsky 2007, 1040, kusankha kwawonjezera).

American Psychiatric Association imati ndi kusasintha kwazoyesayesa kuzisintha, zowonongeka mwachindunji "Nthawi zambiri mawuwo amalimbikitsidwa, ndipo mavuto awowo amawoneka osangalatsa, ngakhale amazindikira kuti akudzivulaza" (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 806).

Mwachidule, kudzivulaza kopanda kudzipha ndiko matenda patsogolo ndi kufunafuna kwachiphunzitso (kapena "Kulimbikitsa") dzivulaze. Iwo omwe amadzivulaza amatero chifukwa cha "Zosangalatsa". Odwala ena omwe ali ndi vutoli "Ogwira ntchito kwambiri" mukuganiza kuti amatha kukhala ndi moyo, kugwira ntchito komanso kuchita zinthu pagulu, nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi vuto lamaganizidwe awa. Pomaliza “Kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe azinthu zodziwikiratu kwachuluka ndipo mwina kuli kwachinyamata pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata” (Klonsky 2007, 1040).

Tsopano kubwerera ku cholinga choyambirira - kulingalira zitsanzo za apotemophilia ndi auto-mutation mu kapangidwe ka mfundo za APA ndi American Psychiatric Association. APA imanena kuti zomwe anapeza mu kafukufuku wa Alfred Kinsey zatsutsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati njira yodutsamo. APA imayika mawu awa pa kafukufuku wa Kinsey "Anawonetsa kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kofala kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira kale, kuwonetsa kuti machitidwe oterewa ndi gawo limodzi la mchitidwe wogonana komanso chikhalidwe" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Apanso, kufupikitsika kwa mkangano wa Kinsey kumawoneka motere:

1. Mwa anthu, zawonetsedwa kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuli ponseponse kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwapo kale;
2. Chifukwa chake, pamakhala kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe (kapena “kupitilirabe”) kwa chilakolako chogonana.

Sinthani kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zitsanzo za apotemophilia ndi auto-mutation, kutsatira malingaliro a Kinsey ndi APA, kenako kutsutsana kudzakhala motere:

1. Kwawonedwa kuti anthu ena amayesedwa ndipo amafunitsitsa kudzivulaza ndikudula ziwalo zabwino za matupi awo;
2. Zawonetsedwa pakati pa anthu kuti chidwi chodzivulaza ndikudula ziwalo zathanzi ndizofala kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwapo kale;
3. Chifukwa chake, pamakhala kusiyanasiyana kwachizolowezi chofuna kudzivulaza ndikudula ziwalo zathanzi; pali kupitilira kwa kusiyanasiyana kwanthawi zonse kokhudzana ndi malingaliro pazodzivulaza.

Chifukwa chake, titha kuwona momwe zosamveka komanso zosagwirizana ndi zotsutsana za Kinsey ndi APA ziliri; Kuwona kuti machitidwe ndiofala kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira kale sizimangobweretsa umboni wotsimikiza kuti pamakhala zochitika zomwezo. Titha kunena kuti munthu aliyense payekha amawona momwe amagwirira ntchito mwanjira imodzi yabwinobwino mu “kupitiriza” kwamakhalidwe a anthu; ngati kufuna kudzipweteka wekha kapena kufuna kuchotsa dzanja lathanzi kumaoneka kuti ndizofala kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira kale, ndiye (mwa malingaliro awo) machitidwe oterewa ndi gawo limodzi lazotheka kupitiliza mchitidwe komanso zolinga zodzivulaza.

Kumapeto kumawonekedwe amtundu wa Kinsey padzakhala omwe akufuna kudzipha, kumapeto kwake kwawonekerako padzakhala ena omwe akufuna thanzi lawo komanso kugwira ntchito kwabwino kwa thupi lawo. Pena pakati pawo, molingana ndi lingaliro la Kinsey, padzakhala ena omwe akumva kuti akufuna kudula manja awo, ndipo pafupi ndi iwo padzakhala iwo omwe akufuna kudula manja onse. Izi zimabweretsa funso: chifukwa chiyani mitundu yonse yamakhalidwe a anthu silingatengedwere ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakhalidwe a anthu? Kutsutsana pamsika wa Kinsey, ngati kumapitirirabe, kumathetseratu kufunikira kwa psychology kapena psychiatry; Kinsey adalemba kuti "dziko lamoyo ndizopitilizabe kuzinthu zonse". Izi zikadakhala choncho, ndiye kuti sipakanakhala chinthu china chilichonse ngati matenda amisala (kapena vuto lakuthupi), ndipo sipakanakhala chifukwa chogwirizanirana ndi magulu onsewa omwe amazindikira ndikuchiza matenda amisala. Kukopa chidwi chazomvera pamilandu, malinga ndi lingaliro la Kinsey, ndi njira imodzi mwazinthu zabwino pakapitiliridwe kwa malingaliro a moyo wa munthu.

Chifukwa chake, zomwe APA imanena kuti kuphunzira kwa Kinsey ndi "chotsutsa" cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa chida chomwe sichokwanira ndi cholakwika. Zomwe mabuku asayansi apeza sizikugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, ndipo mawu akewo ndiwopanda tanthauzo. (Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti pamodzi ndi kutsutsana kopanda tanthauzo, kafukufuku ambiri wa Kinsey adasinthidwa (Browder xnumx; onani zambiri nthano ya 10%).

K. S. FORD NDI FRANK A. BEACH

Gwero lina lomwe lafotokozedwa ngati umboni wasayansi wosonyeza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si matenda amisala ndi kafukufuku wa a C. S. Ford ndi a Frank A. Beach. APA idalemba kuti:

"CS Ford ndi Beach (1951) yawonetsa kuti machitidwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapezeka osiyanasiyana azinyama komanso zikhalidwe za anthu. Kupeza kumeneku kunawonetsa kuti palibe chomwe sichiri chachilengedwe machitidwe a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha."(Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Mawuwo amatengedwa m'buku lotchedwa Patterns of Behaviour. Adalembedwa mu 1951, ndipo mmenemo, atatha kuphunzira za anthropological, olemba adanenanso kuti zochitika zogonana ndizovomerezeka mu 49 kuchokera ku zikhalidwe za anthu za 76 (Wamitundu ndi Miller, 2009, 576). Ford ndi Beach adatinso "awonetsa kuti mwa anyani amuna ndi akazi omwe amatenga nawo gawo amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Wamitundu ndi Miller, 2009) Chifukwa chake, olemba APA amakhulupirira kuti popeza ofufuza awiri a 1951 adazindikira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumaonedwa mwa anthu ena ndi nyama, zimatsata kuti palibe chilichonse chachilendo pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (tanthauzo la "palibe chachilendo") likuwoneka kuti likutanthauza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "chizolowezi"). Momwe mfundo iyi ingatchulidwire motere:

1. Zochita kapena chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinyama komanso zikhalidwe za anthu chimawonetsa kuti palibe chachilendo pamakhalidwe otere;
2. Khalidwe la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zawonedwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zikhalidwe za anthu;
3. Chifukwa chake, palibe chilichonse chosakhala chachilendo machitidwe ogonana amuna okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Pankhaniyi, tikukhudzanso "gwero latha" (kafukufuku wa 1951 wa chaka chino), womwe umaperekanso mawu osamveka. Kuwunikira chikhalidwe chilichonse pakati pa anthu komanso pakati pa nyama sikokwanira kuti munthu adziwe kuti palibe chomwe sichingachitike mwanjira imeneyi (pokhapokha ngati APA ibwera ndi tanthauzo lina la liwu loti "zachilengedwe" kuvomereza mawuwa) . Mwanjira ina, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe amachita ndi zomwe anthu ndi nyama amachita, koma sizitanthauza kuti pamenepa "Palibe zachilendo»Mumachitidwe ndi machitidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kubala cannibalism kwawoneka kuti kwakhala kofala pachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso pakati pa nyama (Petrinovich 2000, 92).

[Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, Beach idavomereza kuti sakudziwa chowonadi chimodzi chazimuna kapena zazikazi zomwe zimakonda nyama kapena akazi: “Pali amuna omwe amakhala amuna anzawo, koma osadukiza kapena pachimake. Muthanso kuwona khola pakati pa akazi ... koma kuzitcha kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mumalingaliro amunthu ndikutanthauzira, ndikumasulira kumakhala kovuta ... Ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti khola lomwelo lingatchedwe kuti lachiwerewere ... " (Karlen 1971, 399) -  pafupifupi. pa.]

Kugwiritsira ntchito cannibalism kuzinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi APA kudzabweretsa chotsatirachi:

1. Zochita kapena chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinyama komanso zikhalidwe za anthu chimawonetsa kuti palibe chachilendo pamakhalidwe otere;
2. Kudya anthu amtundu wawo womwe amawonekera mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zikhalidwe za anthu;
3. Chifukwa chake, palibe chilichonse chachilengedwe pakudya za mitundu ya iwo eni.

Komabe, kodi simukuganiza kuti pali china chake "chosakhala chachilengedwe" mu cannibalism? Titha kubwera pamenepa potsatira lingaliro wamba (popanda kukhala anthropologist, psychologist, psychologist kapena biologist). Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi APA komaliza cholakwika cha Ford ndi Beach monga "umboni" kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikutanthauza kuvutika kwamalingaliro kwatha ndipo sikokwanira. Ndiponso, mabuku azasayansi satsimikizira kuti zomwe awerengazi, ndipo chomaliza sichabodza; kutsutsana kwawo si malingaliro asayansi. (Chithunzichi chitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati fanizo kopanda tanthauzo la Kinsey ndi APA: padzakhala veganism kumapeto kwina kwa "kupitilizidwa kwazomwe zikuchitika pakudya" komanso kanyumba panthawi ina).

