Zaumoyo komanso zathanzi kwa anthu a LGBT

Ndemanga za 12

Zotsatira Zofunikira

(1) Kugwiritsira ntchito matumbo athu ngati ziwalo kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chathanzi ndimunthu wopatsirana komanso wowopsa.

(2) Pakati pa anthu omwe akukhala ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna ndi akazi, pamakhala chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha matenda osiyanasiyana, onse opatsirana (HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, ndi zina), komanso opaleshoni ndi amisala.

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Mau oyamba

Mawu otsatira a LGBT + omwe amayambitsa zachiwonetserozi - gululi ndi zonena kuti mchitidwe wogonana womwewo yemwe amamugonayo ndi mtundu wamtundu wa munthu ndipo chifukwa chake, sizikhudza thanzi. Makhalidwe athupi lathupi laumunthu komanso zotsatira zake zikutsutsana. Khalidwe logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha limalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda, omwe olamulira a LGBT + sanena kanthu.

Tikaganizira za mutuwu, tiunikira zotsatirazi: (1) kuphwanya kokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; (2) zovuta zogonana.

Zizindikiro zathanzi lonse

Malingana ndi Ruth ndi Santacruz (2017), kafukufuku wambiri wasayansi akuwonetsa kuti, poyerekeza ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adalembetsa kusalingana kwakukulu mthupi komanso m'maganizo. Omaliza amakhala ndi zovuta zambiri zaumoyo pamoyo wawo, kuphatikizapo matenda, kuphatikizapo kachilombo ka HIV mwa abambo, mphumu, komanso matenda ashuga mwa akazi (Corliss et al. Xnumx) ndi matenda ena osachiritsika, chiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda amtima ndi khansa, kuthekera kokulumala akadali aang'ono. Achinyamata ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chautsi wachiwiri ndi chiwawa. Pali chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kufa, makamaka, chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa azimayi, amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi ziwalo ziwiri, kuyesayesa kudzipha, komanso zochitika zina zosafunikira, zomwe zambiri ndizachidziwitso m'chilengedwe, monga kuchuluka kwa nkhawa, mantha, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, kukhumudwa komanso mavuto omwe amadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri za psychoactive, kusungulumwa mu ukalamba (Ruth et Santacruz 2017; Lick et al. Xnumx; Yarns et al. Xnumx) Ngakhale kuti zochitika zogonana zomwe zimayambitsa kupsinjika kwaumunthu kapena kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro sizinalembedwe mwanjira yodziwika ngati matenda odziyimira m'gulu laposachedwa kwambiri la American Psychiatric Association ("DSM-5"), odwala ena ndi asing'anga amawawona ngati mtundu uchidakwa, monga kusuta fodya (Yarns et al. Xnumx).

Zowopsa zomwe zimayenderana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wopatsa chidwi, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa amuna kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chathanzi. Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa amuna kumachita kulumikizana mwa maliseche1; m'mabuku asayansi ndi azamalamulo, kulumikizana ndi maliseche kumatchedwanso sodomy (Fischel xnumx, p. 2030; Zhakupova 2015, p. A543; Weinmeyer xnumx, p. 916; Lamulo la Chilango cha Israeli, zaluso. 347c) Muzochitika zambiri, anal eroticism imachitika pakulumikizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - anus ndi rectum amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku waku Europe wazimuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna, kulumikizana kwamtunduwu kumachitika mu 95% ya ogonana nawo onse, (EMIS 2010, p. 113). Kafukufuku wina adafufuza mchitidwe wogonana ndi amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV, omwe akazi awo anali onyamula kachilombo ka HIV - kugonana komwe kumachitika mwa amuna ndi akazi kumachitidwa mu 99,7% ya anthu onse ogonana nawo (Rodger 2016, p. 177).

Kuphatikiza apo, mchitidwe wogonana wosatetezedwa pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, ndi 41% (Valleroy 2000), 43% (Grov 2014), 56% (Nelson xnumx), 58% (EMIS 2010, p. 116). Kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu pakuyanjana kwamitundu pakati pa amuna kwakhala kuchepa m'zaka zaposachedwa (Hess 2017, p. 2814; Musasankhe 2017).

Zowopsa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi anal eroticism

Rectum - gawo lomaliza la m'mimba mwa munthu - limapangidwira kuti liziwunjikitse ndowe kapena zofewa. Njira yakugaya kwa munthu imalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa ma cellorganic oyimilira mu lumen yamatumbo omwe amachititsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zitheke kuchokera pakudya (Quigley 2013) Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timalowa mwa munthu wathanzi silimalowa m'magazi chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zotchinga zathupi zomwe zimakhala ndi khoma la mucous ndi matumbo (Faderl xnumx) Kulowerera kwa tinthu tachilengedwe m'magazi kumayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo sepsis (Takiishi 2017; Kelly 2015).

