Inqaku lityhila ingxaki yokukhusela amaxabiso osapho lwakweli hlabathi lanamhlanje. Iintsapho kunye nexabiso losapho sisiseko ekwakhelwe kuso uluntu. Okwangoku, ukuqala kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yamashumi amabini, imikhwa ejolise ekutshatyalalisweni kosapho lwesiNtu iye yasasazwa ngabom kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona. Kwanangaphambi kokuphela kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, kwaqala imfazwe entsha-eyabaninzi. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yethisisi malunga nokuxinana komhlaba, iindlela zokunciphisa inqanaba lokuzalwa eziphuhliswe ngabadali beedemokhrasi zaqala ukwaziswa. Ngo-1994, iNkomfa yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaBemi noPhuhliso yabanjwa, nalapho kwavavanywa amanyathelo athatyathiweyo kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo yokusombulula "iingxaki zabantu". Phakathi kwabo kwakukho "ukufundiswa ngesondo", ukukhupha isisu kunye nokuzala, "ukulingana ngokwesini". Umgaqo-nkqubo wokunciphisa inqanaba lokuzalwa eliqwalaselwe kwinqaku, ubuxoki obusebenzayo bokungafumani bantwana kunye neendlela ezingezizo ezesiko zonxibelelwano ziphikisana nomdla wobuchule weRussian Federation, abemi bayo sele behla ngokukhawuleza. I-Russia, kubonakala ngathi, kufuneka ixhathise imikhwa ebonakalisiweyo, ikhusela usapho lwendabuko kunye nokwazisa amanyathelo okuyixhasa kwinqanaba lowiso-mthetho. Inqaku liphakamisa izigqibo ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle nangaphakathi womgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ukukhusela amaxabiso emveli osapho. Ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo, iRussia inamathuba onke okuba yinkokeli yentshukumo exhasa usapho kwihlabathi.
Amagama aphambili: amaxabiso, ukuzimela, ukuhlala kwabantu, ukuchuma, umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, usapho.

Imilinganiselo yokomoya neyokuziphatha, esele ilibalekile kumazwe aliqela, endaweni yoko, isenze somelela. Kwaye siya kuhlala sikhusela kwaye sikhusela la maxabiso.

UMongameli uVladimir Putin
Idilesi kwi-Federal Assembly ye-Russian Federation, 21.04.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX

Imilinganiselo yosapho yesiqhelo kunye nentlalontle

Iintsapho kunye nexabiso losapho sisiseko ekwakhelwe kuso uluntu. Kuzo zonke izithethe zenkcubeko, nokuba yeyiphi na imibutho yoluntu, ukuzalwa kunye nokukhuliswa kwabantwana yayisisiseko semantic apho imigaqo, amaxabiso kunye nobudlelwane bamalungu oluntu zakhiwa khona.

Kwisangqa sosapho, intlalontle yokuqala kunye nemfundo yomntu eyenzekayo, ukuyilwa kwesazisi sokuvuma ilizwe. Yaphula esi sangqa- abantu baya kunyamalala, bawele phakathi kwabantu abalawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo abangadingi ukucinga ngekamva labantwana babo. Yintsapho eyikhonkco phakathi kwezizukulwana ezithathu okanye ezine, ezithi zikhathalelane. Ke ngoko, ngokukhusela usapho kunye nokuzala, uluntu luyazikhusela, ukuchuma kwalo, ulawulo lwalo kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo - ikamva.

Kwangelo xesha, ukusukela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yamashumi amabini, imikhwa ejolise ekutshatyalalisweni kosapho lwesiNtu ibisasazeka ngabom kwihlabathi laseNtshona. Umsebenzi onenjongo waqala ukujongela phantsi ubuKrestu kunye nezinye iinkolo zemveli ezomeleza amaxabiso osapho. Endaweni yokuba kuvavanywe iziseko zokujonga ixesha eziqinisekisa intlalontle ayisiyiyo eyomntu kuphela, kodwa neyoluntu luphela xa lulonke, iingcinga zedydonistic zacetyiswa ukuba zishenxise iinjongo zomntu kwaye zibeke intlalontle yomntu ngaphezulu ngokubanzi. Ukuphulukana neMfazwe ebandayo, iRussia yaphulukana ne-Iron Curtain, ngenxa yoko "i-progressive" impembelelo ye-Western yathululela kwisithuba sasemva kweSoviet. Iziqhamo zabo ezikrakra - ngohlobo lokudideka kwezimvo, ukwehla kwenqanaba lokuzalwa, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwezikhokelo zokomoya kunye nokuziphatha kunye nokuzikhusela ekuhlaleni-sivuna unanamhla.

Kwimeko yemfazwe yedemokhrasi ngokuchasene nabemi behlabathi, eqhutywa ngabadlali behlabathi, amaxabiso osapho aba sisixhobo sezopolitiko kunye namandla ezopolitiko atsalela abantu abafuna ubulungisa.

Imigqaliselo eyimbali yokutshatyalaliswa kwexabiso lemveli

Kwanangaphambi kokuphela kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, kwaqala imfazwe entsha-eyabaninzi. Ngo-1944, u-Hugh Everett Moore, ongusihlalo wekomiti elawulayo ye-United States League of Nations Association, waseka ingxowa-mali yokuxhasa imibutho yolawulo lwabantu.

Ngomnyaka we-1948, kwapapashwa iincwadi ezakhuthaza ingxoxo yaseMalthusian malunga nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu kunye nokutshatyalaliswa komhlaba: Iplanethi yethu ephangiwe yi-Fairfield Osborne kunye neNdlela eya kuPhila nguWilliam Vogt. Ngokudibeneyo neHomb Moore Foundation's Population Bomb (1954), eyonyusa isoyikiso sokuxinana kwabantu kwaye yabhengeza isidingo sokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa, ezi ncwadi zabangela uloyiko. Ingxaki yenani labantu yathathwa ngababhali beedemokhrasi, abezopolitiko kunye ne-UN [1].