Evelyn Hooker ndi Ena pa “Kusintha”

Mtsutso wotsatirawu wolemba gulu la chandamale cha APA ndikunena za kufalitsa kwa Evelyn Hooker:

"Kafukufuku wa katswiri wazamaphunziro a Evelyn Hooker adapereka lingaliro la kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati vuto la maganizo kuyesedwa kwa sayansi. Hooker adawerengera amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo amawafananizira ndi amuna ofanana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Hooker anapeza, mwa zina, kuchokera pazotsatira za mayeso atatu (mayeso ozindikira mwamawu, Fotokozerani nkhaniyi poyesedwa ndi zithunzi ndi mayeso a Rorschach) kuti amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ofanana ndi gulu lokonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi gawo la kusinthasintha. Ndizodabwitsa kuti akatswiri omwe adaphunzira za protocol ya Rorschach sakanatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mapulani a gululi komanso gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso njira zoyeserera panthawiyo. ” (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22, kusankha kwawonjezera).

Malingaliro a Katswiri wa APA amatanthauzanso Hooker monga "Kufufuza mokwanira":

"... m'modzi woyamba osamala Dr. Evelyn Hooker adagwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyeserera amisala kuti aphunzire amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amafanana ndi zaka, IQ, ndi maphunziro ... ndi kuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulibe vuto lililonse." (Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2003, 10 - 11, kusankha kwawonjezeredwa)

Chifukwa chake, mu 1957, Evelyn Hooker adayerekezera amuna omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amati ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Adaphunzira maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso atatu amisala: mayeso omvetsetsa, mayeso a "Nena nkhani kuchokera pazithunzi", komanso mayeso a Rorschach. Hooker adatsimikiza kuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikutanthauza"Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2003, 11).

Kusanthula bwino ndikudzudzidwa kwa kafukufuku wa Hooker sikupezeka pamutuwu, koma mfundo zingapo ziyenera kudziwika.

Zofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza kulikonse ndi: (1) paramu woyeza (Chingerezi: "zotsatira"; mapeto), ndi (2) ngati zingatheke kupeza chidziwitso poyesa gawo ili.

China chofunikira phunziroli ndi ngati mayesowo ndi olondola. Kafukufuku wa Hooker adayang'ana "kusintha" kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati gawo loyesa. Hooker adati kulimba mtima komwe kumayesedwa mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizofanana. Komabe, silipereka tanthauzo la mawu oti "kusinthasintha". Pakadali pano, owerenga ayenera kukumbukira lingaliro la "kusinthasintha," lomwe ndidzabwerenso mtsogolo. Tiyenera kudziwa pano kuti ntchito zina zambiri zafotokoza molakwika zolakwika zamaphunziro a Hooker (ntchito ziwiri zomwe zimafotokoza zolakwika zamaphunziro a Hooker zimaperekedwa mgawo lazowunikirazi - awa ndi Schumm (2012) и Cameron ndi Cameron (2012)) Munkhaniyi, ndidzakhala pamzere womwe Hooker adagwiritsa ntchito ngati umboni wa sayansi pokomera zomwe akunenazi za "kufanana" kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: kusinthasintha.

Ndinalingalira kwambiri izi, chifukwa mchaka cha 2014, "kusinthasintha" ndikadali chithunzi chofotokozedwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu ngati umboni wa sayansi, mokomera zonena kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "kusiyanasiyana kwa malingaliro a munthu wogonana".

Atatha kunena za Evelyn Hooker ngati umboni wa sayansi, olemba gulu la APA la ntchito anati:

"Pakufufuza kwa Armon pakati pa azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zotsatira zofananazo [zomwe zidachokera kwa Evelyn Hooker] zidapezeka .... Zaka zotsatila pambuyo pa maphunziro a Hooker ndi Armon, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro pazakugonana ndi malingaliro ogonana adakula. Pali zochitika ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zomwe zidawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pa kuphunzira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Choyamba, potengera chitsanzo cha Hooker, ofufuza ochulukirachulukira anayamba kuchita kafukufuku wamagulu omwe sanali achipatala a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adaphatikizapo omwe adapanikizika kapena kumangidwa. Kachiwiri, njira zochulukitsira zowunikira umunthu wa anthu (mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwa umunthu wa Eysenck, kufunsa kwa Cattell, ndi mayeso a Minnesota) zidapangidwa ndipo zinali zothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera njira monga kale, mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwa Rorschach. Kafukufuku wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopanozi akuwonetsa kuti amuna ndi akazi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ofanana amuna ndi akazi mosiyana amuna ndi akazi machitidwe awo. ”(Glassgold et al., 2009, 23, kusankha kwawonjezera).

Chingwe chomaliza ichi, chomwe ndidatsimikiza, ndichofunika kwambiri; "njira zatsopano"Poyerekeza"kusintha”Ndi kuthekera kogwira ntchito pagulu pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti, anafanizira kuti lingaliro lakuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto. Tiyenera kudziwa pano kuti "kusintha" kunagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana ndi "kusinthasintha" (Jahoda xnumx, 60 - 63, Seaton mkati Lopez 2009, 796 - 199). Zotsatira zake, APA imanenanso kuti popeza amuna ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali “ofanana” kwa abambo ndi amayi pakusintha kwawo ndikusinthana ndi zochitika zina, izi zikusonyeza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la malingaliro. Awa ndimomwemonso Evelyn Hooker yemwe adatsimikiza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungokhala njira yokhayo yomwe imafanana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu "kusinthasintha".

Ndemanga ya a John C. Gonsiorek yotchedwa "Empirical Basis for the Demise of Illness Model of Hom usho ushoga" yatchulidwanso ndi APA ndi American Psychiatric Association monga umboni kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto (Glassgold et al., 2009, 23; Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Munkhaniyi, Gonsiorek akunenanso zambiri zofanana ndi zomwe a Evelyn Hooker. Gonsiorek adawonetsa kuti

"... Dokotala wodziwa za matenda amisala ndi njira yoyenera, koma kugwiranso ntchito kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikolakwika ndipo sikulakwa, popeza palibe chifukwa chodziwikitsira ichi. Mwanjira ina, kuzindikira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati matenda ndi njira yoyipa ya sayansi. Chifukwa chake, mosasamala kanthu kuti kudalirika kodziwitsa za kuvomerezeka kumavomerezedwa kapena kukanidwa mu zamisala, palibe chifukwa choganiza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi matenda kapena ngati chisonyezo cha matenda amisala ”. (Gonsiorek, 1991, 115).

Gonsiorek akuimba iwo amene amathandizira zonena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito njira zoyipa za sayansi. Kuphatikiza apo, Gonsiorek akuwonetsa kuti "Funso lokhalo ndiloti kodi pali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amasinthidwa?" (Gonsiorek 1991, 119 - 20) ndi

"... ku funso loti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulibe vuto kapena sikumakhala kwachikhalidwe komanso kumayenderana ndi kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, ndikosavuta kuyankha .... Kafukufuku wamagulu osiyanasiyana adawonetsa kuti palibe kusiyana kusintha kwamalingaliro pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chifukwa chake, ngati kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti amuna ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi zowonongeka, sitinganene kuti zogonana ndi zoganiza zokha ndizolumikizidwa. ”. (Gonsiorek, 1991, 123 - 24, yowonetsedwa)

Chifukwa chake, mu ntchito ya Gonsiorek, "kusinthasintha" kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyezera. Apanso, umboni wa asayansi wotchulidwa ndi Gonsiorek, wonena kuti "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri", zimakhazikika pakuyerekeza "kusinthasintha" kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Gonsiorek amatanthauza kuti ngati malingaliro akugonana "akuphatikizidwa" ndikusintha kwa malingaliro, titha kuganiza kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamaganizidwe. Ngati, komabe, palibe kusiyana kulikonse pakusinthasintha kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye (malinga ndi Gonsiorek) kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la m'maganizo. Kutsutsana kwake kuli kofanana ndi kukangana kwa Evelyn Hooker, komwe kunali motere:

1. Palibe kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha;
2. Chifukwa chake, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la m'maganizo.

Katswiri wa Katswiri wa APA ku Lawrence v. Texas idatinso kuwunika kwa a Gonsiorek ngati umboni wa asayansi wotsimikizira zonena kuti "Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikogwirizana ndi psychopathology kapena maladaptation" (Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Ma APA Katswiri wa Katswiri amatchulanso maumboni ena ambiri pa umboni wasayansi wochirikiza izi. Chimodzi mwazomwe zatchulidwa ndikuwunika kwa 1978 kowunikira chaka chino, chomwe chimaganiziranso kusintha kosinthika "ndipo" imatsimikiza kuti zotsatira zomwe zapezeka pano sizikuwonetsa kuti munthu amene amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samasinthasintha malingaliro kuposa mnzake mnzake "Hart et al., 1978, 604). American Psychiatric Association ndi APA idatchulanso maphunziro a Gonsiorek ndi Hooker ngati umboni wa asayansi pakuyambiranso kwawo kwa US v. Windsor (Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2013, 8). Chifukwa chake, kamodzinso, njira za “kusinthasintha” zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchirikiza zonena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lalingaliro. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kudziwa tanthauzo lenileni la "kusinthasintha", chifukwa ichi ndiye maziko a "umboni wa asayansi" womwe ukunena kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikutanthauza kuvutika kwamalingaliro.

