Zinthu zambiri pansipa zimasindikizidwa mu lipoti la kafukufuku. "Zosangalatsa za mayanjano ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha molingana ndi mfundo za sayansi". do:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Zotsatira Zofunikira

1. Zongopeka za "majini ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" sizikudziwika, sizinapezeke ndi aliyense.
2. Maphunziro omwe ali pansi pa mawu okhudza "kubadwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ali ndi zolakwika zambiri za njira ndi zotsutsana, ndipo salola kuti tipeze mfundo zomveka.
3. Ngakhale maphunziro omwe alipo omwe atchulidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa LGBT + samalankhula za kutsimikiza kwa chibadwa cha zilakolako za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma, zabwino kwambiri, za chikoka chovuta chomwe chimayambitsa chibadwa chomwe chimaganiziridwa kuti chimayambitsa chibadwa, kuphatikizapo zochitika zachilengedwe, kulera, ndi zina.
4. Anthu ena otchuka m’gulu la anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuphatikizapo asayansi, amadzudzula zonena za kugaŵiratu za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo amati zimenezi zimachitika chifukwa chosankha mwadala.
5. Olemba a LGBT propaganda njira «After The Ball» analimbikitsa kunama za kubadwa kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"Choyamba, anthu onse ayenera kukhulupirira kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amazunzidwa chifukwa cha zochitika zina, komanso kuti sasankhanso chilakolako chawo chogonana kuposa momwe amasankha kutalika, khungu, luso kapena malire. Ngakhale kuti, mwachiwonekere, malingaliro azakugonana kwa anthu ambiri ndi chipangidwe cha kuyanjana pakati pa kubadwa kwamkati ndi zinthu zachilengedwe muubwana ndi unyamata, tikuumirira kuti pazifukwa zonse zofunikira, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti amuna ogonana amuna ndi akazi amabadwa mwanjira imeneyi.

<..>
Ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sanasankhe chilichonse, palibe amene anawapusitsa kapena kuwanyengerera.”

Mau oyamba

Mtsutso woti kukopeka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi mkati - otchedwa Maganizo ofotokoza kukopeka kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakuyenda kwa "LGBT +". Mawu akuti "Wobadwa Mwanjira Iyi"¹, wogawidwa mokhudzidwa muchikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, zidapangitsa akatswiri ambiri omwe sanali akatswiri kuganiza kuti chilengedwe cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chinthu chosatsimikizika ndikutsimikiziridwa. Izi sizowona.

Zowona zodalirika zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sizisonyeza kuti zimachokera, koma mgwirizano wamakhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Kuyesa kwa zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwa kupeza deta yomwe ingagwiritse ntchito chiphunzitso chachilengedwe kwachulukitsa kukayikira kuti zinthu zoterezi zilipo.

Maganizo a chibadwidwe cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samadziwika mwatokha - mkati mwake momwe muli malingaliro osachepera awiri omwe amafotokoza za "chibadwa chamunthu" cha zokonda zakugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi: mu DNA yaumunthu ndipo imafalikira kuchokera kum'badwo kupita m'mibadwo; (B) Kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zilizonse panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati (mahomoni kapena chitetezo cha mthupi) zomwe zimaganiza kuti zimakhudza mwana wosabadwa m'mimba ndipo zimapangitsa kuti azikonda kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okha.

Chifukwa chake, kukambirana kwa hypothesis yachilengedwe kumakhala yogawika m'magawo atatu. Gawo loyamba lidzawunikira mozama zokhudzana ndi chiyanjano cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso magawo, gawo lachiwiri lidzawunikira mozama zonena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa mphamvu ya mahomoni. Mu gawo lachitatu, malingaliro a autoimmune genesis okopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adzawunika kwambiri.

Gawo Choyamba: Gay gen?

Mawu onena za chibadwa cha anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatengera zosankha zina zosakanikirana ndi kusanja kwazina lina pakati pa anthu ambiri omwe sadziwa mwachilengedwe. Sayansi sadziwa "mtundu wa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", sizinadziwike kwina kulikonse, ngakhale atayesapo kangapo.

Lingalirani maphunziro pamaziko omwe LGBT + oyambitsa adayambitsa kutsutsanaku. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kufotokozera mwachidule njira zomwe asayansi angadziwe ngati katundu wa munthu ndi wotsimikizika malinga ndi chibadwa chake. Njirazi zimaphatikizapo kafukufuku wamapasa komanso kuwunika kwa ma genetic.

Maphunziro a Twin

Kuyesedwa kwamapasa ofanana ndi njira yokwanira yofufuzira ngati mawonekedwe aliwonse ali ndi chibadwa. Poyamba ndi - kodi mawu oti "mapasa ofanana" amatanthauza chiyani? Mapasa oterowo amapanga dzira limodzi lokhala ndi umuna, lomwe limagawika mbali, zomwe zimapangika, zomwe zimakhala zofanana. Mitundu yawo imagwirizana pa 100%, mutha kuyitcha mayeso achilengedwe. Mapasa achizungu amatchedwanso mapasa ofanana kapena a monozygous (homozygous). Amapasa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapangidwa kuchokera ku mazira osiyanasiyana, umuna ndi umuna wosiyana. Mitundu yawo imagwirizana pafupifupi ndi 50%, pakhoza kukhala osiyana kugonana, kutalika, khungu la maso, tsitsi, ndi zina zambiri. Amapasa omwe siofanana amadziwikanso amatchedwa osadziwika kapena dizygotic (heterozygous) kapena mapasa awiri.

Pakuwerenga kwa mapasa, concordance (coincidence) imaphunziridwa. Concordance yamakhalidwe ndi kuthekera kwa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe omwe amapasa onsewo ali nawo. Ngati chizindikiritso cha mapasa ofanana ndichokwera, ndiye kuti titha kunena kuti khalidweli lili chifukwa cha chibadwa. Ngati concordance yamtunduwu kumapasa ofanana sitipitilira conconance m'mapasa ofanana mapasa ofanana, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kupangika kwa chikhalidwe ichi kungakhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuposa majini wamba (Yarygin 2003).

Ndikofunikira kufotokoza bwino zomwe concordance ikuwonetsa. Sizitanthauza kuti pali mtundu wina uliwonse wa majini. Kugwirizana kwa mkhalidwe wamapasa kumaonetsa kukula kwa cholowa chamtunduwu. Apa ndikofunika kutengera tanthauzo la liwu loti "heritility" m'mapasa amapasa. Cholowa ndi gawo la kuchuluka kwa mtundu wina wa anthu (ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe amtunduwu akhoza kukhala osiyana ndi anthu) kukugwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa majini m'gulu lopatsidwa. Komabe, mu maphunziro amapasa awiri, kuchuluka kwa ubambo si gawo la kutengera kwa chibadwa.

Makhalidwe omwe ali otsimikizika mwathunthu amatha kukhala ndi zikhalidwe zochepa kwambiri, pomwe zikhalidwe zopanda maziko amtundu zimatha kuwonetsa kukhathamira kwazowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa zala - zisanu mbali iliyonse - mwa anthu ndizotsimikiza kwathunthu. Koma kuchuluka kwa zala mwa munthu kumadziwika ndi kusinthasintha kocheperako, ndipo kusinthika komwe kumaonekera nthawi zambiri kumalongosoledwa ndi zinthu zopanda chibadwa monga ngozi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwa kuthekera kwazinthu. Ndiye kuti, mukapeza awiri mapasa amapasa pomwe mmodzi sangakhale ndi zala zisanu m'manja mwake, ndiye kuti zofanana za zala za m'bale wina ziwoneke pang'ono, ngati zilipo.

Mosiyana ndi izi, zikhalidwe zina zitha kukhala zabwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati timaganizira zovala mphete ku America chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, ndiye kuti titha kuwona kuti zimadziwika kwambiri ndi umuna, popeza pamenepo zimadalira kwambiri jenda, yomwe, imayenderana ndi kukhalapo kwa awiriawiri a ma XX kapena ma XY chromosomes, chifukwa chake kusiyanasiyana kwa kuvala mphete kumagwirizanitsidwa mwamphamvu ndi kusiyana kwa ma genetic, ngakhale kuti izi ndi zachikhalidwe m'malo mwachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mungayang'ane magulu makumi atatu a atsikana amapasa omwe mlongo adalapo ndolo, ndiye kuti mu 100% ya milandu yachiwiri imavalanso mphete. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa ma piritsi kuvala mphete kumakhala kotsika kuposa ku America chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, osati chifukwa pakhala kusintha kwasinthidwe a gene of America, koma chifukwa kuchuluka kwa amuna ovala mphete kwachuluka (Letsani xnumx).

M'modzi mwa apainiyawo amtundu wa zamafesi anali dokotala wamisala waku America wazikhalidwe zaku Germany, Franz Joseph Kallmann. Munkhani yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 1952, adanena kuti m'mapasa a 37 a mapasa ofanana (monozygous) adaphunzira, ngati m'modzi wa mapasawo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti wachiwiri nawonso anali amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti, degree ya concordance inali yododometsa 100% (Kallmann xnumx) Kallmann sanatchule ndendende momwe anayesera kuyang'ana kwa ophatikizika mu phunziroli. Komanso, wolemba sanatchulidwe ndendende momwe anapangira ophunzira nawo kafukufukuyu, pomwe bukulo linanenanso kuti: "Kufufuza kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali sikunapangidwe kokha mothandizidwa ndi amisala, owongolera komanso othandizira, komanso kudzera mu kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi dziko logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Kallmann xnumx) Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wa Kallmann adatsutsidwa kwambiri (Taylor 1992): Rosenthal adawonetsa kufunikira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto amisala pakati pa omwe akuwayankha ku Kallmann (Rosenthal xnumx), Likken adawona kuchuluka kwa mapasa a monozygotic mu chitsanzo cha Callamanne poyerekeza ndi anthu onse: (Lykken 1987).

Pulofesa Edward Stein adatsimikiza kuti chitsanzo cha Kallmann "sichidayimira gulu la amuna okhaokha" (Stein xnumx) Kuphatikiza apo, Kallmann mwiniwake adavomereza kuti amawona zotsatira zake kukhala "zachuma" (Mvula ya 1960) M'mawerengero, zitsanzo monga zitsanzo mu kafukufuku wa Kallmann amatchedwa "zitsanzo zosavuta" - zimaphatikizapo kusankha zinthu molingana ndi zomwe zimayenera wofufuzayo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zotere, munthu sangasinthe mwanjira zasayansi, chifukwa zomwe zitsanzozo sizowonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati kafukufukuyo wachitika m'misika m'mawa tsiku limodzi lokha, zotsatira zake sizikuyimira malingaliro a anthu ena, monga momwe zingakhalire ngati kafukufukuyu adachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana patsiku komanso kangapo pamlungu. Kapena ngati mungafunse makasitomala ogulitsa ngati adzagula mowa, Lachisanu usiku, zotsatira zake sizingafanane ndi zomwe zimachitika Lamlungu.

Mu 1968, akatswiri aku America a Heston ndi Shields adafufuza momwe zimakhalira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 7 awiri mapasa awiri. Ophunzira nawo adapezeka mu Madsley Twin Register (Heston xnumx) Onse omwe adayankha anali odwala matenda amisala. Olembawo adawulula mapepala ofanana amapasa mu 43%. Kafukufukuyu adatsutsidwanso, kuphatikiza ndi olemba okha, chifukwa cha odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amisala komanso kukula kwachitsanzo kakang'ono kwambiri (Taylor 1992; Heston xnumx).

Phunziro la Bailey ndi Pillard

Kafukufuku wotsatira wokopa kugonana pakati pa mapasa adachitika mu 1991 ndi Michael Bailey ochokera ku Northwestern University ndi Richard Pillard aku Boston University ku America (Bailey 1991) Adawunikiranso concordance ya kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa abale osiyanasiyana. Ma-56 awiriawiri amapasa ofanana, ma 54 awiriawiri mapasa ofanana, abale a 142 ndi awiriawiri a 57². Gome ili pansipa likuwonetsa zotsatira za kuwunika kwawo.

Makasitomala Amuna
kutengera kuchuluka kwa maubale (Bailey 1991)

Mtundu wa ubale	Chiwerengero cha mitundu yonse	Concordance
Amapasa amapasa	100%	52%
Amapasa omwe siofanana	50%	22%
Achimwene achimwene	50%	9,2%
Ana opeza (osati achibale)	Palibe kufanana kwakukulu	11%

Bailey ndi Pillard adanena kuti popeza mu 52% ya milandu m'bale wake wachiwiri m'mapasa awiri nawonso anali ndi zokonda zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye "...

Phunziro la Bailey ndi Pillard, monga momwe amapangira maphunziro amapasa, ali ndi mavuto akulu. Poyamba, ngati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukatsimikiziridwa mwanjira iliyonse, concordance pakati pa mapasa ofanana angakhale 100%, osati 52%, chifukwa majini awo ndi ofanana ku 100%, osati 52%. Pothirirapo ndemanga pa nkhani ya Bailey ndi Pylard, a Riesch adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza pakati pa anthu achilendo - abale ndiwamuna - kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa pakati pa abale omwe siabadwa mapasa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zochitika zachilengedwe. (Chepetsa 1993) Malinga ndi mfundo za genetics, kuphatikiza pa kufanana kwa 100% kukhudzana kwa mapasa ofanana mapasa, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe ofanana m'mapasa ofanana ndi abale omwe si mapasa ayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa, motero, 22% ndi 9,2% (onani tebulo pansipa).

Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwika kwamapasa ofanana (100% ya kufanana kwa majini) kumasiyana ndi kudziwika kwamapasa omwe ali osiyana (50% ya kufanana kwa majini) ndi nthawi za 2.36, koma tikayerekezera kudziwika kwamapasa ofanana ndi concordance ya abale amapasa (50%) kusiyana kwake ndi: Nthawi za 2.39, zomwe, kachiwiri, zikuwonetsa kutchuka kwachilengedwe kuposa genetics (onani tebulo pansipa).

Kuyerekeza concordance pakati pamagulu (Bailey 1991)

Fananizani Magulu	Kusiyana kwa chibadwa	Kusiyana pakati pa ma concordances
Amapasa amapasa komanso mapasa otsutsana	Kawiri mitundu yambiri	2.36
Achimwene awiri ndi abale amapasa	Palibe kusiyana kulikonse peresenti ya majini athunthu	2.39

Kachiwiri, Bailey ndi Pillard sanasankhe zitsanzo zotsutsana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndiye kuti, sanaphatikizepo anthu mu phunziroli molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha kafukufuku wosasamala: sanachite chidwi ndi zotsatira, osazolowerana, ndi ena. Monga wofufuza Baron alemba:

"M'malo mwake, ophunzirawo adalembedwanso potumiza zotsatsa muma magazini achimuna. Kusankhidwa kwa otenga nawo mbali kumakayikira kwambiri, chifukwa zimatengera kuwerenga kwa magazini oterowo komanso chifukwa cha omwe avomera kutenga nawo mbali. Izi zimatsogolera pakupotoza zotsatira, mwachitsanzo, mpaka chiwerengero cha mapasa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chidzachulukira. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chakuti ophunzirawo adaganizira za kugonana kwa abale awo amapasa asanavomereze nawo. Ndipo izi zimapangitsa kukayikira pamachitidwe osinthika. Pa umboni wa asayansi, zitsanzozi ziyenera kukhala zosasinthika momwe zingathere, ndiye kuti, anafunika kuphatikiza onse amapasa omwe adawerengedwa, ndikuwunikanso za momwe amagonana ... "(Baron 1993).

Kachitatu, momwe ofufuzawo Hubbard ndi Wald amalemba polemba zawo:

"... kuti concordance pakati pa abale amapasa - 22% - imachulukitsa concordance pakati pa abale osavuta - 9,2% - ikuwonetsa kuti chifukwa chopitilira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si chibadwa, koma chilengedwe. Zowonadi, kufananirako kwamtundu wamapasa opambana ndi ofanana ndi abale wamba. Ndipo ngati zochitika zachilengedwe ndi momwe anakulira ali ndi vuto lalikulu pa mapasa opambana, sizodabwitsa kuti pakati pa mapasa ofanana, mphamvu yachilengedwe imakulirako. Kupatula apo, malingaliro a munthu yemwe ali ndi m'bale wofanana amaphatikizika mosiyanasiyana ndi mapasa awa ... "(Hubbard xnumx).

Ofufuzawo Billings ndi Beckwirs adalemba mu ndemanga yawo, "... ngakhale olembawo adamasulira zotsatirazi ngati umboni wazomwe amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagonana, tikukhulupirira kuti zotsatira zake, zikuwonetsa kuti zomwe zidaleredwa ndi chilengedwe zimathandizira kukulitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Mabilo xnumx, p. 60).

Kodi zotsatira za Bailey ndi Pillard zabwerezedwanso?

