Uhlalutyo lwedatha yesayensi.

Umthombo ngesiNgesi: URobert L. Kinney III-Ubungqingili kunye nobungqina besayensi: Kumatyala otyholwa, idatha edlulileyo, kunye nokubanzi ngokubanzi.
I-Linacre Quarterly 82 (4) 2015, 364 - 390
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000002
Inguqulelo yeQela Inzululwazi yenyani/ AT. I-Lysov, MD, i-Ph.D.

IZINTO OZIBONELELAYO: Njengesizathu sokuba "sisemthethweni" wobungqingili, kucingelwa ukuba "ukutshintshwa" kunye nokusebenza kwabantu abathandana nabantu besini esifanayo kuthelekiswa nobungqingili. Nangona kunjalo, kubonisiwe ukuba "ukulungelelaniswa" kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo akuhambelani nokucacisa ukuba ukuphambuka ngokwesini kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwaye kukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingezizo ezimbi. Akunakwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba imeko yengqondo ayiphambuki, kuba imeko enjalo ayikhokeleli "ukulungelelanisa" ukungasebenzi kakuhle, uxinzelelo okanye umsebenzi wentlalontle, kungenjalo ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuninzi kufanele ukuba kuchazwe ngendlela ephosakeleyo njengeemeko eziqhelekileyo. Iziphelo ezicatshulwe kuncwadi olucatshulwe ngabacebisi bemilinganiselo yokuthandana kwabantu abathandana besini esinye asiqinisekiswanga, kwaye izifundo ezingathandekiyo azinakujongwa njengezinokuthenjwa.

INTSHAYELELO

Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe eli nqaku, umongikazi ongumKatolika [owabhala inqaku eligxekayo kubufanasini] watyholwa ngokusebenzisa "amabali akrokrelayo, idatha edlulileyo kunye nokuhlangana ngokubanzi ukwenza amademoni nabantu abathandanayo" (I-Funk 2014) Kweso sizathu sinye, elinye Itshantliziyo labhala ukuba induna iphambukele "kwinqanaba lentlalontle kunye ne-anthropology", engaphaya kobuchule bayo "(IGallbraith xnumx). Akucaci gca ukuba kwakuthethwa ntoni kanye kanye, kodwa impendulo kwinqaku iphakamisa imibuzo eliqela ebalulekileyo. Intlawulo yokusebenzisa idatha ephelelwe lixesha kunye nokuphambuka kwindawo engaphandle kocingo lomntu kubandakanya izinto ezimbini. Okokuqala, kuthetha ukuba bukhona ubungqina obutsha ngakumbi kunaleyo iboniswe ngunongendi ngesihloko sobufanasini. Okwesibini, kuthetha ukuba kukho iingcali ezinokuthenjwa ezinokwazi ngakumbi ukuqikelela malunga nobufanasini. Umbuzo uvela kwakhona: uthini, enyanisweni, malunga nobufanasini "abuphelelwe lixesha", idatha yale mihla? Kwakhona, bathini ubufanasini? Uphando olulula kwi-Intanethi lubonisa ukuba uninzi lweengcali zempilo yengqondo zibanga ukuba kukho ubungqina obuninzi benzululwazi obuxhasa uluvo lwabo lokuba ubufanasini asiyongxaki yengqondo. Kule meko, kufuneka kwenziwe uphononongo kunye nohlalutyo lobungqina besayensi bokuba ubufanasini asisiyongxaki yengqondo.

Amaqela amabini adla ngokubizwa ngokuba "adume kakubi kwaye athembekile njengeengcali kwizifo zengqondo eMelika yaseMelika" yiAmerican Psychological Association (APA) kunye neAmerican Psychiatric Association. Ke ngoko, kuqala ndiza kunika isikhundla sale mibutho ngokubhekisele kubufanasini, emva koko ndiza kuhlalutya "ubungqina besayensi" abathi bathetha ngokuma kwesikhundla.

Ndiza kubonisa ukuba kukho iziphoso ezibalulekileyo kwimithombo, ethi iboniswe "njengobungqina benzululwazi" ukuxhasa ibango lokuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Ngokukodwa, isahlulo esibalulekileyo soncwadi esivelweyo njengobungqina besayensi asihambelani nesihloko sobufanasini kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngenxa yezi ntsilelo, ukuthembakala kwe-American Psychiatric Association kunye ne-APA, ubuncinci ngokubhekisele kwiingxelo zabo ngokubhekisele kwisini sobuntu, kuyabuzwa.