“KUGWIRA NTCHITO” MU PSYCHOLOGY

Pamwambapa ndidazindikira kuti "kusinthasintha" ndi liwu lomwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana ndi "kusintha". Marie Jahoda adalemba mu 1958 (patatha chaka chimodzi kufalitsa kuphunzira kwa Evelyn Hooker)

"Liwu loti" kusinthasintha "limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kuposa kuzolowera, makamaka m'mabuku odziwika pa zaumoyo, koma nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti: kusintha ". (Jahoda xnumx, 62).

Kafukufuku wa Hooker komanso kafukufuku wa Gonsiorek ndi zitsanzo zabwino zakugwiritsa ntchito kwanzeru kwa mawu oti "kusinthasintha". Palibe wolemba yemwe amatanthauzira liwulo ndendende, koma Gonsiorek amatanthauza zomwe amatanthauza ndi nthawi iyi pamene akutchula kafukufuku wambiri yemwe adafalitsidwa pakati pa zaka za 1960 ndi 1975 (zolemba zonse zomwe ndizovuta kupeza chifukwa chakuti adasindikizidwa asadakhazikitsidwe zakale):

"Ofufuza angapo agwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Adjective Check List (" ACL "). Chang ndi Block, pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesaku, sanapeze kusiyana kulikonse kusinthasintha pakati pa amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha. A Evans, pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso omwewo, adapeza kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsa zovuta zambiri pakudziwona kuposa amuna omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma kuti ndi gawo lochepa chabe la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha lomwe lingaganiziridwe osakwanira. Thompson, McCandless, ndi Strickland adagwiritsa ntchito ACL kuphunzira zamaganizo kusinthasintha onse amuna ndi akazi - amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomaliza poti malingaliro omwe amagonana samayanjanitsidwa ndi kusintha kulikonse. A Hellell ndi a Smith adagwiritsa ntchito ACL kuyerekezera azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo adapeza chithunzi chosakanikirana cha kusiyana, koma pamlingo wanthawi zonse, potengera izi titha kuganiza kuti muzoyerekeza za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kusinthasintha zidakhala zoyipa. " (Gonsiorek, 1991, 130, kusankha kwawonjezera).

Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi a Gonsiorek, chimodzi mwazizindikiro za kusinthasintha kwake ndikudziwonetsa. A Lester D. Crow, m'bukhu lofalitsidwa munthawi imodzimodzi yomwe kafukufuku adawunikiranso a Gonsiorek, akuti

"Kusintha kwathunthu, komanso thanzi labwino kumatha kuchitika ngati munthu akuonetsa mawonekedwe. Amadzizindikira ngati munthu payekha, onse ofanana komanso osiyana ndi anthu ena. Amadzidalira, koma pozindikira mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake. Nthawi yomweyo, amatha kuwunika mphamvu ndi zofooka za ena ndikusintha momwe amawaonera malinga ndi mfundo zoyenera ... Munthu wololera bwino amatha kumva motetezeka pomvetsetsa kwake pobweretsa ubale wake ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kudzidalira kwake komanso kudziona kuti ali ndi chitetezo cham'tsogolo zimamuthandiza kutsogolera zochitika zake mwanjira yoti cholinga chake chikhale kupenda iye ndi ena. Amatha kuthana ndimavuto akulu akulu omwe amakumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku. Pomaliza, munthu amene wakwanitsa kuzolowera moyo wake pang'onopang'ono, amakhala ndi luso lamoyo komanso machitidwe omwe amamuthandiza m'magawo osiyanasiyana oyeserera - kuphunzira kapena kugwira ntchito, komanso ubale ndi anthu onse omwe amacheza nawo, aang'ono kapena akulu. " (Khwangwala xnumx, 20-21).

Buku lina lomwe linadzaperekedwa m'buku lina la The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology limanenanso kuti

"Pazofufuza zamaganizidwe, kusinthasintha kumatanthawuza zotsatira zonse ziwiri komanso momwe zimakwaniritsidwira ... Kuthana ndi zamaganizo ndi njira yotchuka yowunikira zotsatira za kafukufuku wamalingaliro, ndipo zinthu monga kudzikayikira kapena kusakhala ndi nkhawa, kuda nkhawa, kapena kupsinjika maganizo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha kuzolowera. Ofufuzanso amathanso kudziwa momwe munthu angasinthire kapena kukhala wathanzi potengera zochitika zinazake zodetsa nkhawa, monga kusudzulana kapena kusasinthika, monga mowa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. ” (Seaton mu Lopez 2009, 796-7).

Zonsezi kuchokera mu buku la 1967 la chaka komanso mawu aposachedwa kuchokera mu buku laling'ono amafanana ndi matanthauzidwe ochokera ku maphunziro omwe Gonsiorek adatchula. Gonsiorek amatchula maphunziro ambiri momwe

"Kusiyana kwakukulu kwapezeka pakati pa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma osagwirizana ndi momwe psychopathology ingaperekere. Njira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa, kudzidalira, mavuto am'banja komanso mavuto m'moyo wogonana. ” (Gonsiorek, 1991, 131).

Mwachidziwikire, "kusinthasintha" kwa munthu kumatsimikiziridwa (mwina pang'ono) poyesa "kukhumudwa, kudzidalira, mavuto mu maubale ndi mavuto m'moyo wogonana", kupsinjika ndi nkhawa. Kenako, zimaganiziridwa kuti munthu yemwe alibe nkhawa kapena nkhawa, amakhala ndi chidaliro chambiri kapena chabwinobwino, atha kukhalabe pachibwenzi komanso moyo wogonana, amamuwona ngati "woyenera" kapena "woyenera bwino". Gonsiorek akuti popeza amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ofanana amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pankhani ya kukhumudwa, kudzinyadira, mavuto aubwenzi ndi mavuto m'miyoyo yawo yogonana, zimangotsatira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto, chifukwa, monga Gonsiorek adanenera: "Zomwe zikudziwika nzachidziwikire: kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikogwirizana ndi psychopathology kapena kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro" (Gonsiorek, 1991, 115 - 36). Nayi malingaliro osavuta a Gonsiorek:

1. Palibe kusiyana kosawerengeka pakukhumudwa, kudzidalira, mavuto aubwenzi ndi mavuto m'moyo wogonana pakati pa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha;
2. Chifukwa chake, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lakumaganiza.

Monga kumaliza kwa Evelyn Hooker, kutha kwa Gonsiorek sikutsatira kuchokera ku deta yomwe, m'malingaliro ake, imamuthandiza. Pali zovuta zambiri zamaganizo zomwe sizimatsogolera munthu kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa kapena kudziona kuti ndi wotsika; mwa kuyankhula kwina, "kusinthasintha" sikutanthauza kutsimikiza kwina kulikonse kwamaganizidwe ndi machitidwe omwe amagwirizana ndi izi. Kukhumudwa, kudzidalira, "kusayanjana kwa ubale", "kusadziletsa pazakugonana", kuvutika komanso kuthekera kuchitapo kanthu pagulu sizikugwirizana ndi zovuta zilizonse zamaganizidwe; ndiye kuti, sizovuta zonse zamaganizidwe zomwe zimabweretsa kuphwanya "kusinthasintha". Malingaliro awa akutchulidwa mu The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Ikufotokoza kuti kuyeza kudzidalira komanso chisangalalo kuti usinthe ndikusinthasintha ndikovuta.

Awa ndi miyeso yolondola, monga wolemba walembera,

"... zomwe zikuyenera kukhudzidwa. Wina sangakhale sakudziwa ndipo, chifukwa chake sangathe kufotokoza zakuphwanya kwake kapena matenda amisala. Momwemonso, anthu omwe ali ndi matenda oopsa amisala anganene kuti ali okondwa komanso okhutira ndi moyo wawo. Pomaliza, moyo wogonjera umadalira momwe zinthu zilili. ” (Seaton mu Lopez 2009, 798).

Kuti muwonetse izi, talingalirani zitsanzo. Otsatira ena amati samakumana ndi mavuto ali ndi "chidwi chachikulu chogonana" mwa ana, ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito mokwanira pagulu. American Psychiatric Association imawonetsa pedophilia kuti:

"... Ngati anthu nawonso anena kuti kukopeka ndi kugonana kwa ana kumayambitsa zovuta m'malingaliro, ndiye kuti amatha kupezeka ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Komabe, ngati afotokoza kusowa kwachisoni, manyazi kapena kuda nkhawa chifukwa cha kukopa kotere ndipo sakukwanira kwenikweni ndi zomwe akudziwonetsa (malinga ndi kudziwonetsa nokha, kuwunika kwa zolinga, kapena zonse ziwiri) ... ndiye kuti anthu awa ali ndi chilolezo chogonana, koma osati vuto la pedophilic ". (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 698, kusankha kwawonjezera).

Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la apotemophilia ndi auto-mutation amatha kugwira ntchito mokwanira pagulu; zidadziwika kale kuti izi zimachitika mu "anthu ochita bwino kwambiri, monga ophunzira aku sekondale, ophunzira ku koleji komanso asitikali ankhondo" (Klonsky 2007, 1040). Amatha kugwira ntchito pagulu, monganso achikulire omwe ali ndi "chidwi chachikulu chogonana" mu ana amatha kugwira ntchito pagulu komanso osakhala ndi nkhawa. Ena anoreoticics "atha kukhala okangalika pakugwira ntchito pagulu ndi akatswiri" (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 343), ndikugwiritsabe ntchito kosagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda thanzi, zopanda chakudya (monga pulasitiki) "sizowopsa zomwe zimayambitsa ntchito yamagulu" APA silinenapo kuti kukhumudwa, kudziona wotsika, kapena mavuto mu maubale kapena moyo wakugonana ndi chikhalidwe chofufuzira matenda amisala omwe anthu amadya zopanda zakudya, zopanda zakudya kuti azisangalala nawo (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 330 -1).