Matumbo amtundu wa anthu

Kapangidwe kantomiki ndi kagwiridwe kake ka ntchito ka rectum sikupereka chida chogwiritsidwira ntchito pokhudzana ndi kugonana: kutanthauzira kwa kukhudzana kwa maliseche monga zofanana ndi coalus kumatsutsana ndi kutengera kwa thupi ndi thupi. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu, kulumikizana ndi amuna kapena akazi kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu, makamaka kwa wolandira. Tikavumbulutsidwa ndi rectum panthawi yomwe tachita chiwerewere, ziwalo zake zofewa zimavulala. Tiziwalo timeneti timakhala tambiri tambiri tambiri timene timakhala tikukonzekera ma chimbudzi chifukwa chosakhalitsa m'matumbo. Kuyerekezera kwa rectum ndi nyini sikothandiza: ziwalo za thumbo sizili zolimba ngati minofu ya nyini, chiwalo chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chikhale chabereka. Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe cha kumaliseche chimakhala choyera kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe cha rectum. Nyini ili ndi mafuta achilengedwe apadera ndipo amathandizidwa ndi network ya minofu. Mbali yamkati mwa nyini imakutidwa ndi nembanemba ya mucous, yomwe imakhala ndi zigawo zambiri za maselo a epithelial, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wothana ndi kukangana popanda kuwonongeka ndikuthana ndi zovuta za umuna. Mbali yamkati ya rectum imakutidwa ndi nembanemba yopyapyala yopanga gawo limodzi la maselo a epithelial. Ziwalo za rectum nthawi zonse zimakhala zowonjezereka pochita zogonana. Ngakhale pakalibe kuvulazidwa koonekera, ma microcracks ndi ma microcracks a mucosa amathandizira kulowetsa ma microparticles a fecal, mapuloteni a umuna ndi ma virus pamagazi.

Kufananiza kwa mucous nembanemba wa rectum ndi nyini. Source: mtnstopshiv.org

Akatswiri adawona kuti amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi vuto la colon ndi rectum, chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo izi (Kazal 1976) Kuphatikizika kwa matendawa kunatchulidwanso kuti matumbo a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.2; zimaphatikizanso kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa pafupipafupi: conical condylomatosis, hemorrhoids, proctitis, reissal fissures ndi fistulas, pararectal abscesses, amoebiasis, polyps, virus hepatitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, rectal kuvulala, matupi achilendo mu rectum, shigellosis, zilonda zam'mimba. rectum ndi lymphogranulomatosis (Owen xnumx; Kazal 1976) Olemba ena adatsutsa mawu oti "kugonana matumbo a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" pamfundo kuti zina mwazovuta izi zimapezekanso matumbo a azimayi, koma ambiri mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matendawa ndi amuna omwe amachita eroticism ndi amuna ena (Glenn 1994; Markell 1983).

Kuphatikiza pa makoma a rectum, anal sphincter, mineral ya annular, imavanso chifukwa chochepetsedwa, kunja kwa ntchito yopanga kupindika, ndowe zimachitika mu rectum. Boti la anal limakhala ndi kamvekedwe ka mamvekedwe ndi kutanuka, limatha kungotambalala pang'ono pokha kuti lichotse ndowe zofewa. Ndi kuvulala mobwerezabwereza, kukangana ndi kusokonezeka, sphincter imataya kamvekedwe ndi kuthekera kosunga kutsekeka mwamphamvu.

Kutengera ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, timaganizira zovuta zotsatirazi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cholumikizana ndi maliseche: (A) kulowetsa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso mavairasi kuchokera m'magazi amkati kulowa m'magazi chifukwa chatsoka; (B) kuchepa kwa fecal chifukwa cha kutalika kwa anal sphincter, komanso kuvulala kwa khoma lamatumbo; (B) Kusokonezeka komwe kumayamba chifukwa cha kuyankha kwamthupi kwa umuna.

A. Kuwopsa kwa matenda

Edzi pakati pa amuna achichepere

Ndi kulumikizana ndi maliseche, chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV (AIDS / AIDS) kakulidwe kakang'ono kwambiri, kamene kamathandizidwanso ndi kusakhazikika kwa mucosa wa rectal (Baggaley 2010; Belec 1995; Levy 1993) Pamene HIV / Edzi idapezeka koyamba ku United States, mu 1981, idayamba kutchedwa "immunodefrition", yomwe imatengera kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "3popeza amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawerengera kuposa 90% ya milandu yonse yomwe yangopezedwa kumene (Altman 1982) Malinga ndi US National Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NCHP) ya chaka cha 2015, amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna amatenga chifukwa cha 67% ya matenda onse atsopano opatsirana a HIV ku USA ndi 82% yamatenda onse atsopano a HIV mwa anyamata ndi amuna pazaka 13 (CDC 2015) Pafupipafupi matenda a Edzi pakati pagululi ndi 50 nthawi zambiri pamagulu ena (Bagby 2009). Chiwopsezo chotenga kachirombo ka HIV ndikusagonana mosadziteteza kumatulo ndi nthawi ya 17,25 nthawi yayitali kuposa pochita zogonana mosadziteteza (Patel 2014).

Mu 2007, NCHP idasindikiza lipoti lomwe limapereka ziwonetsero zokhudzana ndiimfa ndi zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi zaimfa (CDC 2007) Mwa chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe amwalira ndi Edzi, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a Edzi (mwachitsanzo, kuthiridwa magazi, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zambiri). Malinga ndi lipoti la 2007, kulumikizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha inali njira yokhayo yomwe ingatengere kachilombo ka HIV mu 59,2% ya imfa zonse za AIDS (CDC 2007, p. 19), ndipo mu 2015 chithunzicho chinafika ku 66,8% (CDC 2015, p. 18). Zomwe zidawonetsedwa ku Msonkhano wa National NCHP ku 2010 zidawonetsa kuti kuwonekera kwa zidziwitso zatsopano za kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizochulukirapo kuposa nthawi ya amuna ena (CDC 2010; CDC Press Tulutsani xnumx) Malinga ndi lipoti la NCHP la chaka cha 2010, amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawerengera 63% ya milandu yonse yatsopano yotenga kachirombo ka HIV yolemba (CDC 2012) ndi 67% - ya milandu yonse yatsopano ya HIV mchaka cha 2015 (Nelson xnumx) Ku Australia, amuna gay adawerengera 80% ya zatsopano za kachilombo ka HIV mchaka cha 2017 (Kirby Institute 2017).