UNXIBELELWANO LWEZOBUCHULE I-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL NGOBUCHWEPHESHE

Ndiza kuqala ngokuchaza nge-APA kunye noMbutho wabaSebenzisa ngengqondo baseMelika, kwaye ndithethe ngezimvo zabo ngobufanasini. I-APA ibanga ukuba:

"... owona mbutho mkhulu kwezesayensi kunye nochwephesha omele isayikholoji eMelika. I-APA ngowona mbutho ubalaseleyo wabachwephesha kwezengqondo malunga nabaphandi nge130 000, ootitshala, abezonyango, abacebisi kunye nabafundi. " (Umbutho weMelika Psychological 2014)

Injongo yakhe yile "Igalelo kwindalo, unxibelelwano kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi lwengqondo ngokwenzala yoluntu kunye nokuphuculwa kobomi babantu" (Umbutho weMelika Psychological 2014).

Umbutho wezonyango lweMelika (olusebenzisa i-APA):

"... yeyona ntlangano yengqondo inkulu ehlabathini. Olu luluntu olukhethekileyo kwezonyango emele inani elandayo lamalungu, okwangoku ngaphezulu kwe-35 000 psychiatrists ... Amalungu ayo ayasebenzisana ukubonelela ngenkathalo kunye nonyango olusebenzayo kubo bonke abantu abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. I-APA lilizwi kunye nesazela sonyango lwengqondo " (Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika i-2014a).

I-American Psychiatric Association ipapasha iNcwadi yokuNgqinisisa kunye neNgcaciso yezezifo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo - i-DSM, ethi:

"... isalathiso esisetyenziswa ngoochwephesha kwezempilo eUnited States nakumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi jikelele igunya isikhokelo sokuxilongwa kwempilo yengqondo. I-"DSM" inenkcazo, iimpawu kunye nezinye iindlela zokufumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Inika umanyano kunxibelelwano kwiiklinikhi ukuba banxibelelane ngezigulana zabo kwaye ibeka uvavanyo oluqinisekileyo noluthembekileyo olunokusetyenziswa kuphando lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Inika umanyano kunxibelelwano ukuze abaphandi baphonononge iindlela zokwenza uhlengahlengiso lwexesha elizayo kunye nokunceda kuphuhliso lwamachiza nolunye ungenelelo. (Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika i-2014b, ukhetho olongezelelekileyo).

Isikhokelo sokuchonga kunye neenkcukacha-manani zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo zithathwa njengezikhokelo ezigunyazisayo zokuchonga iimeko zempilo yengqondo. Kulandela ke ukuba abo bagqirha bezengqondo ababumba umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika, ngakumbi abo babandakanyekayo ekuchazeni umxholo we "DSM," bathathwa njengabasemagunyeni kunye neengcali kwicandelo lezengqondo.kubantu abangaqaphelekanga ngentsingiselo yesayensi, ukufundisisa kwengqondo kwahlukile kufundo lwengqondo, ngenxa yoko kukho imibutho emibini eyahlukeneyo efunda ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo - engqondweni nasengqondweni.).