Kodi pali amene adakwanitsa kubwereza (kubwereza) zotsatira za Bailey ndi Pillard - kupeza concordance pakati mapasa ofanana osachepera 52%? Mu 2000, Michael Bailey mwiniwake adayesera kubwereza kafukufuku wake pagulu lalikulu la mapasa ku Australia. Concordance yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha inali yocheperako kuposa momwe adaphunzira. Mwa mapasa ofanana, anali 20% kwa amuna, ndi 24% kwa akazi, komanso pakati amapasa ofanana - 0% kwa amuna, ndi 10% ya azimayi³ (Bailey 2000).

Mu 2010, wa ku Sweden wamayendedwe amisala Langström adapanga kafukufuku wambiri wamalingaliro azakugonana amapasa, kusanthula deta ya mapasa masauzande angapo a mapasa omwewo ndi amuna komanso akazi anzawo (Långström 2010) Ofufuzawo adazindikira zizolowezi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha molingana ndi kukhalapo kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa moyo wonse. Anawerengera concordance ndi magawo awiri: mwa kukhalapo kwa bwenzi logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa moyo wawo, komanso ndi chiwerengero chonse cha ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zizindikiro za Concordance pamiyesozo zinali zochepa poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimapezeka m'maphunziro onsewa ndi Bailey et al. (1991) ndi (2000) Mu gulu la otenga nawo mbali omwe anali ndi zibwenzi zofanana, concordance mwa amuna inali 18% yofanana ndi 11% ya mapasa ofanana; mwa akazi, 22% ndi 17%, motsatana.

Mwa chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe amagonana nawo, zidziwitso za concordance mwa amuna zimakwana 5% zofanana komanso 0% ya mapasa ofanana; mwa akazi, 11% ndi 7%, motsatana. Mwa amuna, kusiyanasiyana kwa 61% ndi 66% kumafotokozedwa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza amapasa awiri okha, motsatana, pomwe kusiyanasiyana sikumafotokozedwa konse ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakonda mapasa. Zomwe zimachitika mwapadera ndizochitika pa 64% ndi 66% kubalalitsidwa, pomwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimachitika chifukwa cha 17% ndi 16%, motsatana (Långström 2010).

Mu 2002, ofufuza a Peter Birmen aku Columbia University ndi a Hannah Bruckner aku Yale University of America adachita kafukufuku wambiri komanso woimira ndi ambiri mwa otenga nawo mbali (Bearman 2002).

Adapeza kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwama concordance okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: 6,7% awiriawiri amapasa, 7,2% m'mapasa osiyanasiyana, ndi 5,5% mwa abale wamba. Birmen ndi Bruckner adazindikira kuti adapezeka:

"... umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira chikhalidwe cha anthu paokha ..., zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti kulera ana chifukwa cha kusatenga mbali pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, popanda kukhazikitsa jini la mwana, kumakhudzanso mapangidwe okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ..." (Bearman 2002).

Mosiyana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, katswiri wa zamisala Kenneth Kendler ndi mnzake adachita kafukufuku wamapasa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za ana amapasa a 794 amapasa ndi abale ndi alongo a 1380 wamba (Kendler xnumx) Olembawo adatsimikiza kuti zomwe apeza "zikusonyeza kuti ma genetic amatha kuthana ndi chilimbikitso pakugonana." Kafukufukuyu, komabe, anali osakwanira kuti azitha kudziwa zolimba zamphamvu zakugonana: chonsecho, mu 19 ya awiriawiri a 324 amapasa ofanana, munthu yemwe ali ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adadziwika, pomwe anali mu 6 ya awiriawiri a 19, malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali concordant (adaonedwa mu m'bale wachiwiri); munthu m'modzi yemwe ali ndi zizolowezi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapezeka mu 15 ya 240 mabanja amapasa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe 2 ya 15 mabanja anali concordant. Chowonadi chakuti mu 8 yokha ya awiri amapasa a 564 omwe mapangidwe amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagwirizana (1,4%) amachepetsa mwayi wakugwiritsa ntchito izi poyerekeza mozama mapasa ofanana komanso osafanana.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mapasa ofanana amazunguliridwa ndi malo omwewo - chikondi choyambirira, ubale ndi ana ena, ndi zina zambiri. - poyerekeza ndi mapasa omwe si ofanana ndi abale ndi alongo wamba. Popeza mapasa ofanana ali ofanana maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe, malingaliro omwewo kwa iwo ali othekera kuposa amapasa ofanana ndi abale ndi alongo wamba. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina, kogwirizira kogwirizana kwambiri kumatha kufotokozedwa ndi chilengedwe m'malo mwazinthu zachilengedwe.

Malinga ndi katswiri wazamisala Jeffrey Satinover (Satinover xnumxzinthu zomwe zimakhudza mapangidwe amtundu wamunthu pogonana zitha kugawidwa m'magulu asanu:
1) intrauterine (prenatal) zotsatira, monga kuchuluka kwa mahomoni;
2) zowonjezera zowonjezera thupi (pambuyo pake) monga zowawa ndi matenda obwera ndi ma virus;
3) zowonjezera zapamtunda, monga zochitika pabanja, maphunziro;
4) zochitika zapaubwana, mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yolimbikitsira yobwereza machitidwe;
5) chisankho.

Kusapezeka kwa 100% concordance m'mapasa ofanana omwewo sikuti kumangotanthauza kuti chidwi cha chibadwa sichingafanane, komanso kuti zinthu zopanda chibadwa sizingakhale za intrauterine zokha. Kupatula izi, zikadakhala choncho, concordance ikadakhala pafupi ndi 100%, popeza mapasa ofanana amakhudzidwa ndi zomwezi zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa intrauterine ”(Satinover xnumx, p. 97).

Ngati majini amatenga nawo gawo pakukopa anthu kuti akhale ndi zilakolako zina zakugonana, ndiye kuti maphunziro onsewa amatilola kunena motsimikiza kuti mutuwu sunathe chifukwa cha zochita za chibadwa. Powerengera kafukufuku wamapasa, titha kunena mosabisa kuti sayansi sinatsimikizire kuti chikhumbo chakugonana paliponse komanso zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimatsimikiziridwa ndi majini aumunthu.

Maphunziro amtundu wa maselo

Kuwerenga funso la kutenga nawo gawo pa chibadwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, kuchuluka kwa gawo lomwe tapezapo, tapeza kafukufuku kwambiri komwe komwe cholowa cha chikhalidwe (makamaka cha kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) chimatsimikiziridwa ndi genetics yakale, koma sanakhazikitse ntchito yodziwira Mitundu inayake ndi yomwe imayambitsa izi. Nthawi yomweyo, genetics imatha kuwerengedwa mothandizidwa ndi omwe amatchedwa. Njira zamamolekyulu zomwe zimapangitsa kudziwa mitundu yanji ya mitundu yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi machitidwe a thupi kapena mawonekedwe.

Phunziro la Dean Haymer

Chimodzi mwa zoyesera zoyesera kuchitira kuti chibadwa chiziwoneka ngati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zidapangidwa ndi a Dean Haymer ndi anzawo ku National Institute of Health ku Maryland, ku America (Hamer 1993) Haymer anafufuza mabanja omwe ali ndi mapasa amphongo ofanana, momwe mmodzi wamapasawo amakopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Pakati pa mabanja onse, Haymer adazindikira 40, pomwe mchimweneyo yemwe anali ndi mchimwene wake yemwe analinso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo adayesa DNA yawo pamasamba ofanana. Kafukufuku wofanana amatchedwa "cholumikizidwa cholowa cholowa" - mu Chingerezi "mgwirizano wamtundu".

Pakufufuza cholowa cholumikizidwa, izi zimachitika: pagulu la maphunziro omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, kusanthula kumachitika kuti pakhale zigawo zofananira za DNA - amatchedwa zolembera. Ngati zikuwoneka kuti pagulu lamaphunziro chiwerengero chachikulu cha zolembera zimapezeka m'dera lomwelo la DNA, ndiye zitha kulingaliridwa kuti zolembedwazi zonse ndi zobadwa nawo "mogwirizana" - ndiko kuti, zitha kukhala gawo la jini (Pulst 1999).

Haymer adanena kuti mu 33 pawiri kuchokera ku 40, abale ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi dera lofananalo pa X chromosome, yomwe adayitcha "Xq28." Heimer adatsimikiza kuti dera la Xq28 lili ndi majini azomwe amakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Choyambirira, ziyenera kudziwika kuti zotsatira za Haymer nthawi zambiri zimatanthauziridwa molakwika. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti Haymer adapeza dera lofanana la DNA - Xq28 - m'magulu onse a 33, mwa amuna onse a 66, koma zoona zake, ma sequotide a dera la Xq28 adapezeka kuti ali ofanana pakati pa abale awiriawiri, ndipo mndandanda wa Xq28 m'magulu onse awiri sanali wofanana - Haymer sanapeze "geni" yodziwika bwino.

Phunziroli lili ndi zovuta zingapo. Haymer sanayang'ane kufanana kwa Xq28 m'mabanja awiri omwe amakopeka ndi amuna okhaokha, koma mwa amuna okhaokha (Byne xnumx) Ngati sanapeze tsambali pakati pa abale omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, izi zitha kulankhula chifukwa chotsatira mawu ake. Komabe, ngati atazindikira kuti Xq28 pakati pa abale ake amisala, lingaliro lake likadakhala ndi zero (Horton xnumx) Komanso, monga ofufuza Fausto-Sterling ndi Balaban adazindikira, chitsanzo cha Heimer chili ndi kuchuluka kwa zosakwanira: za milandu ya 40, mwa mawonekedwe a 15 DNA heterozygosity okha omwe adayezedwa mwachindunji; mu milandu yotsala ya 25, zosankha zidawerengedwa mosawerengeka (Fausto-Sterling 1993) Mu 38% yokha ya milandu yomwe Heimer et al mwachindunji amawongolera kuchuluka kwa heterozygosity ya amayi a ch chromosome a X, ndipo mu 62% iwo anangowerengera pamadongosolo omwe amapezeka.

Tchulani za gawo lotsatirali lomwe likugwirizana ndi kufalitsa kwa Haymer 1993 ya chaka. Mu 1995, magazini ya New York Native inafalitsa nkhani ya "Kafukufuku wa" mitundu "ya kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sanatsutsidwe: mtolankhani John Krudson wa ku Chicago Tribune adavumbula zofufuza zomwe mwina zanenedwa ndi wofufuza"Chicago Tribune 1995) Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kuti ntchito ya Haymer idatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana kuti Haymer sanatenge cheke chotsimikizira za kukhalapo kwa Xq28 pakati pa abale osakwatirana. Otsutsa adaphatikizira akatswiri otchuka a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi genetic Richard Levontin ndi Ruth Hubbard wa Harvard University (Chicago Tribune 1995) Komanso, nkhani yomweyi imati Federal Bureau of Ethics of the National Institute of Health ikuwerenga madandaulo a m'modzi mwa achinyamatawa ku Heimer, yemwe dzina lake silikudziwika, yemwe adanenanso zomwe zidachitika ndi Heimer m'maphunziro ake: malinga ndi zomwe mkuluyu ananena, Heimer mwadala kupatula pa zolembedwako zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsa kupanda nzeru kwa chiphunzitso cha chibadwa chamalingaliro okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Chicago Tribune 1995) Miyezi yowerengeka pambuyo pofalitsa nkhaniyi mu New York Native, magazini ya Scientific American idatulutsa nkhani yina yomwe ikutsimikizira izi komanso chifukwa chomwe amafufuza a Federal Ethics Bureau motsutsana ndi Heimer (Horgan xnumx, p. 26). National Institute of Health sinaulule zotsatira za kafukufukuyo, koma pambuyo pake a Haymer adasamutsidwira ku dipatimenti ina. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti Haymer adafufuza za "majini ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama, zomwe zidaperekedwa kuti aphunzire Kaposi's sarcoma, khansa yapakhungu yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhudza odwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi Edzi (Mukherjee xnumx, p. 375). Kutsimikizika kwa kufalitsa kwa Haymer kudalira ngati gulu loyesera la ofufuza likhoza kupeza zotsatira zomwezo. Izi sizinachitike.

Kuthanso kwa zotsatira za Haymer

Mu 1999, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Western Ontario, motsogozedwa ndi wasayansi wotchedwa Rice, adachitanso kafukufuku (wogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "genetic kulumikizana") pakati pa amuna achimuna a 52 (Mpunga xnumx) Olembawo sanathe kubwereza zomwe anapeza za Haymer ndipo adanenetsa kuti: "Zotsatira zathu sizinafotokoze umboni uliwonse wamgwirizano pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha."

Kenako, ku 2005, kafukufuku watsopano adachitika ndi Dean Haymer (Mustanski 2005) Olembawo sanapeze ubale wofunikira pakati pa Xq28 ndi zongofuna kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma adati adapeza "kuphatikizika kosangalatsa" kwa masamba ena (pa 7, 8 ndi 10 chromosomes).

Komabe, izi sizatheka kubwereza kafukufuku wina ku 2009, pomwe gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku Oxford ku England ndi University of Ontario ku Canada lidachita kafukufuku wama mabanja a 55 momwe mudalipo amuna achimuna: zida zamtunduwu adazisonkhanitsa kuchokera kwa omwe anali nawo pa 112 ndikufufuza kwathunthu ndi kuphatikiza zolembera za 6000 gene (Ramagopalan 2010) Kuunikaku sikunawonetse ubale wamphamvu pakati pa zolembera ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Mu 2015, gulu la olemba ochokera m'malo osiyanasiyana asayansi ku America, malinga ndi kafukufuku wofufuza mosamalitsa, adapeza kuti adapeza ubale wofunika pa tsambalo pa 8 chromosome komanso wosafunikira kwenikweni kwa Xq28 (Sanders xnumx) M'mapeto awo, alembowo adavomereza kuti "kusintha kwa chibadwa cha anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungathe kupanga chisankho ... mwachidziwikire izi zimachitika chifukwa chimodzi."

Mu 2017, gulu lomweli lomweli lidagwiritsa ntchito njira yamakono komanso yolondola yotchedwa kufufuza kwamitundu yonse⁴. Kusaka kwa mayanjidwe athunthu kumadalira kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wama genome ofananitsa (kuwerenga zambiri kuchokera ku DNA) kuti mudziwe zomwe zidzachitike mu DNA zomwe zingagwirizane ndi mawonekedwe omwe amafufuzidwa. Asayansi akufufuza mamiliyoni obadwa mosiyanasiyana mamiliyoni ambiri omwe ali ndi umunthu wofanana, ndi anthu omwe alibe izi, ndikufanizira kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya mitundu pakati pamagulu onsewo. Amaganiziridwa kuti mitundu yamtunduwu yomwe imadziwika kwambiri pakati pa eni malowa kuposa omwe alibe, ndi yogwirizana ndi izi. Nthawiyi, maubale apamtundu wapadera adapezeka m'malo a 13 ndi 14 chromosomes (Sanders xnumx).

Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Sanders ndi anzawo (2017) sanapeze jini la zizolowezi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo sanatsimikizire mkhalidwe wawo (olemba nawonso amatsutsa), komanso sizinatsimikizire zotsatira za Haymer 1993 za chaka, zomwe zinayala maziko a spree yayitali ndi majini ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chimodzi mwazomwe zafotokozedwazi ndizoganiza kuti mitundu yonse yamtunduwu pamwambapa ikhoza kukhudza kudziwiratu malingaliro amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Sanders xnumx, p. 3).

Francis Collins, manejala wa polojekiti yofotokoza zamtundu wa anthu, alemba izi:

"Kuwona komwe kumayandikira 20% kuti mapasa ofanana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (poyerekeza ndi 2 - 4% pagulu lambiri) kumawonetsa kuti malingaliro azakugonana amatengera majini, koma osaphatikizidwa mu DNA, ndipo majini aliwonse omwe akukhudzidwa kuyimira cholosera koma osati cholosera chamtsogolo ... "(Collins 2006).

Kafukufuku wamkulu makamaka wogwiritsira ntchito kusaka kwathunthu kwa mayanjano, omwe cholinga chake chinali kudziwa mitundu yamagulu omwe amagwirizana ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adaperekedwa pamsonkhano wapachaka wa American Society of Human Genetics ku 2012 (Wowopsa 2012) Zotsatira zakusaka kwathunthu, palibe ubale wofunika womwe wapezeka wofuna kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Nthawi yomweyo, zikwizikwi za anthu ochokera ku kampani ya 23andMe database adayesedwa.

Olemba zaposachedwa kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri kafukufuku pa chibadwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adauzidwa za zotsatira zake:

"N'zosatheka kulosera za kugonana kwa munthu malinga ndi chibadwa chake,"

akutero Ben Neal, pulofesa mu Division of Analytical and Translational Genetics ku Massachusetts General Hospital, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito pa kafukufukuyu.

Malinga ndi pulofesa wa University of California Genetics Institute David Curtis,

"Palibe kuphatikiza kwa majini pakati pa anthu komwe kumakhudza kwambiri malingaliro ogonana. N’zosatheka kulosera za kugonana kwa munthu potengera chibadwa chawo.”