Ndizosangalatsa kuti, malinga ndi NCHPZ yomweyo ya 2010-2016, kuchuluka kwa matenda pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumachepa chaka chilichonse (mu 2015, pafupifupi 3 000 pachaka), pomwe pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sakusintha - pafupifupi 26 000 pachaka (CDC 2016) Popeza ku United States amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku United States amapanga 2.3% yokha ya anthu (Ward et al. Xnumx), Kachilombo ka HIV pakati pawo kamapezeka ka 375 nthawi zambiri kuposa pakati pa akazi kapena amuna. Pakadali pano, ndi 9% yokha yamatenda ku United States omwe amachitika kudzera mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe amuna ogonana amuna okhaokha, ngakhale amakhala ochepa, ndi omwe ali ndi vuto la 67% la matenda onse a HIV, komanso 83% mwa amuna.

Kutenga kachirombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ku United States.
Source: US National Center for Disease control, malipoti a kachirombo ka HIV, vol. 28, tsamba 17
Kutenga kachirombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ku United States.
MSM ndi amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna.
Source: US National Center for Disease control, malipoti a kachirombo ka HIV, vol. Xnumx

Chithunzi chofananachi chikuwonedwa m'maiko ena.

Kutenga kachirombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ku Australia.
MSM ndi amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna.
Source: HIV, hepatitis ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ku Australia. Kirby Institute, 2017
Kutenga kachirombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ku Canada.
MSM - amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna.
VVN - mankhwala othandizira.
Source: HIV ndi Edzi ku Canada. Lipoti la kafukufuku wa Disembala 31, 2013,
Public Health Agency of Canada, Novembala 2014
Kufalikira kwa HIV pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwazonse, zaka za 2009 - 2013. Kutengera Malipoti a UN Country Program Reports (UNAIDS 2014, p. 5)

Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri kwa Edzi pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, saloledwa kupereka ziwalo ndi magazi, ngakhale m'maiko omwe kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhala m'magulu a anthu wamba (mwachitsanzo, USA, Germany kapena Netherlands) (FDA 2017).

Komanso, matenda a Edzi komanso matenda okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotupa zotupa za khungu lotchedwa Kaposi's sarcoma: ku USA, sarcoma ya Kaposi yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi Edzi imadziwika makamaka mwa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (Kumar 2016; PDQ 2015).

HIV / Edzi sindiokhawo matenda opatsirana pogonana omwe amakhala ofala kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Malinga ndi malipoti osiyanasiyana, amuna achichepere ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha matenda opatsirana pogonana: syphilis (Matawuni 2017), chinzonono (Fairley 2017b), chlamydia ndi venereal lymphogranulomatosis (Saxon xnumx; Annan 2009) tizilombo hepatitis (CDC 2015; Lim xnumx,, cryptosporidiosis (Hellard xnumx), Kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr (Hsu xnumx; Van Baarle 2000; Naher 1995), shigellosis (Danila xnumx; Thorpe mkati Holmes xnumx, p. 549), salmonellosis ndi typhoid (Wothandizira 2003; Baker xnumx), papillomavirus (Patel 2017) Pansipa tiona mwatsatanetsatane ena mwa ma STD omwe alembedwa.

Source: Matenda opatsirana pogonana ndikuwunika chlamydia ku England, 2017.
Health Health England. Health Protection Report Vol 12, Nambala 20, 8 June 2018.
Chizindikiro

Olemba ena amati syphilis ndi nthenda yatsopano (itatha ya HIV) pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Spornraft-Ragaller 2014) Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi King County of Washington State ku America kwa chaka cha 1999, 85% ya milandu ya syphilis idanenedwa pakati pa amuna achimuna (gay men)CDC 1999) Pa dziko lonse la America ku America, ziwopsezo za ma syphilis oyambira amuna ndi akazi kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizoposa 46 kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (CDC 2010) Pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa vuto la syphilis pakati pa amuna achimuna pazaka khumi zapitazi (Meya 2017; Abara xnumx, p. 9).

Gonorrhea

Pali chiwopsezo cha chinzonono pakati pa amuna amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Fairley 2017b) Chiwopsezo cha chinzonono pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna ndichokwera kakhumi kuposa kuchuluka kwa chinzonono pakugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale m'maiko omwe ali ndi dongosolo laumoyo (Fairley 2017a) Mwa amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, matenda a chinzonono amakhudza kwambiri pharynx ndi rectum, ndipo matendawa amatuluka ndi zizindikiro zosatsimikizika, kapena ambiri asymptomatic (Barbee 2014).

B. Ziwopsezo zowonongeka kwa sphincter

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamkulu waku America, kuchita pafupipafupi kugonana kwamatumbo kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa anal sphincter ndi fecal incontinence - encopresis (Markland xnumx).

Kuwunikaku kunaphatikizapo zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu 4 azaka zapakati pa 170-20 azaka 69-2 azimayi (070 azimayi ndi amuna 2) ... Pambuyo pakusintha kwazinthu zambiri pazinthu zina zokhudzana ndi kusadziletsa kwazinyalala, kulumikizana ndi maliseche kumakhalabe cholosera chazisangalalo mwa amuna (kuchuluka kwa anthu: 100 , 2,8, wokhala ndi chidaliro cha 95%: 1,6-5,0) ndi akazi (kufalikira: 1,5, ndi 95% chidaliro: 1,0-2,0) ... Mapeto: zotsatira zapezeka zikugwirizana ndi mawu akuti Kukhudzana ndi maliseche ndichinthu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu achikulire azikhala osachita bwino, makamaka mwa amuna (Markland xnumx).

