zomwe zimadziwika kuchokera kafukufuku:
Mapeto kuchokera ku sayansi yazachilengedwe, zamaganizidwe ndi chikhalidwe

Dr. Paul McHugh, MD - Mutu wa Dipatimenti ya Psychiatry ku Johns Hopkins University, katswiri wazamisala wazaka zaposachedwa, wofufuza, pulofesa komanso mphunzitsi.
 Dr. Lawrence Meyer, MB, MS, Ph.D. - Wasayansi mu dipatimenti ya Psychiatry ku Johns Hopkins University, pulofesa ku Arizona State University, wopanga mawerengero, katswiri wofufuza zam'mawu, katswiri pachitukuko, kusanthula ndi kutanthauzira kwa njira zoyesera komanso zowunikira pazokhudza zaumoyo ndi zamankhwala.

Chidule

Mu 2016, asayansi awiri otsogola ochokera ku Johns Hopkins Research University adasindikiza chikalata chofotokozera mwachidule zonse zofufuza zachilengedwe, zamaganizidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pankhani yazakugonana komanso kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi. Olembawo, omwe amathandizira kwambiri kufanana ndikutsutsa kusalana kwa LGBT, akuyembekeza kuti chidziwitso chomwe chingapatsidwe chitha kupatsa mphamvu madotolo, asayansi ndi nzika - tonsefe - kuthana ndi mavuto azaumoyo omwe akukumana ndi anthu a LGBT mdera lathu. 

Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu za lipotilo:

GAWO I. KUGWIRA BWINO 

- Kuzindikira pa nkhani yogonana ngati njira yakubadwa, yodziwika bwino komanso yokhazikika - lingaliro loti anthu "amabadwa mwanjira iyi" - sapeza chitsimikiziro mu sayansi. 

• Ngakhale pali umboni kuti zinthu zachilengedwe monga ma gene ndi mahomoni zimayenderana ndi kugonana komanso chilakolako, palibe kufotokoza kotsimikizika kokhudza zifukwa zoyambira zamunthu zogonana. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kochepa mu kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi zochitika pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adadziwika chifukwa cha kafukufuku, zambiri zamanjenje sizimawonetsa ngati kusiyana kumeneku ndi kwachidziwikire kapena ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zamaganizidwe. 

• Kafukufuku wautali wa achinyamata akuwonetsa kuti njira zogonana zitha kusintha pamiyoyo ya anthu ena; monga momwe kafukufuku wina adawonetsera, pafupifupi 80% ya anyamata omwe amafotokoza zoyendetsa amuna kapena akazi anzawo sanabwerezenso izi atakula. 

• Poyerekeza ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi omwe amakhala ndi mwayi wowonjezereka kawiri kawiri kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa mwana.

GAWO II KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO, KUTITSA MTIMA NDIPONSO KULIMBIKITSA KWAULERE 

• Poyerekeza ndi anthu wamba, omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali pachiwopsezo chomwe ali pachiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana pa thanzi lathunthu. 

• Chiwopsezo cha zovuta za nkhawa mwa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chikuyembekezeka kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya 1,5 kuposa mamembala amodzi; chiopsezo chokhala ndi kupsinjika maganizo ndi pafupifupi nthawi ya 2, chiopsezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi nthawi za 1,5 ndipo chiopsezo chodzipha chili pafupifupi nthawi za 2,5. 

• Omwe ali ndi transgender nawonso ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zovuta zamatenda amisala ambiri kuposa mamembala omwe siotuluka. Zambiri zowopsa zimapezeka pamlingo woyesera kudzipha pamoyo wonse wa transgender anthu azaka zonse, omwe ndi 41% poyerekeza ndi ochepera 5% ya anthu onse aku US. 

• Malinga ndi zomwe zikupezeka, ngakhale zili zochepa, umboni, zopsinjika pakati pa anthu, kuphatikizaponso kusalana, zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo wamagulu pakati pa anthu osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso transgender. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wapamwamba wapamwamba amafunikira kuti “mtundu wa kupsinjika” ukhale chida chothandiza kumvetsetsa mavuto azaumoyo wa anthu.

GAWO III DZIWANI IZI 

• Maganizo oti chizindikiritso cha amuna ndi akazi ndi chikhalidwe chobadwa mwa munthu chomwe sichimadalira kugonana kwachilengedwe (kuti munthu atha kukhala "mamuna womangika m'thupi la mzimayi" kapena "mkazi womangika m'thupi la munthu") alibe umboni wa sayansi. 

• Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa, pafupifupi 0,6% ya achikulire aku US amazindikira ndi jenda lomwe silikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chawo. 

• Kafukufuku wowerengeka wamalingaliro amtundu wa ubongo wa transgender ndi anthu omwe sanali transgender awonetsa kulumikizana kofooka pakati pa kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi chizindikiritso cha amuna ndi akazi. Zosintha izi sizikusonyeza kuti chizindikiritso cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chodalirana pamankhwala ena. 

• Poyerekeza ndi anthu ambiri, achikulire omwe amachitidwa opaleshoni yolimbitsa thupi pogonana amakhalabe pachiwopsezo cha mavuto a thanzi. Monga kafukufuku wina adawonetsera, poyerekeza ndi gulu loyang'anira, anthu omwe adasinthana kugonana anali ndi chizolowezi chofuna kudzipha nthawi pafupifupi 5, ndipo mwayi wokhala ndi chifukwa chodzipha unali pafupifupi nthawi za 19. 

• Ana ndi nkhani yapadera munkhani ya jenda. Ndi ochepa okha mwa ana omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomenyera ukwati yemwe angamamvere mu unyamata ndi uchikulire. 

• Pali umboni wochepa wa sayansi wokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe chimachedwetsa kutha msinkhu kapena kusintha zikhalidwe zakugonana kwa achinyamata, ngakhale ana ena akhoza kusintha mkhalidwe wawo wamaganizidwe, bola atalimbikitsidwa ndikuwathandizira pakuzindikirana. Palibe umboni kuti anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro azikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe ayenera kulimbikitsidwa.

Mau oyamba

Sizokayikitsa kuti pakhala mitu yambiri yofanana ndi zovuta komanso zosagwirizana ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi. Mafunso awa amakhudza malingaliro athu obisika komanso malingaliro athu ndipo amathandizira kutanthauzira aliyense monga munthu komanso monga membala. Kutsutsana pa nkhani zamakhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kudziwika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi kotentha, ndipo omwe amatenga nawo mbali amakhala ocheperako, ndipo zovuta zomwe zimagwirizana ndi boma zimayambitsa kusagwirizana kwakukulu. Achinyamata omwe akukambirana, atolankhani, komanso opanga malamulo nthawi zambiri amatchulapo umboni wotsimikizira sayansi, ndipo nkhani, zoulutsira nkhani, komanso nyumba zofalitsa nkhani, nthawi zambiri timamva mawu oti "sayansi imanena" pankhani imeneyi.

Pepa ili likuwunikira mosamala malongosoledwe amakono azambiri zam zotsatira zolondola kwambiri za sayansi yasayansi, zamaganizidwe ndi maphunziro azokhudza anthu pazokhudza kugonana komanso kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi. Timaganizira kuchuluka kwa mabuku asayansi m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Timayesetsa kuganizira malire a kafukufuku komanso osafulumira kudziwa zomwe zitha kuchititsa kuti sayansi isanthule. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamalingaliro osagwirizana komanso olondola m'mabuku, sitimangoyang'ana zidziwitso zokhazokha, komanso kuunikira zovuta zomwe zilipo. Lipotili, komabe, silikunena za chikhalidwe ndi zoyenera kuchita; Cholinga chathu ndikuyang'ana pa kafukufuku wa zasayansi ndi zomwe akuwonetsa kapena zomwe sawonetsa.

Mu Gawo 1, tikuyamba ndi kuwunika kovuta kwamaganizidwe monga kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kugona pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa momwe amasonyezera umunthu, kusasintha, komanso zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Pamodzi ndi mafunso ena mu gawo ili, timatembenukira ku lingaliro lofala la "oterewa", malinga ndi momwe munthu amakhala ndi chibadwa chofuna kugonana; Timasanthula kutsimikizika kwa malingaliro awa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a sayansi yachilengedwe. Tikuwunika komwe magwiridwe azomwe amayambira pakugonana, kuchuluka kwa momwe kugonana kungasinthire pakapita nthawi, komanso zovuta zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi kuphatikizira kugonana poyeserera kugonana. Kutengera ndi zotsatira za mapasa ndi maphunziro ena, timasanthula ma genetic, chilengedwe ndi mahomoni. Tikuunikanso zotsatira zina zasayansi zolumikiza sayansi yaubongo ndi malingaliro akugonana.