Isimo sengqondo se-APA kunye neAmerican Psychiatric Association malunga nobufanasini zichazwe kumaxwebhu amabini abalulekileyo. Elokuqala lala maxwebhu libizwa njalo. Isishwankathelo se-Amici Curiae se-APA¹inikezwe ngexesha leNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMelika uLawrence v. ityala laseTexas, elakhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwemithetho elwa nesodomy. Elesibini luxwebhu lwe-APA olubizwa ngokuba "yiNgxelo yeQela ekujolise kulo malunga neendlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango kwiZesondo"². Ababhali kule ngxelo "Senze uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo loncwadi oluhlolwe lulutsha malunga neenzame zokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo" ukubonelela "ngeziphakamiso ezithile kubachwephesha bezempilo yengqondo, uluntu, kunye nezopolitiko" (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 2) Omabini la maxwebhu anokukhuphela izinto ezivela kwizixhobo eziboniswe “njengobungqina” bokuxhasa umbono wokuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Ndiza kubhekisa kubungqina besayensi obonelelwe kumaxwebhu kwaye ndiza kuhlalutya imithombo evezwe njengobungqina besayensi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba "iqela ekujoliswe kulo" elalilungiselela uxwebhu lwesibini lakhokelwa nguJudith M. Glassgold, ugqirha wezengqondo. Uhlala kwibhodi yeJenali ye-Gay kunye neLesbian Psychotherapy kwaye wayengusihlalo we-APA's Gay kunye neLes Lesbian (UNicolosi 2009) Amanye amalungu eqela lomsebenzi: Ngu-Lee Bexted, uJack Drescher, uBeverly Green, Robin Lyn Miller, Roger L. Worsington noClinton W. Anderson. NgokukaJoseph Nicolosi, uBexted, uDrescher kunye no-Anderson “bayathandana,” uMiller “ubathandanayo,” kwaye uGreen sisini (UNicolosi 2009) Ke, ngaphambi kokufunda uluvo lwabo, umfundi makathathe ingqalelo ukuba abameli be-APA bangathathi cala kulo mbandela.

Ndiya kucaphula kula maxwebhu mabini. Oku kuyakuvumela ukubhengezwa ngokubanzi kwesikhundla se-APA kunye noMbutho wezeMigangatho yezeMelika.

INDAWO YOKUGQIBELA YAMABHUNGA AMABINI KWIHOMOSEXUALISM

I-APA ibhala malunga nomtsalane wobungqingili:

"... Umtsalane wesini esifanayo, isimilo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa zizinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nezilungileyo ezahlukeneyo zesini somntu - ngamanye amagama, azibonisi ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okanye ukukhula." (Glassgold et al. I-2009, 2).

Bacacisa ukuba "ngokwesiqhelo" bathetha "Zombini ukungabikho kwesiphazamiso sengqondo kunye nobukho besiphumo esihle kunye esisempilweni sokukhula komntu" (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 11) Ababhali be-APA Bacinga Ngezi Ngxelo "Ixhaswe sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokuxhasa" (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 15).

Uxwebhu lweNgcaciso yoMcebisi we-APA lusebenzisa amabinzana afanayo:

"... amashumi eminyaka sophando kunye namava eklinikhi akhokelele yonke imibutho yezempilo kweli lizwe ukuba igqibe kwelokuba ubufanasini yindlela eqhelekileyo yesini sobuntu." (Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2003, 1).

Ke ngoko, eyona ndawo iphambili ye-APA kunye noMbutho wabaSebenzisa ubugqirha baseMelika kukuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo, kodwa yindlela eqhelekileyo yokwabelana ngesondo kwabantu, kwaye bathi isikhundla sabo sisekwe kubungqina obalulekileyo bezenzululwazi.

Sigmund Freud

Omabini la maxwebhu aqhubeka nojoliso lwembali yokuthandana kwabantu abathandana abatshatileyo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Elinye iphepha liqala ngokucaphula uSigmund Freud, owacebisa ukuba ubufanasini Ayisiyo into elihlazo, ububi, kunye nokudodobala, ayinakubonwa njengesifo, kodwa yinto eyahlukileyo yokusebenza ngokwesondo. (UFreud, 1960, 21, 423 - 4) Ababhali baqaphela ukuba uFreud uzame ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo yomfazi omnye, kodwa, bengakhange baphumelele. "UFreud uqukumbele ngelithi imizamo yokutshintsha ubufanasini nokuba ayiphumeleli." (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 21).

Iya ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba ileta ebhalwe [nguFreud] kunyaka we-1935 iphelelwe lixesha okanye ayisasebenzi, kuxhomekeke kukhetho lwamagama. Isigqibo sikaFreud sokuba utshintsho kutshintsho lobufanasini "mhlawumbi ayiphumelelanga "emva nje kwento enye yokuzama kufuneka ithathwe njenge" bali elolisayo. " Ke, idatha kaFreud kule meko ayonelanga; ngokusekwe kwileta yakhe, akunakwenzeka ukuba enze ingxelo ethi ubufanasini yinto eqhelekileyo yomntu ngokwesini. Kufanele ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ababhali bayeka ngabom ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo izimvo zikaFreud, owacebisa ukuba ubufanasini "Umahluko ekusebenzeni ngokwesondo okubangelwa kukumiswa okuthile kokukhula ngokwesondo"(Nantsi i2012) Ukuthintela yonke le ntelekelelo yezipho emsebenzini kaFreud kuyalahlekisa. (Ngenkcukacha ezithe kratya malunga noko kwabhalwa nguFreud ngobufanasini, inokufundwa emsebenzini kaNicolosi).