Ngomnyaka we-1959, iSebe laseMelika laseMelika lakhupha ingxelo malunga nokuhamba kwabemi behlabathi, eyagqiba ukuba ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwabemi kusongela uzinzo lwamanye amazwe. Ingxelo ibonakalise isidingo esingxamisekileyo sokulawula ukukhula kwabemi. Iingcamango ze-Neo-Malthusian zithathe ii-arhente zaseburhulumenteni zase-US zaze zaqala ukuxhasa ubungqina bokuba ubuntu buba "ngumhlaza womhlaba." "Kwiminyaka ye-70s umhlaba uzakubanjwa yindlala - izigidi zabantu zizakubulawa yindlala, ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezikhawulezileyo ezisetyenziswayo ngoku," ubhale watsho uPaul noAnne Ehrlich kwincwadi yabo emnandi ethi "Overpopulation Bomb" kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba "basike ngokukhawuleza" ngaphandle kwethumba lokukhula kwabantu "[2] ...

Ngo-1968, igqwetha laseMelika u-Albert Blaustein wabonisa ukuba ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhula kwabantu, kwakufuneka kuhlolisiswe imithetho emininzi, kuquka leyo yomtshato, inkxaso yosapho, ubudala bemvume nobufanasini [3].

U-Kingsley Davis, ongomnye wabantu abaphambili kuphuhliso lwemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lokuzalwa, wagxeka abacwangcisi bosapho ngokushiya amanyathelo okuzikhusela "ngokuzithandela" njengokumisela ngokusemthethweni kunye nokukhuthaza inzalo kunye nokuqhomfa, kunye "neendlela ezingezizo ezokwabelana ngesondo" [4]. Emva koko, waqonda ukuba ucwangciso-ntsapho luyimfuneko, kodwa alonelanga, ecaphula, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iindlela zokuthintela inzala njengokwabelana ngesondo okungaphaya, ukunxibelelana kwabantu besini esinye kunye nokubulawa kweentsana [5].

Ngo-1969, kwintetho yakhe eya kwiCongress, uMongameli Nixon wabiza ukukhula koluntu "ngomnye wemiceli mngeni emikhulu kwisiphelo soluntu" kwaye wacela inyathelo elingxamisekileyo. Kwakuloo nyaka, usekela-Mongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) uFrederic Jaffe wakhupha imemorandam echaza iindlela zolawulo lokuzalwa, ezibandakanya inzalo, ukuqhomfa, ukuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukunciphisa inkxaso yezentlalo yokuba ngumama, kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kobufanasini.

Kwakungeli xesha ke apho kwaqhambuka khona udushe lwaseStonewall, nalapho amafanasini abhengeza ukugula ngengqondo njengotshaba olungu- # 1 kwaye, ngokudala umbutho "yiHomosexual Liberation Front," wenza uqhushululu, ukutshisa kunye nezenzo zokonakalisa. Uxinzelelo lweminyaka emithathu yobundlobongela kwiAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) yaqala, ikhatshwa zizenzo ezothusayo kunye nokuhlukunyezwa ziingcali, kwaye yaphela ngokunyanzelwa kobufanasini [4]. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kuphela ngaphandle kokukhetha ubufanasini kuluhlu lwezifo zengqondo, kwaba nakho ukuqala ukukhuthaza indlela yokuphila yobufanasini njengesiqhelo kunye nokuziphatha okunempilo, okucetyiswayo ngabalobi beedemokhrasi ukunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa.

Ngo-1970, umbhali wethiyori yotshintsho lwenani labantu, uFrank Knowstein, ethetha kwiKholeji yeSizwe yeMfazwe phambi kwamagosa aphezulu, waphawula ukuba "ubufanasini bukhuselwe kwisiseko sokuba buyanceda ukunciphisa ukukhula kwabantu" [6]. Abanye abaphengululi batyhola ngokuthe gca ubungqingili bengxaki yabantu abaninzi [7].

Ngo-1972, i-Limits to Growth report yapapashwa kwiKlabhu yaseRome, apho zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo zedemokhrasi zifuna utshintsho kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko, ezibonakaliswe kulawulo lokuzalwa oluqinileyo kwinqanaba lokwehla kwendalo.

Ukusukela kumashumi amathandathu wenkulungwane ephelileyo, ukuncitshiswa kwabemi behlabathi kuye kwacelwa kwaye kwaxhaswa ngezindlela, kubandakanya ukukhuthaza ubufanasini, ukungabi nabantwana, kunye nokuqhomfa. Ingxelo yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke i-NSSM-200, eyayixela ngesidingo sokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa, icebisa "ukuziqhelanisa" nolutsha malunga nokunqweneleka kosapho oluncinci. Ngo-1975, i-odolo kaMongameli Ford “NSSM-200” yaba sisikhokelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US.

Iindlela zokunciphisa inqanaba lokuzalwa eliphuhliswe ngabaphengululi beedemokhrasi zaziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo phantsi kwesilogeni esikhethekileyo sokukhusela amalungelo oluntu: amalungelo abantwana, amalungelo okuzala abasetyhini, kunye nokukhusela abasetyhini kubundlobongela basekhaya (Istanbul Convention).

Ngo-1994, iNkomfa yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoLuntu kunye noPhuhliso yabanjwa, apho amanyathelo athatyathwa kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo yokusombulula "iingxaki zabantu" yavavanywa. Phakathi kwamanyathelo athathelwe ingqalelo "ukufundiswa ngesondo", ukukhupha isisu kunye nokuzala, "isini" ukulingana. Inkqubela phambili iye yaphawulwa kumazwe amaninzi athe aphumelela ukwehla kwinqanaba lokuzalwa [8].

Ngo-2000, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) kunye ne-UNFPA (iqumrhu leZizwe eziManyeneyo elijongana "neengxaki zedemokhrasi") baxhasa umqulu we-IPPF kwaye bacela amasebe ezempilo ukuba aphonononge imithetho, ngakumbi malunga nokuqhomfa kunye nobufanasini [9].