Gawo lachiwiri likuwunikira kuwunika kwa kudalirika kwa zovuta zaumoyo pakufuna kudziwa zakugonana ndi amuna komanso akazi. Pakati pa ochitidwa nkhanza, amiseche, ma bisexxt ndi anthu opanga ma transgender, nthawi zonse pamakhala chiopsezo chachikulu chofooka thupi ndi matenda amisala poyerekeza ndi anthu wamba. Mavuto azaumoyo monga kupsinjika, nkhawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo, owopsa kwambiri, amawonjezera mwayi wodzipha. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, 41% ya anthu amtundu wa transgender adayesa kudzipha, omwe amakhala okwera kakhumi kuposa anthu wamba. Ife - madokotala, aphunzitsi ndi asayansi - tikhulupirira kuti zokambirana zina zonse mu ntchitoyi ziyenera kuchitika chifukwa cha zovuta zaumoyo wa anthu.

Tikuwunikanso malingaliro ena omwe adayikidwa kuti afotokozere za kusiyana pakati pa zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo mtundu wamavuto. Kuyerekezera kumeneku, malinga ndi komwe kupsinjika monga kusalana komanso tsankho ndizomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zowonjezereka zamtunduwu, sizikufotokozera kwathunthu kusiyana kwa ziwopsezo.

Ngati gawo langa lipereka lingaliro loti lingaliro lachiwerewere limangokhala chifukwa cha kubadwa kwathu, ndiye kuti chigawo chimodzi chachigawo chachisanu chikufotokozeranso zofanana pankhani yokhudza jenda. Kutengera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi) ndi magawo amunthu, ngakhale mutaganiza kuti anthu ena omwe ali ndi vuto lachitukuko chakugonana amawonetsa machitidwe awiri ogonana. Mosiyana ndi izi, kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi ndi lingaliro lamakhalidwe abwino lomwe mulibe tanthauzo lenileni, ndipo ndizochepa zochepa zokha zomwe zimawonetsa kuti izi ndi chilengedwe, chosasintha cha chilengedwe.

Gawo lachitatu likuwunikanso kukonza kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso kufunika kwa magwiridwe ake ntchito kuti athetsere mavuto azovuta zamthupi zomwe zimakhudza anthu ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti ndi transgender anthu. Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba, anthu othamangitsidwa omwe agonana ndi opaleshoni amakhala pachiwopsezo chofooketsa thanzi la m'mutu.

Chachikulu kwambiri ndi nkhani yothandizidwa ndi madokotala kuti alandire amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Odwala ochulukirachulukirapo amachita njira zomwe zimawathandiza kuvomereza jenda momwe akumvera, komanso kuchiritsa kwa mahomoni ndi opaleshoni adakali achichepere. Komabe, ana ambiri omwe chizolowezi chawo sichimagwirizana ndi umunthu wawo wamwamuna angasinthe chizindikiritsochi akamakula. Tili okhudzidwa komanso kuda nkhawa ndi nkhanza komanso kusasinthika kwa njira zina zomwe zimakambidwa poyera pagulu ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kwa ana.

Zogonana komanso kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi ndi amuna sizimangokhala ndi lingaliro losavuta chabe. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chidaliro chomwe malingaliro pazinthu izi amathandizidwa, ndi zomwe zimatseguka ndi njira yosavuta ya sayansi. Tikakumana ndi zovuta komanso kusatsimikiza koteroko, tiyenera kupenda modzichepetsa zomwe tikudziwa komanso zomwe sitikudziwa. Timavomereza mosavuta kuti ntchitoyi sikuwunikira konse pazomwe imakambirana, komanso si chowonadi chenicheni. Palibe njira yina iliyonse yomwe sayansi ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe ingamvetsetsere zovuta zovuta komanso zovuta izi - pali magwero ena anzeru ndi chidziwitso, kuphatikizapo zaluso, chipembedzo, nzeru ndi zokumana nazo pamoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, chidziwitso chambiri cha sayansi m'derali sichinasinthidwebe. Ngakhale zili zonse, tikukhulupirira kuti kuunikanso izi m'mabuku azasayansi kudzathandiza kukhazikitsa njira imodzi yolankhulirana bwino pankhani zandale, akatswiri komanso asayansi, ndikuti ndi thandizo lake ife, monga nzika zaluso, titha kuchita zambiri pothana ndi mavuto ndikulimbikitsa thanzi Ndi kutukuka kwa anthu.