Epigenetics

Mu 2015, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku Yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles lidapereka mwachidule pamsonkhano wa American Society of Human Genetics⁵zomwe adanena kuti ofufuza adatha kuzindikira zomwe amakonda pogwiritsira ntchito zolemba za epigenetic molondola ndi 67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Kuti akope chidwi chawo pantchito yawo, olemba adakonza zopereka atolankhani (ASHG 2015) Nkhani zake zinafalikira pamitu yayikulu m'manyuzipepala, ngakhale kuti kafukufukuyu ndiwosagwirizana komanso njira yoyipa yolankhulira (Yong xnumx).

Epigenetics ndi sayansi yomwe imasanthula zinthu zomwe zimatanthauzira momwe majini amasinthira chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sizimakhudza kusintha kwa mndandanda wa ma DNA a majini. Mwanjira ina, njira za epigenetic ndizo njira zomwe zinthu zina zimakhudzira kuchuluka kwa matchulidwe amtundu (kutanthauza mphamvu ya thupi). Kusintha kwa ma molekyulu ya DNA kumatha kusintha ma gene (mafotokozedwe), ndikusinthaku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mapuloteni ena apadera, ma enzymes ogwirizana ndi DNA. Chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu zakukopa ndi DNA methylation. Kuphatikiza kwa mapuloteni owongolera ndi DNA amatchedwa cholembera epigenetic.

Achichepere ndi anzawo adanenanso kuti cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufuku wawo chinali kuyesa kudziwa "njira zogonana" ndi munthu wolemba ma epigenetic. Kufikira izi, adaphunzira zitsanzo za DNA za awiriawiri a 37, m'modzi mwa awiriwa m'bale m'modzi anali amuna kapena akazi, ndipo 10 awiriawiri abale awiri amapasa, aliyense wa iwo anali amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Monga tafotokozera mu chidule, ofufuzawo adapeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu (heterosexual vs kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya FuzzyForest ndipo pamapeto pake anasankha mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri kuphatikiza 5 epigenetic zolembera zomwe zimayika molondola zinthu mu 67% ya milandu. Olembawo adanena kuti zokonda zakugonana zimayendetsedwa ndi zolembera za 5 epigenetic. Komabe, kutanthauzira kotereku kunapangitsa, kuyika pang'ono, kutsutsa kotsutsa kuchokera kwa akatswiri (Science Media Center 2015, Mokomera xnumx, Yong xnumx, Gelman 2015, Briggs 2015) Njira (njira yachitsanzo chotsika kwambiri, njira zowerengera zowopsa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha zotsatira zabwino zabodza, ndi zina) ndi kutanthauzira kwake kunayambitsa kukayikira kwakukulu. A John Grillie a Center for Epigenomics ku Albert Einstein College of Medicine adatinso, pofotokoza za kupusa komwe kuzungulira kafukufukuyu ndi Ngun ndi anzawo:

"... Popanda kuyankhula za iye kapena anzawo, koma ngati tikufuna kusunga gawo ili la sayansi, sitingalolerenso kafukufuku woyipa wa epigenetic kudalirika. Ponena kuti "zoyipa," ndikutanthauza osatanthauziridwa. ... "(Mokomera xnumx).

Pomaliza, kuyang'ana kwa owunikira omwe adadutsa izi pamsonkhanowu adafunsidwa, ndipo nkhaniyo, idasindikizidwa kulikonse.

Chifukwa chiyani zotsatira za kafukufuku wama genulejini zimatsutsana kwambiri - zimasiyanasiyana komanso zimasiyanasiyana?

Udindo wocheperako wa genetics

Umboni wamtundu wamalingaliro okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi umboni. Sayansi sadziwa "jini." Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, ntchito yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi "Ntchito ya Anthu ya Genome" idakhazikitsidwa - Human Genome Project. Momwe zimapangidwira, mapangidwe a mapu amtundu wa anthu adachitika - jini yomwe ma chromosome amapezeka, amapanga mapuloteni otani, ndi zina zambiri. Aliyense angayang'ane - palibe majini ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akuwonetsedwa pamenepo (Zothandizira pa matupi athu ku NCBI).

Izi ndi zomwe a Mayer ndi McHugh alemba mu ntchito yawo:

"... Monga momwe zatsimikizidwira mobwerezabwereza mokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chibadwidwe chake chizikhala ndi chizolowezi kapena chikhalidwe. Kuwonetsedwa kwa phenotypic nthawi zambiri kumadalira zachilengedwe - chilengedwe china chimayambitsa mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a phenotypes ngakhale amtundu womwewo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zachitika pakati pa chibadwa chathu. Kuti mukhale ndi chithunzi chokwanira cha momwe mungakhalire zogonana, zolakalaka ndi zoyendetsa, ndikofunikira kuti muthe kuzindikira za chitukuko, chilengedwe, zokumana nazo, anthu ndi zofuna. (Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri asayansi yofufuza zamtundu wa anthu adalemba zochitika zosakhala zachikhalidwe pakati pa anzawo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a munthu angapangitse kuti avomerezedwe kapena kukanidwa pagulu linalake (Ebstein 2010).
Chibadwa chamakono chimadziwa kuti majini amakhudza zokonda za munthu ndi zomwe amamufuna, motero, zimakhudza machitidwe. Ngakhale majini amatha kunyengerera munthu kuti akhale ndi machitidwe ena, kuthekera kwawo kuwongolera zochita, mosasamala kanthu zazinthu zina zambiri, ndizokayikitsa kwambiri. Mphamvu zawo pamakhalidwe ndizochenjera ndipo zimadalira momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhudzira ... "(Meya 2016).

Zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingakhudze kuwongolera zimaphatikizapo mawonekedwe a kupsinjika monga munthu wofatsa komanso wosatetezeka, kulimbikitsa chidwi chazinthu, manyazi, kupitilira, ndi zina zambiri. Ofufuzira okha, zotsatira zake zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira okhudzana ndi LGBT + - osagwirizana, sangayerekeze kunena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatsimikiziridwa ndi majini, makamaka amakhulupirira kuti kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalumikizidwa ndikuphatikizana kwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, pomwe omaliza amatenga mbali yayikulu . Zowona kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "zamkati", timamva makamaka m'mafilimu aku Hollywood, makanema ochezera, nyimbo kapena ndemanga pamawebusayiti. Komabe, m'gulu la asayansi, kwenikweni, palibe wofufuzira wina yemwe anganene kuti wapeza chibadwa kapena china chilichonse chokhudza kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Kafukufuku wofuna kuyesa kudziwa ngati majini (makamaka, pa tsamba la Xq28) alipo okhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Wolemba V. Lysov (2018)

Source ndi  zitsanzo	Njira kusanthula	Zotsatira malinga ndi kufalitsa	Kodi pali umboni wa ubale pakati pa olemba Xq28 ndi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?	Zotsatira zina
Dean Hamer et al. Xnumx Mabanja a 40, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amasankhidwa pakati pa abale ake	maphunziro cholowa cholumikizidwa	mu milandu ya 33 yochokera ku mabanja a 40, ma genetic omwe ali patsamba latsamba la Q28 la chromosome X adagwirizana	mwanjiraKomabe, njira ndi kutanthauzira zimatsutsidwa ndi ogwira nawo ntchito: Baron 1993; Dziwe 1993; Fausto-Sterling et al. Xnumx; Lakuthwa 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; Norton 1995, Haymer mwiniwake amaganiziridwa kuti ndi wabodza: Horgan xnumx	-
Jennifer Macke et al. Xnumx  Mabanja a 36, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso abale ake, omwe mwa iwo panali m'bale m'modzi	kusaka mitundu ya ofuna kusankha - genrogen ya androgen receptor (X chromosome)	palibe maubale ofunikira omwe amapezeka munyengoyo	-	osalumikizana ndi jini la androgen receptor (X chromosome)
Stella Hu et al. Xnumx (gulu lasayansi Dean Hamer)  Mabanja a 33, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso abale ake, omwe mwa iwo panali m'bale m'modzi	maphunziro cholowa cholumikizidwa	mu milandu ya 22 yochokera ku mabanja a 32, ma genetic omwe ali patsamba latsamba la Q28 la chromosome X adagwirizana	mwanjiraonani Hamer 1993	-
George Rice et al. Xnumx Mabanja a 46, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso abale ake, omwe mwa iwo panali m'bale m'modzi	maphunziro cholowa cholumikizidwa	ma genetic omwe amapezeka pa q28 dera la chromosome X sanagwirizane	palibe	-
Michael DuPree et al. Xnumx  (gulu lasayansi Dean Hamer) Mabanja a 144, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe anali ndi mchimwene wake	fufuzani mitundu ya ofuna kusankha - aromatase gene CYP15 (15 chromosome)	palibe maubale ofunikira omwe amapezeka munyengoyo	-	palibe cholumikizana ndi genomatase gene CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
Mustanski et al. Xnumx  (gulu lasayansi Dean Hamer) Mabanja a 146 (kuphatikiza mabanja ochokera ku maphunziro a Hamer 1993 ndi Hu 1995), iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi proban yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha	kufufuza kwathunthu cholowa cholumikizidwa	kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi chikhomo pa 7 chromosome kunapezeka pamiyeso, ndipo, malinga ndi olemba, "kuyandikira kwa njira zotheka" kwa olembera ma 8 ndi 10 chromosomes.	palibe	kulumikizana ndi chikhomo pa 7 chromosome malingana ndi muyezo wa Lander ndi Kruglyak (1995) chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri cha LOD* wofanana xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. Xnumx (Gulu la Sayansi ya George Rice) Mabanja a 55, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe anali ndi mchimwene wake	kufufuza kwathunthu cholowa cholumikizidwa	palibe maubale ofunikira omwe amapezeka munyengoyo	palibe	palibe mabungwe omwe adapezeka ndi chikhomo pa 7 chromosome malinga ndi muyezo wa Lander and Kruglyak (1995)
Binbin Wang et al. Xnumx gulu la amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a Xnumx ndi gulu lolamulira la amuna achigololo a Xnumx	fufuzani mitundu ya ofuna kusankha - sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (7 chromosome)	palibe maubale ofunikira omwe amapezeka munyengoyo	-	kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ma profesiti kwapezeka mwa kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mtundu wa rs9333613 gene, komwe omasulira amatanthauzira kuti "kupezeka kwa ubale womwe ungakhalepo pakati pa masinthidwe amtundu wa jini komanso kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha"
Emily Drabant et al. Xnumx Amuna a 7887 ndi azimayi a 5570 (osagwirizana ndi ubale) omwe adadziwika kuti akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kudzidziwikitsa malinga ndi kufunsa kwa Klein	kusaka kwathunthu kwamtundu wathu	palibe zibalo zofunikira kwambiri (5 × 10 - 8) zomwe zapezeka mwachitsanzo	palibe	Palibe mabungwe ofufuza apadera omwe adapezeka
Sanders et al. Xnumx Mabanja a 384, iliyonse yomwe inkakhala ndi gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe anali ndi mchimwene wake	kufufuza kwathunthu cholowa cholumikizidwa	kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi chikhomo pa 8 chromosome komanso kuyanjana ndi Xq28 kwapezeka	mogwirizana: malinga ndi momwe Lander ndi Kruglyak (1995), zotsogolera zabwino kwambiri za LOD za zolembera za Xq28 zinali zofanana ndi 2,99, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mtengo womwe umaganiziridwa ("tanthauzo losasinthika")	kulumikizana ndi chikhomo pa 8 chromosome malinga ndi momwe Lander ndi Kruglyak (1995); gawo labwino kwambiri LOD linali 4,08
Sanders et al. Xnumx gulu la amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 1077 ndi amuna achi 1231 (amuna omwewo monga Sanders et al. 2015)	kusaka kwathunthu kwamtundu wathu	palibe zibalo zofunikira kwambiri (5 × 10 - 8) zomwe zapezeka mwachitsanzo	palibe	Palibe ubale wofunika kwambiri wopezeka pakatikati. Olembawo adawona kuti zomwe zikuyandikira kwambiri zimapezedwa zolemba ma 13 ndi 14 chromosomes

* LOD = multipoint logarithm ya zovuta mukuwona Nyholt DR. Ma LODI Onse Sanapangidwe Ofanana. Ndine J Hum Genet. 2000 Aug; 67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. LOD yofunika kwambiri pofufuza zamtundu ndi ≥3,

Monga m'modzi mwa olemba mabulogu aku America ananenera, "... kuyesa kufotokoza zaumwini kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikofanana ndi iPhones - yatsopano imawonekera chaka chilichonse ..." (Allen 2014) Mapeto ake, mwina, kuchokera pakuwonekera kwa omwe amalimbikitsa kukondana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mawu akuti "Mwinanso wobadwiratu"⁶ ili ndi chinyengo chosiyana kwambiri.

Kuyesayesa kwachitika kuti mupeze “mtundu wa uchidakwa” (Mudzi wopulumutsa 2017; NIAAA 2012), ndi "gene wakupha" (Davis 2016; Parshley xnumx), komabe, monga momwe zimakhalira "jini logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", palibe umboni womwe unapezeka pakubvomereza kuti "abadwa". Munthu wokwanira sangakhale ndi lingaliro, kumbali imodzi, kulungamitsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi kupha munthu pogwiritsa ntchito majini - pambuyo pake, zochitika izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chisankho, osakonzedweratu. Mpaini wapainiyayu yemwe ndi "genody geni" Dean Haymer, mwachiwonekere ali ndi talente yabwino kwambiri yazamalonda, ndipo amachita zinthu mwanzeru. Atadikira kwakanthawi atatulutsa nkhani yake ya 1993 pachaka, Haymer adasindikiza buku la "Science of Passion: the Search for Homosexuality gen and Behavioral Biology", lomwe linapanga gawo pakati pa bungwe la LGBT +Hamer 1994) ndipo adampatsa phindu. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, Haymer akupanga lingaliro latsopano popereka buku lotchedwa "Gene of God: How Faith Is Pre-Made for Genetic" (Hamer 2004), pomwe adafotokoza malingaliro ake kuti okhulupilira ali pafupi kusintha maselo (V.L.: ndizoseketsa kuwona kusankha koteroko pokhudzana ndi maumboni awiri abodza: ​​zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimakonda kubadwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimaperekedwa m'njira yabwino, monga zaperekedwa) , ndipo kugwirizanitsa komwe kumanenedwa kwa majini ndi chipembedzo ndikosalimbikitsa, ngati kusintha.). Mwachilengedwe, palibe chitsimikizo cha malingaliro a Heimer omwe adapezeka mpaka pano, komabe, lingaliro lake lidalandilidwanso bwino kwambiri m'dera la LGBT +, magazini ya ku America yotchedwa Time idasindikiza chophimba chapadera pamwambowu.

Pambuyo pake, Dean Haymer adasiya sayansi ndikuyang'ana zochitika zandale: limodzi ndi "mwamuna" wake Joseph Wilson (The New York Times 2004) adakhazikitsa studio studio "QWave", yodziwika bwino pazogulitsa zomwe zimayang'ana pa kayendedwe "LGBT +" ((Huffpost 2017).

Wofufuza wotchuka komanso wotchuka wa sayansi Richard Dawkins mwatsatanetsatane amakhala ndi lingaliro lamalingaliro amtundu wa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"... Zinthu zina zokhazikitsidwa ndi chilengedwe ndizosavuta kusintha. Zina ndizovuta. Ganizirani za momwe timalumikizirana kwambiri ndi kamvekedwe ka ubwana wathu: munthu wamkulu wosamukira kudziko lina amatchedwa mlendo moyo wake wonse. Pali chidziwitso chokhwima kwambiri pano kuposa momwe majini ambiri amathandizira. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero kuti mwana yemwe wakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro achipembedzo ku nyumba ya amonke, adzatha kuchotsa izi. Zingakhale zosangalatsa zomwezi kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero kuti mwamuna yemwe ali ndi jini inayake pa X chromosome mdera la Xq28 akhale wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chionetsero chosavuta chakuti pali jini yomwe "imatsogolera" ku kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumasiya funso lakufunika kwa mwayi uwu pafupifupi lotseguka kwathunthu. Chibadwa sichikhala ndi ulamuliro wawo pazokha ... "(Mawamba xnumx, p. 104).

M'modzi mwa odziwika kwambiri mu Russian sexology, Pulofesa Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, polankhula pazifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akuti:

"... Komabe, kusokonezeka kwa kusiyana kwa ubongo ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni sikunatsimikiziretu kukhazikitsidwa kwa zokopa za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma kumakhala maziko opotoza zikhalidwe zakugonana komanso mchitidwe wogonana, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chofuna kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kutulutsa kwa neuroendocrine ndichimodzi mwazinthu zopatsa mphamvu za libido. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumathandizidwanso ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi komanso njira zopewera matenda zomwe zimayambitsa zonyansa zambiri ... "(Vasilchenko 1990, p. 430).