Kwi-2010, imigangatho ye-WHO yokufunda ngesondo eYurophu yaphuhliswa, egxininisa ukukhuthazwa kobudlelwane besini esifanayo ebantwaneni kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kwabantwana kwangoko [10].

Ngo-Meyi ka-2011, iBhunga laseYurophu leNgqungquthela yokuThintela nokuLwa ubuNdlobongela obuJoliswe kwabaseTyhini kunye nobuNdlobongela baseKhaya (iNgqungquthela yase-Istanbul) lavulelwa ukuba lisayinwe eIstanbul. I-Turkey yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukuvuma iNdibano. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka eli-10 kamva, ngo-Matshi 2021, kwakhutshwa umthetho wokuba urhoxe kuyo. "Ingqungquthela, eyayenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu basetyhini, yabiwa liqela labantu ababezama ukulungelelanisa ubufanasini, nto leyo engahambelaniyo nexabiso lezentlalo kunye nosapho lwaseTurkey," yatsho ingxelo. [11]

Ewe kunjalo, ingxelo yaseSweden malunga nokuphunyezwa kweNgqungquthela yase-Istanbul ibonisa ukuba ifuthe lamanyathelo karhulumente kwabasetyhini nabantwana abasemngciphekweni wobundlobongela kunzima ukulivavanya. Inani lolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe kwabasetyhini lonyukile ukusuka ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2018. Amanyathelo athathiweyo anxulumene nokutshatyalaliswa kweenkolelo zesintu kunye "nemfundo yezesondo" ibonakalisiwe: "isikolo kufuneka sichase iimodeli zesini zemveli"; "Imfundo yezesondo ibandakanyiwe kwizifundo ezininzi nakwizifundo kwizikolo ezinyanzelekileyo nakwizikolo eziziisekondari, nakwimfundo yabantu abadala"; "Ngokuhambelana neekharityhulam zesizwe ezinyanzelekileyo nakwizikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo, utitshala unoxanduva olukhethekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi bafumana ulwazi malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo" [12]. UNjingalwazi uG.S.Kocharian kwingxelo yakhe yeQela loLuntu leRussian Federation utyhile iinjongo zezi zifundo "zokufundisa ngesondo" -kunyanzelwa ubufanasini "[13].

Nge-29 ka-Novemba ngo-2019, iBhunga loMfelandawonye lapapasha ukuxoxa esidlangalaleni umthetho oyilwayo "Kuthintelo lobuNdlobongela baseKhaya kwiRussian Federation." IKhomishini ka Patriarchal yoSapho, uMama noKhuseleko lwaBantwana yaphawula: yemibutho, ifumana ngokusemthethweni inkxaso-mali yelinye ilizwe. Amanye amajelo osasazo kunye namacandelo aphesheya nawo ayamxhasa ngokukuko, abayifihli imeko yabo yokuchasana neRussia yemisebenzi yabo ”[14].

Imvelaphi yelizwe jikelele kunye noqikelelo

Amanyathelo athatyathiweyo kwinqanaba lehlabathi azise utshintsho olungazange lubekho ngaphambili kwezentlalo, isimilo kunye nenani labantu. Ukuba sijonga iinzame zokunciphisa inqanaba lokuzalwa lomchasi wezopolitiko njengesiqhelo somkhosi, kuyacaca ukuba imfazwe ibhengeziwe kuthi kudala.

Ngo-2011, ngummiselo kaBarack Obama, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo "abancinci bezesondo" kwaba yinto ephambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle waseMelika [15]. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ngo-2021, uMongameli uJoe Biden watyikitya umthetho "wokukhusela nokukhuthaza amalungelo oluntu lwe-LGBT kwihlabathi liphela" [16]. Emva koko, i-Federal Federal Government yamkela umxholo wokubandakanya "i-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender kunye ne-Intersex" ("LGBTI") kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle.

Imagazini eyaziwayo "Lancet" yapapasha umsebenzi weqela leengcali ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington, apho iimeko zokuchuma, ukusweleka, ukufuduka kunye nenani lamazwe ali-195 ukusuka kunyaka ka-2017 ukuya ku-2100. Umsebenzi waxhaswa ngulo Mthetho uYilwayo Isiseko seMelinda Gates. Imfundo yabasetyhini kunye nokufikelela kwizicwangcisi zichongiwe njengezona zinto zibangela ukwehla kokuzala kule ngqikelelo. Ngama-2100, amazwe angama-23 aqikelelwa ukuba anciphise abantu bawo ngaphezulu kwama-50%. E-China ngama-48%. Ngo-2098, i-United States iya kuphinda ibe luqoqosho olukhulu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba amazwe anendawo engezantsi yokuzala aya kugcina inani labantu abasebenzayo ngokufuduka, kwaye kuphela abaya kuphila kakuhle. Amaqondo okuzala angaphantsi kwamanqanaba okubuyisela kumazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya i-China kunye ne-India, ziya kuba nefuthe lezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ezendalo kunye nezopolitiko. Inkqubo yokuguga yabemi kunye nokwanda kwenani labantu abadla umhlala-phantsi kuya kukhokelela ekuweni kwenkqubo yepenshini, i-inshurensi yezempilo kunye nokhuseleko kwezentlalo, ekunciphiseni ukukhula koqoqosho notyalo-mali [17].

Bubo bonke ubungangamsha balo msebenzi, kukho ukushiywa okucacileyo kuwo: ababhali khange bakuthathele ingqalelo ukukhula okubonakalayo kwenani le- "LGBT" kunye "nokungabi nabantwana" kwisizukulwana esitsha, abakhulele "kwimfundo yezesondo" kunye ne-propaganda yokungabi nabantwana. Inani le-LGBT libonakaliswa kukunyuka kokuzibulala kunye neziganeko zezifo ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo, ezihlala zikhokelela kukungachumi.