UAlfred Kinsey

Uxwebhu lwe-APA Task Force emva koko lubhekisa kwiincwadi ezimbini ezibhalwe nguAlfred Kinsey kwi-1948 kunye ne-1953 (Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwiNdoda enguMntu kunye nokuBandakanyeka kwiZokwabelana ngesondo kwiNtombazana enguMntu):

"... kwangaxeshanye ukuba imigangatho yolwazelelelo lobufanasini kunyango lwengqondo yaseMelika ibekwe emgangathweni, ubungqina babusazi ukuba le mbono inyanzeliswayo ayisekelwanga kakuhle. Ukupapashwa “kokuziphatha ngokwesondo emntwini” kunye “nokuziphatha ngokwesondo emntwini” kwaveza ukuba ubufanasini babuqhelekile kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili, kubonisa ukuba ezo zinto ziyinxalenye yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Kule kowuteshini, eyona nto iphambili lubonakaliso lobufanasini “nokuqhubeka okuqhelekileyo” kwezesondo. Ngamanye amagama, i-APA ichaza oku kulandelayo ngokusekelwe kwiincwadi zeKinsey:

1. Kubonakalisiwe ukuba ubufanasini buxhaphakile phakathi kwabantu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili;
2. Ke ngoko, kukho usasazo oluqhelekileyo (okanye "oluqhubekayo") lomtsalane wesini kubantu besini esahlukileyo.

Iimpikiswano zikaKinsey (ezamkelweyo yi-APA) azinantsingiselo nje njengokutolikwa koko kwathethwa nguFreud. "I-Continuum" "lulungelelwano oluqhubekayo apho izinto ezikufuphi zingafani ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye, nangona iziphelo zahlukile kakhulu" (INew Oxford American Dictionary 2010, sv iyaqhubeka) Umzekelo wokuqhubekeka kufundo lobushushu- “kushushu” kwaye “kubanda” bahluke kakhulu omnye komnye, kodwa kunzima ukwahlula phakathi kwe100 ° F kunye ne-99 ° F. Kinsey icacisa ithiyori yakhe yokuqhubeka kwindalo:

“Umhlaba awunakwahlulwa kuphela zizimvu neebhokhwe. Ayingobamnyama bonke kwaye ayimhlophe yonke. Isiseko se-taxonomy kukuba indalo inqabile ukujongana nezigaba ezincinci. Ingqondo yabantu kuphela ethintela iindidi kwaye izama ukubeka onke amaqanda kwiibhasikithi. Izilwanyana zasendle yinto eqhubekayo kuzo zonke iinkalo zalo.. Kungekudala sikuqonda oku ngokunxulumene nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokwesini, kwakamsinya sinokufikelela ekuqondeni ngokwenyani kwezokwabelana ngesondo. ” (I-Kinsey kunye nePomeroy 1948, ukhetho olongezelelekileyo).

Ngokuphathelele ubungqingili, uKinsey (njengababhali be-APA) ugqiba kwelokuba ekubeni abanye abantu benomdla kwisini sabo, ngokuzenzekelayo kulandela ukuba kukho ukuqhubeka okuqhelekileyo kwesondo. Ukuze ubone ukusilela kweenkcazo ezinjalo zokuphikisana akufuneki isidanga sesayensi. Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo akugqitywa nje ngokujongwa kokuziphatha kuluntu. Oku kusebenza kuyo yonke inzululwazi yezonyango.

Ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuba semngciphekweni kwempikiswano enjalo, ndiza kuthetha ngomzekelo wokuziphatha ngokukodwa okubonakalayo ebantwini. Abanye abantu banomnqweno onamandla wokususa amalungu abo asempilweni; phakathi kwabanye abantu kukho umnqweno wokufaka amanxeba emzimbeni wabo, lo gama abanye bezenzakalisa ngezinye iindlela. Bonke aba bantu abazibizi, abafuni kufa, kodwa bafuna nje ukususa imilenze kunye nempilo yabo.

