Zinthu zambiri pansipa zimasindikizidwa mu lipoti la kafukufuku. "Zosangalatsa za mayanjano ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha molingana ndi mfundo za sayansi". do:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

(1) Ana oleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha kuyendetsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osagwirizana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - zotsatirazi zidapezeka ngakhale ndi maphunziro omwe olemba odzipereka "LGBT +" adayambitsa.
(2) Maphunziro omwe atchulidwa ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito LGBT + - mayendedwe ndi othandizira anzawo (kuteteza zonena kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe ndi ana omwe adaleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) ali ndi zolakwika zazikulu. Mwa iwo: zitsanzo zazing'ono, njira yotsutsa yokopa omwe amafunsidwa, nthawi yayitali yowunikira, kusowa kwa magulu olamulira ndi kupikisana kwa magulu olamulira.
(3) Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi zitsanzo zazikulu zoyimira ndi nthawi yayitali yowunikira akuwonetsa kuti, kuwonjezera pa chiwopsezo chowonjezereka chotengera moyo wamtunduwu, ana oleredwa ndi makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi otsika kwa ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe m'njira zingapo.

Mau oyamba

M'chaka cha 2005, American Psychological Association (APA) idatumiza kalata yokhudza ana ochokera kwa "mabanja" ogonana amuna okhaokha (Patterson et al. 2005). Pambuyo pofufuza maphunziro osiyanasiyana a 59 a ana oterowo, APA sanawone umboni uliwonse wosonyeza kuti ana omwe ali m'mabanja ogonana amuna okhaokha amakhala ndi moyo woipa kuposa wazikhalidwe zawo. Zotsatira izi zakhala zikuwonetsedwa nthawi zambiri m'malo a LGBT + - kayendedwe, mwa zina, mu milandu yaku makhothi aku US - kuphatikiza Obergefell v. Hodges ”, yankho lomwe lidafanana ndi zibwenzi zamunthu yemwe ndimagonana ndi 26 June 2015.

Komabe, akatswiri ena sachita mantha kutsutsana ndi "chipani" ndikuwonetsa zolakwika zingapo mwamafukufuku omwe aperekedwa ndi APA (Chizindikiro 2012; Nock xnumx; Lerner 2001; Schumm xnumx) Komanso, ngakhale ofufuza amatsatira mgwirizano pokhudzana ndi "LGBT +" - kayendedwe ka maudindo¹amakakamizidwa kuti azisungitsa ndalama, ndipo pakudutsa, tchulani zolakwika zingapo zamaphunziro amenewo.Biblartz xnumx; Perrin 2002; Anderssen 2002; Tasker 2005; Meezan 2005; Kuchepetsa xnumx).

Wofufuza Walter Schumm akuchenjeza kuti zonena zowona zakusiyana kwake ndizoti, kuyika pang'ono, nthawi isanakwane, ndipo pali chiopsezo kuti owerenga angawatenge pamtengo. Adatinso kuti Patterson sanaphatikizepo maphunziro monga Sarantakos (1996a, 2000d) ndi Puryear (1983), omwe adapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ana a makolo omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pamafanidwe ndi maphunziro, malingaliro amtundu wa kugonana, mowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupatuka pazakugonana komanso kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi (Schumm xnumx).

Izi ndi zomwe akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu a Richwine ndi Marshall adalemba:

"... Kafukufuku wa sayansi yachitetezo cha anthu, kulephera kupeza umboni wazomwe zikufunikazo sikutanthauza kuti zotsatira zake sizipezeka. Ubwino wa kafukufuku womwe wachitika, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kukula komanso kuyimira kwa tsambalo, amathandiza akatswiri azikhalidwe kudziwa ngati zotsatirapo zake sizikupezeka kapena sapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowerengera. Gawo lofunika kwambiri lofufuzira ana m'mabanja omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha silimapereka mwayi wopatula mosiyanasiyana kusiyana pakati poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Makamaka, ntchito yayikulu yamaphunzirowa inali kungopeza ana okwanira kuti awunikire. Zambiri zomwe zilipo zomwe zimakhala ndi zambiri mwatsatanetsatane zilibe makolo ambiri omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti adziwike bwino. Mwachitsanzo, zolembedwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri "Add Health" zili ndi 50 yokha ya ana awa, ngakhale kuti ophunzira onse ndi 12105 ya achinyamata ... "(Richwine xnumx).

Wofufuza Lauren Marx adapanga kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane wa maphunziro omwe anali a 59 omwe APA imanena - tikambirana za nkhaniyi pansipa.

Phunziro la Lauren Marx

Mu 2012, magazini ya Social Science Research inafalitsa ntchito ya Lauren Marx, yemwe adayang'ananso za kafukufuku ndi njira ya maphunziro a 59, pomwe APA idakhazikitsa zomwe apeza (Chizindikiro 2012) Marx adawona kuti "ziganizo zofunikira, kuphatikiza zomwe zinapangidwa ndi APA, sizinapatsidwe mphamvu" ndipo "sizinali zachidziwikire sayansi," zitsanzo zinali zofanana; 26 yochokera ku maphunziro a 59 idalibe gulu loyang'anira amuna okhaokha, pomwe ena, azimayi opanda amuna (!) Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu lolamulira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe omwe anali nawo kafukufuku yemwe anali ndi mphamvu zowerengera zokwanira kuti adziwe zotsatira zake. Pansipa pali mavuto ofufuza.², pomwe olimbikitsa gulu la "LGBT +" amadalira, kuteteza mkangano wokhudza "kusamvana" pakati pa ana ochokera mabanja achikhalidwe chawo.

Makina osayimira

Kuti zambiri zomwe zasungidwa zasayansi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu onse, zitsanzo (magulu omwe adawerengeredwa) momwe idafotokozedwayi iyenera kuyimira anthu onse molondola momwe angathere. Cholondola kwambiri pakuphunzira sayansi ndi chitsanzo cha probabilistic - zitsanzo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aliyense wa anthu wamba akhale ndi mwayi wofanana wosankhidwa pamasamphenyawo, ndipo kusankha kumeneku ndikosankha. Komabe, zitsanzo zosayimira sizilola kupanga malingaliro odalirika okhudza anthu onse, chifukwa samayimira. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la chiwerengero cha anthu mdzikolo pazomwe boma likuchita silingaphunzitsidwe malinga ndi kafukufuku wa omwe adalimbikitsa chipani chimodzi; kuti awunike mozama, zitsanzo zomwe zikuthandizira zipani zonse ndi zina zambiri zofunika.

Zosankha zabwino

Zitsanzo "Zabwino" - mawerengero, zitsanzo zosavuta ndizomwe zitsanzozo sizinapezeke mwachitsanzo pomwe sikungakhale ndi data yokwanira kuti ipangire woyimira (mwachitsanzo, pafupipafupi kwambiri pazomwe zikuchitika). Zisankho zotere zimapezeka kuti ziwonetsedwe, koma sizikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, njira yopangira zitsanzo "zosavuta" zophunzirira makolo omwe ali paubwenzi ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikutsatsa m'manyuzipepala komanso magazini kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kenako ofufuza amafunsa anthu omwe amatsatira zotsatsa kuti alimbikitse ena omwe angafune kuchita nawo. Otsatirawa amafunsidwa kuti afotokozere ena omwe angayankhe, mwachitsanzo gululi limakula molingana ndi mfundo ya "snowball".³.

Ndizosavuta kuwona momwe zitsanzo zosavuta "zingakhalire zopanda chiyembekezo pophunzira ambiri. Anthu omwe ali ndi zokumana nazo zoipa ngati makolo sangakhale odzipereka pakufufuza kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi zokumana nazo zabwino. Kusankhidwa kwa chipale chofewa kumayeneranso kupanga zitsanzo zosakhala bwino, chifukwa chake azungu ndi olemera okhala m'mizinda amakhala makamaka pamaphunziro ambuyomu makolo ogonana amuna okhaokha.⁴. Kupeza masabibu ofunikira ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakafukufuku wa sayansi pakati pa anthu. Mosasamala kanthu za phunziroli kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akuphunzira, zitsanzo zazikulu ndi zoyimira zimafunikira kuti zitsimikizire zokhuza gulu lina.