GAWO I - Kugonana

Ngakhale pali chikhulupiriro chofala kuti malingaliro ogonana ndi chibadwa chamunthu, chosasintha, komanso chachilengedwe cha munthu, kuti aliyense - amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - "abadwa mwanjira imeneyi," mawu awa sagwirizana ndi umboni wokwanira wasayansi. M'malo mwake, lingaliro lokhala ndi chidwi chogonana ndilopatsa chidwi kwambiri; imatha kufanana ndi machitidwe, chidwi komanso chidwi. Zotsatira zamaphunziro a miliri, ubale wopanda tanthauzo kwambiri udapezeka pakati pa majini ndi ma drive azakugonana ndi chikhalidwe, koma sizinapezeke zambiri zofunika zomwe zimafotokoza mitundu yeniyeni. Palinso zitsimikiziro za maumboni ena okhudzana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kukopa komanso kudziwika, mwachitsanzo, zazokhudza kuchuluka kwa mahomoni pakukula kwa intrauterine, komabe, izi ndizochepa. Zotsatira zamaphunziro aubongo, kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunapezeka, koma sizinatheke kutsimikizira kuti kusiyana kumeneku ndi kwamkati, ndipo sikumapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi zinthu zakunja kwazinthu zokhudzana ndi malingaliro ndi maubongo. Kuphatikizana kunapezeka pakati pa hetero-kugonana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zakunja, ndiko kuti, kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha nkhanza zakugonana, zotsatira zake zomwe zimatha kuwonekanso pakuwoneka kwakukulu kwa zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo wamagulu osagwirizana ndi ambiri. Mwambiri, zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamalingaliro a chikhumbo chakugonana ndi machitidwe - poyerekeza lingaliro lakuti "zotere zimabadwa", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zovuta zamunthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana zitheke. 

werengani GAWO I (PDF, masamba a 50)

GAWO II - Kugonana, Zaumoyo wamavuto ndi Kupsinjika kwa Magulu

Poyerekeza ndi anthu ambiri, omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso ogonana omwe ali ndi chiwerewere amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mavuto azaumoyo monga nkhawa, nkhawa, kudzipha, komanso mavuto azikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso nkhanza kwa wokondedwa wawo. Kafotokozedwe kodziwika bwino ka izi muzolemba zamasayansi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala mwamantha, malinga ndi momwe nkhawa zomwe zimatsutsidwa - zomwe zimatsutsidwa komanso kusankhidwa - ndizomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azachuma. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti, ngakhale ali ndi chisonkhezero chowonekera cha zodandaula za anthu pakuwonjezera ngozi yakutenga matenda amisala munthawi imeneyi, sikuti ali ndi vuto lililonse lotere.

werengani GAWO II  (PDF, masamba a 32)

GAWO III - Kuzindikira Kwachikazi

Lingaliro la kugonana kwachilengedwe limafotokozeredwa bwino pamaziko a zochita za amuna ndi akazi pakubala. Ayi, lingaliro la jenda lilibe tanthauzo lodziwika bwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofotokoza za mikhalidwe komanso malingaliro omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala amuna kapena akazi. Anthu ena amadziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe samafanana ndi chibadwa chawo. Zomwe zimadziwika ndi izi sizimamveka bwino. Ntchito yofufuza ngati anthu amtundu wa transgender ali ndi zikhalidwe zina kapena zochitika zofanana ndi amuna kapena akazi, monga kapangidwe kazinthu zama ubongo kapena zotsatira za mphamvu ya prenatal mahomoni, pakali pano sizigwirizana. Dysphoria ya jenda - lingaliro la kusamvana pakati pa munthu ndi chibadwa chodziwika bwino, chotsatira ndi zovuta zamatenda kapena kuwonongeka - nthawi zina amathandizidwa mwa akulu omwe ali ndi mahomoni kapena opaleshoni, koma pali umboni wochepa wa sayansi kuti njira zochiritsira izi zimapindulitsa. Monga momwe sayansi ikusonyezera, mavuto azidziwitso a amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri samapitirira kuubwana ndi ukalamba, ndipo umboni wochepa wa sayansi umatsimikizira mapindu azachipatala a kuchedwa kutha msinkhu. Tili okhudzidwa ndi vuto lomwe likukula la ana omwe ali ndi vuto lodziwikitsa jenda kusinthana ndi amuna awo osankha mwa njira zochiritsira komanso njira zochitira opaleshoni. Pali kufunikira kochita kafukufuku owonjezera m'derali.