Cholingalira cha chibadwa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti amuna azigonana amuna okhaokha, kupereka mwayi kwa chisinthiro kwa akazi

Ndizoyenera kutchulapo chidwi chosamvetsetseka cha ofufuza aku Italy, omwe, malinga ndi iwo, "Simalowa mu mtundu wina uliwonse wa anyamata kapena akazi okhaokha". Lingaliro loti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha majini ndi kosemphana ndi chikhalidwe chakusankhidwa kwachilengedwe, malinga ndi momwe kuchuluka kwa majini omwe amalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu zofunikira kuti apange ana ayenera kuchepa mpaka kuthe. Komabe, monga akuwonetsera ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amadziona kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukuwonjezereka ndi m'badwo uliwonse. Cholinga chake nchachidziwikire: kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikumayendetsedwa pamtundu, koma osafuna kuvomereza zomwe Camperio-Ciani akuwonekeratu ndipo anzawo adapeza malongosoledwe apamwamba omwe amayenera kuthana ndi "Darwin paradox." Malingaliro awo akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa "X-chromosomal factor", yomwe, yomwe imafalikira kudzera mzere wa amayi, imatha kuwonjezera androphilia (kukopa kugonana kwa amuna) m'magulu onse awiri, potero kumabweretsa chidziwitso chachuma cha azimayi, kulipira kufalikira kwa chonde kwa amuna (Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Hypothesis iyi ikhoza kunena kudalirika pang'ono ngati asayansi apeza chindapusa choyenera - mwachitsanzo, ngati mayi yemwe ali ndi ana osakwatiwa ali ndi mwana wa 2, ndipo mayi yemwe ali ndi ana ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ndi 4. M'malo mwake, kusiyanako kunakhala kopanda tanthauzo: pafupifupi, 2,07 ya mwana woyamba komanso 2,73 - mu wachiwiri (wolemba 34%) komanso izi ngakhale magawo omwe kubadwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi akazi amtunduwu anali osiyana nthawi pafupifupi 5: 0,12 ndi 0,58, motsatana (pa 383 % zochepa) (Iemmola xnumx). Ofufuzawa amafotokoza za kubereka kocheperako kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa chakuti monga gulu loyang'anira amayenera kukhala ofanana ndi zotheka zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa chake ambiri anali osakwatira. Koma ngakhale titatenga izi zopanda chidziwitso, zimapezeka kuti kuti tipeze chindapusa chokwanira, amayi a ana ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adzafunika ana opitilira 7 ... Kuphatikiza apo, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakubereka kwa mbadwo wakale (agogo), zomwe sizimagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chokhudza chibadwa. kusamutsa.

Poyesera kufotokozera zomwe zapezedwa, alembawo adawona kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakonda kukokomeza kuchuluka kwa osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa abale, komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, m'malo mwake, kuchepa, komwe kumatha kubweretsa kusiyana pazotsatira. Amanenanso kuti kusiyanasiyana kwachuma kumatha kufotokozedwa ndi zifukwa zakuthupi kapena zochita, monga kuchepa kwam'mimba kapena kuthekera kopeza abwenzi. Pomaliza, olemba tsindikanikuchuluka kwa chonde kwa amayi akufotokozera kuposa 21% yachisokonezo pakugonana kwa amuna mu zitsanzo zawo.

"Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wazowonetseratu komanso zamphamvu zomwe zimawonetsa kuti zomwe munthu akukumana nazo ndizothandiza kwambiri kuti adziwe momwe munthu amagonana komanso kudziwika. Ndizotheka kuti kuchuluka kwambiri kwa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumachokera kuchikhalidwe chawo osati chikhalidwe chobadwa nacho. M'madera ambiri, monga kumpoto kwa Italiya, amayi amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi ana awo, makamaka zaka zoyambirira, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti azidziwitse kugonana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mayi ndi banja lake atha kukhala gwero lalikulu la mikhalidwe ndi malingaliro a mwana, kuphatikizapo mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi zomwe amakonda mtsogolo mwa machitidwe ndi machitidwe ake ”(Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Pambuyo pochita maphunziro a 3, olemba adakakamizidwa kuvomereza kuti deta yomwe adalandira "Samatilola kudziwa kuti chinthu chazomwe zimayambitsa matenda a X-chromosome chimatsogolera kapena kudziwitsa munthu kuti azichita zakutizakuti" (Ciani xnumx) Mwachidule, zopereka zamaphunziroli pomvetsetsa za kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zero.

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Kafukufuku woposa onse yemwe adasindikizidwa ndi 30.08.2019 m'mabuku asayansi yovomerezeka Science, potengera zitsanzo za anthu zikwizikwi za 500, adapeza kuti zoposa 99% ya mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha imatsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika zachuma komanso chilengedwe. Malingana ndi A David Curtis, pulofesa ku University of California's Institute of Genetics, "Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti palibe chinthu ngati jini." Mwa anthu mulibe mitundu yotereyi yomwe ingakhudze kwambiri zogonana. M'malo mwake, sizingatheke kuneneratu za kugonana kwa munthu chifukwa cha mtundu wake. ”

Gawo Lachiwiri: Ma Hormone?

Kuphatikiza pa kutengera kwa genetics, olimbikitsa gulu la "LGBT +" akuti amawonetsedwa mwanjira inayake ngati chipangizo cha chibadwa chofuna kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zimamveka kuti nthawi yomwe mwana wosabadwayo amakhala m'mimba mwa mayi, chinthu china (mahomoni kapena chitetezo cha m'thupi) chimagwira pa mwana wosabadwayo, chomwe chimasokoneza njira yokhazikika yokhazikitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsanso kukulitsa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Poyesa kugogomezera kwamavuto am'kati mwa mapangidwe okonda kugonana, timaphunzira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni olimbitsa thupi pakukonzekera kwa thupi komanso kapangidwe ka ana adakali aang'ono ngati anyamata kapena atsikana. Zoyeserera zoyeserera zamavuto a kukondana kwa mahomoni, mwachidziwikire, pazifukwa zoyenera komanso zothandiza mwa anthu sizikuchitika, popeza kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni kumayambitsa zovuta zazikulu zamatumbo komanso zanyama, izi zimatheka pokhapokha ngati nyama zaku labotale⁷. Komabe, peresenti ina ya anthu amabadwa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi mahomoni - zovuta zachitukuko cha kugonana (NDP), ndipo mwa kuchuluka kwawo ndizotheka kuphunzira mgwirizano wa kusalingana kwa mahomoni ndi chikhalidwe. Poyamba, tiyenera kutchula mwachidule mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakukhudzana kwa mphamvu ya timadzi mu intrauterine.

Amakhulupilira kuti nthawi zambiri zochita zazikulu za mahomoni zimachitika pakusintha kwa fetal. Mwachitsanzo, zimadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa testosterone pa mwana wosabadwa kumachitika kuyambira pa 8 mpaka masabata a 24, ndikubwereza kuyambira kubadwa mpaka pafupi miyezi itatu (Hins xnumx) Munthawi yonse yosasitsa, ma estrogens amachokera ku placenta komanso kayendedwe ka magazi ka amayi (Albrecht 2010) Kafukufuku wazinyama akuwonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala nthawi zambiri zamavuto amthupi osiyana siyana, kuti kukhalapo kwa timadzi timeneti kumakhudza zochita za mahomoni ena, komanso chidwi cha zolandilira mahomoni awa zimatha kukhudza zochita zawo (Berenbaum Xnumx) Kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana kwa mwana wosabadwayo payekha ndi kachitidwe kovuta kwambiri.

Chosangalatsa kwambiri pankhaniyi ya kafukufuku ndi mahomoni monga testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (metabolite ya testosterone komanso amphamvu kwambiri kuposa testosterone), estradiol, progesterone ndi cortisol. Amawona ngati abwinobwino ngati mphamvu ya mahomoni pakukweza kwa chiberekero ikuchitika m'magawo. Pachiyambi chomwe, maimelo amasiyana mu mawonekedwe awo a chromosome - XX kapena XY - ndipo ma gonads awo amagonana. Komabe, mwachangu, kutengera kuphatikiza kwa chromosomal, mapangidwe a ma testes (testes) amayamba pama XX ndi ma ovari m'mayimidwe a XX. Momwe kusiyanitsa kwa ma gonads kutha, amayamba kupanga ma mahomoni apadera okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amatsimikizira kukula ndi kupangika kwa maliseche akunja: androgens omwe amatulutsidwa ndi mayeserowa amathandizira kukulitsa ziwalo zamkati zachimuna, komanso kusapezeka kwa androgen ndi kukhalanso kwa estrogen mwa azimayi kumabweretsa chitukuko cha ziwalo zakunja zachikazi (Wilson 1981).

Chiwembu cha kusiyanitsa kugonana. Wolemba V. Lysov Kuphwanya miyambo ya androgens ndi estrogens (chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa majini ndi zinthu zina), komanso kupezeka kwawo kapena kusapezeka pa nthawi zofunika kwambiri za chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo, zitha kuyambitsa chisokonezo pakukula kwa kugonana.

Chimodzi mwamavuto omwe amaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri pakukula kwa kugonana ndi kubadwa kwa adrenal cortical hyperplasia (VGKN), komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa jini komwe kumayambitsa enzyme yomwe imakhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka mahomoni cortisol (Wolankhula 2003) Izi pathology zimabweretsa zochulukirapo za cortisol precursors (cortisol ndi androgens amagawana zotengera wamba), kuchokera komwe androgens amapangidwa. Zotsatira zake, atsikana amabadwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya virilization⁸ maliseche - kutengera kulimba kwa vuto la chibadwa komanso kuchuluka kwa androgens. Milandu ingapo ya virilization ndi kukula kwambiri zolakwika zina nthawi zina amafunika opaleshoni. Pofuna kuti muchepetse mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa androgens, mankhwala othandizira amakondana ndi mankhwala amapatsidwa. Zinadziwika kuti azimayi omwe ali ndi HCV ali pachiwopsezo chochuluka chokopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo (Wolankhula 2009,, ndipo iwo amene ali ndi vuto la HCV ali pamavuto owopsa amatha kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuposa azimayi omwe ali ndi matendawa pang'ono (Hins xnumx).

Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta zina zakukula kwa abambo omwe ali ndi vuto la kusowa tulo kwa androgen. Mwa amuna omwe ali ndi androgen insensitivity syndrome, ma testes nthawi zambiri amapanga androgen testosterone, koma testosterone receptors sagwira ntchito. Pobadwa, maliseche amawoneka ngati akazi, ndipo mwana amaleredwa ngati mtsikana. Testosterone wamkati wa mwana amasinthidwa kukhala estrogen, kotero kuti amayamba kukulitsa mawonekedwe achigololo achikazi (Hughes xnumx) Pathology imapezeka pokhapokha kutha msinkhu ikafika, pomwe, mosiyana ndi nthawi yoyenera, kusamba sikuyamba, ndipo, chidziwitso, "azimayi" oterewa ndi osabereka, monga kubereka komanso "amuna" omwe ali ndi VGKN.

Pali zovuta zina zogonana zomwe zimakhudza amuna ena amtundu wa chibadwa (i.e., anthu omwe ali ndi XY genotype) omwe kuchepa kwa androgens kumachitika mwachindunji chifukwa chosowa ma enzymes omwe amaphatikizidwa mwina ndi kapangidwe ka dihydrotestosterone kuchokera ku testosterone kapena kupanga testosterone kuchokera ku mahomoni apambuyo. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lotere amabadwa ndi vuto lakumaliseche kwamadigiri osiyanasiyana (Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

Zachidziwikire, mu zitsanzozi, kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso / kapena kusankha kwachikhalidwe kwa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalumikizidwa ndi zinzathu zothandiza komanso za morphological. Komabe, ma pathologies oterewa samapezeka mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Lingaliro loti kusasinthasintha kwa mahomoni mwanjira iliyonse kumangotengera kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomwe zingakonde amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (ndiko kuti, kungakhudze mkhalidwe) ndipo sizingakhudze mawonekedwe a morphological ndi ogwirira ntchito samathandizidwira ndikuwona kopatsa chidwi.

Kuyesera kosiyanasiyana kwachitika pofuna kudziwa mtundu uliwonse wazinthu zofunikira komanso zogwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ganizirani maphunziro omwe asitikali a LGBT + akuchita.

Kafukufuku wa Simon Levey

Kafukufuku angapo adachitika pofufuza za kusiyana kwa mitsempha kutengera kutengera kugonana. Yoyamba inali kusindikiza kwa katswiri wazam'maso Simon LeVay ku 1991 (LeVay 1991). LeVay adachita kafukufuku wake pazotsatira zakufa kwa anthu omwe anamwalira. Anagawa nkhanizo m’magulu atatu - 6 akazi “ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha” 19 amuna “ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha” amene anamwalira ndi AIDS, ndi amuna “ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha” 16 (zigawozi zimaperekedwa m’mawu ogwidwa mawu chifukwa zokonda za womwalirayo zinali zongoyerekezera).

M'gulu lirilonse, LeVey adayeza kukula kwa gawo lapadera laubongo lotchedwa "interstitial nucleus" la anterior hypothalamus.⁹. Mu hypothalamus, ma nuclei angapo oterewa amasiyanitsidwa kuchokera ku 0.05 mpaka 0.3 mm³ kukula (Byne xnumx), omwe amawerengedwa ndi manambala: 1, 2, 3, 4. Nthawi zambiri, kukula kwa INAH-3 kumadalira mulingo wa testosterone wamwamuna m'thupi: testosterone ikachulukirachulukira, INAH-3 imakulanso. LeVey adati kukula kwa INAH-3 mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kocheperako poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe amakopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo, monganso azimayi. Popeza kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu katsimikiziridwa ndi majini, LeVey adati ngati kukula kwa INAH-3 kukugwirizana ndi malangizo azakhumbo zakugonana, ndiye "... libido imachitika chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka ubongo ..." chifukwa chake majini amalumikizana ndi kuyendetsa kugonana.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti LeVey adadzipereka kwathunthu pantchito iyi ndipo amayembekeza kwambiri chotere. Pambuyo pa bwenzi lake la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Richard Sherry atamwalira ndi Edzi, LeVey adavutika maganizo kwakanthawi (Newsweek xnumx, p. 49). Adauza atolankhani bukuli litamaliza kulengeza kuti: "Ndinkawona kuti ndikapanda kupeza chilichonse, ndisiyiratu sayansi" (Newsweek xnumx, p. 49).

Kafukufuku wa LeVey anali ndi zolakwika zingapo, zomwe iye mwini adatinso mobwerezabwereza, koma atolankhani adawanyalanyaza. Kodi LeVey adapeza chiyani kapena sanapeze? Zomwe sanapeze mosasiyanitsa ndizogwirizana pakati pa kukula kwa INAH-3 ndi chilakolako chogonana. Monga momwe 1994 idafikira, wofufuza William Byne waku New York adasanthula mozama zonena za zoyambitsa chibadwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Byne xnumx): Choyamba, ili ndi vuto la kusankha zinthu zofufuzira. LeVey sanadziwe zenizeni zomwe anthu omwe amaphunzira pamoyo wake anali ndi zogonana. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osachiritsika a AIDS, ochepa testosterone amawonetsedwa chifukwa cha mphamvu ya matendawa komanso chifukwa cha zovuta zina zamankhwala (Kubwera 2016) Kuchokera ku data ya LeVay, ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti INAH-3 inali yayitali bwanji osabisira mfundo yoti ingachepe nthawi ya moyo. Onse omwe adadziwika ndi LeVay kuti "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" adamwalira ndi zovuta za Edzi. LeVey mwini, m'nkhani yomweyi, amasungitsa:

"... zotsatirazi sizikutilola kunena ngati kukula kwa INAH 3 ndi komwe kumayambitsa kapena kukhudzika kogonana, kapena kukula kwa INAH 3 komanso malingaliro azakugonana amasintha mothandizidwa ndi gulu lina lachitatu losadziwika ..." (LeVay 1991, p. 1036).

Kachiwiri, palibe chifukwa chotsimikiza kuti LeVey adapeza chilichonse. Ofufuzawo a Ruth Hubbard ndi a Elijah Wald mu buku lawo la Kuwononga Nthano ya Chibadwa: Momwe Asayansi, Madotolo, Olemba Ntchito, Makampani a Inshuwaransi, Ophunzitsa ndi Omenyera Ufulu wa Anthu Akuyambitsa Zachidziwitso, sanafunikire kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira za LeVey, komanso kuti tanthauzo lililonse kusiyana (Hubbard xnumx, p. 95). Ngakhale LeVey adanenanso kuti pagulu la anthu omwe amawawona kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kukula kwa INAH-3 kunali kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa INAH-3 pagulu la anthu omwe amawawona kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, izi zimachokera pazotsatira zake kuti kufalikira kotsika komanso kocheperako ndizofunika kwambiri chimodzimodzi m'magulu onse awiri. Pali lingaliro lowerengera - lamulo la magawidwe wamba. Zopangidwa motere, lamuloli likuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha omwe ali ndi zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ali mgawo lapakati, ndipo ndi ochepa chabe omwe ali ndi magawo omwe ali ndi mtengo wokwanira. Ndiye kuti, mwa anthu a 100, 80 idzakhala ndi kukula kwa 160 - 180, 10 yocheperako kuposa 160, 10 kuposa 180 cm.