Zitsanzo zazing'ono

M'maphunziro omwe APA idalira, kuchuluka kwa ana omwe adaleredwa m'mabanja omwe anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali 44 - pomwe chiwerengero chonse cha ana omwe anali pamalatawo chinali pafupifupi 12; kunalinso amayi achigololo a 18 mu phunziroli, pomwe panali azimayi chikwi cha 14 chikwi mu zitsanzo (Kim Xnumx) Chiwerengero cha ana omwe aleredwa ndi makolo ogonana amuna okhaokha omwe amaphunzira maphunziro a 44 nthawi zambiri anali 39 (Kim Xnumx).

Zotsatira zabodza

Zosankha zazing'ono zimawonjezera mwayi wopeza zotsatira zosatsata, mwachitsanzo, mawu oti palibe kusiyana panthawi yomwe ilipo. Ofufuzawo nthawi zonse amayesera momwe angathere kuti athetse mwayi wazotsatira zabodza. Pa kuwunika kwa 2001 pachaka (Lerner 2001) zidapezeka kuti kuchokera ku maphunziro a 22⁵ (yotchulidwa ndi LGBT + activists), m'mbali imodzi yokha panali zitsanzo zazikulu zokwanira kuchepetsa mwayi wazotsatira zabodza ku 25%. Pamafukufuku onse a 21, mwayi wazotsatira zabodza kuchokera 77% mpaka 92%.

Magulu olamulira osagwirizana kapena ayi konse

Kuti tinene kuti magulu awiri amasiyana pamiyeso iliyonse yomwe ikuphunziridwa, ndikofunikira kufananiza gulu lophunzirira (mwachitsanzo, ana oleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) ndi gulu lowongolera kapena lofananiza (mwachitsanzo, ana a mabanja achikhalidwe). Pakufufuza koyenera, magulu awiriwa-kuphunzira ndi kulamulira-ayenera kukhala ofanana kupatulapo makhalidwe omwe angakhudze zotsatira zomwe zikuphunziridwa. Pankhani yophunzira ana m'mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha kukopeka ndi kugonana ndi maubwenzi a makolo. Komabe, pakati pa maphunziro 59 omwe atchulidwa ndi APA mu lipoti lake la 2005, 33 okha ndi omwe anali ndi magulu olamulira, ndipo mwa 33, maphunziro 13 adagwiritsa ntchito ana omwe ali ndi amayi omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga gulu lawo lolamulira. M'maphunziro otsala a 20, magulu olamulira adafotokozedwa momveka bwino kuti "amayi" kapena "maanja," ndipo nthawi zambiri magulu olamulira adanenedwa momveka bwino kuti ndi ana omwe makolo awo adakwatirana.

Malinga ndi gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku Institute of American Valises:

“… Vuto lalikulu [pokambirana zakukhudzidwa kwa ana omwe akuleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha] ndikuti kafukufuku wambiri wosonyeza kusiyana kulikonse amachokera pakuyerekeza kwa amayi okhaokha ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amayi omwe adasudzulana okhaokha. Mwanjira ina, amafanizira ana ochokera m'mabanja ena opanda bambo ndi ana ochokera m'mabanja ena opanda bambo ... "(Marinda wa 2006).

Nkhani zina mwanjira

Ofufuzawo adakumana ndi zovuta zina zingapo zophunzitsira ana pophunzira ana a makolo omwe ali paubwenzi womwewo. Amakhala ndi zovuta zambiri, monga kudalirika kovomerezeka ndi kutsimikizika kwa kusanthula deta, komanso mayankho omwe angakhale ndi tsankho la omwe akutenga nawo mbali (mwachitsanzo makolo osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) pazifukwa zakunyinyirika (Meezah 2005; Lerner 2001) Kuphatikiza apo, mmaphunziro ambiri, onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali komanso ofufuza adadziwitsidwa za mtundu wa kafukufukuyu.⁶, ndipo izi zimatha kudzetsa zakusokonekera pamigulu ya ntchito yosonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula (Kim Xnumx) Kuphatikiza apo, ndi owerengeka ochepa okha omwe adaphunzira zotsatira zazitali, zazitali, pomwe zotsatira zina sizingawoneke mpaka kutha kwa unyamata (Perrin 2002; Kuchepetsa xnumx).

Kufufuza kwa Mark Regnerus

Mu Julayi 2012, nkhani yomwe inalembedwa m'magazini yotchedwa Social Science Research ya Chingelezi yofalitsa nkhani ya a Chingerezi inafalitsa nkhani ya a Mark Regnerus, pulofesa wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu pa Yunivesite ya Austin (Regnerus 2012a) Nkhaniyo inali yotchedwa "Kodi Ana Akuluakulu Amasiyana Bwanji Amuna Awo Amuna Kapena Amodzi?" Zotsatira zakufukufuku wa Zatsopano za Banja. ” Regnerus atafalitsa zomwe wapeza, magulu ankhondo owolowa manja komanso mabungwe omwe amagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adayambitsa kampeni yayikulu kuti adzinyozetse komanso adafufuza. Regnerus adalowererapo⁷: makumi zikwizikwi makalata otukwana omwe adatumizidwa ku imelo ndi kunyumba kwake, zonena zabodza, kutsutsa njira zake ndi zotsatira zake, akuyitanitsa ku bungwe la okonza kuti atulitse zomwe adatulutsa, komanso kwa utsogoleri wa University of Austin kuti amuchotse (Smith 2012, Wood 2013).

Kodi chinali chiyani chapadera ndi Regnerus? Regnerus adayang'ana anthu achikulire omwe adakulira m'mabanja amitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga: banja la amuna ndi akazi okwatirana; banja lomwe makolo awo anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; makolo oleredwa; banja ndi agogo / amayi opeza; banja la kholo limodzi ndi ena. Anapeza kuti pazizindikiro zingapo zokomera anthu, ana omwe makolo awo anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali osiyana ndi ana omwe amakulira m'mabanja athunthu, komanso kwa ana ochokera kwa makolo ena, kholo limodzi kapena lina.

Zotsatira za Regnerus

Regnerus munkhaniyi adawonetsa kuti cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufananitsa ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe chathunthu omwe ali ndi ana omwe makolo awo anali ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Poyerekeza ndi omwe amafunsidwa omwe adakulira ndi makolo omwe adabereka, omwe amayankha omwe amayi awo anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pamitundu iyi:

• Banja likulandila phindu la ndalama (17% (trad. Family) motsutsana 69% (mayi ali pachigololo.))
• Pakalipano ndalama (10% vs 38%)
• Pali ntchito yanthawi yonse (49% vs 26%)
• Pakadali pano pantchito (8% vs 28%)
• Amadzizindikiritsa ngati 100% heterosexual (90% vs 61%)
• Zachinyengo muukwati (13% vs 40%)
• Munayamba mwadwalapo ndi STD (8% vs 20%)
• Munayamba mwakumanapo ndi zakugonana kuchokera kwa makolo (2% vs 23%)
• Munayamba mwakakamizidwa kuchita zogonana (8% vs 31%)
• Index Achievement Education (Gulu Lapakati: 3,19 vs 2,39)
• Index ya Chitetezo cha Banja la Kholo (4,13 vs 3,12)
• Parent Family Negative Impact Index (2,30 vs 3,13)
• Index ya Depression Index (1,83 vs 2,20)
• Mulingo Wotsika (2,82 vs 3,43)
• Pafupipafupi pakugwiritsa ntchito chamba (1,32 vs 1,84)
• Kusuta pafupipafupi (1,79 vs 2,76)
• TV Frequency (3,01 vs 3,70)
• Pafupipafupi kumangidwa kwa apolisi (1,18 vs 1,68)
• Chiwerengero cha akazi ogonana nawo (mwa omwe amayankha mafunso achikazi) (0,22 vs 1,04)
• Chiwerengero cha akazi ogonana amuna (mwa omwe amayankha mafunso achikazi) (2,79 vs 4,02)
• Chiwerengero cha akazi ogonana amuna (mwa omwe amayankha) Amuna (0,20 vs 1,48)

Poyerekeza ndi omwe amafunsidwa omwe adakulira ndi makolo omwe adabereka, omwe amafunsidwa omwe abambo awo anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu munjira zotsatirazi:

• Banja likulandila phindu la chuma (17% (trad. Family) motsutsana 57% (bambo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.))
• Posachedwa panali malingaliro ofuna kudzipha (5% vs 24%)
• Pakalipano (10% vs 38%)
• Amadzizindikiritsa ngati 100% heterosexual (90% vs 71%)
• Munayamba mwadwalapo ndi STD (8% vs 25%)
• Munayamba mwakumanapo ndi zakugonana kuchokera kwa makolo (2% vs 6%)
• Munayamba mwakakamizidwa kuchita zogonana (8% vs 25%)
• Index Achievement Education (Gulu Lapakati: 3,19 vs 2,64)
• Index ya Chitetezo cha Banja la Kholo (4,13 vs 3,25)
• Parent Family Negative Impact Index (2,30 vs 2,90)
• Biological Amayi Oyandikira Index (4,17 vs 3,71)
• Index ya Depression Index (1,83 vs 2,18)
• Index ya Ubwenzi Wamakono (4,11 vs 3,63)
• Index yamavuto a maubale (2,04 vs 2,55)
• Kusuta pafupipafupi (1,79 vs 2,61)
• Pafupipafupi kumangidwa kwa apolisi (1,18 vs 1,75)
• Chiwerengero cha akazi ogonana nawo (mwa omwe amayankha mafunso achikazi) (0,22 vs 1,47)
• Chiwerengero cha akazi ogonana amuna (mwa omwe amayankha mafunso achikazi) (2,79 vs 5,92)
• Chiwerengero cha akazi ogonana amuna (mwa omwe amayankha) Amuna (0,20 vs 1,47)

Tisaiwale kuti zisonyezo za omwe anafunsidwa omwe makolo awo anali osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali osiyana kwambiri kuchokera kwa omwe amayankha kuchokera kumabanja achikhalidwe chathunthu, komanso kuchokera kwa ofunsidwa omwe adakulira m'mabanja ena (mabanja olera, ndi ena). Chokondweretsa ndichakuti kukhalapo kwa kholo lokonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhudza mapangidwe a kugonana pakati pa ana.

Kuvutitsa ena

Chofalitsachi chinayambitsa zotsatira za bomba lomwe likuphulika kutali kwambiri kuposa gulu la asayansi omwe amagwira ntchito zothandizira mabanja. Kupeza kumeneku kunasemphana ndi zomwe zikuluzikulu, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu gulu la sayansi laufulu ku America kuyambira pa chiyambi cha ma 2000 zokhudzana ndi kusapezeka kwa chilimbikitso chogonana ndi makolo pa ana ndikuyambitsa mkwiyo wa mabungwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Nthawi yomweyo a Regnerus adadziwika kuti ndi "osakwatiwa" ndipo adamuimbira mlandu motsutsana ndi kukhwimitsidwa kwa "maukwati" amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (nkhaniyi idachitika chisanachitike khoti lotchuka la Supreme Court of America), ngakhale a Regnerus sanatchulepo milanduyo penalemba. Ofalitsa nkhani anati ngakhale a Regnerus ndi "njovu yogulitsa ku China"Ferguson 2012).

Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe, a Gary Gates, director of the University of California's Institute for Sexual Oriental and Freedom, yemwe ndi mnzake wogwirizira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adatsogolera gulu la Madokotala a Philosophy ndi Medicine mazana awiri omwe adatumiza kalata kwa James Wright, mkonzi wamkulu wa Social Science Research, akufuna Fotokozani, "Kodi ndimotani momwe nkhaniyi imawunikidwira ndikuloledwa kufalitsa" (Mbale xnumx) Lembali lidalembedwa pa blog "The Movement for New Civil rights", lomwe linatsogozedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito "Scott Rose" - uwu ndi fanizo la wachiwonetsero wina wa LGBT + - gulu la Scott Rosenweig, lomwe linayesetsa kuyeserera Regnerus.

Rosenweig adauza utsogoleri wa University of Texas ku Austin kuti afufuze zomwe Regnerus adachita ngati "mlandu wabwino." Atsogoleri aku yunivesite adauza a Rosenweig kuti ayamba kufufuza kuti adziwe ngati zomwe Regnerus ali ndi "Corpus delicti" zofunikira kukhazikitsa kafukufuku. Nthawi yomweyo a Rosenweig adalemba nkhaniyo pabulogu yake, ndikuti "zikuwunikira zomwe Regnerus adachita" (Scott Rose 2012a). Kufufuzaku sikunawonetse zosagwirizana ndi zomwe Regnerus ikuchita pazoyeserera zamafukufuku; kafukufuku sanayambitsidwe. Komabe, nkhaniyi inali kutali.

Mu blogosphere, manyuzipepala ndi zofalitsa zovomerezeka, kuzunzidwa kwa Regnerus kunayamba, osati kokha mwa njira yotsutsa ntchito yake yasayansi (njira zowunikira ndikusanthula kwa ziwerengero), komanso mawonekedwe achipongwe ndi owopseza thanzi komanso ngakhale moyo. Mapeto ake amayenera chisamaliro chapadera monga chizindikiro cha mkhalidwe wamavuto ozungulira nkhaniyi. Regnerus adayankha mwatsatanetsatane kutsutsa ntchito yake munkhani yotsatira mu Social Science Research, yomwe idasindikizidwa miyezi inayi itatha yoyamba (Regnerus 2012b).

Kuyankha pakutsutsidwa

Nkhaniyi inali ndi mayankho kuzinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe otsutsa a Regenerus adakhudzidwa.

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu achidule "LM" ("amayi oyembekezera") ndi "GF" ("gay bambo"). Kafukufuku wa Regnerus anangokhudza ana achikulire okha omwe ananena kuti kholo lawo limakondana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, choncho sanakhale ndi mwayi wodziwa ngati kholo ili limadzinenera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndipo mu Western sexology ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, izi zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira, popeza, malinga ndi malingaliro awo, malingaliro amkati ndiwofunikira kwambiri kuposa kutenga nawo gawo pakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Regnerus adagwirizana ndi izi ndipo adati adzawongolera chidule cha "LM" cha "MLR" (mayi mu maubale omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) ndi "GF" chifukwa cha "FGR" (abambo pamaubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) Izi sizisintha tanthauzo la zomwe ananena komanso kulondola kwa kusanthula kwake.

2. Kuyerekeza mabanja a omwe amafunsidwa ndi makolo omwe anali pachibwenzi chogonana ndi mabanja athunthu okhala ndi makolo achibadwa okwatirana. Chotsutsa chinali chakuti poyerekeza izi, mabanja omwe ali ndi makolo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amaphatikiza mabanja a kholo limodzi, ndipo zinali zopanda tsankho kuti aziyerekeza ndi mabanja okhazikika. Regnerus adakana izi. Adanenanso kuti kafukufukuyu adaphatikizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabanja, kuphatikiza ana ndi osakwanira, ndi kholo limodzi, momwe, komabe, panalibe ubale wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kusiyana ndi mabanja oterowo sikunali kokomera makolo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ananenanso kuti kuchuluka kotsika kwambiri kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi zibwenzi “zotheka” zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabanja azigonana mosiyana.

3. Kusankhidwa kwa mabanja a omwe anafunsidwa ndi makolo omwe anali pachibwenzi, monga zosinthira pawokha. Kutsutsa uku kunali mtundu wina wosakhutira ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhazikika kwamaphunziro ake. Pali kuthekera kwakuti kusakhazikika (komwe kulipo) m'banjamo ndi komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa amuna ndi akazi kukhala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo motere, kusakhazikika mbanja kuyenera kukhala "kosiyana kusiyanasiyana", m'malo zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Regnerus adanenanso kuti izi zitha kukhudzana mwanjira inayake, koma malinga ndi njira yaukadaulo yophunzirira, ndikulakwitsa kusintha zochotseka kuchokera pazomwe zidafotokozedwa momveka bwino (mgwirizano wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) kukhala zosamveka bwino komanso zosamveka bwino (kusakhazikika kwa mabanja). Mwachitsanzo, kuti tiwone bwino za osewera mpira, tifunika kutengapo gawo la zolinga zomwe zanenedwa, osati kukongola.