American Psychiatric Association imanenanso kuti matenda a Tourette's (amodzi mwa matenda oyipa) amatha kuchitika popanda zotsatirapo zabwino (chifukwa chake osagwirizana ndi "magwiritsidwe ake"). Amalemba izi "Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi nkhupakupa kwambiri koma alibe vuto, ndipo mwina sangadziwe kuti ali ndi nkhupakupa" (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 84). Matenda oyipa ndi zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ngati zochita zosadziletsa zokha (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 82) (ndiye kuti, odwala amati samachita mwadala, mobwerezabwereza, mosasunthika kapena kutulutsa mawu komanso mawu (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala onyansa), odwala ena nthawi zambiri anganene kuti "adabadwa mwanjira imeneyi"). Malinga ndi DSM - 5 handbook, kupsinjika kapena kusokonekera kwa magwiridwe antchito sikofunikira kuti munthu adziwike ndi matenda a Tourette's, chifukwa chake ichi ndi chitsanzo china cha matenda amisala omwe njira zosinthira sizigwirizana. Ili ndi vuto lomwe kusinthasintha sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati umboni wa sayansi wosonyeza ngati vuto la Tourette silili la matenda amisala.

Pomaliza, vuto la m'maganizo losagwirizanitsidwa ndi "kusinthasintha" ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lachinyengo amakhala ndi zikhulupiriro zabodza zomwe

"... zachokera ku lingaliro labodza lakunja, lomwe limatsimikizika mokwanira, ngakhale lingaliro lotere limakanidwa ndi anthu ena, komanso chifukwa chakuti pali umboni wosatsutsika komanso woonekeratu wotsutsana nawo." (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 819)

American Psychiatric Association inati "kupatula kungoyendetsa mwachindunji kapena kutengera zotsatira zake, kugwira ntchito kwa munthu sikuwonongeka modabwitsa, ndipo khalidwe silodabwitsa '(American Psychiatric Association 2013, 90). Kuphatikiza apo, "chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lonyengerera ndizowonekeranso pamakhalidwe awo komanso maonekedwe awo akapanda kuchita malinga ndi malingaliro awo onyenga" (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 93).

Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lachinyengo samawoneka ngati akusonyeza "kulimba thupi"; Kupatula malingaliro awo abodza, zimawoneka ngati zabwinobwino. Chifukwa chake, kusokonekera kwachinyengo ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha matenda amisala omwe sagwirizana ndi njira zosinthira; Kukhala wathanzi alibe chochita ndi vuto lachinyengo. Titha kunena kuti anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale machitidwe awo akuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwamisala, "amawoneka abwinobwino" m'mbali zina za moyo wawo, monga kucheza ndi madera ena amoyo komwe kusokonekera kungachitike. Zotsatira zake, pali zovuta zambiri zamaganizidwe momwe kuyeza kwamthupi kulibe chochita ndi matenda amisala. Ichi ndi cholakwika chachikulu m'mabuku omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni wasayansi wotsimikizira kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lamisala.

Uku ndikumaliza komaliza, ngakhale sindine woyamba kutchula vuto lofufuza mavuto am'maganizo chifukwa chofufuza kupsinjika, magwiridwe antchito kapena magawo, omwe aphatikizidwa ndi mawu akuti "kusinthasintha" ndi "kusintha". Nkhaniyi idakambidwa munkhani yomwe a Robert L. Spitzer ndi Jerome C. Wakefield atafufuza za matenda amisala yokhudza matenda amisala chifukwa cha zovuta zoonekera kapena zovuta pantchito yothandizira (nkhaniyi idalembedwa ngati yotsutsa mtundu wakale wa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, koma zotsutsa zomwe zimagwirizana pazokambirana zanga) .

Spitzer ndi Wakefield adazindikira kuti mu zamisala, matenda ena amisala samadziwika bwino chifukwa choti

"[Mu psychi yopembedza] ndichizolowezi kudziwa kuti vutoli ndi la m'maganizo, kutengera kuyesa ngati vutoli limayambitsa kupsinjika kapena kukhumudwitsidwa pakuchita ntchito inayake kapena payekha. M'madera ena onse azachipatala, matendawo amatchulidwa kuti ndi amisala ngati pali zizindikiro zosowekera m'thupi. Payokha, kupsinjika kapena kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito sikokwanira kukhazikitsa ambiri azachipatala, ngakhale kuti zinthu zonsezi zimayendera limodzi ndi mitundu yayikulu ya matendawa. Mwachitsanzo, kupezeka ndi chibayo, vuto la mtima, khansa, kapena matenda ena ambiri atha kupangika ngakhale pakhale zovuta zina komanso ngakhale kuchita bwino pamagulu onse."(Spitzer ndi Wakefield, 1999, 1862).

Matenda enanso omwe angapezeke popanda kupanikizika kapena kusokoneza ntchito zaumoyo, omwe akuyenera kutchulidwa pano, ndi HIV / Edzi. HIV imakhala nthawi yayitali, ndipo anthu ambiri kwa nthawi yayitali sadziwa kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Mwa kuyerekezera kwina, anthu a 240 000 sadziwa kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV (CDC 2014).

Spitzer ndi Wakefield amatanthauza kuti vuto limatha kukhalapo ngakhale munthu akuchita bwino pagulu kapena ali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri. Nthawi zina, chizolowezi chowunika kupsinjika ndi magwiridwe antchito chimabweretsa zotsatira “zabodza” zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi vuto la kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, koma vuto lotere silimadziwika kuti ndi kuphwanya (Spitzer ndi Wakefield, 1999, 1856). Spitzer ndi Wakefield amapereka zitsanzo zambiri za mikhalidwe yamalingaliro momwe kuyezetsa kopanda pake-kotheka kumakhala kotheka pokhapokha ngati gawo la magwiridwe antchito kapena kukhalapo kwa kupsinjika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zodziwitsa. Adatinso

"Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zochitika za anthu omwe amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo chifukwa cha izi amakumana ndi zovuta zingapo (kuphatikizapo ngozi). Komabe, anthu otere samapanikizika ndipo amatha kukwaniritsa udindo wawo pagulu. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za mkulu wina wogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine pamlingo womwe umawopseza thanzi lake, koma osakumana ndi nkhawa komanso ntchito zake zomwe sizinachite bwino. Ngati njira ya "DSM - IV" singagwiritsidwe ntchito pamilandu iyi, ndiye kuti kudalirika kwa mankhwala kumapezeka mwa munthu wina. Kutsatira mfundo za "DSM - IV", vuto la munthu uyu si vuto " (Spitzer ndi Wakefield, 1999, 1861).

Spitzer ndi Wakefield amapereka zitsanzo zina zamavuto amisala omwe sazindikira ngati vuto ngati timangoganizira za kupezeka kwa kupsinjika ndi kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito; Pakati pawo pali paraphilia, matenda a Tourette's and dysfunctions (Spitzer ndi Wakefield, 1999, 1860 - 1).

Ena adafufuza zokambirana za Spitzer ndi Wakefield, akunena kuti tanthauzo la kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, komwe kumakhazikika poyerekeza ndi kusinthasintha ("kukhala ndi kupsinjika kapena kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito"), ndi kozungulira, awa:

"Spitzer ndi Wakefield (1999) anali ena mwa otsutsa odziwika bwino omwe ali ovomerezeka, natchula kuyambitsa kwake" DSM - IV "" conceptual "(p. 1857) m'malo modzithandizira. Kuzizira ndi kugawana kwa mawonekedwe amtunduwu zimawerengedwa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimayambitsa zochitika zoyipa zozungulira malinga ndi tanthauzo lake: Matendawa amatsimikizika pamaso pa kupsinjika kwakufunika kwakanthawi kapenanso kufooka kwa thupi, komwe ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe lingachitike ngati vuto ... Kugwiritsira ntchito kutsimikizika kosagwirizana sikumagwirizana ndi paradigm yamankhwala malinga ndi momwe kupsinjika kapena kuwonongeka kwa ntchito sikufunikira kuti munthu adziwe. Inde, zochitika zambiri za asymptomatic mu zamankhwala zimadziwika kuti ndi ma perologies a pathophysiological data kapena pamaso pa chiwopsezo chowonjezereka (mwachitsanzo, zotupa zoyambirira kapena kachilombo ka HIV, matenda oopsa a matenda oopsa). Ndimangoganiza kuti mavuto ngati amenewo amakhalapobe mpaka atayambitsa kupsinjika kapena kulumala sikungakhale kwanzeru. ” (Narrow ndi Kuhl mkati Regger 2011, 152 - 3, 147 - 62)

Mawu omwe ali pamwambawa akutanthauza "DSM - IV," koma kusowa kwa chitsimikizo cha "kupsinjika kapena kusokonezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito" kumagwiritsidwabe ntchito kunena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la m'maganizo. Komanso, monga momwe mawuwo akunenera, tanthauzo la matenda amisala omwe amachitika chifukwa cha “kupsinjika kapena kusokonezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito” monga njira yozungulira. Matanthauzidwe oyipa ozungulira ndi zolakwika zomveka, zilibe tanthauzo. Njira yofotokozera tanthauzo la "kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro", malinga ndi zomwe American Psychiatric Association ndi APA zimayikira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi chitsimikizo cha "kupsinjika kapena kukhumudwitsidwa pakugwira ntchito pagulu". Chifukwa chake, mawu onena za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati chizolowezi amatengera tanthauzo lopanda tanthauzo (ndi lakale).