werengani GAWO III (PDF, masamba a 29)

Mgwirizano

Zotsatira zolondola, zowunikiranso zimatha ndipo zimakhudza zosankha zathu ndikudziwonetsa tokha komanso nthawi yomweyo zimayambitsa zokambirana, kuphatikizapo mikangano yazikhalidwe komanso zandale. Ngati phunziroli likuyankha mitu yotsutsana, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro lomveka bwino lazomwe zimafufuzidwa ndi sayansi ndi zomwe sizili. Pazovuta zovuta, zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha kugonana kwa anthu, pali mgwirizano woyambirira wasayansi; zambiri sizikudziwika, chifukwa kugonana ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri pamoyo wamunthu, lomwe limatsutsa kuyesayesa kwathu kuti tipeze zonse zomwe zimapezeka ndikuziphunzira mosamala kwambiri.

Komabe, ku mafunso omwe ndiosavuta kuwunika mozama, mwachitsanzo, pamlingo wazovuta zamatenda amisala pazakuzindikirika pazazinthu zakugonana, maphunziro akuperekabe mayankho omveka bwino: izi ndizomwe zimawonetsa kukhumudwa, nkhawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kudzipha poyerekeza ndi ndi anthu wamba. Maganizo amodzi - njira yotsutsana ndi anthu - akuti kusala, tsankho, ndi tsankho ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwa zovuta zamagulu amisala pamaganizidwe awa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ngati njira yofotokozera kusiyanaku. Mwachitsanzo, osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso anthu amtundu wa transgender nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto azisankho komanso kusankhidwa, komabe, sayansi sinatsimikizire kuti zinthu izi zokha zimatsimikizira, kapena, makamaka, kusiyana pakati pamaumoyo pakati pa anthu omwe siamabwenzi komanso amuna ndi akazi komanso anthu wamba. Kafukufuku owonjezera amafunikira m'derali kuti ayese kutsimikizira kwa nkhawa zamagulu ndi mafotokozedwe ena omwe angakhalepo pakusiyana kwaumoyo, komanso kupeza njira zothanirana ndi mavuto azaumoyo pamagawo amenewa.

Ena mwa zikhulupiriro zofala kwambiri pazokhudza kugonana, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro akuti "amabadwa mwanjira imeneyi," sikuti amangothandizidwa ndi sayansi. Muzochita pamutuwu, kusiyana kachilengedwe pakati pa omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalongosoledwa, koma kusiyana kwachilengedwe kumeneku sikokwanira kulosera zamtsogolo, komwe ndiko mayeso oyesa pazotsatira zasayansi zilizonse. Mwa malongosoledwe a malingaliro akugonana omwe asayansi apanga, mawu amphamvu kwambiri ndi awa: zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zimapangitsa anthu ena kutengera chikhalidwe chawo.

Kungoganiza kuti "awa ndi obadwa" ndizovuta kutsatira pakudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi. Mwanjira ina yake, chakuti tinabadwa ndi amuna kapena akazi timatsimikiziridwa bwino ndi kuwonekera kwachindunji: amuna ambiri amadziwika kuti ndi amuna, ndipo akazi ambiri ndi akazi. Zoti ana (kupatula zomwe zimapangidwa ndi hermaphrodites) zimabadwa zachimuna kapena chachikazi sizimakambirana. Kugonana kwachilengedwe kumakhala ndimasewera owonjezera pakubala, ndipo pali zosiyana zingapo zakuthupi ndi zamaganizidwe pakati pa akazi ndi amuna ambiri. Komabe, ngakhale kuti kubereka ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu, chizindikiritso cha amuna ndi akazi ndi lingaliro lovuta kwambiri.

Tikaganizira zofalitsa zasayansi, zimapezeka kuti palibe chomwe chimamveka bwino tikayesera kufotokoza kuchokera ku malingaliro a biology zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa ena kutsutsa kuti kudziwika kwawo ndi amuna sikogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Ponena za zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa, zonena zambiri zimapangidwa motsutsana nawo popanga zitsanzo, kuwonjezera, siziganizira kusintha kwa nthawi komanso alibe mphamvu yofotokozera. Kufufuza kwabwino ndikofunikira kuti muwone momwe mungathandizire kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mavuto azaumoyo wamaganizidwe ndikuwonjezera kuzindikira kwa omwe akukambirana pazinthu zazing'ono m'derali.

