Kukumbukira masiku kale
akuluakulu lankhulani za pano
kuposa zakale. 

Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva kuchokera kwa opepesa chifukwa cha maubwenzi a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali chizolowezi m'nthawi yakale, makamaka ku Roma wakale ndi Greece. M'malo mwake, nthano ya "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ku Greece wakale idatchuka ndi Oscar Wilde, yemwe adapezeka ndi mlandu wa sodomy, ndipo umboni wocheperako womwe watifikira m'malemba akale ndi zojambulajambula ukuwonetsa zosiyana. M’mbiri yonse ya anthu, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, makamaka mwachisawawa, kwakhalako monga chinthu chochititsa manyazi ndi chochititsa manyazi. Pokhapokha pazitukuko zowonongeka, panthawi ya kuchepa kwawo, machitidwe a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha angakhale atapeza kutchuka, koma ngakhale apo, kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amphamvu kuposa oimira zosiyana, ankaganiziridwa mopitirira muyeso. Palibe paliponse kapena m'nthawi yathu ino pomwe maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa akuluakulu adaloledwa.

Powerenga nkhaniyi, m'pofunika kukumbukira mawu amakono akuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" pokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'nthawi zakale, zomwe sizingafanane ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku LGBT masiku ano. Zoona zake n’zakuti zochita zoloŵetsa m’kamwa kapena kumatako nthawi zonse zimaonedwa kuti n’zochititsa manyazi kwambiri ndiponso zodetsa kwa wolandirayo, choncho sipangakhale funso la okwatirana ovomerezeka ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Ku Atene, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adanyozedwa ndikukakamizidwa kulengeza zoipa zawo mu ecclesia, pambuyo pake adataya ufulu wonse waboma. Akabisira zomwe adachita, adasankhidwa kapena kuphedwa. Kwa iwo, panali maina achipongwe monga euryproktos (lonse anus) chaunoproktos (kusungitsa anus) ndi lakkoproktos (anus ngati dzenje).

M'mawu a Aeschines motsutsana ndi Timarch akuti ngati Athene aliyense ali wokonda munthu, ndiye kuti waletsedwa:
1) khalani amodzi mwa zipilala zisanu ndi zinayi,
Xnumx) kukhala wansembe,
3) kukhala woyimira milandu kukhothi,
4) kugwira malo aliwonse mkati ndi kunja kwa dziko la Atene
5) kukhala ngati wotsogolera kapena kusankha wolemba,
6) Lowani m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, mutenga nawo mbali m'mabwalo achipembedzo omwe ali ndi nkhata kumutu ndikukhala gawo lofananalo, lomwe limayeretsedwa ndikumwaza.
Wophwanya malamulo omwe ali pamwambapa adalangidwa ndi imfa.

Ofufuza ambiri amavomereza kuti ku Girisi wakale, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa amuna ofanana kumawoneka kuti siwachilengedwe ndipo kumalangidwa kwambiri. Kusankha munthu yemwe amatenga mbali yokhudzana ndi maliseche, panali lingaliro lapadera: κίναιδος - kineidos (wagwa). Kuvomereza kungokhala gawo, ma kineido adakhala ngati hule ndikukhala osayenerera kukhala mfulu. Zotsatira zake, kineidos adalandidwa ufulu wawo wokhala nzika. Amakhulupiriranso kuti munthu amene amalola kuti alowemo adawonedwa kuti amakonda kumwa mowa, chakudya, ndalama kapena mphamvu. (Greenberg mu roger 1997, p. 181). 

Mawu ochepa:

• Palibe umboni kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi ... Achi Greek sanasinthe konse "machitidwe a sodomy ... Ndi kuwunikira kotsimikiza, mchitidwe wofala wonyoza komanso wokonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha umaonekera. (Karlen 1977, p. 33, 35).

• Mwa iwo omwe adachita zachiwerewere, palibe amene adanyansidwa kuposa gulu laomwe amachita zachiwerewere lotchedwa katapugons kapena linaidoi (Davidson 1998, p. 167). 

• Chithunzi cha kineidos chinali chosavomerezeka ... (Clark xnumx, p. 22). 