Malinga ndi malamulo owerengera, poyerekeza kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa sizingatheke kuyerekeza gawo lomwe mulibe magawidwe wamba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati m'magulu a anthu omwe ali m'munsi mwa 160 cm sipadzakhala 10%, koma 40% kapena 50%. Mu kafukufuku wa LeVay, INAH-3 anali wocheperako kuposa abambo ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kukula kwake ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Izi zikutsatira kuti kwa aliyense payekha ndizosatheka kunena chilichonse chokhudza ubale wapakati pa INAH-3 ndi machitidwe ogonana. Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa kusiyana kulikonse mu mawonekedwe aubongo kukawonetsedwa motsimikizika, kufunikira kwake kungakhale panjira ndi kuzindikira kuti minofu ya osewera ndi yayikulu kuposa mwa anthu wamba. Kodi tinganene kuti chiyani pamenepa? Kodi munthu amakula minofu yayikulu akusewera, kapena kuti zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi minofu yayikulu kutipangitsa munthu kukhala wothamanga?

Ndipo chachitatu, LeVey sananene chilichonse chokhudza mgwirizano wamakhalidwe azogonana komanso INAH-3 mwa akazi.

Poyankhulana ndi 1994, LeVey adati:

"... Ndikofunikira kunena kuti sindinatsimikizire kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chibadwidwe ndipo sindinapeze chifukwa chake. Sindinawonetse kuti anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "amabadwa mwanjira imeneyi" - uku ndikulakwitsa komwe anthu amachita akamamasulira ntchito yanga. Sindinapeze "malo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" muubongo ... Sitikudziwa ngati zosiyana zomwe ndidapeza zidalipo pobadwa kapena zidawonekera pambuyo pake. Ntchito yanga siyiyankha funso loti ngati zogonana zidakhazikitsidwa asanabadwe ... "(Nimmons xnumx).

Kusungidwa kwa LeVey ndikofunikira kwambiri, popeza katswiri aliyense wazokhudza mitsempha amadziwa zinthu zotere monga neuroplasticity - kuthekera kwa minyewa yamanjenje kuti isinthe ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake pamoyo wamunthu chifukwa cha zochita zosiyanasiyana.

Mu 2000, gulu la asayansi aku Britain adasindikiza zotsatira za kafukufuku wamaubongo ku oyendetsa taxi ku London (Maguire 2000) Zinadziwika kuti kwa oyendetsa taxi, malo aubongo omwe amayang'anira zochitika zakanthawi anali akulu kwambiri kuposa anthu oyang'anira omwe sankagwira ntchito yoyendetsa taxi, kuphatikiza, kukula kwa gawo lino kudalira kuchuluka kwa zaka zomwe amagwira ntchito mu taxi (Maguire 2000) Ngati ofufuzawo atsatira zolinga zandale, akanatha kunena zofanana ndi izi: "Madalaivala a taxi awa amafunika kuperekedwa ndi dzanja lamanzere ndipo kulikonse komwe angagwire ntchito, ndikofunika kuti ayendetse kumanzere kumanzere kumanja - chifukwa adabadwa mwanjira imeneyi!"

Mpaka pano, maziko otsimikizika okhudzidwa aphatikizidwa ndikuyang'anira kuphatikizika kwa ziwalo zonse ziwiri zaubongo palokha komanso hypothalamus makamaka (Kupeza xnumx; Gulitsani 2014; Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Ubongo morphology imasinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi zinthu (Kolb 1998) Ma bongo, mwachitsanzo, amasintha pambuyo mimba (Hoekzema et al. 2016)kukhala m'malovan Ombergen et al. Xnumx) pambuyo kuchita zolimbitsa thupiNokia et al. Xnumx).

Chifukwa chake, pakutsimikizira mawu omwe LeVey mwiniwake adabwezera chaka cha 1994, zopereka zomwe adaphunzira pachaka cha 1991 pakutsimikizira kwa chibadwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zero.

Kutsutsa kwatsatanetsatane kwa ntchito ya LeVay, komanso maganizidwe ena a neuroanatomical, amaperekedwa m'ndemanga yowunika mu magazini ya Science Science (Mbugua 2003).

Kubwereza kwa kafukufuku wa Levay

Palibe amene wakwanitsa kubwereza zotsatira za LeVey. Mukusindikiza kwa 2001 pachaka, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku New York lidachita kafukufuku wofanana - magawo omwewo a hypothalamus adafaniziridwa monga momwe adafufuzira a LeVay, koma ndi zambiri zambiri komanso kugawa kokwanira kwa omwe adaphunziridwawo (Byne xnumx). Sanapeze kudalira kulikonse kwa INAH-3 kukula kwa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Olembawo adamaliza kunena kuti "... malingaliro azakugonana sangathe kunenedweratu molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa INAH 3 kokha ..." (Byne xnumx, p. 91).

Pambuyo pake, adayesayesa kuti azindikire kudalirika kwa chilakolako chogonana pazinthu zina za ubongo. Mu 2002, katswiri wazamisala Lasko ndi anzawo adafalitsa kafukufuku wa gawo lina la ubongo - kuyankhula kwina (Lasco 2002) Zinawonetsedwa kuti m'derali mulibe kusiyana kwakukulu malinga ndi jenda kapena chikhalidwe cha chilakolako chogonana. Kafukufuku wina wakhazikitsidwa kuti akhazikitse kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa ubongo wa akazi kapena amuna okhaokha komanso ubongo wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha zolengedwa zomwe amakhala nazo sizikuwoneka bwino: mu 2008, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zinafotokozedwa mwachidule mu nkhani yofalitsidwa mu magazini ya Proceedings of the US National Academy of Science (Swaab xnumx) Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina adagwiritsa ntchito maginidwe oyang'ana mu ubongo kuti athe kuyeza kusintha kwa zinthu mu ubongo pamene maphunziro adawonetsa zithunzi za amuna ndi akazi. Zinapezeka kuti kuyang'ana nkhope ya mkaziyo kumapangitsa zochitika mu thalamus ndi orbitofrontal cortex ya amuna ndi akazi omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha malo awa anali omvera kwambiri kumaso kwa mwamunayo (Kranz 2006) Zakuti maubongo a akazi omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagwira nkhope za amuna, pomwe malingaliro a amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatengera nkhope zachikazi, sizowopsa zomwe zimapezeka, chifukwa chofunitsitsa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Momwemonso, kafukufuku wina amatchulanso kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa ma pheromoni mwa amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Savic 2005).

Kutalika kwambiri

Chiwerengero pakati pa kutalika kwa chala chachiwiri (cholozera) ndi chala chachinayi (mphete) ya manja, yomwe imadziwika kuti chi "2D: 4D", imasiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi ambiri. Umboni wina ukusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kumeneku kumadalira kuchuluka kwa testosterone ya intrauterine, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amuna omwe ali ndi chiwonetsero chambiri cha testosterone, chala cholozera chimakhala chachifupi kuposa chala chamkati (i.e., otsika pazigawo za 2D: 4D) komanso mosemphanitsa (Hönekopp 2007) Malinga ndi ofufuza ena, chikhazikitso cha 2D: 4D index imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuyesera kuti mwanjira ina agwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa 2D: 4D ndi malingaliro azogonana ndizosagwirizana komanso zotsutsana.

Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa 2D: 4D (pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa azimayi kuposa chiyerekezo cha amuna achigololo), pomwe lingaliro linalo, m'malo mwake, likuwonetsa kuti hypermasculinization ndi testosterone ya prenatal itha kuyambitsa gawo lotsika ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Hypothesis idayikidwanso patsogolo pazokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa akazi kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha hypermasculinization (gawo lotsika, mulingo wapamwamba wa testosterone).

Kafukufuku wowerengeka wokhudzana ndi khalidweli kwa azimayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna ndi akazi ali ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mu magazini ya Nature ku 2000 adawonetsa kuti mu zitsanzo za 720 akuluakulu ku California, chiwonetsero cha 2D: 4D kudzanja lamanja azimayi omwe ali ndi zokonda zofanana ndi amuna okhaokha, ndizofanana kwambiri kuposa amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo kwambiri sizinasiyane ndi kuchuluka kwa amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Williams 2000) Kufufuzaku sikunawonetsenso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa avareji a 2D: Kuyerekeza kwa 4D pakati pa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. M'chaka chomwecho, kafukufuku wina yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zochepa za amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ochokera ku Britain adawonetsa mtengo wotsika wa 2D: 4D (i.e., amuna ambiri) pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Robinson 2000) M'chaka cha 2003, kafukufuku wa zitsanzo zaku Londoners adapeza kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi otsika a 2D: 4D poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Rahman xnumx), pomwe maphunziro ena awiri ochokera ku California ndi Texas adawonetsa mitundu yapamwamba ya 2D: 4D ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Mu 2003, kafukufuku wofanana adachitika azimayi awiri amapasa azimayi amapasa, m'magawo onse m'modzi amapasa anali ndi zokonda, ndipo awiri asanu azimayi amapasa omwe amayi awiri onse amakonda zomwe amagonana amuna okhaokha (Hall 2003) M'mapasa awiri amapasa omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukopeka ndi amuna, mwa anthu omwe amadzinena kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwa 2D: 4D anali otsika kwambiri kuposa amapasa awo, pomwe mapasa ogwirizana sanapeze kusiyana. Olembawo adatsimikiza kuti izi zikuwonetsa kuti "kuchuluka kwapansi kwa 2D: 4D ndizotsatira za kusiyana kwazinthu zapaubwana." Ndipo pamapeto pake, mchaka cha 2005, chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa kuchuluka kwa 2D: 4D mu zitsanzo zaku Austria za amuna amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 95, amuna XGNUMX, omwe adagonana, zidapezeka kuti zolembedwa 79D: 2D mwa amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokhaVoracek 2005) Pambuyo pofufuza maphunziro angapo amtunduwu, olemba akuti "zambiri zofunikira zikufunika kutsimikiza ndikulimba mtima ngati pali mgwirizano pakati pa ziwerengero 2D: 4D ndi chikhalidwe cha chilakolako chogonana mwa amuna, malinga ndi kusiyana kwa mafuko."

Diso lotuluka

Mu 2003, gulu la ofufuza achingelezi adalengeza kuti apeza "umboni wotsimikizika wotsimikiza kuti chilakolako chogonana ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a ubongo wa munthu" (Rahman xnumx) Katsi Rahman ndi olemba anzawo adati apeza kusiyana pakati pa liwiro la kuyankha - kuthwanima maso - poyankha phokoso laphokoso. Olembawo adawona kuti azimayi ali ndi zochepa zotchedwa "Pre-pulse inhibition" (PPI) - kuchepa kwa kayendedwe kagalimoto m'thupi poyeserera, pamaso pa kukondoweza kofooka koyambirira.¹⁰... Ndiye kuti, azimayi amaphethira mwachangu kuposa amuna, ndipo azimayi omwe amakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amachedwa pang'onopang'ono kuposa akazi omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti, choyamba, olembawo adachita kafukufuku pagulu laling'ono, ndipo chachiwiri, sanapeze kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mosasamala kanthu, olembawo adaganiza kuti zotsatira zawo zikuwonetsa kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndichinthu chachilengedwe. Komabe, ofufuzawa adasungabe zingapo: adawona kuti funso loti kusiyanasiyana komwe kumapezeka chifukwa chakukopa kapena zotsatira za machitidwe ena ogonana silinathetsedwe. Adanenanso kuti: "... kusiyana kwa neuroanatomical and neurophysiological pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe kapena kukhudzika kwa kuphunzira ...". Dr. Halstead Harrison waku University of Washington adasanthula kafukufukuyu ndikuwona kuchepa kofunikira monga kuchepa kwamagulu oyeserera (azimayi 14 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso akazi 15 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna 15 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso 15 amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha). Harrison adamaliza kuti: "Rahman et al. Sanapereke umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira kuti azimayi ogonana amuna okhaokha amawonetsa magawo a PPI ofanana ndi amuna."Harrison xnumx) Harrison adafunsanso kukonzekera kwa njirazi.

Maphunziro amapasa omwe tawafotokozerawa atitha kuwunikira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mayi wakuthupi, chifukwa nthawi yomwe amapanga intrauterine, mapasa ofanana komanso amodzimodzi amakumana ndi momwe iwonso amathandizira. Zizindikiro zofowoka za concordance m'mapasa amapasa zikuwonetsa kuti mahomoni operewera monga chibadwa samatenga gawo lodziwika pakapangidwe kofuna kugonana. Kuyesa kwina kupeza zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chilakolako chogonana sikunakhale kopanda tanthauzo, ndipo kufunikira kwa zotsatira zawo sikumvetsetse.

Zotsatira za kupsinjika kwa amayi

Mu 1983, Gunther Dörner et al anachita kafukufuku kuti akhazikitse kulumikizana pakati pa nkhawa za amayi panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati komanso kudziwitsa ana awo zamtsogolo mtsogolo. Adafunsa mafunso anthu mazana awiri pazochitika zomwe zingayambitse nkhawa amayi awo panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati - ndiye kuti, intrauterine chitukuko cha omwe adayankha okha (Dörner 1983) Zambiri mwa zochitika zinali zokhudzana ndi nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Mwa amuna omwe adanena kuti amayi awo amakumana ndi nkhawa zochepa panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati, 65% anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, 25% anali amuna ogonana, ndipo 10% anali amuna okhaokha. Komabe, mu maphunziro apambuyo pake, kulumikizana kakang'ono kwambiri kapena kusowa kwa malumikizidwe ofunikira kunawonedwa (Ellis 1988) Mu 2002, atapanga kafukufuku woganiza za ubale wapakati pa kugonana pagalimoto ndi kupsinjika pakati pamapeto achiwiri ndi achitatu, Hines ndi anzawo adawona kuti kupsinjika kwa amayi panthawi yoyembekezera kunali "kokhudzana pang'ono" ndi machitidwe achimuna a ana awo akazi pazaka za 42 " ndipo palibe ubale uliwonse ndi chikhalidwe chachikazi chomwe ana awo (Hins xnumx).

Gawo Lachitatu: Kusokonezeka kwa Matenda?

Zotsatira Zachikulu za M'bale

"Zokhudza m'bale wachikulire" (ESB) kapena "kusintha kwa kubadwa kwa abale"¹¹ - mawuwa adaperekedwa ndi ofufuza aku Canada-America otchedwa Ray Blanchard ndi Anthony Bogert - ndikuti malinga ndi zomwe ena apeza, poyerekeza ndi amuna wamba ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso ogwiririra ali ndi abale achikulire, koma osati alongo achikulire (Blanchard 1996; Bogaert 1997; Blanchard 1998; Lalumiere 1998; Blanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; MacCulloch 2004; Blanchard 2018).

Pakadali pano, kukambirana kumakhala kokhudza za (1) ngati ESB ilipodi, ndi (2) ngati ilipo, kaya ili ndi zoyambitsa kapena chifukwa chachilengedwe ((Zietsch 2018; Zovomerezeka 2017; Whitehead 2018).

Ngakhale zotsatira zotsutsana mu gawo la ESB ndi zomwe zimayambitsa, ofufuza ena ndi anthu ambiri, kuyesera kupeza zifukwa zachibadwa za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adavomereza momveka bwino kufotokozera kwachilengedwe kwa ESB kotero kuti sanaphatikizepo kufotokozera kwina kulikonse (chikoka cha kulera, ndi zina zotero). .).

@Alirezatalischioriginal2023 kuwonjezera:
Asayansi ochokera ku dipatimenti ya Psychology ku yunivesite ya Vienna anachita masamu masamu pa zotsatira za m'bale wamkulu. Iwo anaganiza kuti, akaunika moyenerera, kuyanjana kwenikweni pakati pa chiŵerengero cha abale achikulire ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha n’kochepa, n’kosiyana kwambiri, ndipo mwachionekere sikuli kwenikweni kwa amuna. Komanso, pali umboni wa sayansi mokokomeza chifukwa cha zotsatira za maphunziro ang'onoang'ono.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. Zotsatira za kubadwa kwa abale monga luso lachiwerengero: umboni wosinthika kuchokera ku calculus ya kuthekera, data yoyeserera, ndi kusanthula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mnzake J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Zoyipa za ESB hypothesis

ESB si axiom yopanda malire, chenicheni cha kukhalapo kwake ndi nkhani ya kukambirana kosalekeza kwa sayansi pazifukwa zambiri.

Choyamba, izi sizipezeka mu maphunziro onse. A Brendan P. Zietsch adawona kuti ochirikiza malingaliro a ESB amaphatikizira pazofufuza zawo zomwe zimangopeza zotsatira za maphunziro osindikizidwa omwe amagwirizana ndi malingaliro awo, ndipo amanyalanyaza maphunziro, zolemba, makalata, zonena pamisonkhano yomwe ESB siinazindikiridwe (Zietsch 2018) Vutoli ndilofunikira kwambiri, popeza kuti m'mitundu isanu ndi iwiri mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yofananira, ESB sinatsimikizidwe (Bearman 2002; Bogaert 2005, 2010; Francis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; Zietsch 2012) Woyambitsa LGBT +, wotchulidwa pamwambapa, wa kayendedwe ka Simon LeVay, pantchito yake akuperekanso chiwonetsero cha kafukufuku momwe ESB sinadziwike (LeVay 2016).