Kuchepa kwa fecal kumatanthauza kuzimitsa kwam'mimba (ndowe, madzi, mpweya) komanso kulephera kuchepetsa kuchepa mpaka kufika kuchimbudzi (Paquette xnumx) Fecal incontinence imakhala ndi chiopsezo chachiwiri pamavuto, imatha kubweretsa kulumala ndi zovuta zazikulu zaumwini kwa odwala, ndipo chithandizo chake ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri (Saldana Ruiz 2017) Zotsatira zakugonana kwamatumbo, "mwa kuvomerezana nzochita zamwano kwambiri", zitha kukhala zowopsa m'matumbo zomwe zimafunikira kuti kuchitidwe opaleshoni mwachangu (Altomare 2017, p. 372). Kukhudzana ndi maliseche nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa zowawa kwambiri (Rosser 1998; Damon 2005; Hollows xnumx; Hirshfield xnumx)

B. Zowopsa Zophatikiza Ndi Kuyankha Kosavomerezeka kwa Umuna

Ma antibodies a Antisperm (ASA) - ma antibodies opangidwa ndi thupi la munthu motsutsana ndi umuna wa ma antigen (Krause 2017, p. 109). Kupangidwe kwa ASA ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe kuchepa kwa chonde kapena kubereka kwa autoimmune: ASA imakhudza ntchito ya spermatozoa, kusokoneza njira za umuna (sinthani njira ya mayikidwe acrosomal), kukhazikika ndikukula kwa mluza (Kubwezeretsanso 2013) Kafukufuku wazosiyanasiyana zamitundu yanyama awonetsa ubale pakati pa ASA ndi kufooka kwa mluza (Krause 2017, p. 164) Cui et al. Pambuyo pakupanga ma meta-maubwenzi apakati pa ASA ndi kubereka amuna, povala milandu ya 1167 ya amuna osabereka, tinapeza kuti mu 238 kesi (20,4%) mwa amuna osabereka, ASA (Cui xnumx), ndipo Restrepo ndi Cardona-Maya akuwonetsa mu kuwunika kwawo kuti ASA ndiyomwe imayambitsa kusabereka mu 10 - 30% mabanja osabereka (Kubwezeretsanso 2013) Malinga ndi Fijak et al, chizindikirochi chikhoza kukhala chapamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa mu 31% ya milandu yomwe imayambitsa kusabereka imakhalabe yosatchulidwa, ndipo ASA imathandizanso pamilandu yosadziwika iyi (Fijak xnumx, 2018) Zoyipa zakulera za ASA zikufufuzidwa pakupanga zomwe zimatchedwa Katemera woletsa kubereka kwa anthu (Krause 2017, p. 251), komanso kuchepetsa ndi kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyama zamtchire (Krause 2017, p. 268).

Olembapo angapo akuwonetsa kuti umuna mu rectum panthawi yolumikizana ndi maliseche ndi omwe umapangitsa kuti ASA ikhale m'magulu onse a akazi (Rao 2014Tom. 1, p. 311; Lu 2008; Bronson xnumx) Wolff et al. Adapeza kuti pafupipafupi kuzindikira kwa ASA mwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumafika ku 28,6% (Wolff xnumx) Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Witkin ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adavumbulutsa mgwirizano pakati pa kukhalapo kwa ma antijeni a umuna komanso kuzungulira kwa ma cell a chitetezo cha m'magazi am'magazi amuna ofanana amuna ndi akazi okhaokha (Witkin 1983a) Pakufufuza kwa Mulhall ndi anzawo, kufalikira kwa ASA mwa amuna omwe anali osatetezeka polandila maliseche m'miyezi yotsiriza ya 6 anali 17%, ndi 0% mwa amuna omwe sanachite zoterezi (Mulhall 1990) Komabe, kafukufuku wolemba Sands et al. Sanawonetse ubale pakati pa kulumikizana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zigawo za ASA mwa amuna (Mchenga xnumx) Komabe, akatswiri otsogola pankhani yakugona pathupi amakhulupirira kuti, ngakhale pali kuchuluka kosakwanira kwa maphunziro omaliza osagwirizana, mwayi wa mapangidwe a ASA mwa abwenzi ogonjera amuna mu genital-anal ndiwambiri kwambiri (Krause 2017, p. 142).

ASA ikhoza kupangidwanso mthupi ngati chotchinga cha magazi chikuphwanya (magazi amalumikizidwa ndi maselo a semigenic) chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana pogonana (onani pamwambapa: gonorrhea, ndi zina) - kapangidwe ka antibodies a antisperm kupita ku ma antijeni a spermatozoa awo (Jiang xnumx; Kubwezeretsanso 2013; Francavilla xnumx, p. 2899).

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, spermatozoa yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ASA imatha kupanga mapangidwe a ASA mwa akazi (Krause 2017, p. 166). Izi ndizofunikira mwasayansi komanso zamankhwala, poganizira za data yomwe kuyambira 45,6% mpaka 73% ya amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagonana ndi akazi (Tao xnumx; Larmarange xnumx) Mabwana ndi olemba anzawo amatchulapo zofananira izi pophunzira za akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: kwa iwo, mwayi wokhala wogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha unali waukulu kwambiri kuposa akazi omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Amalandiridwa xnumx, masamba 347 - 348).