• Kineidos amadziwika kuti ndi munthu wokonda zachipongwe, wopotoza pagulu komanso zachiwerewere (King mu khonde 1994, p. 30). 

[Agiriki akale ankakhulupirira kuti] kulowetsa maliseche pakati pa amuna akuluakulu kunali kosavomerezeka ... kumalumikizidwa ndi zamanyazi komanso zamwano (Keuls 1995, p. 291, 299).

• [Agiriki akale amakhulupirira kuti] munthu wamwamuna wamkulu yemwe adagwira nawo gawo lochotsa maliseche amataya mkhalidwe wa munthu wamwamuna nakhala womaliza, kutsutsidwa ndi kunyozedwa (Vanggard 1972, p. 89). 

• [Achi Greek adakhulupirira kuti] munthu amene amakonda kulowetsedwa ndi mwamuna wina ndiwosokonekera, gwero la mabungwe osokonekera, ndipo akuyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mkazi yemwe udindo womwe amakhala nawo (Thorton 1997, p. 105). 

• Ntchito yolowetsa maliseche imaonedwa ngati yonyazitsa komanso yonyansa. Amatchedwa euryproktoi - kwenikweni "anus wide" (Garrison 2000, p. 161).

Maganizo a Atene pa munthu wamkulu yemwe adalolera kulowerera maliseche anali wopanda vuto. Munthu wotere amawonedwa ngati kazitape komanso mdani waboma, popeza anali atapereka kale chikhalidwe chake ndipo, chifukwa chake, amatha kupulumutsa anthu onse ... " (Dover 1978, p. 20).

Ku Roma, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumadziwika kuti ndi mlandu wankhondo ndipo msirikali yemwe adagwidwa m'mamenyedwe adamenyedwa ndi ndodo. Amakhulupilira kuti ntchito yolandila imapangitsa Aroma kukhala "oyesa", ndipo atataya umuna, amakhala wopanda ntchito komanso oopsa pagulu pamaubwenzi andzawo. Plutarch adafotokozera momwe Nyumba yamalamulo idaweruza Capitoline wina kuti apange chindapusa chachikulu cha "kupereka choyipacho" kwa mwana wa mnzake, pambuyo pake "Skantiniev Law" yoletsa "kuchita chiwerewere ndi anyamata ndi amuna."

LGBT ikuyankhulanso "Phwando," la Plato, momwe amati amayamikirira chikondi kwa anyamata ndi achinyamata, koma zimangokhudza chikondi, osati zachinyengo. Lingaliro la "chikondi cha Plato", lomwe limalongosola za chidwi chapansi pa zauzimu popanda kukopa thupi, limayambira ntchitoyi, ndipo zomwe Plato akuganiza za kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zitha kuwerengedwa mu "Malamulo" ake:

"Chirengedwe chimalimbikitsa kuti akazi azigwirizana ndi amuna kuyambira pachibadwa, ndipo zikuwonekeratu kuti zosangalatsa zimaperekedwa molingana ndi NATURE, pomwe kulumikizana pakati pa wamwamuna ndi wamwamuna, ndi mkazi ndi mkazi ndi KUGWIRA NTCHITO. "Palibe amene ayenera kulumikizana ndi olemekezeka komanso mfulu, kupatula mkazi wake yemwe, komanso saloledwa kugawa mbewu zakunja pakati pa akazi ang'ono kapena kulumikizana ndi amuna, zomwe siziri zachilengedwe, ndipo ndibwino kuletsa kulankhulana pakati pa amuna."

Wophunzira wa Plato, Aristotle, polankhula za kugona ndi ziwopsezo m'buku la VII la Nicomachean Ethics, komanso kudya anzawo, trichotillomania ndi parorexia, akutchulanso za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"Awa ndi malo obisalamo ena (ena a iwo openga misala, monga munthu amene adapereka nsembe ndi kudya amayi ake, kapena kapolo yemwe adadya chiwindi cha mnzake), ndipo, pamapeto pake pali [mayiko] omwe amapweteka kapena amachokera [zoyipa] ] zizolowezi, monga chizolowezi chokoka tsitsi ndi misomali yoluma, komanso malasha ndi nthaka. Onjezerani ku chikondi cha amuna. ”

"Zotsatira"

Tsopano tiyeni tione zomwe zinkatchedwa "zovomerezeka pederasty" mu Greece wakale. Mmodzi mwa ofufuza oyambirira a sexopathology - Kraft-Ebing, m'malo mokhala ndi tanthauzo lachipembedzo la mawu oti "sodomy", anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "pederasty" monga mawu asayansi a kulowetsa mbolo ku anus. 