Imeko umntu akuva ngayo umnqweno wokufuna ukususa ilungu lomzimba elisempilweni liyaziwa kwisayensi njenge- "apotemophilia", "xenomelia", okanye "syndrome yomzimba yokungazithembi". I-Apothemophilia yi "Umnqweno womntu osempilweni ukuze unqunyulwe ilungu lomzimba elisempilweni kwaye lisebenze ngokupheleleyo" (I-Brugger, i-Lenggenhager kunye neGiummarra 2013, 1) Kwaqatshelwa ukuba "Uninzi lwabantu abane-apotemophilia ngamadoda", oko "Uninzi bafuna ukunciphisa umlenze"nangona "Inani elikhulu labantu abane-apothemophilia bafuna ukususa imilenze yomibini" (UHilti et al., 2013, 319). Kwisifundo esinye kunye ne-13 yamadoda, kwaqatshelwa ukuba zonke izifundo ezinamava apotemophilia «umnqweno onamandla nqunyulwa imilenze ” (UHilti et al., 2013I-324, ukhetho longeziwe). Izifundo zibonisa ukuba le meko iyakhula ebuntwaneni, nokuba inokubakho kwangethuba lokuzalwa (Blom, Hennekam kunye Denys 2012, 1). Ngamanye amagama, abanye abantu banokuzalwa benomnqweno okanye umnqweno oqhubekayo wokususa ilunga elisempilweni. Kwakhona, kuphando phakathi kwabantu be-54, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-64,8% yabantu abane-xenomyelia banemfundo ephezulu (Blom, Hennekam kunye Denys 2012, 2). Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba ukususa imilenze esempilweni kukhokelela "Ukuphucuka okumangalisayo kumgangatho wobomi" (Blom, Hennekam kunye Denys 2012, 3).

Ke, ukushwankathela: kukho imeko yengqondo apho abantu "banqwenela" kwaye "bafuna" ukususa imilenze yabo esempilweni. Lo mnqweno unokuba ngaphakathi, okanye, ngamanye amazwi, abantu banokuzalwa banomnqweno wokususa imilenze yabo esempilweni. Lo "mnqweno" kunye "nomnqweno" uyafana "nokuthanda" okanye "ukuthanda". "Umnqweno" okanye "umnqweno", ewe, awulingani ngqo nekhomishini yokuqhawula (isenzo), kodwa ukuthanda, inkangeleko, umnqweno, kunye nomnqweno, kunye nesenzo sokushenxisa ngokwaso zithathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho (IHiltiet al., 2013, 324)³.

Ukususa imilenze efanelekileyo ifuthe lendalo, kunye nomnqweno wokususa imilenze efanelekileyo use umnqweno we-pathological okanye utyekelo lwento. Umnqweno we-pathological ukukhula ngendlela yeengcinga, njengakwimeko yenkoliso (ukuba ayisiyiyo yonke) iminqweno. Kwiimeko ezininzi, le ngxaki ikhona ukususela ebuntwaneni. Okokugqibela, abantu abazalisekisa umnqweno wabo kwaye basuse imilenze ephilayo baziva bebhetele emva kokuqhawulwa. Ngamanye amagama, abo basebenza ngokomnqweno wabo ongafanelekanga (iingcinga zengqondo) kwaye benze isenzo se-pathological ukususa ilungu lomzimba elisempilweni, bafumana ukuphuculwa "komgangatho wobomi" okanye bafumane ulonwabo emva kokwenza isenzo se-pathological. (Umfundi kufuneka aqaphele apha ukufana phakathi kwendalo ye-apotemophilia kunye nemeko yobufanasini.)

Umzekelo wesibini wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo endikukhankanye ngasentla kuthiwa. "Ukuzilimaza", okanye "ukuzilimaza" (umnqweno wokwenzakalisa ukwenzakala, amanxeba). UDavid Klonsky uqaphele ukuba:

"Ukungaguquki okuzenzekelayo kutshintsha njengokuchazwa ngabom kwezicubu zomzimba omnye (ngaphandle kweenjongo zokuzibulala), ezingalawulwa ngemiyalelo yentlalo ... Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokutshintsha okuzenzekelayo zibandakanya ukusika ukukrala, ukukrweca, nokuphazamisa ukupholisa amanxeba. Ezinye iintlobo zibandakanya ukuveza amagama okanye abalinganiswa eluswini, ukuqinisa amalungu omzimba. ” (IKlonsky 2007, 1039-40).