4. Yang'anani pa zibwenzi zogonana za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Malinga ndi omwe amamutsutsa, chifukwa chake ndikuti maubwenzi osagwirizana omwe amakhala mu Reginer anali zitsanzo "zakale" pamene maubwenzi oterewa amasiyanitsidwa, komanso kuti zitsanzo zamakono kwambiri zingawonetse kusasunthika kwa ubale wotere. Regnerus adayankha kuti sanapangire kafukufuku kuti azindikire makolo omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zosagwirizana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Kafukufuku wake amayang'ana pa ana akuluakulu omwe adaleredwa panthawi yovuta pansi pazinthu zina. Komabe, adawonetsera kuti maukwati azomwe amakwatirana ku Norway ndi Sweden ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusudzulana kuposa okwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Andersson 2006, Biblartz xnumx, komanso umboni wamiyeso yayikulu yopatukana ndi kusudzulana pakati pa maukwati amakono mu America (Hoff xnumx).

5. Chiwerengero chochepa cha "mabanja" achikazi omwe ali ndi akazi. Kutsutsa ndi gawo limodzi la zonena kuti chitsanzo cha NFSS sichinali choyimira. Regnerus sanabise zoti mu zitsanzo zake alipo awiri okha omwe amayankha omwe amakhala ndi amayi awo owabereka komanso mnzake wogonana naye yemwe anali ndi zaka zoyambira khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Komabe, Regnerus adanenanso kuti cholinga chake chinali chofuna kudziwa zomwe makolo omwe ali pachibwenzi amachita, osazindikira kudalira kwamalingaliro a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kukhazikika kwa mgwirizano wabanja logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"... Ena adatengera izi ngati chizindikiro cha kukayikira komanso kusayimira deta ... nditha kuzindikira kuti otsutsa ayenera kuganizira zachitukuko cha nthawi yomwe ubale wokhazikika pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ana sunali wamba ... Komanso, monga tanthauzo la kukhazikika, komwe zimathandizira pakuyembekeza kopanda tanthauzo, makamaka pambuyo polemba zofalitsa zingapo kutengera zitsanzo zosasinthika komanso zosankhana ... Mwachitsanzo, m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu a ana omwe ali ndi amayi azimayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chitsanzocho chimangolembedwa kwa azimayi azungu omwe ndi olemera omwe angakwanitse kulipira njira yobayira, pomwe chitsanzocho NFSS ndiyoyimira kwambiri ndipo imaphatikizapo azimayi omwe si azungu ochokera mgulu laling'ono (Rosenfeld 2010, p. 757) (...) Kuphatikiza apo, m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu okhudzidwa ndi makolo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa ana, "ana okha omwe amakhala ndi makolo onse osachepera zaka zisanu" adaphatikizidwa (Rosenfeld 2010). Zachidziwikire kuti chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa zotsatira zosiyana ndi zitsanzo zomwe zingaphatikizepo ana omwe sanayesedwe ... "(Regnerus 2012b).

6. Kusiyana pakati pa kawonedwe ka Regnerus ndi chiwerengero cha anthu mu America. Kuwerengera kunawonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ana omwe amaleredwa m'mabanja achichepere kuposa omwe adapezeka mu chitsanzo cha Regnerus. Regnerus adayankha kuti sanali kufunsa okwatirana, koma ana akuluakulu; funso lidafunsidwa zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa makolo awo, komwe kunalibe; kalembedwe kameneka akuwonetsera panthawiyi m'mbiri ya banjali, pomwe kafukufuku wake adayang'ana pa kukumbukira kwaubwana.

7. Kulephera kusanthula banja la anthu omwe ali ndi "zosakanikirana". Otsutsa ena amati achikulire omwe anafunsidwa ndi Regnerus anali ana "ophatikizika", ndikuti izi zimakhudza zotsatira zake, osati ubale wamtunduwu wa makolo. Regnerus adayankha kuti kafukufuku wake sanayankhe "zikhalidwe zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" komanso "malingaliro osinthika," sanadziwe ngati makolo m'mabanja awa ali ndi "kusakanikirana". Apanso, kafukufuku wake adakhazikitsidwa ndi zidziwitso za ana omwe adaleredwa ndi mwana wawo nthawi yomweyo.

8. Kupanda kusanthula kwachilengedwe. Kutsutsa uku ndikusintha kwa ndime yapitayi: otsutsa ena amaganiza kuti nthawi zambiri makolo anali okhathamira. Regnerus adayankhanso chimodzimodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale izi sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe ananena, zingakhale zosangalatsa kuganizira nkhaniyi.

9. Zomwe zinachitikira banja lokhala ndi makolo sizinatengedwe chidwi. Otsutsa ena amati nthawi yomwe Regnerus anaphunzira pamakumbukiro a omwe anali okalamba, makolo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri amatenga ana awo kuchokera kumalo osungirako ana amasiye kapena kutumiza ana awo kunyumba yosamalira ana. Zina mwazonsezi zingapangitse zotsatira zoyipa zopanda kafukufuku. Regnerus adasanthulanso deta yake ndikupeza vuto la 21 la ana omwe adakhala kunyumba yosamalira ana. M'njira zitatu, anawo adasamuka kuchokera kwa kholo lokhalalo kupita kwa mayi ndi mnzake, atakhala m'mabanja opeza - izi zikuyenererana ndi woyamba kutsutsa. Anayi adatumizidwa ku banja lolera atakhala mgulu lofananalo - izi zikugwirizana ndi chiwiri. Ndipo zambiri za zina zonse sizigwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwazi. Mwanjira ina, chiwerengero chochepa cha omwe adafunsidwa omwe adakumana ndi zovuta zofanizira sizikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chovuta ichi.

Regnerus adayankha omtsutsa mwanjira inanso yabwino. Mu Novembala 2012, adayika deta ya NFSS mu ICPSR (Inter-University Political and Social Research Consortium) yosungirako deta ya University of Michigan. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wasayansi aliyense wokhala ndi bungwe ku ICPSR angayang'ane chitsanzo chake. Kusanthula kwa Regnerus kumatsimikiziridwa mosavuta, ndipo kafukufuku wake ali wotseguka - kuwerengera kumatha kubwerezedwa. Patha zaka zingapo chidziwitsochi chidalowetsedwa, ndipo pakadali pano palibe amene adawulula kuti fanizoli silabwino kapena kuti kuwongolera kwa Regnerus kudali kolakwika.

Kuyesera koyipitsa nkhani ya Regnerus poyambirira sikunachitike chifukwa chokayikira njira zake, koma chifukwa chokana mwankhanza zotsatira za kafukufuku wake. Omwe amamutsutsa akudziwa kuti kuwunika kokwanira kwa Regnerus pankhani yovutitsa kwambiri kumayiko aku Western kumabwera chifukwa choti zomwe adalemba zinalembedwazi. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe, zoyeserera za ambiri okakamiza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, choyambirira, kunyoza lingaliro la magazini kufalitsa nkhani.

Pulofesa Darren Sherkat wa University of Southern Illinois, membala wa komiti yolemba za Science Science Research, adadzipereka kuchita kafukufuku wamkati wofalitsa wa Regnerus ndikulemba ndemanga payokha. M'machitidwe ake, a Sherkat adakondwera ndi ntchito yomasulira Regnerus ndikulemberana ndi a Scott Rosenweig. Mu Julayi 2012, a Sherkat adauza a Scott Rosenweig (yemwenso ndi wolimbikitsa blogger yemwe amafuna kuti utsogoleri wa University of Austin ayambitse kafukufuku ku Regnerus) potumiza imelo kumuwuza kuti "kuwunikiranso nkhaniyo kunasokonekera." Rosenweig adalemba kalatayi pabulogu yake pamutu waukulu. Kuphwanya komwe kumapezeka munkhani yakunyumba ”(Scott Rose 2012b) Akonzi a Social Science Research, mokakamizidwa kwambiri, adalemba zomwe Sherkat adalemba pa magazini yotchedwa Chronicle of Higher Education, yomwe idasindikiza izi. Kubwereza kwawo kwa Sherkat, komwe adatsutsa owunikiranso za Regnerus kuti "sikothekera" ndipo adati "achotse nkhaniyi", yomwe adayitcha kuti "shitty" (Bartlett 2012), adalandilidwa ndikuwunika mwachidule. Komabe, kukhala malingaliro ake achinsinsi a Sherkat ndi akatswiri akugawana malingaliro ake, sizinakhudze tsogolo la nkhani ya Regnerus.