Kachiwiri, maphunziro omwe ESB adapezeka adatengera njira yoyeserera yoyeserera. Othandizira ESB hypothesis amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotere pakuwunikira anthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pasakhale masamba onse omwe amapezeka (mwachitsanzo, zitsanzozi zomwe zimasankhidwa mwachisawawa pokhudzana ndi kusinthika kwakudziyimira pawokha - kukopa kugonana pankhaniyi). Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusanthula kwa meta kumangophatikiza zitsanzo zokha zomwe kuchuluka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikofanana ndi gawo logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (mwachitsanzo, zitsanzo zochokera mu kusanthula kwa Blanchard kwa 2018 ya chaka zimakhala ndi pafupifupi 51% ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe ambiri mwa iwo malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwake ndi 2 - 3%). Pazotsatira za nonrandom zitsanzozi, chiopsezo chosankha magulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chimawonjezeka, zomwe sizosiyana pakulosera kwamtsogolo. Tebulo la Blanchard 1 2018 ikuwonetsa kuti zitsanzo zambiri zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pakuwunika kwa meta zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa anthu osagwirizana kwambiri: achifwamba ochita zogonana, anthu othamangitsidwa, anthu otenga nzeru, ena otero, zina. M'malo mwake, njira zophatikizira za Blanchard zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yoti kupatula maphunziro akulu omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zotheka (momwe ESB sinatsimikiziridwe). Kukula kwakakulu kwa kukula kwa zotsatira pakati pa maphunziro pawokha meta-kusanthula kukuwonetsa kuti momwe magulu amasankhidwira phunziroli amathandizira kwambiri ku ESB. Izi zikuwonjezera mwayi kuti mawonekedwe a sampuli amapanga ESB, makamaka poganizira kuti zitsanzo zazikulu zotheka sizikuwonetsa ESB konse.

Kachitatu, vuto lina lomwe limapezeka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira zowunikira ma ESB zimawoneka kuti zilibe chidwi ndipo cholinga chake ndi kudziwa zomwe mukufuna. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza ena adagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yoyezera zotsatira (mwachitsanzo, Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; Gulani 2000) kapena kutanthauzira zotsatira za ofufuza ena omwe sanazindikire kuti ESB ndizofunika, ponena kuti kuyesa njira imodzi kuyenera kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito (Blanchard 2015) - ngakhale zili zodziwika kuti mayeso amomwe amodzi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pazovuta kwambiri zomwe sizigwirizana ndi kusanthula kwa meta (Lombardi xnumx) Wofufuza Bartlett alemba izi:

"… Popeza kuchepa kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakuchepa, ndizovuta kupeza magulu oyenera a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adzagwiritse ntchito phunziroli. Zitsanzo za amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kukula kwamabanja osiyanasiyana zimabweretsa vuto pakuyeza ESB. Mwayi woti phunziroli lipeza vuto lililonse kwa abale onse, osati abale achikulire okha, kumakulirakulira ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ochokera m'mabanja akuluakulu asankhidwa mchitsanzo, pomwe zotsatira zimasowa ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ochokera m'mabanja akulu asankhidwa mchitsanzo. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).

Chachinayi, ESB imangotengera zotsatira zakuwunika. Kuzindikira kwa malumikizidwe enieni ndikofanana ndi kuzindikira kwa chomwe chimayambitsa kuphatikizika. Makonzedwe aliwonse amafunikanso kufotokoza kwaukadaulo kuzomwe sizinakwaniritsidwe (Zovomerezeka 2017).

Lachisanu, ESB siachilengedwe. ESB silingathe kufotokozera za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa amuna omwe alibe abale achikulire, komanso kulephera kufotokoza kusowa kwa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa abale achichepere omwe ali ndi mchimwene wamkulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, sangathe kufotokoza zakusiyana kwa zomwe amakonda pakati pa abale amapasa¹². ESB sichimapezeka mwa amuna awiriwa. Kukopa kwa bisexual kumatha kumveka ngati kukopa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, motero, malinga ndi dongosolo la ESB paradigm, amuna omwe ali ndi amuna omwe ali ndi akazi omwe amakhala ndi akazi ayenera kukhala ndi ESB ochepera kuposa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma amuna okhaokha. Komabe mu phunziroli Bogaert (2006) ESB anali chimodzimodzi kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. McConaghy ndi anzawo (2006) adachita kafukufuku wa ESB mwa "makamaka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chofanana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. ESB idawonedwa kwa onse amuna ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe a mlongo wamkulu adawonedwanso mwa amuna, ngakhale ochepa mphamvu. Malinga ndi olemba, zotsatira zawo zikuwonetsa kuti zoyambitsa ESB ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zachikhalidwe. Akuyerekeza kuti ESB hypothesis imangofotokoza 17% yokha ya milandu yonse yokopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna okha (Cantor xnumx) ESB sichilongosola zomwe amakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Othandizira ESB hypothesis ayesa nthawi zambiri kuti apeze izi mwa azimayi omwe amakonda zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma osapeza zotsatira (Blanchard 2004).

Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, ESB sagwira ntchito mwa mitundu yolosera zamitundu yonse. Kungoganiza kukhalapo kwa ESB, kutengera ndi paradigm yake, munthu akhoza kulosera (mtunduwo molingana ndi Bogaert 2004) kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa abambo okonda kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumawonedwa mu: (a) mabanja achipembedzo, momwe mwayi wa ana ambiri umakwezeka; (c) Chikhalidwe chakum'mawa ndi chisilamu, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mabanja akulu; ndi kuchuluka kocheperako - m'madera akumadzulo okhala ndi moyo wapamwamba, momwe kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kotsika kwambiri ku magulu Akum'mawa (Caldwell 1997) Chowoneka ngati chimenecho, kuyika pang'ono, sikugwirizana ndi zenizeni.

Mfundo za ESB

Pali malingaliro angapo omwe amafotokoza ESB omwe amapezeka m'mabuku ena (James xnumx), mwa awiri omwe amatha kusiyanasiyana: (1) exposition of prenatal exposed (maternal immunization hypothesis) ndi (2) yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pambuyo pakudziwikirana kwina). Pansipa tiwunika malingaliro onsewa.

Katemera wa amayi

Blanchard ndi Bogert, monga maziko a kubereka kwa ESB, adapititsa patsogolo malingaliro okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha amayi, chomwe chimati chitetezo chamthupi chachikazi chikuyenera kutulutsa ma antibodies ena a "anti anti" a mwana wosabadwa, komanso akuti ma antibodies ofanana amakumana ndi mimba ina iliyonse yamtsogolo ya mwana wamwamuna, kukulitsa chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo chamthupi cha mwana aliyense wotsatira (Blanchard 1996) Maganizo omenyera nkhondo yakumvana akuyesera kufotokoza momwe anyamata amakondera kugonana ndi fanizo la Rh.Bogaert 2011).

Mimba yotsutsana ndi Rhesus ndi mkhalidwe wamavuto omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mwana wosabadwa yemwe amapanga mapuloteni enaake m'magazi am'magazi komanso kusapezeka kwa jini mwa mayi (kutanthauza kuti, amayi mwa chitsanzo ichi ndi Rh-negative ndipo mwana wosabadwayo ndi Rh-positive). Nthawi yoyamba ya pakati pa mayi wa Rh-wokhala ndi mwana wosabadwa wa Rh, ma cell a fetus amalowera m'magazi a mayi ndikuyambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi - mapangidwe a ma antibodies ku ma cell a magazi. M'mimba wotsatira mwa mayi uyu wokhala ndi mwana wosabadwa ndi Rh, ma antibodies ochokera m'magazi a mayiwo amalowa m'magazi am'mimba ndikuwononga maselo ake ofiira amwazi, kupangitsa hemolysis ndi kufalikira pakubadwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake abeteteti-gynecologists amawongolera mkhalidwe wa Rh wa amayi apakati ndi abambo a mwana.

Malingaliro a Blanchard ndi Bogert amakhazikitsidwa pamakhalidwe amodzi monga a Rh-nkhondo yapakati. Pankhaniyi, chomwe chimayambitsa kupangika kwa ma antibodies (Rh positivity mu zitsanzo pamwambapa) ndi kupezeka kwa sewero la chromosome, ndiye kuti, mwamuna ndi mkazi wa mwana wosabadwa. Y chromosome imatseka mapangidwe a mapuloteni ndi mahomoni omwe amapezeka m'mimba yaimuna (koma osati mwaikazi!) Poyamba magawo a embyogene. Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi "antigen amuna" timalowa m'magazi a mayi ndikupanga ma antibodies, omwe amati amateteza magazi muubongo nthawi yayitali ikakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna, amalowa mu ubongo wa fetal ndikulimbana ndi maselo amitsempha okhala ndi "antigen amuna" ", Zolepheretsa kukula kwa ubongo wama embryonic" ndi mtundu wamwamuna ", chifukwa chomwe mnyamatayo amabadwa ndi" ubongo wa akazi "ndikuti akuyenera kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena kugonana. Katemera wa amayi amalowa mtsogolo ndi mwana wamwamuna aliyense yemwe ali ndi pakati.

Malinga ndi hypothesis ya Blanchard ndi Bogert, kutsimikizika kwa kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo chamthupi kumachepa ndikuchepa kwa thupi pakubadwa kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi abale achikulire.

Zoyipa zamatomala

William H. James (2004) adawunikanso mozama mfundo zoyambilira za kusokonekera kwa chitetezo cha amayi.

Poyamba, lingaliro loti mayi atatenga pathupi amayi amatenga kokha ndi ma antigen a mwana wosabadwa, koma osati mkazi - kuyika pang'ono, ndikukaika.. Amayi amatha kuyambanso kutengera mwana wosabadwa, wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, ndiye kuti, osati "antigen amuna", koma abambo enieni amachitanso zodzitetezera m'thupi izi, ndipo zoterezi zimaphunziridwa bwino (Ogulitsa xnumx) Zitatu izi zimachitika kawirikawiri: (a) RCH yomwe tatchulayi, momwe maselo ofiira am'mimba amakhudzidwa, omwe ali ndi vuto la Rh pamtunda wawo, pafupipafupi 10 - 20%; (b) alloimmune thrombocytopenia wa akhanda okhudza mapulateleti, pafupipafupi 4% kapena 12%, ngati mitundu ya asymptomatic imawaganizidwanso (Turner 2005); neutropenia ya akhanda, imakhudza neutrophils, pafupipafupi 4% (Han 2006) Munthawi zonsezi, ma antigen ndi abambo amodzi, osati abambo wamba. Amakhala ndi ana obwera pambuyo pa abambo onse kuchokera kwa abambo omwewo. Amakhudza zigawo za magazi (ndipo osati ziwalo zina ndi minyewa) polumikizana ndimagazi a fetal (chingwe cha umbilical, placenta, etc.) ndi chitetezo cha mthupi cha mayi (chifukwa chatsoka lachiberekero lakunja, mkati mwa chiberekero, ndi zina zambiri) pakubala.

Ma antibodies amayi omwe amalowa mkaka wa mayi, monga ma antibodies ena (Gasparoni xnumx), mwachitsanzo, ma alloimmune ma antibodies a Rh factor, omwe amalowa mkaka wa mayi, amatha kubweretsa matenda a hemolytic a akhanda (Beer 1975) Momwemonso, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti mkaka wokhala ndi ma antibodies ophatikiza "ma antigen amuna" sungalekere bwino ndi abale pambuyo pake, zomwe zingayambitse mavuto a yoyamwitsa komanso kutsitsa kwake koyambirira, komanso matupi awo sagwirizana. Komabe, kuwunika kwa mabuku azachipatala kumapereka chithunzi chosiyana kotheratu: dongosolo lobadwira silikugwirizana ndi nthawi yoyamwitsa kapena nthawi zambiri imagwirizana nayo (Martin 2002) Pafupipafupi matenda a m'matumbo a m'matumbo obadwa mwatsopano amachokera ku 0,01% mpaka 7,5% (Hildebrand xnumx; Pumberger xnumx; Xanthakos 2005), pomwe akhanda amuna ndi akazi onse amakhudzidwa. Zina zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi ziwerengerozi ndizokhudza mkaka wa ng'ombe.

Tikubwerezanso kuti kuchokera pakusintha kwina, kusasinthika kwa chibadwa cha mwana wosabadwa sichili chanzeru kwa mayi. Phylogenesis yaumunthu ngati chinyama chimakhala zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Chifukwa chiyani kwanthawi yayitali mthupi la munthu simunapange njira zoyenera zotetezera zokwera mtengo potengera mayankho a chitetezo cha mthupi? Mayankho okhudzana ndi chitetezo chathupi mthupi la mkazi nthawi yomwe amakhala akusinthika modabwitsa komanso kosapeweka kwa thupi la mayi wathanzi monga kutenga pakati kwa mwana wamwamuna, komwe kumayambitsa 50% ya mimba zonse, kumabweretsa mavuto osaneneka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso chisinthiko. Phylogeneis nthawi zonse imatsogolera pakusankhidwa ndi kusungidwa bwino kwambiri kwamitundu. Mwachitsanzo, pali umboni wofunikira wosankha kuti wokwatirana ndi wamwamuna amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zovuta zambiri za mbiri ya mbiri ya anthu (GCS) (Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), ndiye kuti, pamlingo wa phylogenetic, mitundu ya zinthu imapangidwa kuti ichulukitse mitundu yosiyanasiyana pamaziko a GCS ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kwa ana (Williams 2012; Guleria 2007).

Poteteza chiphunzitso chake, Bogert amapereka mwachitsanzo monga kuyankha kwa chitetezo cha mthupi monga kumenyera kwa nkhondo ya Rh (RCH) (Bogaert 2011), zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a hemolytic a akhanda - akuganiza kuti zodabwitsazi (zomwe zili pachiwopsezo zili pafupifupi 15% ya anthu (Izetbegovic 2013)) sizinasoweke pa chisinthiko. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ma frequency a FC m'mbuyomu anthu monga mtundu anali otsika kwambiri. Pakadali pano, chinthu chosinthika monga chisokonezo cha anthu chimawonedwa, chifukwa chake sichikuwoneka chodabwitsa kuti njira zachilengedwe zoletsa kusamvana kwa Rhesus sizinakhalepobe. Ndi kapangidwe ka transplantology, mtundu wa anthu wakumana ndi zinthu zomwe kale sizinachitike ngati njira zotsutsana ndi chitetezo (pafupifupi 100% ya olandira), sizodabwitsa kuti anthu alibe njira zachilengedwe zopondera. Pankhani ya RCH ndikuwonjezera kukana komwe kumachitika munthu ngati nyama, sipanatenge nthawi yochulukirapo yopanga njira zowalipirira¹³. Kumbali ina, kusasunthika kosakhazikika kwa chitetezo chamthupi cha amayi omwe ali ndi 50% ya ana awo kukadabwitsa.

Mwambiri, zikuwoneka zokayikitsa kuti pali zinthu zina kapena zina za mwana wosabadwa zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu za antigenic zokhazokha za amuna okha. Testosterone yaulere, yogwiritsa ntchito ma cell a globulin kapena cell membrane androgen receptor, imakhala yotsutsana ndi amayi chifukwa onsewa amapezekanso m'thupi la akazi.

Kachiwiri, lingaliro loti ma antibodies ena a amayi amatha kuwononga ubongo wa mwana wosabadwayo (zomwe zimatsogolera ku "kukopa kwake"), koma panthawi imodzimodziyo s kuphwanya ntchito zina zilizonse zaubongo ndipo sizimakhudza ma testicles (okhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa Y-chromosome ) - ndikuti, kuyika pang'ono, kutsutsana.

Ngati, ngati, chitetezo cha mthupi chachitika chifukwa cha "ma antijeni achimuna", ma antibodies achiberekedwe amakhala kuti amakhudza kwambiri ma testes makamaka omwe ali ndi "antigen amuna" kuposa ubongo. Mitundu yambiri yachimuna imadziwika (i.e., yomwe ili pa Y chromosome) (Ginalksi xnumx) Mawonekedwe amtunduwu - ndiko kuti, kuwerenga kwa ma protein ndi kapangidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi - zimachitika osati kwambiri muubongo, koma makamaka pama testes, omwe akuyenera kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha "anti-male" immune system, osati ubongo. (Ginalksi xnumx) Mwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwa testicular pathologies kumawonedwa: hypospadias, cryptorchidism, khansa ya testicular, etc., komabe, palibe kulumikizana kwa zovuta zama testicular ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena ESB komwe kunapezeka (Pierik xnumx; Flannery xnumx) Kuphatikiza apo, ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti amuna omwe ali ndi hypospadias, ngakhale ali ndi magawo ochepa a testosterone pa nthawi ya kakulidwe ka abereki, ali ndi milingo yapamwamba yapamwamba kwambiri (Sandberg 1995) Titha kuyembekezanso kuti mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kutha msinkhu kudzachitika pambuyo pake chifukwa cha zotupa zoyeserera pathupi, komabe, maphunziro akulu sanawonetse kusiyana mumsinkhu wazaka kutengera kutengera zomwe amakonda.Savin-Williams 2006).