Nthawi yomweyo, mchilankhulo chakale chachi Greek, mawuwa amatanthauza "kukonda ana": pedos - mwana, mwanjira yachinyamata (kuyambira zaka 7 mpaka 15), erastis - wachikondi. Tiyenera kudziwa apa kuti mchilankhulo cha Chi Greek pali mawu anayi omwe ali ndi matanthauzo ena - storge (στοργή), philia (φιλία), éros (ἔρως) ndi agape (ἀγάπη), omwe onse amatanthauziridwa ku Chirasha ngati "chikondi" . Amatanthauza chikondi, kudzipereka, kuyankha, maubwenzi, chikondi, ndi zina zambiri. M'Chigiriki chamakono, chosauka, mawu ozikika mu "nthawi" amatanthauza zachiwerewere, koma m'masiku akale έρωτας anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza ubwenzi wapamtima. Izi ndizomwe zidachitika pakati pa Hercules ndi centaur wanzeru Chiron, pomwe woyamba "wokondweretsedwa ndi chikondi" adapita kukakhala naye kuphanga. Zachidziwikire, palibe funso lachiwerewere pano. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito kwa a Spartan, ogawika m'mabanja okhulupirika omwe amatha kugona pansi pa chovala chimodzi ndikupsompsonana asanamenye nkhondo. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti chilango chakuchita zachiwerewere pakati pa anthu aku Spartan chinali kumenya ndi timitengo, kuthamangitsidwa kopanda manyazi ngakhale kuphedwa kumene. Malinga ndi wolemba wakale wachiroma a Claudius Elian mu buku lachitatu la "Nkhani Zosangalatsa":

"Achinyamata aku Spartan amakhala ndi iwo omwe ali nawo pachibwenzi, osanyada kapena kudzikuza, m'malo mwake, chithandizo chawo chimatsutsana ndi machitidwe azibambo anyamata achichepere pazochitika ngati izi - iwowo amafunsa kuti" alimbikitsidwe "ndi okonda ; potanthauzira, izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kukonda anyamata. Komabe, chikondi ichi mulibe chilichonse chochititsa manyazi. Ngati mnyamatayo angadzivomereze yekha, kapena ngati wokondedwayo amuuza, sizowopsa kuti onse akhale ku Sparta: aweruzidwa kuti athamangidwe, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka kufa.

Kupsompsonana m'nthawi imeneyo kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza malingaliro a makolo komanso omvera komanso ndinalibe wopanda tanthauzo lachiwerewere (Lombroso 1895). Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri wakale Xenophon, ubale wa wankhondo wokhwima ndi anyamata ndi anyamata adachepetsedwa kukhala maubwenzi apamwamba a amuna, ndipo kugonana kumagonedwa ngati chinthu chosayenera kufananizidwa ndi kugonana ndi abale.

Ku Greece wakale, wachinyamata aliyense wazaka 12, ndikuvomerezedwa ndi abambo ake, adasankha mtsogoleri wawo - m'modzi mwa nzika kapena nzika zingapo. Apa, nkhaniyi sinangolekezera pakutsanzira kosavuta, koma idakhazikitsidwa pamaubale olimba, nthawi zambiri olimba kwambiri kuposa mabanja. Kukhala "erastis" kunali kolemekezeka, komanso kunaphatikizaponso maudindo: osadzigwetsa m'maso mwaophunzira, ndipo choyipitsitsa - kuti azinenezedwa ndi nzika zakulera koyenera kwa wophunzirayo. Chifukwa chake wophunzitsayo amatha kulangidwa chifukwa cha zolakwika za mwana wake, komanso chifukwa chofuna ndalama zochulukirapo kapena ntchito zochulukirapo. Ngati zinali zokhudzana ndi katangale wa mwana (kuphatikiza ziphuphu), ndiye kuti chilango cha erastis chinali imfa. “Zolankhula za Aeschines. Against Timarch ", mutu 16:

"Ngati munthu aliyense waku Atene achitira mwano, awononga kapena achotsa mnyamatayo, ndiye kuti kholo la mnyamatayo liyenera kutumiza cholembera kwa omwe akutsutsa kuti alangire mnzake. Khothi likamupeza kuti ndi wolakwa, ndiye kuti ayenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu 11 aja ndikuphedwa tsiku lomwelo. "Omwe amachitanso chimodzimodzi ndi akapolo amawapeza ndi mlandu womwewo."

Nthawi zambiri, monga chitsanzo cha zogonana zapafupi, nthano ya Ganymede imatchulidwa, momwe Zeus, yemwe adasandulika chiwombankhanga, amatenga mnyamata wokongola kupita ku Olympus, komwe amamupanga kukhala womkonda komanso woperekera chikho, ndikupatsa moyo wosafa. Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, mtundu wina adawonetsa kuti Ganymede adalinso mdzakazi wa Zeus, komabe Socrate, Xenophon ndi Plato kukana Kutanthauzira kotere. Xenophon, kuloza ku tanthauzo la dzinalo (Ganu med - sangalalani ndi malingaliro), akuti Zeus adakonda mnyamatayo ndi chikondi chokwanira cha iye psyche - malingaliro ndi mzimu.

Zojambula zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zimakhala za a Lupanarians (brothels), zomwe sizikusonyeza kuti machitidwe omwe adawonetsedwa anali ambiri pachikhalidwe chachi Greek. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amene amapita ku mahule amalipira chinthu chomwe sichimapezeka mwa iye. Kupanga zolemba zilizonse malinga ndi zomwe zapezazi zikufanana ndi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zam'tsogolo adzafufuza gulu lina la BDSM ndipo, kutengera zomwe zapezeka pamenepo, akutsimikizira za chitukuko chonse.

Pamwamba pa izi, zithunzi zambiri za "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" zomwe zimafalikira pa intaneti mwina ndi zabodza zamakono komanso zachikale, kapena kutanthauzira molakwika maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Zimadziwika kuti zambiri zokhudzana ndi 100000 mipaka yakale yachi Greek yomwe ili ndi zithunzi (Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Project).

Wofufuza waku Britain a Kenneth Dover adatchula za mabasiketi pafupifupi 600, omwe m'malingaliro mwake, "amawonetsa mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena malingaliro ake." Komabe, kusanthula kwa vase iliyonse pamndandanda wa Dover, wochitidwa ndi katswiri wachi Greek Adonis Georgiades, kudawulula kuti nkhani zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimangowonedwa pamasamba 30 okha, ndipo mitsuko yotsalayo 570 imawonetsa ngwazi, nkhondo, komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Georgiades 2004, p. 100)

Pamavoti a 30 omwe akuwonetsedwa, mutha kupeza zithunzi za abambo atagwira manja awo kumankhwala osadziwika a anyamata (omwe mnyamatayo amawaletsa), kapena kuyesa kumata mbolo pakati m'chiuno mwake. Palibe chithunzi chimodzi chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, popeza kuchita nawo zinthu motere kumamuchititsa manyazi komanso kumukhumudwitsa. Zigawo zoukira zokhazokha zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakulumikizana mwachindunji kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso zithunzi zachiwerewere ndi nyama. Kodi ndizotheka kunena pamfundoyi kuti nyama zodyera (komanso sodomy) zinali zovomerezeka ku Greece wakale motero, ziyenera kukhala zoterezi masiku ano?