Dr. Irving Bieber, "Mmodzi mwa otenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zakale, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti 1973 ipewe kusankhana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pazitsogozo zamavuto amisala" (NARTH Institute), adavomereza cholakwika ichi pamkangano (nkhani yomweyi idalingaliridwa munkhaniyi Socarides (Xnumx), 165, pansipa). Bieber adazindikira zovuta za bungwe la American Psychiatric Association pakupeza matenda amisala. Mu chidule cha nkhani ya Bieber, zadziwika kuti

"... [American] Psychiatric Association yawonetsa luso labwino kwambiri komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati umboni wa kufanana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Koma kukhalapo kwa zinthu izi sikumapatula kukhalapo kwa psychopathology. Psychopathology sikuti nthawi zonse imayendera limodzi ndi zovuta zosinthika; Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira matenda osokoneza bongo, njira izi ndizosakwanira. ” (NARTH Institute nd)

Robert L. Spitzer, dokotala wazamisala yemwe adatenga nawo gawo poletsa matenda osokoneza bongo, adazindikira msanga kuyenera kwa kuyesa "kusinthika" pofufuza zovuta zamaganizidwe. Ronald Bayer pantchito yake adapereka mwachidule zochitika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi lingaliro la American Psychiatric Association (1973), ndikuti

"... Pakusankha kuti asatengere amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pagulu la maulendo, Spitzer adapanga tanthauzo laling'ono la matenda amisala omwe amachokera pamfundo ziwiri: (1) kuti machitidwe amadziwika kuti ndi vuto la m'maganizo, machitidwe otere amayenera kutsagana ndi kupsinjika kwa zinthu komanso / kapena" kuwonjezereka kwina konse. magwiridwe antchito kapena kantchito. ” (2) Malinga ndi Spitzer, kupatula kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zodwala zina, kufufuza kwina konseku ku DSM - II kunatanthauzanso chimodzimodzi matendawa. " (Bayer, 1981, 127).

Komabe, monga Bayer amanenera, "mchaka ngakhale [Spitzer] adakakamizidwa kuvomereza" kuyenera kwa mfundo zake "(Bayer, 1981, 133). Mwanjira ina, Spitzer adavomereza kusayenera kwa kuwunika momwe "nkhawa," "kuchitira", kapena "kusinthasintha" kuti mupeze matenda amisala, monga tawonera m'nkhani yake yapitayo yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa (Spitzer ndi Wakefield, 1999).

Zachidziwikire, zovuta zina zamaganizidwe zophatikizidwa ndi buku la DSM sizimayambitsa mavuto ndi "kusinthasintha" kapena kugwira ntchito pagulu. Anthu omwe amadzicheka ndi malezala kuti asangalale, komanso omwe ali ndi chidwi chachikulu chogonana komanso malingaliro achiwerewere okhudza ana, momveka bwino ali ndi zodetsa nkhawa; anorexics ndi anthu omwe amadya pulasitiki amadziwika kuti ndi anthu olumala zama akili malinga ndi DSM - 5, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodzikongoletsa nawonso amadziwika kuti ndi odwala amisala. Komabe, ambiri mwa olemba pamwambapa, othamangitsa, kapena anorexics amawoneka abwinobwino ndipo "samakumana ndi vuto lililonse pogwira ntchito pagulu." Mwanjira ina, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la ubongo amatha kugwira ntchito pagulu ndipo osawonetsa kapena zizindikilo za “kusayenda bwino”. Matenda ena a m'maganizo amawoneka kuti ali ndi nthawi yopuma kapena nthawi yachikhululukiro, pomwe odwala amatha kugwira ntchito pagulu komanso kuwoneka bwino.

Anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodzikongoletsa, anthu ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, owotcha mafuta, odya pulasitiki ndi mankhwala oledzera, amatha kugwira ntchito pagulidwe (kachiwiri, kwanthawi yayitali), samawonetsa zizindikilo za "kusasinthasintha" . Kusinthasintha kwa zamaganizidwe sikugwirizana ndi zovuta zina zamaganizidwe; ndiye kuti, maphunziro omwe amawunika momwe angasinthidwe ngati gawo labwino sangakwaniritse kuzindikira momwe magwiridwe antchito am'maganizo amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake (zatha) maphunziro omwe agwiritsa ntchito kusinthika kwamaganizidwe ngati gawo lowerengeka ali ndi zolakwika, ndipo deta yawo siyokwanira kutsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto la malingaliro. Zotsatira kuti mawu a APA ndi American Psychiatric Association oti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuti ndi vuto la m'maganizo sikugwirizana ndi zomwe amalozera. Umboni womwe iwo akunenawa siwofunikira kumapeto kwawo. Uku ndikuganiza kopanda tanthauzo kochokera kumagwero osayenera. (Komanso, pofikira pamalingaliro omwe sanachitike pazotsatira: Malingaliro a Gonsiorek kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pankhani ya kukhumudwa ndi kudziona kuti ali ndi vuto. Zomwe zidawonetsedwa kuti anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi chizindikiro kwambiri. apamwamba kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chiwopsezo cha kukhumudwa kwambiri, nkhawa komanso kudzipha, (Bailey 1999; Collingwood xnumx; Fergusson et al., 1999; Herrell et al., 1999; Phelan et al., 2009; Sandfort et al. Xnumx). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ziwerengerozi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti kusankhana ndi komwe kumayambitsa kusiyanasiyana pakumva kupsinjika, nkhawa komanso kudzipha. Koma awa ndi lingaliro lina lomwe silikutsatira pachiyambi pomwe. Mwanjira ina, ndizosatheka kupanga lingaliro losatsutsika kuti kukhumudwa, ndi zina zambiri, ndi zotsatira za kusalidwa, osati chiwonetsero chamatendawo. Izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa mwasayansi. Mwinanso zonsezi ndi zowona: kukhumudwa, ndi zina zambiri, ndizodwala, ndipo anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sawonedwa ngati abwinobwino, zomwe zimathandizanso kukulitsa nkhawa za anthu otere.

"KUTULUKA" NDIPONSO ZINSINSI

Chotsatira, ndikufuna kulingalira za kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokhazokha za “kusinthasintha” ndi magwiridwe antchito kuti ndione ngati kugonana ndi zoganiza zomwe zimakhudzana ndi izi ndizopatuka. Mwa njira, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti njirayi ndiyosankha ndipo siyikugwira ntchito pazovuta zonse zamaganizidwe. Wodzifunsa kuti chifukwa chiyani APA ndi American Psychiatric Association amangoganiza "kusinthasintha" komanso njira zogwirira ntchito pakuwunika mitundu ina yamakhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, pedophilia kapena kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha), koma osati kwa ena? Mwachitsanzo, bwanji mabungwewa satengera mbali zina za paraphilia (zonyansa zakugonana) zomwe zimawonetsa bwino momwe zimakhalira? Kodi nchifukwa chiyani mkhalidwe womwe munthu amakhala nawo mosungunula, akumaganizira zodzetsa mavuto amisala kapena kuthupi kwa munthu wina (zachiwerewere), samawerengedwa ngati njira yopatuka, koma mkhalidwe womwe munthu ali ndi vuto lachinyengo umawerengedwa kuti ndi matenda?

Pali anthu omwe akutsimikiza kuti tizilombo kapena mphutsi zimakhala pansi pa khungu lawo, ngakhale kuti kuyezetsa kuchipatala kumawonetsa kuti alibe kachilombo; anthu oterewa amapezeka ndi matenda achinyengo. Kumbali ina, pali amuna omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi amayi, ngakhale kupimidwa pachipatala kumawonetsa mosiyana - ndipo, komabe, amuna awa sapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lachinyengo. Anthu omwe ali ndi mitundu ina ya zithunzi zachiwerewere adawonetsa ziwonetsero zofananira ndi kusinthasintha monga amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Oonetsa ziwonetsero ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zolinga zowonetsa ziwalo zawo kwa anthu ena omwe sakuyembekezera izi kuti akwaniritse chiwerewere.Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 689). Buku lina limatero

"Theka ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu a omwe akuchita zionetsero amalowa muukwati wabwino, amakwanira m'njira zokwanira muukwati ndi kugonana. Luntha, maphunziro komanso chidwi cha akatswiri sichimawasiyanitsa ndi anthu wamba ... Blair ndi Lanyon adazindikira kuti owonetsa ambiri adawona kuti owonetsa amawonetserawa amadziona kuti ndi otsika ndipo amadziona ngati amanyazi, osagwirizana komanso amakhala ndi mavuto osonyeza kudana. M'maphunziro ena, zidapezeka kuti owonetsa ziwonetsero sakusintha kwenikweni malinga ndi kagwiridwe ka munthu ". (Adams et al., 2004, kusankha kowonjezera).