Ndizachilendo kuti Scott Rosenweig pambuyo pake adalemba zonse za kalata ya Sherkat pabulogu yake. Zina mwa izi:

"... Regnerus wachita kafukufuku wokhotakhota komanso woipa kwambiri yemwe sayenera kuti adasindikizidwa mu magazini yayikulu yotchuka yosangalatsa ... Amangoyamwa ndipo ndi hule wandale. Pambuyo pake, azilipira ndikutaya mbiri ... Ndikufuna kukuthokozani komanso omenyera ufulu wawo wonse chifukwa chakuyika mutuwu patsogolo nthawi zonse. Kodi mnzakeyu adawerengedwa bwanji? Owunikiridwa ndi akhristu akumapiko akumanja! ... "(Scott Rose 2012c)

Komabe, kuukira kwa Regnerus kunalibe umboni weniweni wa zolakwika zazikulu mu njira ndi kusanthula kwa kafukufukuyu, kotero, olimbikitsa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso omvera, omwe amatenga zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo ngati wowopseza malingaliro awo, adapitilira kale matemberero aumwini ndikufufuza zolinga zoyipa, chiwembu ndi kubera. Komanso, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe phunziroli lili lolondola pa kafukufukuyu, akonzi a Social Science Research adaganiza, kuwonjezera pa owunikira mwachindunji za nkhaniyi, kuwonjezera chidwi cha akatswiri atatu odziwika bwino pankhani yokhudza zachikhalidwe cha anthu, kuti aliyense alembe ndemanga pankhaniyi Regnerus. Akatswiri onse (samatanthawuza "otentheka achipembedzo" osati "othandizira"), pofotokoza ndemanga zina zazomwe zimafotokozedwa mwasayansi iliyonse, sanakayikire zamakhalidwe ndi njira za phunziroli ndipo adawona kufunikira kwake (Amato xnumx, Edgebeen xnumx, Osborne 2012).

Kalata yotsegulidwa idasindikizidwa mu 2012 pothandizira kafukufuku wa Regnerus, yosainidwa ndi asayansi a 27 pankhani yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ziwerengero (Byron xnumx) Mu kalatayi, gulu la akatswiri ndi akatswiri lalemba:

"... M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa ana ake a makolo omwe si amuna okhaokha - kutengera mtundu ndi fuko - ali pafupi ndi ana omwewa atafufuza kwina Michael Rosenfeld (Rosenfeld 2010), yomwe, mosiyana ndi Regnerus, idalandiridwa mokangalika mu media ndi maphunziro. Ndizofunikanso kudziwa zachilendo chifukwa Michael Rosenfeld mu kafukufuku wake adagwiritsa ntchito maubwino odziwika a bungwe lodziwika bwino la "Knowledge Networks" kuti atenge zambiri zankhani yake mu magazini yovomerezeka ya socialology (Rosenfeld 2012), pomwe Regnerus adatsutsidwa mwankhanza ndi a Darren Sherkat chifukwa chomwechi m'nkhani yake. Ndizofunikanso kudziwa kuti kafukufuku wina yemwe adalembedwa mu Journal of Ukwati ndi Banja adawonetsa zotsatira za zomwe zidachitika pa Regnerus (Woumba xnumx). Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti "magwiridwe antchito a ana m'mabanja omwe ali ndi makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pazinthu ziwiri ndi oyipa kuposa anzawo m'mabanja omwe ali ndi makolo omwe adakwatirana ... Kufanana pakati pazomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu ndi kafukufuku wa Regnerus kumafunsanso kuti Regnerus" adawononga chilichonse "... "(Byron xnumx).

Kafukufuku wolemba Paul Sullins 

Dr. Paul Sullins adazindikira kuti mwa maphunziro khumi ndi awiri omwe akuti "palibe kusiyana", ndi 4 okha omwe anali ndi zoyimira zokwanira kuti anene izi. Atatu mwa iwo (Wainright ndi Patterson 3, 2004, 2006) adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zofananira za achinyamata a 2008 omwe akuti adakulira m'mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Sullins, komabe, adapeza kuti achinyamata ambiri pachitsanzo ichi (44 mwa 27) amakhaladi ndi makolo omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo (!), Ndipo nthawi zambiri awa anali makolo awo owabereka. Atatha kuwapatula pachitsanzo, omwe adatsala adawonetsa zisonyezo zoyipa zama psychometric zamavuto komanso kudziyimira pawokha kuposa anzawo ochokera kumabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (ngakhale magwiridwe antchito kusukulu anali abwinoko pang'ono).

Kafukufuku wa Sullivan adawonetsa kuti "maukwati" omwe amakhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi vuto kwa ana, ndipo kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe mwana amakhala ndi "makolo" ogonana amuna ndi akazi, ndizowopsa zake. Poyerekeza ndi ana a "osakwatirana" makolo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zipsinjo za ana omwe "makolo" awo anali mu "ukwati" wamtunduwu akuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 50% mpaka 88%; mantha tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kulira kumakulitsidwa kuchokera ku 5% mpaka 32%; chikhomo wamba kusukulu chimatsika kuchokera ku 3,6 kupita ku 3,4; ndipo kuzunzidwa kwa makolo kumachuluka kuchokera pa zero mpaka 38%.

"Ngakhale atakhala umboni wotsutsana, APA ikupitilizabe kunena kuti:" Palibe kafukufuku yemwe adapeza kuti ana a makolo omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala otsika m'njira iliyonse kwa ana omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. " Kafukufukuyu akuwonetseratu kuti mawu awa ndi abodza. Kwa iwo omwe anali otsimikiza kuti palibe kusiyana, deta kuchokera ku kafukufukuyu ndiyosayembekezeka komanso mwina yosasangalatsa. Izi, ngakhale zitatsimikizika, zasinthidwa kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo, zikuwonetsa kuti zambiri zokhudzana ndi maubwenzi oterewa ndi zolakwika, ndipo tayamba kumene kumvetsetsa momwe makolo awiri omwe ali amuna kapena akazi anzawo amakhudzira ana "(Sullins 2015c).

Kafukufuku wachinayi (Rosenfeld 2010), kuyerekeza ana a 3 a makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adatengera chitsanzo cha Census 174, pomwe opitilira 2000% a "mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" anali osadziwika bwino omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zidapangitsa kukondera kwakukulu pazomwe zapeza. Asayansi omwe adapeza cholakwika chodabwitsachi adachenjeza anzawo kuti mfundo zambiri zamaphunziro zomwe zimadalira chitsanzochi ndizolakwika (Black 2007). Rosenfeld mwina sanadziwe za izi, kapena anasankha kuzinyalanyaza. Douglas Allen, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yaku Canada, sanathe kutulutsa zotsatira za Rosenfeld ndikuwatsutsa kuti:

Kutengedwa palimodzi, zotsatira zathu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe tidaphunzira koyambirira. Ana omwe amakhala m'mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amasiyana mosiyana ndi ana am'mabanja achikhalidwe komanso mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kufunika kwa kusiyanaku ndikokwanira pamikangano yapano komanso yamtsogolo, ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kofufuza kwina ...Allen 2012)

Sullivan akuwonetsa kuti mmaphunziro ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito mayeso osavuta a mbali ziwiri, kusowa kwa kufunikira kwatanthauziridwa molakwika ngati umboni wa "kusamvana", ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro komanso kusiyana kwakukulu pakukula kwake. Malinga ndi iye, "maphunziro" awa, omwe amabisala kupangika ngati sayansi, samatsata sayansi, koma mwachidziwikire zolinga zina zikhalidwe ndi malingaliro.

Kuphatikiza apo, palibe m'modzi mwa iwo amene amayang'ana zotsatira zakutali zakulera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Atatha kuthana ndi vutoli ndikuwona moyo wa ana omwe adaleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo kwa zaka 13, Sullins adapeza kuti chiopsezo chawo chovutika maganizo atakula ndichoposa kawiri cha ana omwe adaleredwa ndi mwamuna ndi mkazi (51% motsutsana ndi 20%) , ndipo chiopsezo chofuna kudzipha ndichokwera kasanu (5% poyerekeza ndi 37%). Ophunzira omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsanso kuchuluka kwa kunenepa kwambiri: 7% motsutsana ndi 72%, yomwe itha kukhalanso yogwirizana ndi kukhumudwa (Sullins 2016).