Pazokhuza zotsatira zakantha kwanthawi yayitali za ASA pamavuto osabereka, Kirilenko et al alemba:

"... M'zaka zaposachedwa, zinaonekeratu kuti kuwonongeka kwa umuna ndi komwe kumayambitsa kusakhalapo kwa pakati, komanso kuvulaza kwa mluza, kubadwa kwatsopano, komanso ngakhale khansa kwa ana. Mwa zinthu zambiri zomwe zikupangitsa kuti umuna uwonongeke, kuwonongeka kwa DNA ya nyukiliya ndi komwe kumawerengedwa komanso kudziwika ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukhudzidwa kwa mluza, kakulidwe ndi kuphatikizika. Kufufuza kwa Meta pa gawo logawika kwa DNA kukuwonetsa kuti chiopsezo chakuchotsa mimbayo ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha fetal zimakulirakulira mpaka kanayi ndikuwonjezeredwa kwa umuna wa DNA (15-30% kawaida, kutengera njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito), ngakhale njira za inertro ya umuna ndi vitracytoplasmic. Njira yotsogola ya pathogenetic ya kuwonongeka kotereku imawerengedwa kuti ndi yophatikiza mitundu ya okosijeni yomwe imatulutsa - ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, yomwe imatsogolera ku spermatozoa OS. Choyambitsa chachikulu cha kupsinjika kwa oxidative mu ubereki wam amuna ndi matenda opatsirana otupa komanso ASA m'mitsempha ya urogenital yamphongo ... "(Kirilenko 2017).

Zachidziwikire, kafukufuku wofufuza ubale ndi abambo omwe amagonana ndi amuna kuti akhale pachiwopsezo cha kubereka akazi akhoza kumveketsa bwino nkhaniyi.

Kuphatikiza pa zovuta za kubereka, makulidwe amkaka ndi omwe amatha kukhala omwe amayambitsa zovuta zina. Kuwunika kosangalatsa kunapangidwa ndi Witkin et al.: Masabata olowera mkati mwa sabata a kalulu amphongo kwa masabata a 15 kunatsogolera kuwoneka kwa ma antibodies ku GM1 gangliosides. Ma antibodies omwewo apezeka mwa odwala agonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Witkin 1983b), komabe, pankhaniyi, kafukufuku owonjezera amafunikira pazomwe sizili zotsutsana.

Ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, kuphatikizapo mitundu yozama (Bender xnumx; Goldsweig 1986; Morris xnumx) Morris ndi anzawo adanenanso kuti zokhudzana ndi hematologic zimachitika chifukwa cha mayankho amthupi oteteza kumatenda a spermogenic (Morris xnumx).

Zowopsa zomwe zimachitika ndi mitundu ina ya anal eroticism

Anal ndi kulowetsa pamanja4 - mchitidwe wogonana ndikuyambitsa dzanja mu rectum (Holland xnumx, p. 34). Malinga ndi kafukufuku wapadziko lonse la Europe, pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adagonana ndi omwe sanakhale nawo pafupipafupi chaka chatha, 17,1% adachita kulowetsa ma anal-Manual pantchito yogwira, komanso 10,5% pantchito yolandila (EMIS 2010, p. 116). Malinga ndi kafukufuku pakati pa amuna achimuna, 7% ya omwe adafunsidwa ku Los Angeles, USA amachita mowombera (NTS 1998) ndi 8% ya omwe adafunsidwa ku Sydney, Australia (Richters xnumx).

Kulowetsa-anal-Manual (mwa kukakamira komanso mwa chilolezo) kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakutali kantchito ndikuwononga ntchito m'matumbo am'mimba (Capeletti 2016) Pakafukufuku wopangidwa pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna, 14% adachita kulipira. Komanso, kulumikizana pakati pa kukwapula ndi HIV ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana kwadziwika (Mpunga xnumx) Kafukufuku yemwe anachitika pakati pa amuna amuna ogonana omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV nawonso akuwonetsa kuti kukwapula ndi zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kutenga kachirombo ka HIV (Callander 2016).

Kukhudzana ndi mkamwa kapena mkombero5 - Mchitidwe wogonana ndi kukondoweza kwa anus ndi lilime ndi milomo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wapadziko lonse la Europe, pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adagonana ndi omwe sanachite nawo pafupipafupi chaka chatha, 64,6% adachita kulumikizana pakamwa ndi 76,0% pantchito yolandila (EMIS 2010, p. 116).

Pakafukufuku wopangidwa pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna, kuyendetsa mimbayo kunkachitika ndi 85%, ndipo ubale unawululidwanso pakati pa rimming ndi STDs (Mpunga xnumx) Pakafukufuku wa Keystone ndi anzawo (1980), matumbo am'mimba adapezeka mu 67,5% ya amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso 16% ya amuna achibwenzi, kuphatikizapo matumbo amoebiasis (27% ndi 1%, motsatana) ndi giardiasis (13% ndi 3%, motsatana) (Keystone 1980) Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, 17% ya akazi amtunduwu omwe anali ndi chizolowezi cha anilingus, koma alibe matumbo oyaka matumbo (Keystone 1980) Kawonedwe kameneka kamaonetsa kuti matumbo oyambitsidwa pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samangogwirizana ndi mchitidwe wongogwiritsa ntchito, komanso kuti amagwira ntchito yopulumutsa matumbo am'mimba, omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wopitilira umodzi (Ezeh 2016) Kulumikizana pakamwa kumalumikizidwanso ndimatenda ambiri amtundu wamatumbo a amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (Tulutsa xnumx, 2016; Templeton xnumx).

Amayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Zotsatira zaumoyo wa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zafotokozedwa ndikuphunzitsidwa pang'ono kuposa amuna - izi zimachitika chifukwa cha chakuti mliri wa HIV pakati pa amuna amuna ogonana amuna ndi akazi wakopa gawo lamkango la mkango. Komanso, zovuta zomwe zimawerengera zowopsa za amayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimachitika chifukwa choti azimayi ambiri omwe amagonana ndi akazi amagonana ndi amuna, ndipo mpaka 30% amapitilizabe kuchita zachiwerewere.Marrazzo xnumx; Solarz 1999; O'Hanlan 1996; Skinner 1996; Ferris xnumx; Einhorn xnumx; Johnson 1987) Mwachitsanzo, pofufuza pachipatala cha ku Australia cha STD, ndi 7% yokha mwa azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe sananenepo zogonana amuna ndi akazi okhaokha (Amalandiridwa xnumx, p. 348). Kafukufukuyu adawerengetsanso kuchuluka kwa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo: akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ndi akazi ochulukirapo kuposa amuna kapena akazi anzawo (Amalandiridwa xnumx, p. 347). Mwayi wogonana ndi amuna ochulukirapo kuposa 50 anali wa 4,5 nthawi zambiri kuposa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo mwayi wogonana ndi amuna ogonana omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena yemwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi wokulirapo nthawi ya 3 (Amalandiridwa xnumx, masamba 347 - 348).

Kuphatikiza pa STDs, pali chiopsezo chotenga matenda opatsirana m'matumbo ndi kuvulala komwe kumagonana amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Kafukufuku wokhudza azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Michigan, kugonana kwa akazi kapena akazi okhaokha kumaphatikizapo: kukondoweza pakamwa pakapita msambo kwa mnzake womvera - 38,1% ya milandu, kukondweretsa pakamwa - 16,9%, malowedwe a anal (mwa dzanja kapena zinthu) ndi magazi kapena zoopsa - 2,4%, jakisoni wa mkodzo kapena ndowe mkamwa kapena nyini - 1,7% (Bybee xnumx) Pakufufuza ku Italy Turin, 95,1% ya amayi omwe amagonana ndi akazi adawonetsa kuti amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha panthawi ya kusamba (Raiteri 1994, p. 202), ndi 46,1% amachita kunyengerera pakugonana (Raiteri 1994, p. 202). Pakafukufuku wina, akazi a 7% a akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsa kuti akhala akuchita zolimbikitsa pakamwa m'milungu iwiri yapitayi (Russel 1995) Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, kulowa kwa 17% kumalowetsa maliseche - kulowetsa dzanja kumaliseche kapena kuthina kwamkati, 29% - kukondoweza kwa mkamwa ndi 3% - kumatako kwa analBailey 2003, p. 148). Pakufufuza kwa Schick ndi anzawo, mwezi watha, 14,5% ya amayi omwe amagonana ndi akazi achita ukazi wokwera kumaliseche (Schick xnumx, p. 409).

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, poyerekeza ndi azimayi omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwamankhwala oyamba ndi bakiteriya (Bailey 2004; McCaffrey 1999; Skinner 1996; Berger 1995; Edward xnumx), Nthawi ya 2,5 yokwera kuposa ya akazi achigololo (Evans 2007).

Zowopsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zovuta zamaganizidwe

Mu 2017, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku Seattle University adasindikiza kusanthula kwa data kuchokera ku National Health Mafunso Survey (2013 - 2014)Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017). Kuwunikaku kunaphatikizapo amuna ndi akazi 33 azaka zapakati pa 346 ndi kupitirira, omwe 50% ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo 1,34% ndi amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017, p. 1335). Olembawo adawona kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyerekeza ndi omwe amachita anzawo mosiyana ndi anzawo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wopanda mavuto, amavutika ndi matenda osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matenda amthupi, matenda amitsempha, mitsempha, matenda amisala, etc.Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017).

Mu meta-kusanthula komwe kunaperekedwa pakuwerenga funso ngati pali ubale pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi psychopathology pakati pa achinyamata ndi akulu, omwe adalembedwa mu Archives of General Psychiatry, zotsatirazi zidapezedwa:

Zisonyezo zakuchuluka kwa kudzipha ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Herrell 1999, p. 873). Sizokayikitsa kuti chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kudzipha mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chingakhale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena matenda ena amisala yothandizirana nawo (Herrell 1999, p. 867).

Zotsatirazi zikutsimikizira umboni woti achinyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali pachiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha mavuto azaumoyo, makamaka kudzipha komanso mavuto ena (Fergusson 1999, p. 876).

Kutengera zitsanzo zosafunidwa, Gilman ndi anzawo (2001) adawerengetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12 ("kuchuluka kwa miyezi ya 12") ndi chiwopsezo cha moyo ("chiopsezo cha moyo") m'magulu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Gilman xnumx).

Kuyerekeza zizindikiro zazikuluzikulu zamavuto amisala pakati pa akazi achigololo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Gilman xnumx).

Psychopathology Kuwayandikira: Anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha / amuna kapena akazi anzawo Chiwopsezo cha Moyo Wonse: Kuyankha Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha
Mavuto obwera pambuyo pa zoopsa 21% / 6% 2,7
Kuda nkhawa 40% / 22,4% 1,8
Kukhumudwa 34,5% / 12,9% 1,9
Matenda okhudzidwa 35,1% / 13,9% 2,0
Kusuta mankhwala osokoneza bongo 19,5% / 7,2% 2,4

Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi a Jorm ndi anzawo (2002) adapeza zomwezi pakukula kwakukulu pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amayankha ma pathologies monga nkhawa, kukhumudwa, kufuna kudzipha komanso zovuta zothandizira (Jorm xnumx).

Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana awulula kuchuluka kwamatenda amisala pakati pa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Mfumu xnumx; Bradford xnumx; Chipilala 1988).