Mulingo wokhutiritsa wogwiranso ntchito limodzi kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilakolako chogonana ungawonedwenso pakati pa achisomasochists. Zisoni zokhudzana ndi kugonana, monga ndanena kale, ndi "Kugonana kwakukuru kuchokera pamavuto amunthu kapena m'maganizo a munthu wina, komwe kumawonekera m'maganizo, zolimbikitsa, kapena machitidwe" (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 695); kugonana kwanyengo ndi "Zomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza komanso mwakugonana kwambiri chifukwa chakuchititsidwa manyazi, kumenyedwa, kunyengedwa kapena vuto lina lililonse lomwe limadziwonetsera m'malingaliro, malingaliro kapena malingaliro"(Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 694). Kafukufuku ku Finland adapeza kuti sadomasochists "adatha"Sandnabba et al., 1999, 273). Olembawo adawona kuti 61% ya sadomasochists adafufuza "Ali ndi udindo wambiri pantchito, ndipo 60,6% anali otanganidwa ndi zochitika zapagulu, mwachitsanzo, anali mamembala amasukulu akomweko" (Sandnabba et al., 1999, 275).

Chifukwa chake, onse a sadomasochists komanso owonetsa ziwonetsero sakhala ndi zovuta pakuchita ndi kusokonezeka (kachiwiri, mawu omwe anaphatikizidwa ndi maambulera akuti "kusinthasintha"). Olemba ena adanenanso kuti "zomwe zimapangitsa" zochitika zonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti paraphilia) "zitha kuchepetsedwa ndi zomwe munthu akuchita pogonana ndipo zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke pang'onopang'ono m'malo ena ogwirira ntchito m'maganizo" (Adams et al., 2004)).

"Pakadali pano, palibe njira zodziwika komanso zowunika zowunika pakugonana ndi machitidwe ogonana. Kupatula kupha munthu mwakugonana, palibe njira yachiwerewere yomwe imawonedwa ponseponse ... Cholinga chopatula kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera pagulu la zopatukira pakugonana chikuwoneka ngati kusowa kwa umboni kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto. Komabe, ndizodabwitsa kuti mfundo zomwezi sizinakhudzidwe ndi kupatuka kwina, monga fetishism ndi concomus sadomasochism. "Tikugwirizana ndi a Laws ndi O'Donohue kuti mikhalidwe imeneyi siinachilengedwe, ndipo kuphatikizidwa m'gululi kumawonetsa kusagwirizana m'gawoli." (Adams et al., 2004)

Zotsatira zake, olemba akuwonetsa kuti njira yokhayo yakugonana yomwe "imawonedwa ponseponse" (ndipo poti padziko lonse lapansi ndi vuto lamalingaliro) ndiyo kupha munthu mwakugonana. Adazindikira izi, kutanthauza kuti mchitidwe uliwonse wogonana ndi zoganiza zina zomwe sizimayipa mphamvu pakuchita kapena njira “zosinthika” sikukutengera kugonana. Monga ndidafotokozera pamwambapa, mfundo ngati izi ndizolakwika, ndipo zimadzetsa mayankho olakwika. Ndizachidziwikire kuti sikuti kupatuka konse kumakhala kwabwinobwino, koma kuti akatswiri ena azamisala komanso akatswiri azamisala asocheretsa anthu pofotokoza njira zosafunikira kuti ayese mkhalidwe wamaumboni ngati umboni kuti zinthu sizili bwino. (Sindikunena kuti izi zidachitidwa mwadala. Zolakwa zathu zodziphanso zitha kupangidwa.)

Zotsatira zoyipa za njira yotere, momwe njira yokhayo yodziwira ngati njira yoyendetsera kugonana ndi yopatuka kapena yanthawi zonse, ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosayenera kuyesa "kusinthasintha" ndikuchita bwino, zimawonedwa pazokambirana mu DSM - 5 pabukhu lazachisembwere ndi kugonana kwa abambo .

American Psychiatric Association silingaganizenso zachiwerewere monga kupatuka. American Psychiatric Association imalemba kuti:

"Anthu omwe amavomereza poyera kuti ali ndi chidwi chogonana ndi anthu ena omwe akuvutika kapena kuvutika m'maganizo amatchedwa "kuvomereza anthu." Ngati anthuwa anenanso zovuta zama psychosocial chifukwa cha chidwi chawo chogonana, ndiye kuti atha kupezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lachiwerewere. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati "anthu odziwika" akunena kuti zilakolako zawo zachisoni siziwapangitsa kukhala ndi mantha, kudziimba mlandu kapena manyazi, kutengeka, kapena kusokoneza luso lawo lochita ntchito zina, komanso kudzidalira kwawo ndi misala kapena mbiri yalamulo imasonyeza kuti sazindikira zilakolako zawo, ndiye kuti anthu oterowo ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi chochita zachiwerewere, koma anthu oterowo sadzatero khalani ndi zodandaula. ” (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 696, kusankha koyambirira)

Zotsatira zake, American Psychiatric Association sichimaganizira izi zokha "Kukopeka ndi kugonana komanso kuvutika m'maganizo" winayo ndi vuto lamisala. Mwanjira ina, kukopeka ndi zoganiza kumachitika mwa mtundu wa malingaliro, ndiko kuti, malingaliro a munthu amene amaganiza za kuvulaza kwakuthupi ndi kwamalingaliro kwa munthu wina kuti adziwukitse yekha ku orgasm, American Psychiatric Association sichimaganiziridwa kuti ndi yopatsa nzeru.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti bungwe la American Psychiatric Association silimaganiziranso za pedophilia pakokha ngati vuto la m'maganizo. Atafotokozeranso kuti kugona pang'onopang'ono kungavumbulutse kukhalapo kwa "chidwi chachikulu cha kugonana kwa ana," alemba:

"Ngati anthu awonetsa kuti chidwi chawo chogonana ndi ana chimayambitsa zovuta m'maganizo, angapezeke ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Komabe, ngati anthu awa ati anena za kusowa kwa cholakwa, manyazi, kapena kuda nkhawa pazifukwa izi, ndipo sagwira ntchito mokwanira ndi zomwe akudziwonetsa (malinga ndi kudzidziwitsa, kudziwunika, kapena zonse ziwiri), komanso kudziwonetsa okha komanso mbiri yalamulo ikusonyeza kuti sanachitepo kanthu malinga ndi zomwe akakamizidwazo, ndiye kuti anthu awa ali ndi zikhalidwe zogonana, koma osati vuto logophilic ” (Association of Psychiatric Association 2013, 698).

Apanso, zolingalira zachiwerewere komanso "kukopeka kwambiri" zimachitika mwanjira yolingalira, ndichifukwa chake bambo wazaka za 54 yemwe "ali ndi chidwi chachikulu" cha ana, akusinkhasinkha kugonana ndi ana kuti adziwonetsa yekha, malinga ndi American Psychiatric Association, alibe zopatuka. Irving Bieber adanenanso zomwe zidachitika mu 1980's, zomwe zitha kuwerengedwa muchidule cha ntchito yake:

“Kodi chipinda chobadwa mosangalala komanso chosinthasintha“ ndichabwino ”? Malinga ndi Dr. Bieber ... psychopathology imatha kukhala yodzipanga - osati kuyambitsa kusokonekera, komanso kuchita bwino pakati pa anthu (ndiye kuti, kuthekera kosungabe ubale wabwino komanso kugwira ntchito moyenera) kumatha kuyenderana ndi psychopathology, mwanjira zina ngakhale zamisala yachilengedwe ". (NARTH Institute nd).

Ndizosokoneza kwambiri kuti malingaliro achisoni kapena oyenda m'maganizo angaganizidwe kuti sangakwaniritse zofunikira za matenda amisala. Michael Woodworth et al. Dziwani izi

"... Zolingalira zachiwerewere zimafotokozedwa ngati chilimbikitso chilichonse chamatsenga chomwe chimapangitsa kugonana kwa munthu. Malingaliro okonda zogonana amasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu ndipo amadziwika kuti amadalira kwambiri chidwi chamkati ndi chakunja, monga zomwe anthu amawona, kumva ndi kukumana nazo mwachindunji. ” (Woodworth et al., 2013, 145).

Malingaliro azakugonana ndi zithunzi zamaganiza kapena malingaliro omwe amatsogolera pakukondweretsedwa, ndipo malingaliro awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa kupweteka pa nthawi ya maliseche. Zomwe zili mumaganizo azakugonana zimatengera zomwe anthu amawona, kumva ndi kudziwa mwachindunji. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuganiza kuti bambo amene amagona nayeyo, yemwe amakhala moyandikana ndi ana, amakhala ndi zikhumbo zogonana ndi ana awa; sizidzadabwitsanso kuganiza kuti wochita zachisoni amalingalira za kuyambitsa kuvutika kwamaganizidwe kapena kwakuthupi kwa mnansi wake. Komabe, ngati wokhumudwitsa kapena wofedwapo sakumana ndi vuto kapena kusokonekera kwa ntchito ((mawuwo amaphatikizidwa mu "ambulera" "kusinthasintha") kapena ngati sakudziwa malingaliro awo achiwerewere, ndiye kuti samawerengedwa kuti ali ndi malingaliro opatuka. Malingaliro okonda kugonana kapena kuganiza zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi mwana wazaka 10 wazaka zama XXUMX wazaka zaposachedwa kapena zolingalira kapena malingaliro a wokhumudwitsa woganiza zodzetsa nkhawa kapena kuvutitsa thupi kwa mnansi wake samawerengedwa kuti ndiwopanda nzeru ngati sangakhale wopsinjika, woperewera pakugwira ntchito pagulu kapena chifukwa kuvulaza ena.