Komabe, ngakhale kuli kwatsoka la sayansi, kulowererapo mosadukiza kumayendetsedwa ndikuchitidwa kwa odwala omwe amadzizindikira okha kapena omwe amadziwika kuti ndiwopitilira. Izi ndizomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri ana akamadwala. M'malipoti aboma, timapeza zambiri zokhudzana ndi njira zochiritsira zomwe zimakonzekeredwa ndi ana ambiri azaka zaubwino, omwe ena mwa iwo ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha, komanso njira zina zochizira ana kuyambira zaka ziwiri. Tikukhulupirira kuti palibe amene ali ndi ufulu wodziwitsa mwana wazaka ziwiri. Tikukayikira momwe asayansi amamvetsetsa bwino lomwe lingaliro lomwe lingakhale la mwana pakati pawo, koma, ngakhale zili choncho, tili okhudzidwa kwambiri kuti othandizira, othandizira odwala achinyamatawa amakumana, ndipo, mulimonse, ndi asanakonzekere, popeza ana ambiri omwe amazindikira kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo, atakula, amakana izi. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kafukufuku wodalirika wazotsatira zakwanthawi yayitali za kusinthaku. Timalimbikitsa kusamala pankhaniyi.

Mu lipotili, tayesera kupereka mndandanda wa maphunziro mwanjira yoti zikamveka kwa anthu ambiri, kuphatikiza akatswiri ndi owerenga wamba. Anthu onse - asayansi ndi madotolo, makolo ndi aphunzitsi, oyambitsa malamulo ndi ochita zantchito - ali ndi ufulu wopeza chidziwitso cholondola pazokhudza kugonana komanso kudziwika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Ngakhale pali zotsutsana zambiri pamalingaliro azomwe anthu athu akuchita mgulu la LGBT, palibe malingaliro andale kapena chikhalidwe omwe angalepheretse kuphunzira ndi kumvetsetsa pazokhudza nkhani zaumoyo komanso zaumoyo komanso thandizo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto a thanzi, makamaka chifukwa chogonana. chizindikiritso

Ntchito yathu imafotokoza mayendedwe a kafukufuku wamtsogolo mu sayansi yachilengedwe, yamaganizidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku amafunika kuti adziwe zomwe zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwamavuto am'magazi a LGBT. Mtundu wamavuto azikhalidwe, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakufufuza pamutuwu, uyenera kukonzedwa, ndipo mwina, wowonjezeredwa ndi malingaliro ena. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe amakulidwe ndi kusintha kwa zikhumbo zakugonana m'moyo wonse, kwakukulu, samamveka bwino. Kafukufuku wopatsa chidwi atha kutithandiza kumvetsetsa za ubale, zaumoyo, komanso thanzi lamisala.

Kutsutsidwa ndi kupikisana kwa magawo onse a paradigm "kubadwa motere" - zonena zonse motsimikizika kwa chilengedwe komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, ndi zomwe zikugwirizana pankhani yakudziyimilira pawokha pawokha pokhudzana ndi kugonana kwanyengo - zimayambitsa mafunso ofunikira pazakugonana, kugonana, jenda, komanso anthu wamba komanso chikhalidwe kupindula kuchokera pakuwona kwatsopano. Zina mwazinthu izi ndizosatheka ndi ntchitoyi, koma zomwe takambiranazi zikusonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zokambirana zambiri za anthu ndi zomwe asayansi apeza.

Kufufuza mozama komanso kutanthauzira mosamalitsa zotsatira zake zitha kupititsa patsogolo kamvedwe athu pankhani yakugonana komanso kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi. Pali ntchito yambiri komanso mafunso omwe sanapeze mayankho. Tidayesera kupanga ndi kufotokoza zovuta za maphunziro asayansi pamitu ina. Tikukhulupirira kuti lipotili lithandizira kupitiliza kukambirana momasuka pa nkhani yogonana komanso kudziwika kwa anthu. Tikuyembekezera kuti lipotili liyambitsa chidwi, ndipo tilandira.

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