M'mbuyomu, a Sallins adapeza kuti ana a "makolo omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" amakhala ndi mavuto amiseru kawiri konse monga ana a makolo osakwatirana (Sullins 2015b).

Monga mwachizolowezi, makalata okwiyitsa ambiri ananena kuti nkhaniyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "zodana", ndikuti wolemba, wokhala ndi ulemu wa Katolika, mwina adanamizira zotsatira zake. Kupepesa ndi chisonyezo cha momwe zinthu zilili zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wopanda tsankho komanso wosakhulupirika ndi misampha yopusa. Kutsutsana kotere sikolondola komanso kolakwika, chifukwa sikukhudza nkhaniyo ndikuwunikira pakuwunika zinthu zomwe zikuchitika, kutanthauza tsankho. Sikuti Mkatolika amakonda kupititsa patsogolo mfundo inayake sikuchititsa kuti mfundoyo ikhale yokhayokha. Dr. Sallins adagwirizana ndi ulemu wotsutsa, chifukwa chake omenyera ufuluwo adalephera kusiya kafukufuku wake.

Bungwe la American Psychological Association (APA) limanena kuti ana oleredwa m’mabanja a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ofanana kapena apamwamba kuposa ana amene ali m’mabanja osiyana-siyana potengera kukula kwa maganizo ndi moyo wabwino.

Komabe, monga momwe Pulofesa Paul Sullins adadziwira, pafupifupi maphunziro onse omwe atchulidwa ndi APA adachitidwa pazitsanzo zazing'ono, zosayimira ndipo zotsatira zake sizodalirika kwambiri. Ngati sitipatula maphunziro onse osayimilira, maphunziro 10 okha ndi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zovomerezeka mwachisawawa. Mwa awa, 4 okha sanapeze vuto lililonse mwa ana oleredwa m’mabanja a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo ena 6 adavulazidwa.

Poyerekeza ndi ana ochokera m'mabanja osiyana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ana omwe ali ndi chisamaliro cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha mavuto a maganizo, kuphatikizapo kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, khalidwe loipa, maubwenzi osagwirizana ndi anzawo komanso kulephera kumvetsera. Tikukamba za mwana wachisanu aliyense. Iwo ali ndi mwayi wowirikiza kawiri kuti apezeke ndi vuto lachitukuko, lomwe limaphatikizapo, koma osati, kulephera kuphunzira kapena kusokonezeka maganizo.

Chaka chatha, ana ochokera kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ndi mwayi wopita kukaonana ndi dokotala kapena kumwa mankhwala chifukwa cha mavuto a maganizo. Amakhala ndi mwayi wogwiriridwa ndi makolo kapena akuluakulu ena ka 2, ndipo kuwirikiza kanayi kukakamizidwa kugonana mosafuna.

Pali mwayi wokulirapo woti ana awa adakumana kale ndi ubale wa kholo limodzi asanakhale ndi makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Koma amakhalanso ndi mwayi wokumana ndi kutha kwa banja lina ndikupita ku banja lachitatu, chifukwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ana ochokera kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi mwayi wochepera katatu kumaliza maphunziro awo kusekondale, ngakhale ali ndi magiredi opitilira avareji. Paul Sullins akufotokoza chododometsa chimenechi ponena kuti m’kati mwa phunziroli, amuna ndi akazi okhaokha ankadziwa kuti akuwayang’anitsitsa, choncho anayesetsa kusonyeza mbali yawo yabwino kuti asonyeze kuti iwowo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi vuto. . Kuphatikiza apo, ziwerengero zapamwamba zidapezedwa kuchokera ku gulu la ana oleredwa ndi makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyambira kubadwa. Pali mwayi waukulu woti ana awa adabadwa kudzera mwa njira yobereketsa. Ndipo pamene mayi asankha ubwamuna kuti abereke mwana wake wosabadwa, amafunafuna wopereka woposa avareji—wokhala ndi digiri ya udokotala kapena IQ yapamwamba. Ndipo popeza kuti ana ameneŵa asankhidwa kukhala anzeru, angayembekezere kukhala ndi luso lamaganizo lodabwitsa kuposa mmene anthu ambiri alili.

Koma m’zaka zaunyamata, ana ameneŵa sadzakhala ochezeka kukhala ndi zibwenzi kapena kudziyerekezera ali m’maubwenzi amtsogolo monga kukhala ndi pakati kapena ukwati.

Akuluakulu, ana a makolo omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi mwayi wochuluka wa 2 kuvutika maganizo, 4 nthawi zambiri amaganiza za kudzipha, kusuta fodya, kugwiritsa ntchito chamba, komanso kumangidwa. Amakhala ndi mwayi wochita chigololo kuwirikiza katatu, kuwirikiza katatu kukhala osagwira ntchito ndi kulandira mapindu.

Azimayi omwe analeredwa ndi zibwenzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi mwayi woti akwatiwe kapena kukhala pachibwenzi kwa zaka zopitirira zitatu pofika zaka 30, komanso kucheperachepera katatu kuti sanatengepo mimba.

Pazifukwa zosadziwika bwino, kuvulaza kwa ana kumakhala kokulirapo ngati makolo awo omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali okwatirana. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha umabweretsa ana mosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene ukwati wa mwamuna ndi mkazi umawapatsa. Ana amene amakhala ndi makolo okwatirana omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo amakonda kuchita bwino, pamene ana amene amakhala ndi makolo okwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala akuipiraipira. Chiwopsezo cha kugwiriridwa ndi kugwiriridwa kwa ana chimawonjezekanso ngati makolo a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali pabanja.

Motero, kulera ana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mwachiwonekere kumaika ana m’mavuto. M’mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mwana aliyense adzalandidwa chisamaliro cha kholo limodzi kapena awiri, zomwe zidzabweretsa zotsatira zowopsa pakukula kwake ndi moyo wabwino.

Ana ena ochokera m’mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amasimba zokumana nazo zowopsa za kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kusakhazikika, koma dandaulo lofala kwambiri nlakuti ngakhale kuti ali ndi amayi achikondi, iwo nthaŵi zonse amavutika ndi kudzimva kukhala osakwanira popanda unansi ndi atate wawo.

Makolo awiri obadwa m'banja losagwirizana kwambiri ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira chitukuko ndi ubwino wa mwanayo. Kukhalapo kwa makolo onse awiri obereka ndiko kulosera kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa zotsatira zabwino za ana.

Dr. Sullins

Chiwopsezo cha kuyendetsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Ngakhale avomerezedwe a oyeserera a LGBT + - gulu lomwe amati limawunika silikuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa ana omwe adaleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe, maphunziro awa ali ndi malire aukadaulo. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku omwewa akuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa kudziwika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kukopeka ndi kugonana kwa ana omwe amaleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera kwa ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe. Wofufuza wodziwika bwino wophunzitsa za ana Diana Baumrind adati:

"... Zingakhale zodabwitsa ngati ... chizindikiritso cha ana sichinapangidwe motengera zomwe makolo awo amachita ..." (Baumrind 1995, p. 134).

Stacey ndi Biblarz nawonso adanenanso:

"... Umboni wochuluka wokhudzana ndi jenda komanso zachiwerewere sukugwirizana ndi omwe amakhulupirira kuti kulera ana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikumakhudza chidwi cha ana ..."Stacey xnumx, p. 177) Zingakhale zodabwitsa ngati ... chizindikiritso cha ana sichinapangidwe motengera zomwe makolo awo amachita ... ”.

Stacey ndi Biblarz adapanga kusanthula kwa maphunziro a 21, omwe adasankha malinga ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mfundo zoyenera kuwerengera komanso kupezeka kwa chidziwitso pakuwunika kwa mapangidwe a kugonana kwa ana omwe ali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Stacey xnumx, p. 159). Stacey ndi Biblarz adapeza kuti kafukufuku amangotsutsana ndi zomwe "palibe kusiyana" pankhani ya zomwe angakonde pa zakugonana komanso kudziwika kwa amuna kapena akazi (Stacey xnumx, p. 176):

"... Olemba maphunziro onse 21 ali ofanana pamfundo yoti sanapeze kusiyana kulikonse pazisonyezo zakukula kapena magwiridwe antchito a ana. M'malo mwake, kusanthula kwathu mosamala zotsatira zomwe zapezeka kukuwonetsa kuti mwazizindikiro zina - makamaka pokhudzana ndi jenda komanso kugonana - malingaliro ogonana a makolo ndiofunika kwambiri kwa ana awo kuposa momwe ofufuzawo ananenera ... Ana omwe adaleredwa ndi makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakonda kupangika za homoerotic zokonda, kuchita zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikukhala ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... "(Stacey xnumx, p. 167, 170, 171).