Njira yotereyi ndi yongoyerekeza, pamalingaliro olakwika, mawu omaliza amaperekedwa kuti lingaliro lililonse lomwe silimayambitsa kuphwanya kusinthasintha sili vuto la m'maganizo. Mudzaona kuti APA ndi American Psychiatric Association adadzimbira okha dzenje lakutsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwitsira zovuta zakugonana. Zikuwoneka kuti adasinthiratu zakusiyana ndi kugonana komwe kumakhala “kuvomerezedwa” kwa iwo omwe amachita nawo mchitidwewu. Kuti akhale ogwirizana ndi mfundo zomwezi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwirizanitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ayenera kusintha mtundu wina uliwonse wamakhalidwe omwe amachititsa kuti anzawo asamawononge "osinthika" kapena omwe sayambitsa kuyanjana ndi magwiridwe antchito. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti malingana ndi mfundo iyi, ngakhale mchitidwe wogonana womwe munthu wina wavulaza sizimadziwika kuti wapatuka - ngati munthuyo avomera. Sadomasochism ndi machitidwe omwe amachititsa kuti wina avomerezane ndikuvomera kapena kulandira kuvutika, ndipo, monga ndanenera pamwambapa, khalidweli limadziwika kuti ndi bungwe la American Psychiatric Association.

Ena atha kunena kuti nkhaniyi ndi "mkangano wosagwedezeka," koma kutero kungakhale kusamvetsetsa zomwe ndikuyesera kunena: American Psychiatric Association yakhazikitsa kale machitidwe onse olimbikitsa ziwonetsero kupatula zomwe zimayambitsa "kusintha" mavuto (kupsinjika, ndi zina zambiri) mavuto pamagwiridwe antchito, kuvulaza thanzi kapena chiwopsezo chovulaza munthu wina. Munthawi yomalizayi - "kuvulaza kapena chiwopsezo chovulaza" - asterisk imafunikira, chifukwa izi zimaloleza kusiyanitsa: ngati kuvomerezana kukupezeka, machitidwe olimbikitsa ziwalo amaloledwa, ngakhale kutsogolera kuvulaza thanzi. Izi zikuwonetsedwa pakusintha kwa sadomasochism, ndipo izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake mabungwe ogona ana amalimbikira kutsitsa zaka zovomerezeka (LaBarbera 2011).

Chifukwa chake, woneneza kuti nkhaniyi imapangitsa kuti anthu azikayikira alibe umboni: zovuta zonsezi zamaganizidwe zidakonzedwa kale ndi American Psychiatric Association. Ndizowopsa kuti ulamuliro wabungwe limasintha mtundu uliwonse wamakhalidwe omwe umabweretsa, ngati kuvomerezedwa kwalandiridwa pakuchita; kuti kusintha kwawoko ndi chifukwa cha malingaliro olakwika akuti "machitidwe aliwonse olimbikitsa a psychasm komanso njira zina zokhudzana ndi malingaliro zomwe sizimabweretsa zovuta zotha kusintha kapena kugwira ntchito pagulu si vuto la m'maganizo." Uku sikokwanira kukangana. Ngakhale nkhani imodzi yokha ndiyofunika kufotokozanso bwino tanthauzo la zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matenda asokonezeke maganizo ndi kugonana, ndiyesa kunena mwachidule njira zina. Zinawonetsedwa pamwambapa kuti "malingaliro" amakono komanso ma psychology opitilira m'maganizo amatsimikiza kuti machitidwe aliwonse ogonana (kupatula kupha anthu mwakugonana) si vuto la m'maganizo. Ndanena kale kuti mavuto ambiri am'maganizo amagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito thupi mosagwiritsa ntchito - apotemophilia, auto-mutation, peak and anorexia nervosa. Zovuta zina zamaganizidwe zitha kutchulidwanso pano.

Matenda akuthupi nthawi zambiri amapezeka poyesa kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo kapena machitidwe a thupi. Dokotala kapena katswiri aliyense yemwe amati palibe zomwe zimachitika ngati kugwira ntchito kwa mtima, mapapu, maso, makutu kapena ziwalo zina zamthupi zitha kutchedwa, osadziwa mosasamala, ngati siwachifwamba wovala zovala, yemwe muyenera kumutenga kuchipatala mwachangu dipuloma. Chifukwa chake, zovuta zamthupi ndizovuta kuzizindikira kusiyana ndi kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, chifukwa magawo amthupi amatha kupezeka poyerekeza ndi cholinga: kuthamanga kwa magazi, kugunda kwa mtima komanso kuchuluka kwa kupumira, zina. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mtundu wa thanzi kapena kusokonezeka. ziwalo zina ndi ziwalo zamagulu. Chifukwa chake, pankhani zamankhwala, chofunikira ndi chakuti zilipo yachilendo ntchito ziwalo ndi machitidwe. Ichi ndiye mfundo yofunikira kwambiri yamankhwala yomwe iyenera kuzindikiridwa ndi katswiri aliyense, mwinanso sangakhale ndi chochita ndi mankhwala (amachepetsa "mankhwalawa malinga ndi Alfred Kinsey", pomwe gawo lililonse la thupi limangokhala ndi kupitilizidwa kwantchito).

Ziwalo zokhudzana ndi Orgasm zakhala (mosasankhika) kupatula ku mfundo yofunika iyi ya mankhwala. Olemba otsogola amawoneka kuti samanyalanyaza kuti amtunduwu nawonso ali ndi ntchito yoyenera yogwira ntchito.

Maganizo a chikhalidwe chogonana akhoza kutha (pang'ono pang'ono) kutsimikizika ndi kuwonekera kwa machitidwe ogonana. Chifukwa chake, pokhudzana ndi amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna, kuvulala kwakuthupi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi maliseche ndikuphwanya thupi; kulumikizana ndi kugonana pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakumunthu kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali (komanso, mwina, m'dera la mbolo ya omwe akutenga nawo mbali):

"Thanzi labwino la anus limafuna kukhulupirika kwa khungu, lomwe limateteza matenda oyamba ndi matenda ... Kuchepa kwa chitetezo cha mucous wa rectum kumawonekeranso m'matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana pogonana. Nembanemba ya mucous imawonongeka pakagwedezeka.ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalowa mosavuta m'matumbo ndi maselo a calar ... Zimango zolimbitsa thupi zogonana, poyerekeza ndi maliseche, zimangokhala kuphwanya kwenikweni ma cell ndi zotupa za anus ndi rectum ” (Whitlow in Beck xnumx, 295 - 6, kusankha kwawonjezera).

Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti chidziwitso chomwe chatchulidwa mgulu lapitalo ndi chotsimikizika chokhazikika cha sayansi; Zikuwoneka kuti wochita kafukufuku, wazachipatala, wazamisala kapena wamisala yemwe amatsutsa izi angatchulidwe kuti ndi mbuli yosasamala, ngati sichikhala chigawenga chovala chovala yemwe ayenera kutenga dipuloma yachipatala nthawi yomweyo.

Chifukwa chake, imodzi mwazomwe mungachite ngati kugonana ndichabwino kapena kupatuka kungakhale ngati kumayambitsa kuvulazidwa. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kulumikizana ndi kugonana ndikusokoneza thupi, kupweteketsa thupi. Popeza abambo ambiri omwe amagonana ndi amuna akufuna kuchita zopatuka mwakuthupi, chifukwa chake, kufunitsitsa kuchita nawo zoterezi ndikosiyana. Popeza zikhumbo zimawonekera pamlingo “wamaganizidwe” kapena "malingaliro", zimatsata kuti zilakolako zamtunduwu ndi kupatuka kwa malingaliro.

Kupitilira apo, thupi laumunthu limakhala ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi. Madzi awa ndi "akuthupi", ali ndi ntchito zolimbitsa thupi munthawi yofananira (kachiwiri, izi ndizongopatsidwa mwakuthupi - madzi m'thupi la munthu ali ndi ntchito zina zoyenera). Saliva, madzi a m'magazi, madzi am'mimba, madzi osalala - ali ndi ntchito zoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, imodzi mwazinthu zamagazi am'magazi ndikusamutsa ma cell am'magazi ndi michere m'zigawo zonse za thupi.

Umuna ndi amodzi amadzimadzi a thupi laimuna, chifukwa chake (pokhapokha njira yosankha pamalowo itagwiritsidwa ntchito), umuna umakhalanso ndi ntchito zoyenera (kapena ntchito zingapo zoyenera). Ukala, monga lamulo, umakhala ndi maselo ambiri, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi umuna, ndipo maselo awa ali ndi cholinga choyenera komwe amayenera kunyamulidwira - kumadera a chiberekero cha mkazi. Chifukwa chake, kugonana komwe kulamulidwa ndi mwamuna kumakhala gawo lomwe umuna ungagwire ntchito moyenera. Chifukwa chake, gawo lina lachiwerewere ndi momwe umuna umagwirira ntchito moyenera, umuna umaperekedwa kwa khomo pachibelekeropo.

(Ena anganene kuti abambo ena amatha kukhala ndi azospermia / spermia (kusowa kwa umuna), kotero anganene kuti umuna siwobweretsa umuna ku chibelekero cha mkazi, kapena anganene kuti, malinga ndi pamalingaliro anga, anthu omwe ali ndi ma spermia amatha kumasula mamvekedwe awo kulikonse komwe angafune. Komabe, azoospermia / aspermia ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndipo ndi chifukwa cha "kuphwanya kwakukulu kwamachitidwe a umuna (wapadera matogeneza) chifukwa cha kudwala wa testes ndi ... kapena zambiri, maliseche thirakiti kutsekeka (mwachitsanzo chifukwa vasectomy, chinzonono kapena mauka matenda) "(Martin 2010, 68, sv azoospermia). Mthupi la abambo athanzi, umuna umapangidwa, pomwe amuna omwe ali ndi vuto la zamankhwala amatha kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yomwe imalephera kuyeza kuchuluka kwa umuna kumuna. Ngati pali mbali zina za thupi zogwirizana, ndiye kuti kuphwanya gawo limodzi la thupi sikungachititse kuti gawo lina la thupi lisinthe. Mawu oterowo angafanane ndi kunena kuti ntchito yachilendo ya m'magazi si kupereka maselo ofiira amthupi ndi michere mthupi lonse, monga anthu ena ali ndi magazi m'thupi.)