Sappho wakuchilumba cha Lesbos

Othandizira a LGBT amagwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha ndakatulo yotchedwa Sappho yakuchilumba cha Lesbos ngati chisonyezero cha akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, popeza, m'malingaliro awo, ziganizo zazifupi za ena a ndakatulo zomwe zidalipobe mpaka pano zili ndi mtundu wina wazopeka. Malinga ndi ntchito wolemba mbiri yakale - wophunzira A.N. Veselovsky, ndakatulo za Sappho zimaperekedwa kukongola kwa anyamata ndi atsikana, komanso chikondi, chosaletsedwa pamanyazi amtundu wakuthupi. Hellenic Psychiatric Association lofalitsidwa posachedwa ntchitoChifukwa chake, chikondi pakati pa azimayi omwe ali m'mau a Sappho chimawoneka ngati chapamwamba komanso chofanana ndi maubale a Socrate ndi ophunzira ake - kutanthauza ubale wapamtima wopanda zachiwerewere.

Popeza kuti Sappho adadziponyera yekha pamtunda chifukwa cha chikondi chosayenerera kwa mwamuna, ndipo m'masewero achikale a ku Atene adawonetsedwa ngati mkazi wachiwerewere yemwe anali ndi zibwenzi zambiri ndi amuna, chikhalidwe chake chophiphiritsira mu "chikhalidwe cha gay" chamakono ndichodabwitsa kwambiri. Malingaliro okhudza zomwe Sappho amakonda kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi malingaliro chabe a olemba ena omwe adawonekera zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndipo, malinga ndi Agiriki ambiri ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, amasinjirira.

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Uwu ndi umboni wosatsutsika kuti m'mbiri iliyonse kumene kugonana kwachisembwere kudafalikira posakhalitsa. Onse omwe atenga sodomy
Anthu amira kuphompho kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo zomwe akhala akuchita zoperewera mawonetseredwe azakugonana alipo mpaka pano. Monga momwe mbiri ikusonyezera, pamene anthu adaloleza kuvomereza komanso kuchita zachiwerewere (zomwe mosalekeza zimayendera limodzi ndi kuwola kwa makhalidwe), posakhalitsa zidasokonezedwa ndi gulu la anthu oyandikana, omwe anali athanzi komanso amphamvu. Chifukwa chake Greece yakale inazungulira ndikugwa, ndipo Roma wolamulira anagonjetsedwa ndi anthu akunja. A Hellenes akale, ndi mphuno zawo zowongoka zodziwika popanda mlatho wamphuno, adasintha ndikusinthidwa ndi anthu oyandikana nawo ochokera ku Asia Little, omwe akuimira ambiri achi Greek amakono. Poona zomwe zikuchitika ku chitukuko chakumadzulo, zomwezi zikumuyembekezera. Tikuwona kale momwe anthu aku Europe omwe avomera kusinthika ndi zosokoneza zina asinthidwa ndi anthu aku Africa, Turks and Arab.

Kafukufuku watsatanetsatane amatha kupezeka patsamba la 477 mu lipoti lazidziwitso komanso zowunikira. "Zosangalatsa za mayanjano ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha molingana ndi mfundo za sayansi".
- doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9 

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¹ Mawu achi Hellenic "ἘάἘά τςς ἈθἈθνν ρήσῃἑἑρήσῃ, μὴμὴἐξέσωω ὐὐωῷ ῶ "έἐἐ" " yotanthauziridwa ndi E.D. Frolova akumveka motere: "Ngati munthu wa ku Atene akhala kukopa, ndiye siziloledwa kuti iye asankhidwe ku koleji ya akalonga asanu ndi anayi ... "  Ndiyenera kunena kuti kumasulira kunachitika munthawi ya Soviet, ndipo pazifukwa zomveka sipangakhale zolankhula za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha panthawiyo. Komabe, kutanthauzira mawu kumatanthauza kuti: "Ngati Atene ali 'eterisi' (ἑταιρήσῃ) - adzakhala wokonda munthu... "

² Mawu omwewo "ἌἌ τςςς ἈθἈθίωίωίωέ έέύθύθρ Frolov amatanthauzira monga "Ngati wina wa Atene amachititsa ziwawa pa mwana waulere ... " Kutanthauzira kwenikweni kudzakhala: "Ngati anthu ena aku Atene amasula achinyamata" Ivrisi "(ὑβρίσῃ)" - kwenikweni "manyazi, chinyengo, chidetso".