Matenda Akusokonezeka Maganizo

Ron Stoll, wofufuza wotsogolera ku America kwazaka zambiri, akuti "pali zovuta zazikulu m'malingaliro pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Khazikika xnumx). Bungwe laku America "Gay & Lesbian Medical Association" muzolemba zake zikuwonetsa kuti amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali pachiwopsezo chovutika ndi matenda amisala (Silenzio 2010), yomwe imatsimikiziridwa mu maphunziro angapo (Cochran xnumx; Mfumu xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; Jorm xnumx; Gilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; Fergusson 1999; Hershberger 1995; Berg 2008; Bostwick xnumx) Pakafukufuku ku Netherlands, pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwa mavuto azisokonezo chaka chonse kunali 2,94 nthawi zambiri kuposa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mavuto azikhala ndi nkhawa anali kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya 2,61 (Sandfort 2001) Ofufuza ena amati amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapanga pafupifupi theka la milandu yamatenda amisala - 42 - 49% (Warner xnumx).

Kudzipha

Anthu azigonana onse omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo amayimira gululi pachiwopsezo chachikulu chodzipha (Voroshilin 2012, p. 40). Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Herrell ndi anzawo (1999) adapeza kuti kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zoyerekeza zosiyana zowonetsa za zovuta zodzipha: kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chiopsezo chodzipha chinali nthawi za 4,1 zokwera, chiopsezo chodzipha chinali nthawi za 6,5 zokwera kwambiri (Herrell 1999) Pambuyo pakusintha kwa mawerengero kuwunika momwe zinthu monga kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zinthu komanso zizindikiro zowoneka, zowonetsa zonse zodzipha zidakalipo. Kafukufuku wochitidwa pakati pa achinyamata omwe amadzinena kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha awonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa odzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha pakati pawo (Mathy xnumx) kuposa pakati pa anyamata. Mu 2008, zotsatira za kuwunika kwa meta zidasindikizidwa, pomwe ma 13 a zikwizikwi zolemba pamutuwu adakonzedwa, chifukwa chomwe maphunziro omwe amapangidwa moyenera adasankhidwa ndikuphunzira ndi 25 (Mfumu xnumx) Zinapezeka kuti poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pali kuwonjezeka kopitilira kawiri pachiwopsezo chodzipha; chiwopsezo cha zovuta zakukhumudwa ndi nkhawa, zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zinali zokulirapo kamodzi ndi theka (Mfumu xnumx) Makamaka, kuyambika kwa magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo ndi amuna ndi akazi kunavumbula kuti, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba, pakati pa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chiopsezo chodzipha chinali cha 4,28 nthawi zambiri; mwa azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chiopsezo cha kudalira mowa chinali chachikulu nthawi za 4, ndipo mankhwala osokoneza bongo anali 3,5 nthawi zambiri (Mfumu xnumx) Pakufufuza kwakukulu ku America, zidapezeka kuti kuopsa kodzipha, kudzivulaza komanso kudziletsa (kudzivulaza) pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhala ndi zoopsa zofananazi pakati pa achinyamata omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mosasamala mtundu wa omwe afunsidwa (Lytle 2014) Kuopsa kwamavuto amisala ndi kudzipha pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimadziwikanso mu maphunziro ku Australia (Swannell xnumx; Skerrett 2015), ku England (Chakraborty xnumx), ku New Zealand (Skegg 2003), ku Sweden (Björkenstam xnumx) Otsatira a LGBT + nthawi zina amati izi ndizosankha. Komabe, tikuwona kuti kafukufuku omwe ali pamwambowu adachitika m'maiko omwe anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amasangalala ndikuthandizira komanso kuteteza zida zapaboma.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi okwera kuposa anthu wamba, komanso poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Padilla 2010; Halkitis 2009; Cochran xnumx; Mfumu xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; Jorm xnumx; Gilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; Khazikika xnumx; Fergusson 1999; Hershberger 1995), malinga ndi malipoti ena, 2 - 3 nthawi zambiri kuposa amuna amodzi (Cochran xnumx; Ryan xnumx; Skinner 1994; Green xnumx). Malinga ndi bungwe laku America la Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakonda kukhala osokoneza bongo (Silenzio 2010) Malinga ndi Grant ndi anzawo, amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi vuto lalikulu la kukakamira komanso kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuposa amuna omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Grant xnumx) Kwa akazi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chiopsezo cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu pachaka chinali nthawi ya 4,05 nthawi yayitali kuposa kwa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Sandfort 2001).

Mowa

Bungwe la America "Gay & Lesbian Medical Association" likuwonetsa kuti pakati pa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamakhala kuchuluka kwa uchidakwa (Silenzio 2010) Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi chiwerewere chochuluka poyerekeza ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Irwin 2006; Wong xnumx; Khazikika xnumx) Kwa zaka zambiri, maphunziro awonetsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa kwambiri pakati pa azimayi amtchire poyerekeza ndi azimayi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Cassidy mu McElmurry 1997; Eliason xnumx; Drabble 2005; Skinner 1996, 1994; Ha! Dan xnumx; O'Hanlan 1995; Rosser 1993; NGLTF 1993; Cabaj mkati Lowinson xnumx, Cabaj 1996; Hall 1993; Finnegan mkati Engs 1990; Glaus xnumx).