Ngenxa yokusasazeka kwe-propaganda minyaka le, inani le- "LGBT" kunye nokuxhaphaka kwezenzo zesondo ezingezozamvelo kuyanda. Iingxelo zokuba ipesenti yabantu “be-LGBT” eluntwini ihleli ingatshintshanga kwaye nokuba “bayekile ukufihla uqhelaniso lwabo” ayinakuze yenzeke. Ukukhula kwamanani "kwe-LGBT" akunakuchazwa kuphela kukuvuleka kwabaphenduli kwi-polls: kungqamana nokwanda kweziganeko ze-STIs ezendeleyo kuluntu [18]. Ngokwengxelo yamva nje yeGallup Institute of Public Opinion, i-5,6% yabantu abadala e-United States bazichaza njenge- "LGBT" [19]. Kwaye nangona lo mlinganiselo ubonakala ungabalulekanga, ngokweminyaka ufumana amaxabiso asoyikisayo. Ukuba kwisizukulwana “sabantu abaqhelekileyo” abazalwe ngaphambi ko-1946 yi-1,3% kuphela abazithatha njenge- “LGBT”, kwisizukulwana Z (abo bazalwa emva ko-1999) sele kukho i-15,9% yabo- malunga nesithandathu ngasinye! Kuza kwenzeka ntoni kwisizukulwana esincinci, esiye sachaphaza ubundlobongela "be-LGBT", xa sifikelela kubudala bokuzala?

Eyona nto ixhalabisayo kukuba uninzi lweGeneration Z, ezizichaza njenge- “LGBT” (72%), zibhengeza ukuba “ngabantu abathandanayo” [19]. "I-Bisexual" isengozini enkulu yokugula ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni, nokuba kuthelekiswa namafanasini kunye neesini [21]. Badlulisela usulelo kwiqela lomngcipheko (amafanasini) ukuya kubemi ngokubanzi, banegalelo ekusasazeni i-STIs, kubandakanya nezo zinganyangekiyo kwaye zibangela ukungachumi [22]. Kwangelo xesha, ukonyuka kokugula kunye nokuziphatha okuyingozi kuqikelelwe phakathi "kwabasetyhini" [23].

Isizukulwana esitsha siyakhula phambi kwamehlo ethu, sithande ukuzibulala nezifo; I-transsexualism (ukukhubazeka kokuphinda kunikezelwe ngokwesini) kunye ne-self-sterization ye-eco-activists iyakhuthazwa. Kunokucingelwa ukuba iingxaki zedemokhrasi eziqikelelweyo ziya kuza kwangoko, zibambe uluntu lwamanye amazwe ngokungalindelekanga.

Isalathi esichazayo inani labemi linani elipheleleyo lokuchuma (i-TFR) -ngakanani, ngokomndilili, umfazi omnye ozalelayo ngexesha lokuzala. Ukugcina abantu kwinqanaba lotshintsho olulula, i-TFR = 2,1 iyafuneka. ERashiya, njengakumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, esi salathisi singaphantsi kwenqanaba lokuzala kunye nezinto ezongezelelweyo ezichaphazela ukwala okanye ukungabinakho ukuzala abantwana ngabasetyhini kuzisa umhla wokuduka kwabantu kwihorizon yezembali. Sele kuchaziwe ukuba kwi-Generation Z umntu omnye kwabathandathu baseMelika uzithatha njenge-LGBT, kodwa ukuba sithathela ingqalelo isini, kuyacaca ukuba abantu basetyhini banokuchaphazeleka ngakumbi kwizimvo ezonakalisayo. Phakathi kwamantombazana akwishumi elivisayo e-United States kwi-2017, i-19,6% ayithathi njengabantu abathandanayo [19]. Ukuthathela ingqalelo imeko, ubuncinci kumfazi omnye kwabahlanu ongena kwiminyaka yokuzala akayithathi njengeyesini esahlukileyo!

Kuya kuthatha amagama amaninzi ukuchaza ukuwohloka kokuziphatha koluntu lwaseNtshona, kodwa amanani athetha ngokuchanekileyo. Iziganeko ze-STIs ezifana ne-chlamydia, i-gonorrhea kunye ne-syphilis ziye zanda kwiminyaka yamuva e-United States naseYurophu.

E-Jamani, phakathi kuka-2010 kunye no-2017, izehlo zegcushuwa zonyuke ngama-83% ukuya kuma-9,1 amatyala kubemi abangama-100 [000].

Phakathi kwabantu abathandana besini esinye eNgilane, kwisithuba esisuka ku-2015 ukuya ku-2019, inani lokuchongwa kwe-chlamydia lenyuke kakhulu - ngama-83%; ukuvuza ngaphantsi - ngama-51%; igcushuwa - ngama-40%. Iziganeko ze-STIs zikwanyuka nakubantu ngokubanzi. Kwi-2019, bekukho i-syphilis ye-10% ngaphezulu kunye ne-26% ngaphezulu kwe-gonorrhea kunango-2018 [25]

I-Netherlands ikwabonile ukwanda okuzinzileyo kweziganeko ze-STIs [26].

IFinland lelona zinga liphezulu lonyaka elakhe larekhodwa kwiRejista yeSizwe yezifo eziSulelayo. Ukusasazeka kwezifo kwenzeka ikakhulu kubantu abancinci: phantse iipesenti ezingama-80 zabo bafunyanisiweyo babephakathi kweminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-29. Izehlo zokuvuza ngaphantsi kunye negcushuwa nayo inyukile [27].

E-United States, amazinga e-STI anyukile kunyaka wesithandathu ngokulandelelana kwaye afikelele kwizinga eliphezulu [28].