Kuphatikiza apo, kuyamwa kwa ma antibodies a amayi kudzera mu ubongo kudzera mu ubongo wa fetal sikungatheke chifukwa cha magazi-ubongo chotchinga (BBB), chomwe chimapangidwa kale pa sabata la 4-thZusman 2004) Ma antibodies oterowo amatha kuthana ndi BBB pokhapokha ndi zovuta zakutsogolo - ndikuphwanya ntchito yoteteza, yomwe ingayambitse kuwonongeka kwamitsempha muubongo. Komabe, ngati fetal BBB ili munthawi yabwinobwino, ndiye kuti kuphwanya chitetezo chamthupi kwa mayi sikupangitsa kuti minyewa iyambike kumene - BBB imaletsa ma antibodies. Pakufufuza kwakukulu komwe kumakhala ndi amayi a 17 283 azimayi omwe ali ndi ana, palibe ubale womwe udapezeka pakati pa amayi ogwidwa ndi ziwalo zoberekera komanso matenda amisala, kubwezeretsa m'maganizo, kupweteka, etc. (Flannery xnumx).

Komanso, kuganiza kuti ma antibodies opanga hypothetical amawonongera ubongo mwanjira yoti amachititsa kuti ukazi wawo ukhale wosatsimikizika. Pa nthawi ya embyogenesis, kusiyana kwa maubongo muubongo kumafotokozedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mapangidwe omaliza a ubongo, malingana ndi kugonana, amapezeka nthawi yakutha msinkhu, pomwe mphamvu yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi imalephera (Lenroot 2007; Paus xnumx) Lingaliro lokhalapo mu ubongo wa mluza wa bungwe la neural lodziwika mwa kugonana komweko ndiwokayikira kwambiri ndipo silinawonetsedwe motsimikiza (Lauterbach 2001; Nunez 2003) Kufufuza kwa MRI kunawonetsa kuwerengera kopanda tanthauzo pokhapokha kusiyana pamalingaliro amtundu wa ubongo wa akhanda, ndi machesi ofunika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (Zanin xnumx; Mitter 2015).

Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, tiziyembekeza kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi abale achikulire, omwe ali ndi ubongo "wachikazi", amakhala mu chiphunzitso cha akazi komanso machitidwe, chifukwa ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti kungokhulupirira kuti "demaskulinization" wa bongo ukhudzanso zomwe anyamata amafuna, koma adutsanso zina machitidwe achimuna. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti maphunziro ena, kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumagwirizana ndi ubongo wa "akazi", koma kukula kwa ubongo, malinga ndi kukula kwake ndi ntchito yake, kumachitika makamaka pakubadwa, chifukwa chake olemba omwewo, ndi zotsatira za pambuyo pa kubala zinachitikira, osati zinthu zakulera. Kafukufuku wa Bogaert et al. (2003; 2005); Kishida et al. (2015); Semenyna et al. (2017) sizinawonetse kulumikizana pakati pa ESB ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zachikazi mwa amuna.

Chachitatu, ubale wapakati pa hypothetical intrauterine immune lesion, kuchuluka kwa abale okalamba, kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kuchepetsa thupi pobadwa, ndikutero.

Monga umboni wa vuto lodzitchinjiriza, chitetezo cha ESB hypothesis ndi kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo cha mthupi zimafotokoza kuti amuna omwe ali ndi abale okalamba anali ndi kulemera kochepera (Blanchard 2001) Kutsika kwa kulemera kwa thupi pakubadwa kwa anyamata omwe ali ndi abale achikulire, m'maphunziro a Blanchard anali pafupi magalamu a 170 (5% ya kulemera kwamthupi) (Blanchard 2001) Malinga ndi zomwe takambirana, kuchepa kofananako kuyenera kuonedwa kwa anyamata omwe amakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi abale achikulire, ndipo sayenera kuonedwa mwa atsikana. Komabe, izi siziri chomwecho - mu kafukufuku waku Kinorway, omwe adaphunzira za chiyanjano cha mayankho okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha thupi komanso kuchepa thupi pobadwa, milandu ya kubadwa kwa 181 000 idawerengeredwa, ndipo kuchepa thupi pobadwa kumawonedwa pakati pa atsikana ndi anyamata onse (Magnus 1985) Kuphatikiza apo, "wamkulu abale athari" adadziwika kwambiri pa amuna ndi akazi ndipo anali otsika kwambiri - 0,6%, yowonetsedwa pakusiyana kwa magwiritsidwe a 20 ± 4,5 magawo okhudzana ndi kulemera kwa masiku onse mu magalamu a 3 500 (Magnus 1985).

Malinga ndi izi, gawo la zomwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimapangitsa pakuchepetsa thupi zimawoneka zokayikira. Ndizachilendo kuti Magnus ndi anzawo mu kafukufuku wawo adaphunziranso za momwe ma antigen a abambo amatha kulemera ana akhanda - munkhaniyi adati kuti ngati kuchepa kwa thupi kumayambitsidwa ndi chitetezo cha mthupi cha antigenot antigen, zizindikirika mu anyamata ndi atsikana onse .. Magnus ndipo anzawo adaphunzira kuchuluka kwa ana amuna ndi akazi onse obadwa mwa amayi omwe alowa muukwati watsopano ndikubala ana atsopano - ngati kuchepa kwa thupi kumachitika chifukwa cha mayankho oyenda mthupi, kulemera kwa ana a mamuna wina kuyenera kukhala kubwerera ku zisonyezo zoyambirira, popeza bambo winayo ndiwonyamula ma antigen atsopano ndipo njira yotsogola yopangira chitetezo ndiyofunikira kuti pakhale chitetezo cha mthupi (chitetezo cha mthupi) zingapo (Magnus 1985) Komabe, kulemera kwa thupi pakubadwa kwa ana kuchokera kwa bambo wina kumakhalabe kocheperako, ndipo olemba anazindikira kuti ubale wamagulu aliwonse oteteza kumatenda ndi kuchepa kwa thupi pobadwa sikutsimikiziridwa mu zitsanzo zawo (Magnus 1985).

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepetsa thupi pobadwa zimatha kukhala: (a) kukhazikika; (b) kusakwanira kwa placental; (c) Matenda a autoimmune, mwachitsanzo, a systemic lupus erythematosus (ophatikizidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya kubereka); (d) zovuta za ma pathologies omwe amakhudzana ndi zovuta zama testicular. Palibe mwazonsezi pamwambapa chomwe chadziwika kuti ndi amuna achimuna omwe ali ndi abale akulu.

Chiyanjano cha kuchepa thupi pakubadwa ndi mayankho a chitetezo cha mthupi sichinafotokozedwe bwino ndipo chikadali vuto lalikulu. Malinga ndi James (2006) kuchepa kwakukulu kwa thupi pobadwa kumatha kukhala chifukwa champhamvu ya testosterone (Manikkam 2004) Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa testosterone m'thupi la akazi kumalumikizidwa ndi mwayi wowonjezereka wobala mwana wamwamuna (James xnumx; James 2004b) Blanchard, popanga mtundu wake waukadaulo wotsimikizira izi, adafufuza Gualtieri and Hick (1985)yemwe adanena kuti gawo logonana la ana obadwa limasinthira kugonana kwa akazi kutengera kuchuluka kwa ana (mwanjira ina, ana ochulukirapo amabadwira m'banjamo, ndi pomwe mwana wamwamuna sangabadwe). Komabe, panali vuto potanthauzira mu phunziroli (onani James xnumx, p. 52; James xnumx) Mosiyana ndi izi, maphunziro akulu kwambiri: kusanthula kwa kubadwa kwa 4 miliyoni ku France (James xnumx) ndi kubadwa kwa 150 zikwizikwi ku USA (Ben-porath xnumx) adaulula kuti kuthekera kobala mwana wamwamuna kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa abale achikulire ndikuchepera ndi kuchuluka kwa alongo achikulire, komwe kumatsutsana ndi ESB. Biggar et al. (1999) Kutengera ndi izi, tinapanga kuwunika kwa 1,4 ya obadwa miliyoni miliyoni ndipo tapeza kuti mwayi wokhala ndi mwana ukuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa abale okalamba.

Chachinayi, lingaliro loti mwana woyamba kubadwa m'banjamo sayenera kukonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, motero, chiwopsezo cha kukula kwawo chikuchulukirachulukira ndi kuchuluka kwa abale achikulire, ndikuti kuyika modekha, kopeka.

Si amuna onse ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi abale okalamba, pomwe, abale ena achikulire kapena anyamata okha m'banjamo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ochirikiza tsikulo adatsimikizira kuti amayi a amuna oterewa amachotsa mimbayo kwa mwana wamwamuna asanabadwe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti matendawa agwire. Kuchuluka kwa maanja omwe amachotsa mimbayo ndi 1%; Pafupifupi theka la milandu iyi, mwana wosabadwayo amakhala ndi karyotype wabwinobwino, ndiye kuti, tingaganize kuti hafu ya kuchotsa mimbayo imachitika chifukwa cha zochita za chitetezo cha mthupi.Lee 2000) Komabe, kafukufuku wokhudza kuchuluka kwa maimidwe omwe amafa chifukwa cha kuchotsa mimbayo akuwonetsa kuti oposa theka anali achikazi: Chiwerengero cha amuna / akazi ndi 0,76 (Eiben xnumx), 0,71 (Eiben xnumx), 1,03 (Khalani xnumx); 0,77 (Smith 1998), 0,77 (Evdokimova 2000), 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx), 0,35 (Halder 2006), 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

Mosiyana ndi izi, malinga ndi kusinkhasinkha kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi, ubongo wa mwana aliyense wamwamuna m'mimba umayenera kugwiridwa ndi mphamvu zochulukirachulukira mu mimbayo yonse yomwe ikubwera, kutanthauza kuti, kupitilira kukhala “akazi”, sichoncho. Osati abale onse ang'ono a amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amakonda zomwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, abale achichepere a amuna omwe ali ndi kuphwanya lamulo la jenda - omwe ubongo wawo, malinga ndi malingaliro a Blanchard, amayenera "kupitilira ukazi" - amakula mwachizolowezi (Green xnumx).

Komanso, malinga ndi zomwe ena amaganiza, zitha kuyembekezeredwa kuti abale omwe adabadwa pambuyo pake azikhala ndi mavuto ambiri akuthupi chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza zochokera kwa mayi, komabe, izi ndizowona: lamulo lakubadwa pambuyo pake limagwirizana makamaka ndikusintha m'malo mowonongeka thanzi (Juntunen xnumx; Cardwell xnumx; Sorenson 2005; Richiardi xnumx).

Kufotokozera Kwa Khalidwe Lathu Pakufotokozera Kwa ESB

Olembako chidziwitso cha matala

“… Palinso, zina, mafotokozedwe ena omwe angakhalepo chifukwa cha mchimwene wawo wamkulu kupatula lingaliro la chitetezo chamthupi cha amayi. Chodziwika kwambiri chotsutsana nchakuti kugonana ndi amuna achikulire kumawonjezera mwayi wamnyamata wokhala ndi chidwi chofuna kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo, komanso kuti mwayi wamnyamata wochita nawo izi ukuwonjezeka molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi abale ake achikulire ... ”(Ellis 2001).

Wellings ndi anzawo (1994, pp. 204 - 206) adapeza kuti abambo omwe amapita kusukulu za boarding za anyamata ali ndi mwayi wofotokoza zomwe amachita pa moyo wawo kuposa abambo omwe sanapite kusukulu zoterezi, koma panali kusiyana pamiyesoyo amene amafotokoza za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akadzakula. ” Blanchard (Ellis 2001) zomwe zatulutsidwa Wellings and anzake (1994) ngati umboni kuti zonena za anthu ena sizothandiza. Komabe, adatanthauzira izi mwanjira yachilendo. Wellings patsamba 206 imapereka chithunzi chowonetsa kuti pafupifupi 1,5% ya amuna a 7925 omwe sanapite kusukulu ya boarding adanenapo zofanizira zokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zaka XXUMX zapitazi, ndi 5% ya amuna a 2 omwe adapita kusukulu sukulu yama boarding. Mwachidziwikire, izi (zosasinthika kukula kwa magulu) zimalankhula makamaka m'malo mokomera ena. Ganizirani maphunziro ena okhudzana ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Blanchard iyemwini adawonetsa kuti mwa amuna ogona ana, pafupifupi 25% anali ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Blanchard 2000b). Izi ndi zowirikiza kakhumi poyerekeza chiwerewere cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa amuna omwe amafuna kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Anthu ena akuti pakati pa amuna, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhala ndi chifukwa chofala, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi zochitika zakugonana (kapena zachiwerewere) ali aang'ono (James 2004). Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, kuzolowera kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalepheretsa mapangidwe azakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha atakula. Chitipa (1992) adapeza kuti mwa achinyamata, kusatsimikizika pazomwe amakonda pakugonana kumachepa ndi msinkhu: olemba awa akuwonetsa kuti kudziwika kwakugonana kumayamba msinkhu waunyamata ndipo kumawongoleredwa ndi chidziwitso chakugonana.

Kuphatikiza apo, zochitika zambiri za nkhanza zogonana muubwana zimawonedwa pakati pa amuna achimuna kuposa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Paul 2001; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); panali mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa nkhanza wamwamuna ndi wogwiriridwa.Glasser 2001); kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komwe akuti akulimbikitsidwa kapena kukakamizidwa kuchita zogonana mpaka zaka 19 (Cunningham 1994); Poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira, ziwonetsero zapamwamba za zokonda za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimawonedwa mwa anyamata omwe amachitidwa zachipongwe ali mwana (Johnson 1987; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre mkati Tate xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; Glasser 2001; Rind xnumx; Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; Laumann xnumx; Lenderking 1997; Paul 2001; Tomeo 2001; Freund xnumx) Titha kunena kuti chidwi chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale atakhala kuti ndi chinthu chotani chomwe chimakopa, chimakhala ndi chifukwa chofala. Kafukufuku wa Blanchard adawonetsa kuti SBE imawonekanso pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna azikhalidwe zosavuta, ndiye kuti, anthu otere amakhala ndi abale achikulire (Bogaert 1997).

Lee et al. (2002) adayesa kuti akhazikitse zinthu ziti zomwe zingachitike pangozi - kuzunza mwana, mavuto amachitidwe, komanso nkhanza kwa ana - zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izi: pedophilia, chiwonetsero, nkhanza. Kugwiriridwa kwa ana chinali chiopsezo cha pedophilia. Zina zokhudzana ndi izi (kuzunzidwa kwa m'maganizo ndi zovuta zazikhalidwe) sizinalumikizane kwambiri ndi pedophilia. Kuphatikiza apo, poganizira kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa abale angapo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'banjamo ndi abale, achibale amayenera kuonedwa ngati njira ina pofotokozera mafotokozedwe ake. Mbale wina (nthawi zambiri wachikulire) akaonetsa zizolowezi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, abale ena amakhala pachiwopsezo chakunyengereredwa kapena kugwiriridwa, zomwe zingathe kukonza zomwe amachita amuna kapena akazi anzawo (Cameron 1995) Malinga ndi ziwerengero zaku Britain, 38% ya milandu yachiwerewere m'mabanja imachitika mchimwene wake (Cawson xnumx) Malinga ndi wofufuzayo Bartlett (2018), zokambirana mu psychology yodziwika zodziwika ngati umunthu wa munthu wamkulu umapangidwa malinga ndi dongosolo la kubadwa kwake ndi nkhani yayitali yokhala ndi mabuku ambiri asayansi omwe amafotokoza masauzande a zofalitsa (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; Salmon xnumx) Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi apangidwa pamalingaliro akuti mpikisano pakati pa abale ndi alongo chifukwa chothandiza chidwi cha makolo umatsogolera ku mfundo yoti dongosolo la kubadwa kwa ana m'mabanja limakhudza mikhalidwe ya ana. Popeza ana amasinthasintha magwiritsidwe ntchito amisomano zosiyanasiyana m'banjamo, monga lamulo, ana okulirapo amakhala opambana ndipo amatenga gawo limodzi la mphamvu zawo za makolo, pomwe pambuyo pake ana amakhala omasuka komanso ochezeka (Sulloway 1996) Tiyenera kudziwa kuti popeza kukula kwamabanja osiyanasiyana komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu palimodzi ndi zitsanzo zazing'ono zimakhudza kwambiri zotsatira za kuwerengera, maphunziro omwe amatha kuphunzitsidwa mozama ngati a ESB ayenera kukhala ndi kufananirana ndi abale a 30 chikwi, momwe maphunziro omwe amafananizira zitsanzo zofananira kuchokera m'mabanja amawonedwa kukhala oyenera kuyambira mabanja a 500 (Paulhus 2008) Ngakhale maphunziro omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zazing'ono amawonetsa zosemphana pa ESB, m'maphunziro akulu (i.e. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), kusunthidwa kwa dongosolo lobadwira pamikhalidwe ya munthu (Damian xnumxa) Zomwe zowonetsa bwino izi zimawonetsa kuchita bwino komwe zizindikiritso za mwana aliyense wotsatira zimagwera pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a njira zopatuka ngati mwana akhala wamkulu.Kristensen 2007), zomwe zikuwonetsa poyera kuti choyambitsa vutoli ndikuchepa kwa kusungirako kwa makolo, osati njira zakuberekera zamkati. Kafukufuku wambiri amawonetsanso momwe zotsatira za kubadwira pamakhalidwe monga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kupambana kwachuma, ndi chiwopsezo chodzipha (Bjørngaard 2013; Xnumx wakuda).