Rekers ndi Kilgus ndi amodzi ofanana ndi a Stacey ndi Biblarz, akunena kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ana m'mabanja achikhalidwe (Opanda 2001, p. 371-374, 379-380).

Mu kafukufuku wa Golombok ndi Tasker ku 1996, ana a azimayi omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amaphunzitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali - woyamba ali ndi zaka khumi, kenako wazaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi (Golombok 1996) Zinapezeka kuti atakula, 36% ya ana a azimayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adanena kuti amakhala ndi chidwi chamtunduwu, pomwe pakati pa ana a amayi osakwatirana, panali 20%. Komabe, mwa kuchuluka kwa anawo, palibe mwana wa azimayi omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe pakati pa ana a amayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha 67% anali ndi zibwenzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Golombok 1996, masamba 7 - 8).

Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi a Bailey ndi anzawo (1995) adayesa ana achikulire a abambo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo adapeza kuti 9% ya ana awo amuna ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe amakhala ochulukirapo kangapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa anthu wamba (Bailey 1995).

Chofunikanso kutchulidwapo ndi kafukufuku wa Sarantakos (1996), yemwe anayerekeza machitidwe omwe amapezeka kwa aphunzitsi a ana omwe amaleredwa ndi mabanja omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyerekeza ndi ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe (Sarantakos 1996).

"... Malinga ndi aphunzitsi, ana ena ochokera kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adasokonezedwa ndikudziwika kwawo ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizabwino komanso zomwe amayembekezeka kuchita nthawi zina. Zanenedwa kuti atsikana ochokera kwa abambo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawonetsa malingaliro ndi machitidwe "achichepere" kuposa atsikana ochokera kwa makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zinanenedwa kuti anyamata ambiri a amayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali achikazi pamakhalidwe awo komanso machitidwe awo kuposa anyamata a makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Poyerekeza ndi anyamata a makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, anali okonda kwambiri zoseweretsa, masewera ndi masewera omwe nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa ndi atsikana; nthawi zambiri kuposa anyamata ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe amalira munthawi yovuta yomweyi ndipo nthawi zambiri amapempha upangiri kwa aphunzitsi achikazi ... "(Sarantakos 1996, p. 26).

Richard Redding mu ntchito yake ya 2008 ya chaka adati:

"... Kafukufuku akuwoneka kuti ana oleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukopa chidwi chomwe chimatsogolera ku zibwenzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ..." (Kuchepetsa xnumx).

Mu kusanthula kwa Tracy Hansen, komwe kunaphatikizapo maphunziro asanu ndi anayi olemba omwe adalemba mokhulupirika gulu la LGBT +, lomwe limayesa ana okulirapo kuposa 18 wazaka zambiri, oleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zidapezekanso kuti pakati pa ana awa ndi kuchuluka kwambiri osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Hansen xnumx) Zomwezi zimapezeka mu kusanthula kwa Cameron, komwe kunaphatikizapo maphunziro a ana a abambo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Cameron 2009) Zomwezi zimapezeka pakuwunika kwa meta ndi Walter R. Schumm (2010) - poyerekeza ndi ana ochokera m'mabanja achikhalidwe, kwa ana omwe adaleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndiwopamwamba kwambiri (Schumm xnumx) Zomwezi zimapezeka pofufuza za ana a amayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amayambitsidwa ndi Gartrell ndi anzawo (Gartrell xnumx).

Mtolankhani wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Milo Yannupolos adati sangasangalale kukhala ndi ana, koma sangafune kuti awalere m'magulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa zokonda zakugonana nthawi zambiri zimadalira maphunziro ndi chilengedwe, chifukwa chake sakufuna kuyankha kuti ana ake sangathe adalandira njira yabwino kwambiri yachitukuko ndipo sanasiyane.

Moira GreylandWobadwira m'mabanja momwe amayi anali akazi ogonana amuna okhaokha ndipo abambo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amalankhula kwambiri za "chikhalidwe cha gay":

"Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chikhalidwe cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kukhulupirira kuti kugonana koyambirira ndi kwabwino komanso kopindulitsa, komanso chidziwitso chodzidalira (musanyengedwe kwa mphindi kuti sakudziwa izi) kuti njira yokhayo yopangira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi anzawo ndikupatsa mnyamatayo zachiwerewere. ASATI "wawonongeka" ndi kukopeka ndi mtsikana ... Zikhulupiriro zenizeni za makolo anga zinali izi: aliyense amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mwachilengedwe, koma gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha limadula motero limawaletsa. Kugonana koyambirira kumadzutsa mwa anthu chidwi chofuna kugonana ndi aliyense, ndipo izi ziwathandiza kukhala "iwowo", kuthetsa kudana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikuwatsogolera ku chiyambi cha utopia. Iwononganso banja la nyukiliya lodedwa ndiukazitape, kusankhana mitundu, kutha msinkhu (inde, izi ndizofunikira kwa ogona ana) ndi ma isms ena onse. Ngati ana okwanira agonedwa adakali aang'ono, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mwadzidzidzi kumadzakhala "kwachizolowezi" ndikuvomerezedwa, ndipo malingaliro achikale osakhulupirika adzatha. Popeza kuti kugonana ndi gawo lachilengedwe komanso lofunikira paubwenzi uliwonse, zopinga pakati pa anthu zidzatha ndipo utopia ubwera, pomwe tsogolo la ma dinosaurs likuyembekezera "chikhalidwe cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha". Monga amayi anga ankakonda kunena, "Ana amenyedwa m'mutu mwawo kuti safuna kugonana ... Makolo onsewa amafuna kuti ndizigonana amuna okhaokha ndipo adachita mantha ndi ukazi wanga. Amayi anga ankandizunza kuyambira zaka 3 mpaka 12 zakubadwa. Kukumbukira kwanga koyamba bambo anga adandichitira zachiwawa makamaka ndili ndi zaka zisanu. " (Faust 2015).

Umboni wa anthu omwe anakulira m'mabanja a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Mu Marichi 2015, anthu 6 omwe adakulira m'mabanja omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adasumira mlandu wokana kukhwimitsidwa kwa “ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha” ku Khoti Lalikulu. M'modzi mwaiwo, Pulofesa wa State University of California ku Northridge ndi Purezidenti wa International Institute for the rights of ana, Robert Lopez, mu mawu amagawana zokumana nazo komanso nkhani za ena. Amalankhula zamavuto amisala, kudzimva wosakwanira komanso kulakalaka abambo ake, omwe mbuye wa amayi ake sakanalowa m'malo. Pulofesayu akuti zithunzi za mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha atolankhani ndizopeka komanso zimayang'aniridwa mosamala. Lesbians ali ndi chidwi chosagonana ndi ana awo, adatero, monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi mtolankhani Sally Cohn mu nkhani lotchedwa "Ndimagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo ndikufuna kuti mwana wanga azigonana nayenso." Pomwe ana ena amawerenga The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ndikuwonera Oliver Twist, adakakamizidwa kuti aziwerenga zolemba za akazi okhaokha komanso kuwonera makanema ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Lopez amadzizindikiritsa kuti ndi "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha," ndipo kugonana kwake koyambirira kunachitika ali ndi zaka 13 ndi okalamba awiri okalamba. 

Ngati mwana wa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azindikira kuti ali ndi mayi yemwe akubereka komanso mayi wopeza, koma alibe bambo, ndipo akuwonetsa kusakhudzidwa kapena kusilira ana kuchokera mabanja achikhalidwe chotere, amamuimbira mlandu “motsutsana” "Ndipo machitidwe ake" amabera "gulu lonse la LGBT.