Ukutshintshwa kwabemi bomthonyama akuyi kuqatshelwa. Iinjengele ezithathe umhlala phantsi, kwileta epapashwe nguValeurs actuelles, zilumkise uMongameli Emmanuel Macron ukuba iFrance ijongene "nengozi yokufa" ehambelana nokufuduka nokuwa kwelizwe. [29]

Ukusombulula ingxaki yabemi ngokuxhaphaza amanye amazwe kukhokelela kukungqubana kwezopolitiko phakathi kwamazwe akhula ngokufudukela kwamanye amazwe nakwabo bazama ukugcina abantu bomthonyama.

Abantu baseYurophu naseMelika baya kuza ekuqondeni ngokutshintshwa okuqhubekayo ngabantu abangadibanisiyo abafudukayo ukuya eluntwini kwaye baqala ukuxhasa abezopolitiko abakulungeleyo ukuchasa ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu babo kule mbiza inyibilikayo. I-Russia, kwelinye icala, ibonisa inkxaso yenqanaba lokuzalwa kwaye iqala ukukhusela amaxabiso ayo emveli, ibhengeza elubala ukuba ayivumi ukunciphisa inani labemi bayo, kwaye iyala amanyathelo okuchithwa kwabantu acetyiswa ngabaphengululi.

Ukuchuma e-China kuye kwehla kweyona nqanaba lisezantsi okoko kwasekwa iRiphabhlikhi yase China. IBhanki Yabantu yase China icebise ukuba iBeijing iyeke ngokupheleleyo umgaqo wokuthintela izinga lokuzalwa ukuze ingalahlekani noqoqosho lwayo e-United States nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshona [30]. Kule meko, amaqela obufazi afuna ukuyeka ubudlelwane kunye namadoda avaliwe kwinethiwekhi yoluntu yaseTshayina. [31]

Umphathi wezobuntlola waseBritani wezangaphandle u-MI6 Richard Moore uthe kudliwanondlebe ne-The Sunday Times ukuba urhulumente wase-Russia uphantsi koxinzelelo kuba i-Russia njengelizwe liyabuthathaka. kubemi... "[32].

Iziganeko zangoku, kunye nokuthetha kweenkokheli zopolitiko, kufuneka kujongwe ngokubhekisele kwingxabano echaziweyo kunye ne-geopolotiki, apho inani elipheleleyo labemi belizwe kunye nokwakheka kweminyaka yabo kuya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni abantu kunye noqoqosho. uzinzo. Ikhrayitheriya efanayo kufuneka isetyenziswe kumanani ezopolitiko eRussia, kubandakanya ii-NGO. Njengoko sibona, imisebenzi yabo kumanyathelo aphambili okunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa ("ukufundisa ngesondo", ukuphunyezwa kweNgqungquthela ye-Istanbul (RLS), inkxaso ye "LGBT" kunye nobufazi) ziyahambelana.

Indawo yeRussian Federation

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba amanye amaziko aseburhulumenteni, anje ngeRospotrebnadzor, abhengeza [33] isidingo "semfundo ngesondo", iRussia iqala ukushiya iindlela zokuhlutha abantu, ibeka izimvo zesiko kumthetho nakwezomgaqo-siseko. Kwireferendamu, abantu baseRussia baqinisekisa inyani eqhelekileyo yokuba umtshato ngumanyano lwendoda nomfazi. Kukho abezopolitiko abavakalisa esidlangalaleni isidingo sokushiya izimvo zaseNtshona kunye nentsebenziswano ne-WHO. Inkxaso yosapho, ukuba ngumama, amaxabiso emveli aya esiba phezulu kwingxoxo yezopolitiko. Abezopolitiko bayaqonda ukuba iRussia lilizwe elinamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ukwaziswa "ngemfundo yezesondo" kunye nemithetho echasene nosapho phantsi kwephiko "lokulwa ubundlobongela basekhaya" kunokuba negalelo kukungathembani kwabasemagunyeni.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezisetyenziswa ngabaphembeleli be "LGBT" ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yabo akuhambelani nomdla weqhinga laseRussia. Uhlolo-zimvo luyitshintshile indlela yokuphumeza kwaye lwenza ukuba kuthintelwe iimfuno zempambano. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuPhelisa ucalucalulo kwabaseTyhini (CEDAW) ifuna iRussian Federation ukuba itshabalalise izimvo zesiko malunga nendima yamadoda nabasetyhini, kubandakanya neenkokheli zonqulo, ukwazisa "ngemfundo yezesondo", ukuphelisa ukuthintela ukukhupha izisu. kunye nokwenza ubuhenyu ngokusemthethweni [34].

KwiRussian Federation, kukho imithetho ekhusela abantwana ekukhuthazeni ubufanasini (Isiqendu 6.21 seKhowudi yamaTyala ezoLawulo eRussian Federation) kunye nolwazi oluyingozi olunobungozi kwimpilo yabo nakuphuhliso (436-FZ). La manqaku enzelwe ukukhusela abantwana "kwimfundo yezesondo", ukubonisana noochwephesha bezengqondo kunye noochwephesha abasebenzisa indlela yokuvuma ubufanasini, kunye nokukhuthaza ubudlelwane bezesondo "obungasiko" kwi-Intanethi.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kubandakanya nezo zingabameli bangaphandle, ifuna ukupheliswa kwemithetho ekhusela abantwana, le mithetho ayisebenzi. URoskomnadzor akazichongi ngokuzimeleyo izinto ezaphula umthetho. Ukuze ukwazi ukufumana ulwazi njengobungozi, kufuneka ubungcali obuhlawulelweyo, kwaye izicelo zabazali zokuthintela zihlala zingahoywa. Amaqela athintelweyo kunye neendawo ziyaqhubeka kwangoko nomsebenzi wazo zisebenzisa ikhonkco elitsha.

Umphakathi waseRussia ucatshukiswa kukusasazeka kweengcinga ezichaseneyo nosapho kunye neengcinga ze "LGBT", imisebenzi yeebhlog ezonakalisayo, amagcisa kunye nemithombo yeendaba. Kukho ukuhlanganiswa kweentshukumo zesintu kunye nosapho.

Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neetafile ezijikelezayo, abezopolitiko kunye namanani oluntu bafuna ukuthintela ubuxoki kungekuphela kobufanasini, kodwa kwanokwabelana ngesondo kwabantu abatshatileyo, ukuqhomfa, ukungafumani bantwana kunye nezinye iindlela zokunciphisa amandla okuzala eluntwini.

Okoko ukukhuthazwa kobudlelwane obungahambelaniyo kunye nokunikezelwa kwesini akunakuqala ngaphandle kwemvume yesayensi kunye nonyango kwezi zinto njengesiqhelo, amanye amasebe ezempilo engingqi yaseRussia axhase isibheno seqela leNzululwazi yeNyaniso kwizazinzulu, amanani oluntu nakwezopolitiko [35]. Isibheno, esityikitywe ngamashumi amawaka abantu baseRussia, sicebisa uluhlu lwamanyathelo ajolise ekukhuseleni abantwana kulwazi oluyingozi kunye nokushiya izimvo zaseNtshona malunga nokuqhelekileyo ngokwesini.

Akukho mntu uthandabuzayo ukuba amanyathelo alandelayo abenzi bomthetho baseRussia azakukhatshwa lupapasho olungonelisekiyo lwabaphembeleli bamalungelo oluntu baseNtshona naseRussia.

Ixabiso lemveli njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle

Umlawuli wezesayensi weForam yaseJamani-Russian, uAlexander Rahr, ethetha ngenkqubo ethi "Ilungelo lokwazi" kwitshaneli yeTVC, wadlulisela amazwi ezopolitiko zaseYurophu eziphakamileyo eziphendule umbuzo malunga nesizathu sokungqubuzana phakathi kweNtshona. kunye neRashiya: "I-West ilwa noPutin kuba ulwa namafanasini." Ngokuqinisekileyo, iRashiya ayilwi nabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo, inciphisa i-propaganda yobudlelwane obungeyiyo yendabuko kubantwana.

Abapolitiki baseNtshona bayayazi into yokwala kweRussia ukusebenzisa iindlela zokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa elicetywayo ngabaphengululi, ezisetyenziswa kumazwe abo. Kwimeko yeenkqubo zexesha elide lokwehla kwabemi, imo yokufuduka kunye nokujongana nenani labantu, abasemagunyeni baseYurophu ngoku, ngokulawulwa yimpembelelo yaseMelika, ngekhe bakwazi ukushiya ungquzulwano neRussia. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, siyalixhasa inqanaba lokuzalwa kwilizwe lethu, sithintela ukwaziswa kunye nokusasazwa kweendlela ezinciphisa inqanaba lokuzalwa, sizibeka kwindawo efanelekileyo ngakumbi kubemi. Umntu unokuthatha nje iinzame ezandayo zokujongela phantsi imeko, atshintshe urhulumente kwaye aqhubeke nokuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwezithethe ezaqala kwiminyaka yoo-XNUMX.

USergei Naryshkin, uMlawuli weNkonzo yezoBuntlola yaNgaphandle (SVR), utshilo kwindibano yamazwe aphesheya malunga nemicimbi yezokhuseleko: uluntu lwe-LGBT, lusasaza izimvo zobufazi obugqithisileyo ... Kucacile ukuba abantu abanjalo zizinto ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha, ngakumbi ukuba babambe i-iPhone exhunywe kwinethiwekhi ”[36].

Impendulo kwimiceli mngeni kubumbano lwehlabathi yaba kukufezekiswa kwesihloko sexabiso lemveli kubomi boluntu baseNtshona Yurophu. Ayisiyombutho yolondolozo kuphela, kodwa neenkululeko zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kosapho kwi-rhetoric yabo, kunye nengxaki yokufuduka yinto ebangela olo tshintsho [37].

Ngaphandle kokuhla kokubaluleka kokholo kunye nenkolo phakathi kwabantu baseYurophu, uninzi lwabo lusazichaza njengamaKristu. Ngokophando olwenziwe liZiko loPhando lwePew, ama-64% amaFrentshi, ama-71% amaJamani, ama-75% amaSwitzerland nama-80% abantu baseAustria baphendule ngelithi bazichaza ukuba bangamaKristu. [38] Amahlelo obuKristu, ngaphandle kwamaProtestanti, awaxhasi amaxabiso angaqhelekanga (umtshato wesini esifanayo, ukuvunywa kwesisu). AmaKatolika, ngokungafaniyo namaProtestanti aseJamani, ahlukene, kodwa ngokubanzi ayadla ngendeb 'endala. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iicawa ziyazichasa kumaphiko alungileyo abo babeka phambili ingxelo yabokufika, ubuhlanga kunye ne-anti-Semitic, eziqhutywa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka [37]. Ukongeza, umntu makayithathele ingqalelo imeko ekhulayo yamaSilamsi yaseYurophu, enganyamezelekiyo kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa abantu.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uMbindi kunye neMpuma Yurophu bebecinga ngokubumba ubuni bayo, kwaye umba wokufuduka uyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezi nkqubo. Ummandla weMpuma Yurophu wenza ubume bawo ngokuzahlula kwabafuduki abanenkcubeko yelinye ilizwe nangaphandle koluntu lwaseNtshona Yurophu [39].

E-Hungary, umthetho uqalile ukusebenza ukuthintela ukukhuthaza ubudlelwane bezesondo obuqhelekileyo kunye nabantu be-transgender phakathi kwabantwana. [40] IHungary ichasa ngamandla ukuqinisekiswa kwesiVumelwano sase-Istanbul. Ukuphendula ukugxekwa, uViktor Orban wabiza isikhundla se-European Union sikoloniyalizim [40].