Chifukwa chake, maziko azachilengedwe akukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, olimbikitsidwa ndi lingaliro lamakonzedwe a kubadwa kwa abale, alibe chithandizo chilichonse, pomwe pali umboni wamphamvu wotsutsa izi.

Mkhalidwe wa LGBT + Attitude - Blanchard Movement

Tiyerekeze kuti ESB ndi Katemera wa amayi akuchitika ndipo zimapangitsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe. Pankhaniyi, malingaliro a Blanchard amaphatikiza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - komanso m'magulu amakono a LGBT +, uku ndikunyoza. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi American Psychological Association, chilakolako chogonana komanso chizindikiritso chogonana ndizinthu zosagwirizana kwathunthu (APA 2011 / 2014) Malinga ndi malingaliro a Blanchard, transsexualism ndi njira yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi (1) chiwonetsero chazikulu kwambiri cha zokopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, momwe "ukazi" waubongo umatchulidwira kotero kuti umakhudzanso kudziwika kwa kugonana; kapena (2) kupatuka kwamalingaliro komwe kukopeka sikumayang'aniridwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okha, koma paokha mwa chithunzi cha yemwe ndi amuna kapena akazi (Blanchard adatcha mkhalidwe wotsiriza "autogynephilia"¹⁴) ((Blanchard 1989; Bailey 2003) Blanchard mosasamala kanthu amaganiza kuti transsexualism ndi chinthu chopatsa mphamvu. Komanso, pakufunsidwa, Blanchard adatinso:

"... Ndinganene kuti ngati zingatheke kuyambira pachiwonetsero, ndikunyalanyaza mbiri yonse yotsutsana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku DSM, kugonana kwachikhalidwe ndizomwe zimakhudzana ndi kubereka¹⁵... "(Cameron 2013).

Kulimba mtima kotereku kumabweretsa kusakhutira pakati pa oimira "LGBT +" - kayendedwe, makamaka m'malo omwe amayimira "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; Troadsmap; Dreger 2008; Serano 2010).

Othandizira a "LGBT +" alemba za Blanchard - kayendedwe:

“… Nthawi zambiri Blanchard amatchulidwa ndi magulu odana ndi LGBT (…) Ndipo bwanji? Blanchard anakulira Mkatolika, ali ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe kuti kugonana kulikonse komwe sikumakhudza mbolo ndi nyini ndizachilendo (...) Ngati Dr. Blanchard anali mtedza uliwonse wopanda udindo komanso ulamuliro, akanatha kunyozedwa mosavuta. Koma sizili choncho - m'malo mwake, anali pa komiti ya JSM yoyang'anira ma paraphilias ndi zovuta zogonana (...) Amatsutsa poyera anthu a LGBT ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

Komabe, kutsimikizira kwa malingaliro a Blanchard kumapereka chikaikiro chimodzi mwaziphunzitso zofunikira kwambiri za "LGBT +" - kayendedwe - lingaliro la kupendekeka kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa kukopeka ndi kugonana kwa chinthu. Zowonadi, pamenepa, chifukwa cha kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chidzaululidwa - PATHOLOGICAL chitetezo cha mthupi. Popanda kutero, olimbikitsa okhazikitsa "LGBT +" adzafunika kuti asokoneze kamvedwe kamankhwala ndi sayansi mwanjira yoti awerenge kuyankha komwe kumayambitsa matenda osokoneza bongo, kuchepa thupi, kuchepa kwa kubereka, kusintha kwa nzeru zam'maganizo zomwe zimafuna mankhwala a mahomoni ndi kuchitira opaleshoni, komanso zokonda za pedophilic komanso chizolowezi chochita zachiwawa ndi njira yofananira.

Kuphatikiza apo, padzakhala chiyembekezo chopewa zokonda za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mwa kufanana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma anti-Rhesus immunoglobulins pa mimbayi yotsutsana ndi Rh. Ndi gawo liti la makolo amtsogolo, ngakhale iwo omwe ali odzipereka ku gulu la "LGBT +", sangakane mwayi wochepetsera chiopsezo chokopa anyamata kapena amuna anzawo. Zowonadi, masiku ano, mayi aliyense amafotokozedwa mosamala za kuvomerezeka komanso chizolowezi chochotsa mimbayo. Kodi ufulu wa mzimayi wowongolera moyo wa mwana wosabadwayo nawonso udzafika mpaka ku ufulu wakusintha machitidwe ake ogonana mtsogolo, kapena kodi padzakhala choletsa chisankho ndi kutsutsa kwa akatswiri omwe adzapatse mwayi wotere?

Njira zingapo, pakadali pano, izi ndizovuta.

Mavuto otanthauzira

Pali zolephera zina zamkati pazotsatira zamaphunziro opatsa chidwi, zofanana ndi zomwe takambirana m'magawo apitawa. Kunyalanyaza izi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zosinthira molakwika pakufufuza m'malo a anthu. Ndikoyesa kuganiza kuti, monga momwe chithunzi cha kapangidwe ka ubongo unayambira, kuti ngati mbiri yachilengedwe imalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe enaake amachitidwe kapena malingaliro, ndiye kuti mbiri yachilengedwe ndiyo ndiyomwe idayambitsa khalidweli. Kulingalira kumeneku ndikokhazikika pa cholakwika.

Tikuwonetsa mwachidule zina zofooka zomwe zili m'mbali iyi ya kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo lotsatirali. Tiyerekeze kuti tiyenera kuchita kafukufuku wofanana ndi ubongo wa alangizi a yoga ndi omanga thupi. Ngati mungafufuze motalika, ndiye kuti pamapeto pake padzakhala kusiyana kwakukulu m'dera lililonse la magulu a ubongo kapena ntchito zaubongo pakati pa magulu awa. Koma izi sizingatanthauze kuti kusiyana kotereku kumatsimikizira mawonekedwe a zovuta za moyo wophunzitsira wa yoga komanso wopanga zolimbitsa thupi. Makhalidwe aubongo atha kukhala zotsatira osati chifukwa chamachitidwe osiyana ndi zomwe amakonda. Kafukufuku wa neuroplasticity akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kukhalapo kwa nthawi yovuta kwambiri yomwe ubongo umasinthika mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, pakulankhula kwa ana aang'ono), ubongo umapitilizabe kusintha moyo wonse, kuyankha momwe amagwirira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kapena kusewera chida choimbira), zokumana nazo m'moyo, psychotherapy, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuvutika m'maganizo ndi maubale. Kuti muwone zowunikira komanso zopezeka pa maphunziro a neuroplasticity, onani Doidge 2007.

Kudziwona ngati china chake chiri ndi chifukwa chachilengedwe ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, ndipo kuzindikira mtundu wamtunduwu ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Kafukufuku yemwe amalephera kupereka umboni wosatsutsika wosonyeza kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "amabadwa mwanjira imeneyi" sagwirizana kwenikweni, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

Nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo, m'maphunziro amapasa awiri, umboni umawonetsa kuti zinthu zoyambirira zam'mlengalenga zimayambitsa zomwe zimachitika pakubwera kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuphatikizana pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi sikutanthauza konse kuti pali ubale wapakati pakati pawo. Osewera mpira wa basketball ndi wamtali - kusewera basketball ndithudi kumalumikizana ndi kukula kwakukulu. Komabe, palibe "basketball gene". Mwachidziwikire, kulumikizana kwina kosangalatsa kumawonetsedwa ngati zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa zolinga zazandale komanso zabodza.

Pamapeto pake, tingoyerekeza kuti anthu ena atha kukhala ndi chidwi chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha majini, zolengedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azikondana ndi mahomoni, kapena umunthu wina. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chinthu chatsopano? Ayi, osamvetsetsa momwe izi zimayimiridwira ndi ofalitsa nkhani komanso chikhalidwe chotchuka. Anyamata achichepere komanso aluso omwe abambo awo sanamverere polera, sanali chitsanzo cha mtundu woyenera wa amuna, akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chotengera kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Izi siziri chifukwa cha "jini" yemwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro komwe kumachitika pakudziwika kwa kugonana. Anyamata oterewa amafunikira kudzidalira komanso kuyang'aniridwa ndi amuna. Chithunzithunzi chofananachi chimawonedwa kwa atsikana omwe sagwirizana ndi mbiri yakale yogonana. Mavuto ndi zosowa zam'maganizo za ana oterowo nthawi zambiri zimaseweredwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano mdziko lapansi pakugonana.

Izi zitsanzo zikuwonetsa bvuto limodzi lomwe limadza ndi kutanthauzira kofala kwa maphunziro ngati awa - lingaliro loti ma neurobiologicalological ndiwo amatsimikizira mtundu wamakhalidwe.

Ngati chilengedwe chimapatsa munthu chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye bwanji sichimamupatsa mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti azindikire? Mwachitsanzo, kachulukidwe kakakulu ndi kosiyanasiyana kwamkati mwa rectum, komwe kamatha kupirira kukangana kwa nthawi yayitali, komwe kumabweretsa timinyewa tambiri timene timatulutsa mafuta ambiri, cholembera chaching'ono kuti chilowe mkati mwa rectum, etc. Tsopano, ngati malingaliro awa analipo pakati pa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti wina akhoza kulankhula za kubadwa. Ngati, ali ndi makulidwe abwinobwino a chromosomes komanso njira yokhazikika yoberekera, amakopeka ndi chinthu chomwe sichingatheke kuchigwiritsa ntchito pazomwe akufuna, ndiye kuti kukambirana pazomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono izi.

Maganizo a ena oimira gulu la "LGBT +"

American Psychological Association ku 2014 idapereka chitsogozo cha matenda amisala ndi psychology. Nawa maumboni mwachindunji:

"... Pakadali pano, palibe majini omwe apezeka omwe angakhale okhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ..." (Rosario in APA 2014, p. 579)

"... Chowonadi chosatsutsika ndichakuti machitidwe ogonana amunthu amatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zambiri: zachilengedwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chosankha ..." (Kleinplatz in APA 2014, p. 256).

Wolemba machaputala angapo kuchokera ku utsogoleri wa APA ndi membala wa komiti ya akatswiri ya APA, Pulofesa Lisa Diamond, yemwe samabisa zofuna zake. Daimani amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha chibadwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ali ndi chitsimikizo kuti malingaliro oti "ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adabadwa motero ndipo sangasinthe" ndizolakwika. Mu chaka cha 2013, m'maphunziro ku yunivesite ya Cornell, Diamond adati:

“… Ndikukhulupirira kuti gulu lachifumu lisiye kunena kuti" tidabadwa motere ndipo sitingathe kusintha ", ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa polimbana ... Ndiganiza kuti sitifunikiranso mkanganowu ngakhale kupweteka, chifukwa lero mawu okhutiritsa apezeka deta ya sayansi yodziwika ku "mbali inayo" komanso kwa ife ... "(Diamond 2013).

Wolemba mabuku ambiri onena za zaluso ndi nzeru, yemwe samabisa zomwe amakonda, azachipani cha American Camilla Paglia, akuti:

"... Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sizachilendo. Osatengera izi, ndizovuta kwa zomwe zimachitika ... The Queer theorists - gulu lowuma la freeloader scammers - ayesa kutenga maphunziro aposachedwa, ponena kuti palibe chabwinobwino, chifukwa zonse zimangokhala mwachisawawa. Awa ndi mathero akufa opusa pomwe anthu okhudzidwa ndi mawu amagwa akakhala ogontha, opusa komanso osawona dziko lomwe lawazungulira. Chilengedwe chilipo, kaya asayansi amakonda kapena ayi, koma m'chilengedwe, kubereka ndi lamulo lokhalo komanso losasinthika. Izi ndizofala. Matupi a jenda amapangidwa kuti abereke. Mboloyo imakwanira kumaliseche, ndipo palibe kutulutsa mawu kodabwitsa komwe kungasinthe izi ... Palibe amene amabadwa amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha. Lingaliro lokha ndilopusa ... Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikutengera, osati chinthu chobadwa nacho ... "(Paglia 1994, masamba 70 - 76).

Mtsogoleri wina wotchuka ku America, Cynthia Nixon, anagwidwa ndi LGBT +, gulu lofotokoza momveka bwino kuti kuyendetsa kwake amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumayendetsedwa ndi zomwe amasankha, osati biology (Witchell 2012).

Wogwiritsa ntchito wa LGBT + waku America - mtolankhani waku Brandon Ambrosino ananenanso kuti sanabadwe, koma mwanzeru anasankha moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Ambrosino 2014), zomwe zidakwiyitsa anzathu ena mgulu la "LGBT +" (Arana xnumx).

Feminist and LGBT + Activist - Karl Mantilla Movement munkhani yake alemba:

"... Ndakhala ndikuganiza kuti lingaliro la" LGBT + "- gulu logwiritsa ntchito kutsutsana zakusalongosoka ndilopunduka modabwitsa ... Zachidziwikire, ichi ndi chisankho - zikadakhala zotani? … Kwa kanthawi ndinapita ku kagulu ka amayi amene anaganiza zodzakhala akazi kapena amuna okhaokha. Nthawi ina, ndidafunsa funso ili: "Mumvetsetsa bwanji kuti ndinu lesibibi?" Mzimayi wina adayankha kuti samamverera kuti ali pafupi ndi amuna ndipo kuti akazi amamudziwa nthawi zonse. Wina nthawi yomweyo adati iyenso, amamva kuti amatha kukhala omasuka ndi azimayi. Enawo adavomereza. Kodi vuto linali chiyani? Pafupifupi azimayi onse amamva motere! Mkazi aliyense wamwamuna yemwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo omwe ndimamudziwa amakhala womasuka kudalira abwenzi ake, kumverera pafupi nawo, kumva bwino komanso kutseguka kwa akazi. Ngati ndizomwe zimafunika kuti munthu akhale lesibiyani, ndiye kuti akazi onse ndi azigonana. Izi ndizakale monga dziko lapansi ... madandaulo a azimayi omwe amuna awo samalankhula nawo, samvetsetsa momwe akumvera komanso alibe chidwi ndi zomwe akunena. Zina mwazinthu zofala kwambiri m'magazini azimayi ndi momwe mungapangire kuti amuna anu azilankhula momasuka ... kumverera kwa kuyandikira kwa munthu kulibe chilengedwe, ndichifukwa chamunthu komanso malingaliro amunthu ... pakapita nthawi zidawonekeratu kwa ine kuti azimayi gulu lowathandizirali limangodzimva kukhala olakwa kwambiri chifukwa chosiya amuna awo ... Chifukwa chake, lingaliro loti sakanatha kuchita chilichonse poti anali azigonana, kuti panali chifukwa chobadwa nawo, adawamasula ku mlandu ndi udindo wawo ... "(Mantilla xnumx).

Woyambitsa LGBT +, gulu lochokera ku California lotchedwa Gail Madwin, adapanganso tsamba lonse lomwe likutsutsa kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuli kwawokha, koma kumadalira kusankha komwe kumadziwika (Queer mwa kusankha). Mtsogoleri wakale wa LGBT +, gulu la David Benkof likuwonjezera kuti chidziwitso chakuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunatsimikizidwe ndi zinthu zina zilizonse (Benkof xnumx).

Mfundo

1: Tidabadwa motero
2 Nthawi zambiri sizigwirizana
3 Mwakuyeserera "mwamphamvu" pazokonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: 2 ndi ena otchedwa Mulingo wa Kinsey.
Chingerezi cha 4 GWAS, Maphunziro a Genome-Wide Association
5 mdera la asayansi adatengera machitidwe obwereza pamisonkhano - nkhani yochepa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 150 - mawu a 250 - ikatsatiridwa ndi kufalitsa kwa nkhani yonse mu mtolankhani
Chingerezi cha 6: mwina wobadwa ndi vuto
7 Pankhaniyi, kufalitsa zotsatira za munthu aliyense payekhapayekha kungakhale kochepa
Virilization wa 8 - mawu a zamankhwala obwera chifukwa chokhala amuna
9 Chingerezi: "interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus (INAH)"
10 Chingerezi: "chidziwitso choyambirira cha kuyankha kwamunthu (PPI)"
11 Chingerezi: "fraternal order order effect (FBO)"
12 Onani Gawo Lofufuzira la Twin
Kuphatikiza pa 13 Kuphatikiza apo, ma antigen omwe ali ndi vuto la PK komanso kutengidwa paukazitape ndi amodzi payekha (abambo pankhani ya PK), koma amphongo.
14 kuchokera ku Greek autos - "self-", gini - "mkazi" ndi filia - "chikondi"; "Kudzikonda wekha ngati mkazi"
15 Ndinganene kuti ngati munthu atayamba kuyambira pachiwonetsero, osaganizira mbiri yonse yochotsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku DSM, kugonana kwachikhalidwe ndizomwe zili zokhudzana ndi kubereka

zina zambiri

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