“Kafukufuku” wogwirizana pa za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi zolakwika zingapo. Choyipa chachikulu ndikuganiza komwe kumayambitsa njira. Kodi gulu limazindikira bwanji chisangalalo, mwana “wokhazikika” kapena “wotukuka”? Mwa magawo otere, kufunitsitsa kofunikira kwambiri kwa amayi ndi abambo, komwe kwawo kudachokera komanso kumasuka kuzidziwitso zabodza zophatikizidwa ndi ndale kulibe.
Ana ambiri amabadwa ndikukula popanda kukakamizidwa ndi lamulo kuti akwaniritse kufunika kwa kubwezeretsedwa chifukwa cha tsankho m'mbuyomu. Mosiyana ndi iwo, ana a makolo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi mtengo kwa mitu yawo. Ndiwo "katundu" wa mabanja omwe ali ndi amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo mothandizananso ndi gulu logonana amuna ndi akazi anzawo. Pokhapokha atakhala opanda nzeru, amadziwa kuti gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha limawawona ngati "chuma" chawo ngakhale atakula. Ana ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri amakhala mapulani omwe amawonetsedwa kwa anthu kuti atsimikizire kuti "mabanja omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" siosiyana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndinkadziwa milandu pamene akuluakulu amakokera ana kuti apereke umboni wabodza kwa olamulira komanso kukhoti.
Woweruza Jeffrey Sutton adaweruza kuti okwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sangathe kulera ana moyipa kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kodi amadziwa bwanji izi? Patsala nthawi yochepa kwambiri kuchokera pomwe kuvomerezedwa kwa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Samadziwa zomwe ana amafuna, ndipo mwanjira yanga - samanama ”(Lopez 2015).

Zowonadi, kuyembekezera kulera olingana kuchokera kwa anthu ammudzi wokhala kusakhazikika mgwirizano ndi kuchuluka kusuta kudzipha, mavuto amisala, uchidakwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nkhanza zapakhomo и pedophilia - ndiye kuti, kuyika pang'ono, osazindikira. Kuphatikiza apo, mmodzi mwa “makolo” mu okwatiranawo ndi mlendo kwa mwana.

Zimapindulitsa mwana kuti aleredwe ndi amayi ake ndi abambo ake. Lamuloli limathandizidwa ndi zovuta zambiri komanso zovuta zamaganizidwe ndi malingaliro omwe ana ambiri omwe ali ana amasiye kapena omwe adaleredwa m'mabanja amodzi kapena mabanja olera amakumana nawo: kuchepa kwamthupi ndi m'maganizo, maphunziro, kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo, kumvera ena chisoni komanso kudzidalira, komanso kuchuluka kwanyumba nkhanza zokhudza kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, umphawi ndi kubereka ana kunja kwa banja. Kuchoka kubanja lachikhalidwe kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi sikunathandize kuti mwanayo akhale ndi moyo wabwino, ndipo palibe chidziwitso mpaka pano chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti kulera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndichabwino kwambiri kuposa kholo limodzi kapena mabanja olera (pomwe pali umboni woti ndiwotsika). Kuvomerezeka kwa "maukwati" a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumasintha mkhalidwe wovutitsa wa ana ochokera m'mabanja otere kukhala "chizolowezi" chokhazikitsidwa mwalamulo kwa mwana aliyense amene waleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mabwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amanyalanyaza zofuna za mwanayo, amapanga malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi ubale pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndipo, mwakutero, amakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu, osaphunzira zotsatira zomwe zidzawonekere mtsogolo. Kafukufuku woyambirira kuyerekezera ana ochokera m'mabanja a makolo ndi ana omwe makolo awo adasudzulana sikunapezenso kusiyana mpaka kuvutikako kwa chisudzulo kukadzimva kukalamba.

Mkhalidwe wa ana m'mabanja a LGBT unayamba kuwonongeka mofulumira m'zaka za m'ma 80, pamene ntchito ya "ufulu wa gay" ndi kuvomerezeka kwa "ukwati wa gay" inalowa mu gawo laukali. Ana ang'onoang'ono a LGBT adauza Lopez momwe akatswiri azamisala adawadzudzula chifukwa chokhala achisoni mwachibadwa chifukwa chosowa kholo. Mwana wina, wobadwa kudzera mwa mayi woberekera kwa bambo yemwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, anadandaula kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo kuti azimva chisoni kwambiri pa Tsiku la Amayi. Pachifukwa ichi, katswiri wa zamaganizo adamuimba mlandu wa "homophobia" ndipo adamukakamiza kuti apepese kwa abambo ake. Malinga ndi Lopez, ana a mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sangathe kunena zoona za ubwana wawo ngakhale atakula. Ambiri aiwo sangalankhule poyera chifukwa cha mantha komanso BURITTING yomwe kampeni yoletsa "ukwati wa gay" idayambitsa.

Lopez mwiniwake adazunzidwa chifukwa cha mavumbulutso ake. Amadziwika kuti ndi "mdani wofanana", "wotsutsana ndi gay," "wogulitsa zodana ndi zotsutsana ndi zaku America." Zolemba zazikulu zamapiko am'manja zikuluzikulu zalumikizana kuti ziwonongeke mbiri ya Lopez: Huffington Post, Right Wing Watch, Frontiers LA ndi ena. Ntchito yothandizana ndi mabungwe a LGBT komanso media yawo yabwino idapangitsa Lopez kukanizidwa. Anakumanidwa ndi gulu lakumenya, amayenera kupilira matemberero kuntchito, kumisonkhano yosiyanasiyana komanso kumisonkhano yanthawi zambiri. Pafupifupi kuponderezedwa komweko kwa omenyera ufulu wakumanzere kunakumana ndi mabanja onse asanu ndi mmodzi omwe ndi omwe amakhazikitsa milandu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ena oposa zana adasankha kusadziwika.

Zowonjezera

Zowonjezera ndi zambiri zitha kupezeka m'mabuku otsatirawa:

1. Zikuyenda Palibe Kusiyanitsa?: Kuwunikira kwa Kulera Kwogonana Amuna Amodzi. Ave Maria Law Review. 2011.
2. Kim cc Zotsatira Za Kulera Ana Aamuna Ndi Amodzi pa Ana: Kuunika Kafukufukuyu. Maziko A Heritage. Kutulutsa Mwachidule Na. 3643 | Juni 19, 2012.
3. Byrd D. Ukwati wa Conjugal Umalimbikitsa Moyo Wathanzi wa Anthu Ndi Moyo Wathanzi. Mu: Zovuta zake ndi ziti: Kodi kulembetsa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumavulaza anthu, mabanja kapena gulu? 16, 32 (Lynn D. Wardle ed., Lanham, Md. University Press of America, 2008).
4. Allen dw (2013). Manambala omaliza maphunziro a kusekondale pakati pa ana a mabanja amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuwunikira kwa Economics of the Household, 11 (4), 635-658.
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6. Phelan je Zokumbukira za Abambo Awo ndi Amuna Ogonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha komanso Ogonana ndi Amuna Osiyana. Psychological Reports Vol 79, Nkhani 3, pp. 1027-1034.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.1027
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8. Cameron P, Cameron K, Landess T. Zolakwa ndi American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, ndi National Educational, Association poimira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu Amik amafotokozera za Amendment 2 ku Khoti Lalikulu la US. Psychol Rep. 1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
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Mfundo

1. Nthawi zina, ngakhale kutchulidwa.
2. Kuphatikiza pazotsatira za kusanthula kwa Marx (2012) kwaperekedwa mu: Kim CC Zotsatira Za Kulera Ana Aamuna Ndi Amodzi pa Ana: Kuunika Kafukufukuyu. Maziko A Heritage. Kutulutsa Mwachidule Na. 3643 | Juni 19, 2012.
3. Mwachitsanzo; 101, Ayi. 18 (1), pp. 2001 - 62
4. Mwachitsanzo: Gary J. Gates, "Kusintha kwa Banja Ndi Kulera Ana Pakati pa Omuna Ndi Amuna Okha Amuna Okhaokha," Kuganizira Banja, Zima 2011, National Council on Family Family
5. Kafukufuku wambiri wa 49 adaphunziridwa, koma mu 27 milandu sipanakhale magulu oyerekeza konse.
6. Ndiye kuti, sikunali "kuphunzira kwakhungu" komwe kumapeweka kukondera ndikugonjera kuwunika zotsatira.
7. "Kukhulupirika kwa kafukufuku wazasayansi kukuwopseza chifukwa chakuwonera komwe anthu akuwona komanso nkhani zomwe zachitika masiku ano." Smith 2012

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