Inkundla yaseBulgaria yathi iNgqungquthela yase-Istanbul ayihambisani noMgaqo-siseko waseBulgaria. Isiteyitimenti senkundla yaseBulgaria sishiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo okuba "i-LGBT" kunye neNgqungquthela yase-Istanbul zidityaniswe ngomsonto owomeleleyo. [41]

IPoland iyarhoxa kwesi sivumelwano. Umphathiswa Wezobulungisa ePoland uthe iNgqungquthela yase-Istanbul inobungozi njengoko ifuna ukuba izikolo zifundise abantwana ngemiba yesini. [42] Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iQela elilawulayo kunye nezoBulungisa linxulumene neCawe yamaKatolika kwaye lizimisele ukukhuthaza amaxabiso osapho. Ingxenye yesithathu yePoland ibhengezwe njengendawo ye-LGBT engenasimahla, apho izixeko ezithandathu ziya kuphulukana nenkxaso yemali evela kwi-European Union.

Oku kuyangqina kwakhona ukutyhilwa okuvakaliswe ngu-Alexander Rahr kwaye kubonisa isimo sengqondo se-European Union kumazwe azama ukugcina izithethe zawo, ulawulo kunye nokuzazisa, zilungele iimpembelelo zezemali nezopolitiko ngokunxulumene nazo. Amaxabiso emveli sisixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, kodwa esintlangothi-mbini.

Ukusetyenziswa okuvulekileyo kweendlela zokulwa umlo wabantu ojolise ekunciphiseni izinga lokuzalwa lomchasi wezopolitiko, kunye nokubandakanywa "kwamaxabiso angahambelaniyo" kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-United States nakwamanye amazwe, kufuna ukuphikiswa ngabom.

Kuyacaca ukuba kwihlabathi lanamhlanje elinabantu abaninzi, abantu abaphulukene nolawulo lwabo, kodwa banolwazi ngezilingo zenkohlakalo ezenziwayo kubo, baya kujonga inqaku lenkxaso yokuziphatha kunye nomzekelo. Ifestile yamathuba iyenziwa apho umntu anokukwazi ukwenza imodeli enomtsalane yesakhiwo sentlalo esekwe kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kwaye, kuyabonakala ukuba, iChina sele iqalile ukwenza imodeli enjalo, ixhasa izithethe.

Amanqanaba okusekwa komfanekiso weRussian future

Ukuze iRussia ibeyimodeli yamanye amazwe, kufuneka ithathe amanyathelo ngamanyathelo angaphandle nangaphakathi omgaqo-nkqubo welizwe. Kukho isiseko sengqikelelo ngala manyathelo, kwaye ibekiwe kuMgaqo-siseko: uThixo, usapho, abantwana kunye nezithethe. Ayizongcinga nje kuphela, kodwa sisiseko sokugcinwa kwesizwe. I-Russia kufuneka iwasasaze ngaphandle nangaphandle kwaye iwasebenzise ngaphakathi elizweni.

Kwinqanaba lehlabathi Kufuneka sihlalutye izivumelwano kunye namaxwebhu e-UN kunye ne-WHO, omiliselo lwayo lujolise ekugxothweni nasekunciphiseni inqanaba lokuzalwa. Ukuphonononga ukuthatha inxaxheba kunye nokugxeka amanqaku angahambelaniyo noMgaqo-siseko waseRussia kunye neQhinga loKhuseleko kuZwelonke leRussian Federation.

Qalisa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neengqungquthela ezingabandakanyi "isisombululo seengxaki zedemokhrasi" ngeendlela zokutshabalalisa usapho kunye nokuziphatha, ukukhusela ubomi bomntu ukusukela ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ukuqinisekisa imfundo ehambelanayo kunye nophuhliso lomntu olusekwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha. Umzekelo, iNgqungquthela yoKhuselo loSapho kwinqanaba le-Russia-Belarus Union State kunye namanye amazwe anokujoyina. Yenza amaqonga okuxoxa ngeendlela zokuphumeza ezi zivumelwano kunye nentsebenziswano namazwe aphesheya.

Rhoxa kulawulo lweNkundla yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Oluntu (ECHR). NjengoMongameli waseRashiya uV.V. Putin, ukuba "asebenze ngaphandle" umbono wokudala umlinganiso waseRussia wale nkundla [43].

Ukwamkela imibutho yamazwe aphesheya neyaseRussia ebandakanyeka kwi-propaganda echasene nenani labantu ukuba ayithandeki. Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zokuchonga nokunciphisa umsebenzi wale mibutho.

Kwinqanaba likarhulumente Kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngenkxaso ephezulu kwiintsapho ezinabantwana, ukuya kwisisombululo esipheleleyo sengxaki yezindlu.

Yamkela umthetho malunga nobume obufanayo beentsapho ezinkulu kunye namanyathelo okuzixhasa.

Ukubonelela ngonyango olusimahla olufunekayo kubantwana abanesifo esibi sokuzalwa.

Yandisa iikharityhulam zesikolo ngezifundo zokufundwa kwamasiko enkcubeko kunye nokwenziwa kwesimo esifanelekileyo kusapho.

Yamkele umthetho "Kwi-Bioethics kunye ne-Biosafety", eqinisekisa ixabiso elisisiseko lokukhusela ubomi bomntu kunye nempilo kuwo onke amabakala, ukusuka ekukhawulweni ukuya ekufeni.

Yenza "iZiko leNtsapho" - iziko lezenzululwazi elihluka-hlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwiAkhademi yeSayensi yokusekwa kweziseko ezixhasa amaxabiso osapho kunye nempilo, eya kuthi iphuhlise iindlela zokukhulisa, imfundo kunye nophuhliso lobuntu obuhambelana.