Matenda a oncological

Pali umboni wamphamvu kuti kuchuluka kwa khansa ndikokwera pakati pa anthu "a LGBT +" (Boehmer ndi Ronit 2015). Kafukufuku wolembedwa ndi Zaritsky ndi Dibble adayang'ana zitsanzo za akazi awiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi azigogo, amapezeka kuti amayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chotenga khansa ya chiberekero poyerekeza ndi alongo awo - olemba adanena kuti izi zidachitika chifukwa chosabereka ndi kunenepa kwambiri. mwa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha okwera.Zaritsky 2010) Anal carcinoma ndi khansa ya rectum yokhudzana ndi papillomavirus (Breese xnumx) motsutsana ndi kachilombo ka HIVHleyhel xnumx) Kuchulukana kwa anal carcinoma mwa amuna omwe amalumikizana ndi maliseche kumakweza kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri (Siegenbeek van Heukelom 2017; Chin-hong xnumx, 2005; Tseng 2003; Willett xnumx) Pakufufuza kwakukulu kwa Daling ndi anzawo pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi khansa yapakati pa amuna, kuphimba nthawi kuyambira 1978 mpaka 1985, mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha umawonjezera chiopsezo ndi nthawi ya 50, ndipo chizolowezi cholumikizana mwachindunji chikuwonjezeka ndi nthawi ya 33 (Kuthandiza xnumx) Kuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusanthula kwa meta kolemba Machalek et al. Kupeza kuti zochitika za khansa ya anal pakati pa amuna kapena akazi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV zinali zochitika za 45,9 mu 100 000 kuchuluka, pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - 5,1 mu 100 000 kuchuluka kwa (Machalek xnumx), mwa anthu ambiri - kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 2 pa kuchuluka kwa 100 000 (Grulich xnumx).

Zowonjezera

Zowonjezera ndi zambiri zitha kupezeka m'mabuku otsatirawa:

  1. Misa. Zoopsa Zaumoyo Wogonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha. Zomwe Kafukufuku Wachipatala Akuwulula. MassResistance, 2017
  2. Katz KA, Prodish TJ. Dermatology -ogwirizana ndi Epidemiologic ndi Zovuta Za Clinical Za Amuna Omwe Amagonana Ndi Amuna, Amayi Omwe Amagona Ndi Amayi, komanso Anthu Odwala a Transgender. Zolemba zakale za dermatology. Ogasiti 2005, Vol 141, pp. 1303 - 1310
  3. Boehmer U, Ronit U. Khansa ndi LGBT Community. Malingaliro Osiyanasiyana kuchokera Kuwopsezo Kupulumuka. Springer, 2015.
  4. Wolitski RJ, Khola R, ndi Valdiserri RO. Mwayi wosakwanira. Kusiyana kwathanzi komwe kumakhudza amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku United States. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008. Xnumx p
  5. Holland E. Mkhalidwe Wogonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha: Kuvomerezedwa kwa Omenyera Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha ndi Ufulu Wazachipembedzo. iUniverse. New York-London-Shanghai. 2004. Machaputala 2, 3, 6
  6. Phelan JE, et al. Zomwe Kafukufuku Akuwonetsa: Kuyankha kwa NARTH ku APA Zokhudza Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Ankhalidwe Ankhokwe Lipoti la Komiti Yopanga Sayansi ya National Association for Research and Therapy of Hom usho usho. Zolemba Za Kugonana Kwa Anthu. Xnumx; Voliyumu 1. Tsamba 53.
  7. Sprigg P., et al. Kuwongolera: zomwe kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Washington: Bungwe Lofufuzira Mabanja (2004)

Mabuku ofotokozera

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Mfundo

1 kuyambitsa kwa mbolo ya wokangalika nawo mu thumbo la mnzake wolandila

2 Chingerezi: "gay matumbo a matumbo"

3 Pakadali pano, mokakamizidwa ndi mabungwe abungwe la LGBT + kayendedwe, mafotokozedwe monga kusowa mphamvu kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso matupi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawoneka kuti ndi atsankho. Kuyesetsa kochotsa mawu oti "kusakwanira kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kunapangidwa ndi katswiri wazopanga komanso wazitswiri Bruce Weller, yemwe anayambitsa bungwe la National Gay Task Force (Chuck 2003, p. 168).

4 kuchokera ku Chingerezi Nkhonya

5 kuchokera ku Chingerezi "Rim" - mkombero

Laser Proctology Center "ATLANTiK" umafuna mankhwalawa gay matumbo matenda a gay matumbo syndrome:

Lesbianism: zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira zake
Jan Goland pothandizidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kuyankhulana kwapadera kwamavidiyo)

Malingaliro a 12 pa "thanzi lamaganizidwe ndi thupi la LGBT"

    2. Ndine katswiri wa zamaganizo wokondana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndimatsimikizira kuti zonse ndi zoona, koma ndikuletsedwa kunena zoona kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, apo ayi layisensi yanga idzalandidwa. Chifukwa chake, posachedwapa anzanga ndi ine takhala "timasewera" ma gay wina ndi mnzake, chifukwa ... N’zosatheka kuthandiza munthu popanda kumuuza zoona.

      yankho

  5. Ndizochibadwa kuti ndi kugonana kosatetezedwa kapena nkhanza padzakhala zotsatira zotere. Monga ngati anthu owongoka sangakhale nazo izi. Nawonso chifukwa cha kusasamala komanso kusasamala, amachita popanda makondomu ndipo amadwala khansa ya m’chiberekero, HIV ndi zina zotero. Nanga bwanji tsopano, zungulirani ndikufuula kuti sizachilendo kukhala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha? Anthu ena amagonana ndi makondomu pofuna kupewa mimba, koma gay ali ndi tsankho kotero kuti ngati ali amuna, ndiye kuti mimba sichitika, choncho mavuto, chifukwa cha kusatetezeka.

    yankho

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