Zikuwonekeranso kuti thupi limakhala ndi "chisangalalo ndi zopweteka" (zomwe zimatchedwanso "dongosolo la mphotho ndi chilango"). Dongosolo ili losangalatsa ndi zopweteka, monga machitidwe ena onse ndi ziwalo zamthupi, limagwira ntchito moyenera. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuchita ngati wotumiza chizindikiro ku thupi. Njira yosangalatsa ndi yopweteka imauza thupi zomwe "zili zabwino" kwa iye komanso "zoyipa" zake. Dongosolo losangalatsa ndi zopweteka, m'njira inayake, limayang'anira machitidwe aumunthu. Kudya, kutulutsa mkodzo ndi ndowe, kugona - awa ndi mitundu ya anthu wamba omwe amaphatikizira chisangalalo china ngati cholimbikitsa. Ululu, mbali inayo, mwina ndi chizindikiro cha kupatuka kwakuthupi kwamunthu, kapena kuphwanya ziwalo zathupi. Ululu womwe umakhudzana ndikukhudza mbale yotentha umalepheretsa kukhudza ndikuwotcha, pomwe kukodza kowawa kumawonetsa vuto ndi chiwalo (chikhodzodzo, Prostate, kapena urethra).

Munthu yemwe ali ndi "kubereka kwina kupweteka ndi anhidrosis (CIPA)" samva kupweteka, chifukwa chake kunganenedwe kuti machitidwe a ululu ndi opuwala (pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osagwirizana ndi mankhwala). Dongosolo lino silimatumiza zisonyezo zoyenera kuubongo kuti ziwongolere machitidwe a thupi. Makina osangalatsa amathanso kukhala operewera, amawonedwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi "kale" omwe samva kukoma kwa chakudya.

Orgasm ndi mtundu wapadera wa chisangalalo. Amamufanizira ndi zotsatira za mankhwala monga opiates (heroin) (Pfaus xnumx, 1517). Orgasm, komabe, imapezeka mwanjira yabwino mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zina. Ena (mwachidziwikire kuphatikiza American Psychiatric Association) amaganiza kuti kusangalala ndi mtundu wa chisangalalo chokha, mosasamala kanthu momwe zinthu zingakhalire bwino.

Apanso, nkhani ina ndiyofunika kufotokoza zofooka zonse za mawu otere.

Komabe, mwachidule, ngati olamulira pazantchito zamankhwala ali osasinthika (komanso osasankha), ayenera kuzindikira kuti chisangalalo chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi orgasm chimagwira ngati chisonyezo kapena uthenga kuubongo kuti china chake chabwino chachitika m'thupi. Ichi "china chabwino" chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi orgasm ndicho kukondoweza kwa mbolo mpaka umuna utalowa m'chiberekero. Mitundu ina iliyonse ya kuseweretsa maliseche (mwachitsanzo, maliseche amtundu uliwonse - kaya pakudzilimbitsa, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena kuseweretsa maliseche ndi amuna kapena akazi anzanu - ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yosangalatsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika dongosolo la chisangalalo panthawi ya maliseche) Yofotokozedwa ndi chitsanzo cha zokondweretsa zina zathupi. Ngati nkotheka pakukhudza batani kuti mumveke "kukomoka" komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi chakudya, ndiye kuti kukanikiza batani lotere kumakhala kuvutitsa dongosolo lokondweretsa. Njira yosangalatsayi imatumiza ziwonetsero zolakwika kuubongo. Njira yosangalatsayo imakhala kuti imanama kwa thupi. Ngati thupi lingasangalale ndi kupumula kwausiku wabwino, koma osapuma konse; kukodza kapena kuchepa, popanda kukodza kwenikweni kapena kuperewera, kumapeto kwake, kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwakachitika mthupi.

Chifukwa chake, chitsimikiziro china chofuna kudziwa ngati mchitidwe wogonana ndi wabwinobwino kapena wopatuka ndikuwona ngati machitidwe ogonana amabweretsa chisokonezo pakugwira ntchito kwa zisangalalo kapena kupweteka m'thupi.

Pomaliza, sizikunena kuti kuvomereza (motsatana kukwaniritsa zaka zoyenera kuvomerezedwa) ndi chitsimikiziro chomwe chiyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi tanthauzo lathanzi kuchokera ku "malingaliro" operewera.

MISONKHANO

American Psychiatric Association ndi APA zimafufuza kafukufuku pamwambapa kuti umboni wa asayansi wosonyeza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kusiyanasiyana pakati pa zomwe munthu amafuna. APA idazindikira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikukutanthauza kuwonongeka pakuganiza, kukhazikika, kudalirika komanso kuthekera komanso kuchita bwino pakati pathu. Kuphatikiza apo, APA imapempha akatswiri onse azaumoyo kuti achitepo kanthu kuti athane ndi kusalidwa kwa matenda amisala komwe kwakhala kukugwirizanitsa ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Glassgold et al., 2009, 23 - 24).

Malingaliro a Katswiri wa APA akubwereza zomwezomwezo, monga chofunikira pazomwe akunenazi chikunena za zomwe tafotokozazi, zomwe zimalongosola "kusinthasintha" komanso kugwira ntchito pagulu (Chidule cha Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Komabe, kusinthasintha ndi magwiridwe antchito sizinawonetsedwe kuti zikugwirizana ndi kudziwa ngati kupatuka kwakugonana ndiko kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro. Zotsatira zake, maphunziro asayansi omwe adayang'ana njira zokhazokha zothandizira kusintha magwiridwe antchito ndikuwongolera zolakwika ndikuwonetsa zotsatira "zabodza", monga Spitzer, Wakefield, Bieber ndi ena adanenera. Tsoka ilo, malingaliro olakwika owopsa adakhala maziko a wonenedwayo “Umboni wamphamvu ndi wotsimikizika”zomwe zimabisalira zonena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikukuchokera m'maganizo.

Ndizosatheka kunena kuti machitidwe ena abwinobwino siabwinobwino chifukwa ndiochulukirapo kuposa momwe amalingalira kale (malinga ndi Alfred Kinsey), apo ayi machitidwe onse amunthu, kuphatikiza kupha anthu wamba, akuyenera kutengedwa ngati wamba. Ndizosatheka kunena kuti palibe "china chachilendo" pamakhalidwe ena chifukwa choti zimawonedwa mwa anthu ndi nyama (malinga ndi CS S. Chofunika kwambiri, ndizosatheka kunena kuti mkhalidwe wamaganizidwe sungasochere chifukwa boma lotere silimabweretsa kusintha, kupsinjika, kapena kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito (malinga ndi a Evelyn Hooker, a John C. Gonsiorek, APA, American Psychiatric Association, ndi ena), Kupanda kutero, zovuta zambiri zamaganizidwe amayenera kunenedwa kuti ndi zachilendo. Zomwe zatchulidwazi m'mabuku omwe atchulidwa ndi omwe amatsimikizira kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sizotsimikizika kuti ndi zasayansi, ndipo kafukufuku wokayikitsa sangakhale umboni wodalirika.

APA ndi American Psychiatric Association mwina atapanga zolakwika zomveka posankha mabuku, omwe amawafotokozera ngati umboni wotsimikizira zonena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (komanso kupatuka kwina pakugonana) sikuti ndi vuto la m'maganizo; izi ndizotheka. Ngakhale zili choncho, munthu sayenera kukhala wopanda pake komanso kunyalanyaza mipata yomwe mabungwe amphamvu akuchita pophunzitsa sayansi. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro omveka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosasamala kwa mfundo ndi mfundo ndi iwo omwe amawonedwa ngati "olamulira" pankhani ya zamisala ndi malingaliro. Kuwunika kwa mabuku komwe kwachitika m'nkhaniyi, komwe kumatchedwa kuti "zovuta" komanso "kutsimikizira" umboni, kumawulula zolakwa zake zazikulu - kusazindikira, kusazindikira, komanso kufalikira. Chifukwa chake, kudalirika kwa APA ndi American Psychiatric Association pankhani yantchito yakugonana kukukayikiridwa. Pamapeto pake, nkhani zokayikitsa komanso zowonongeka zakale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni pamakangano pazomwe zimagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma mabungwe olamulira sazengereza kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi.

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¹ Munthawi yamalamulo a Anglo-Saxon, pali gulu la "abwenzi a khothi" (amici curiae) - limatengera anthu odziyimira pawokha omwe akuwathandiza pamlanduwo, kupereka malingaliro awo akatswiri pankhaniyi, pomwe "abwenzi a khothi" iwo eni sakhala mbali bizinesi.

² Lipoti la Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Pazithandizo Zoyenera Zokhudza Kugonana.

³ American Psychiatric Association sichiona ngati apotemophilia kuphwanya lamulo; DSM-5 imati: "Apotemophilia (osati kuphwanya malingana ndi" DSM-5 ") imaphatikizira chikhumbo chakuchotsa miyendo kuti tikonze kusiyana pakati pakumverera kwamunthu ndi thupi lake. American Psychiatric Association 2014b, p. 246-7).

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