Nika izazinzulu zaseRussia ithuba lokupapasha imisebenzi yezenzululwazi kupapasho olujongwa ngoontanga ngaphandle koloyiko lwemisebenzi kunye nemivuzo. Inxalenye yebhonasi yomvuzo wenzululwazi ixhomekeke kupapasho olunjalo. Phantsi kweemeko "zokuchaneka kwezopolitiko" kunye nokunyanzelwa, iimpapasho zaseNtshona nezaseRussia ezinefuthe eliphezulu zithintela ukupapasha amanqaku aphikisana nembono yokukhuthaza ubufanasini, isini esithandanayo kunye nezinye izinto ezinxaxhileyo kwezesini, ezibeka uxinzelelo kwinkcazo yasimahla yesayensi.

Yazisa ngemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni umxholo owonakalisayo kusetyenziswa uthungelwano lwasentlalweni, umculo kunye neeprojekthi zosasazo, kunye nomdlalo bhanyabhanya. Yenza indlela esebenzayo yokuthintela ulwazi olwaphula umthetho N 436-FZ "Ekukhuseleni abantwana kuLwazi oluyingozi kwiMpilo yabo kunye noPhuhliso." Ukunyanzela iRoskomnadzor ukulawula ukususwa okuzenzekelayo kolwazi olunobungozi kubantwana ngendlela yaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ukuqinisa isohlwayo sokophula umthetho "Ekukhuseleni abantwana kulwazi olunobungozi kwimpilo nakuphuhliso lwabo." Yamkela ukubandakanyeka kwindlela yokuphila yobufanasini kunye "nokwabiwa kwakhona ngokwesini" njengokubangela ukwenzakala okuphakathi phantsi kweCandelo 112 leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho yeRussian Federation. Ukomeleza isohlwayo sokukhuthaza ubufanasini, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, ukukhupha isisu, ukungafumani bantwana kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha kwabantu kwimeko yokubandezeleka kwabantu.

Ukwazisa amaxabiso osapho ngokwazisa imeko yaseburhulumenteni yomxholo owakhayo, olungileyo.

Khusela usapho kungenelelo olungenasizathu, ubeke imiqobo enzima ekuphunyezweni kweNgqungquthela ye-Istanbul okanye imithetho efanayo.

Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuphunyezwa kwezi zindululo, isiseko esiluqilima senkxaso kurhulumente kusapho nakwimilinganiselo yosapho yesiqhelo iya kwenziwa, apho iRussia inamathuba onke okuba yinkokheli yehlabathi yentshukumo exhasa usapho, inkxaso kunye nenkxaso abo bathi banenjongo yokukhusela ubukhosi babo kunye nelungelo labo lokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo ukumisela i-vector ideological kunye nexabiso lesiseko sophuhliso oluthe kratya.

AMANQAKU

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[19] Isazisi se-LGBT sinyuka saya kwi-5.6% kuqikelelo lwamva nje lwase-US. -Url: https://news.gallup.com/poll/329708/lgbt-identification-rises-latest-estimate.aspx (umhla ofikelelweyo: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).

[20] UPerales F. Impilo kunye nokuba sempilweni kwabantu abathandana nabesini esinye, abesilisa abathandanayo nabasetyhini: Uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo kusetyenziswa isampulu yesizwe ekude // Ijenali yase-Australia neNew Zealand yezempilo yoluntu. -T. 2019. - No. 43. - P. 3-281.

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[22] I-Fairley CK ea Ngo-2020, izifo ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo kunye ne-HIV kubantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye, abesini esahlukileyo kunye namanye amadoda abelana ngesondo namadoda // Impilo yesondo. - 2017.-Feb; 14 (1).

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[26] Izifo ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo eNetherlands e2019.

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[28] Ii-STD ezixeliweyo zifikelela kumaxesha onke aphezulu kwi-6th iminyaka ilandelelana. -Url: https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2021/2019-STD-surveillance-report.html (umhla wokufikelela: 13.07.2021).

[29] Iinjengele zaseFrance zilumkise iMacron ngomngcipheko wokuwa kwelizwe. - Url: https://ria.ru/20210427/razval-1730169223.html (umhla wokufikelela: 13.07.2021).

[30] I-Central Bank yase-China icele ukushiya ulawulo lokuzalwa ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuwa ngasemva kwe-United States. -Url: https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/obshchestvo/426589-centrobank-kitaya-prizval-otkazatsya-ot-kontrolya-rozhdaemosti-iz-za (umhla wokufikelela: 13.07.2021).

[31] Ukuvalwa kwamaqela ababhinqileyo akwi-Intanethi e-China iintlantsi zibiza ukuba abantu basetyhini 'banamathele kunye'. -Url: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/closure-online-feminist-groups-china-spark-call-women-stick-together-2021-04-14/ (umhla ofikelelwe ngawo: 13.07.2021 ).

[32] MI6's 'C': Silumkise uPutin ngento eza kwenzeka xa enokuhlasela iUkraine. -Url: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mi6s-c-we-waxwayiswa-putin-what-would-happen-if-he-invaded-ukraine-wkc0m96qn (umhla ufikelelwe: 18.05.2021/XNUMX / XNUMX) ...

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[38] Ezininzi kwiNtshona Yurophu zichonga njengamaKristu. -Url: https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/pf_05-29-18
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[40] Umthetho othintela ubuxoki be-LGBT phakathi kwabantwana waqala ukusebenza eHungary. - Url: https://rg.ru/2021/07/08/vengriia-priniala-zakon-o-zaprete-propagandy-lgbt-sredi-nesovershennoletnih.html (umhla wokufikelela: 13.07.2021).

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[43] UPutin uxhase uluvo lokudala umlinganiso waseRussia we-ECHR. -Url: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/740745 (umhla wokufikelela: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).

Yumasheva Inga Albertovna,
Usekela kaRhulumente Duma we-Federal Assembly ye-Russian Federation, ilungu leKomiti yoSapho, yaBasetyhini naBantwana (eMoscow), ilungu le-Russian Council on International Affairs (RIAC) kunye ne-Council on Foreign and Defense Policy (SVOP) , ilungu lebhodi ye-IPO "uManyano lwaBasetyhini baseOthodoki".

umthombo: http://cr-journal.ru/rus/journals/544.html&j_id=48