UKlonsky noMuehlenkamp babhala ukuba:

Abanye basenokuzenzakalisa njengendlela yokuvuyisa okanye ukonwaba, ngokufana nokuhamba ngeparachu okanye ukuxhumaxhuma. Umzekelo, iinjongo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abathile njengezizathu zokuzenzekelayo zibandakanya "Ndifuna ukuphakama", "ndicinge ukuba kuya kuba mnandi" kunye "nokuziyolisa". Ngezi zizathu, utshintsho olwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo lunokwenzeka kwiqela labahlobo okanye koontanga. ” (IKlonsky kunye neMuehlenkamp 2007, 1050)

Ngokufanayo, uKlonsky uphawula ukuba

"... Ukuxhaphaka kwe-auto-mutation kuluntu liphezulu kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba liphezulu phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abancinci ... kuye kwabonakala ukuba i-automuit ibonwa nakumaqela angafundanga kwaye asebenza kakhulu, njengabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo, abafundi beekholeji kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini ... Ukukhula okuxhaphakileyo kokuzenzekelayo bathi oogqirha banethuba lokuhlangabezana nale ndlela yokuziphatha kwabo. ” (IKlonsky 2007I-1040, ukhetho longeziwe).

Umbutho weAmerican Psychiatric Association uphawula ukuba ukungazibandakanyi kuzibulala ngokwakho, kumonakalo othe ngqo "Amaxesha amaninzi umnqweno uyandulelwa, kwaye umonakalo ngokwawo uziva umnandi, nangona umntu lowo esazi ukuba uzenzakalisile" (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 806).

Ukushwankathela, ukungazibulali kukuzenzakalisa ifuthe lendalo yandulelwa ngu umnqweno we-pathological (okanye "Inkuthazo") zenzakalise. Abo bazenzakalisayo bakwenza oko ngenxa "Nwabisa". Abanye abaguli abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka "Usebenze kakhulu" ngengqondo yokuba banokuphila, basebenze kwaye basebenze ekuhlaleni, kwangaxeshanye banako oku kuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ekugqibeleni "Ukuxhaphaka kwe-auto-mutation kuphezulu kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuphakathi kolutsha nabantu abancinci" (IKlonsky 2007, 1040).

Ngoku ndibuyele kwinjongo yokuqala-yokujonga imizekelo ye-apotemophilia kunye noguquguquko oluzenzekelayo kwisakhelo se-logic ye-APA kunye noMbutho wezoNyango waseMelika. I-APA ibanga ukuba iziphumo zophando zika-Alfred Kinsey zibuchasile ubungqingili njenge-pathology. APA isekela le ngxelo kuphando lukaKinsey "Ubonakalise ukuba ubufanasini buqhelekile kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili, ecebisa ukuba ezo zinto ziyinxalenye yokuziphatha okuqhubekayo ngokwesondo kunye nokuziqhelanisa" (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Kwakhona, uhlobo olufinyeziweyo lokuphikisana kukaKinsey kujongeka ngale ndlela:

1. Phakathi kwabantu, kubonisiwe ukuba ubufanasini buqhelekile kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili;
2. Ke ngoko, kukho umahluko oqhelekileyo (okanye "ukuqhubeka") komnqweno wesini.

Guqula ubufanasini kunye nemizekelo ye-apotemophilia kunye ne-auto-mutation, ukulandela ingqiqo yeKinsey kunye ne-APA, emva koko impikiswano iya kuba yile ilandelayo:

1. Kuye kwabonwa ukuba abanye abantu bayalingwa kwaye banomdla wokuzenzakalisa kwaye banqumle amalungu asempilweni emizimbeni yabo;
2. Ebantwini, kubonisiwe ukuba umnqweno wokuzenzakalisa kunye nokunqumla amalungu omzimba aqhelekileyo uqhelekile kunokuba bekucingwa ngaphambili
3. Ke ngoko, kukho umahluko oqhelekileyo wokunqwenela ukuzenzakalisa kwaye unqumle amalungu omzimba aphilileyo; kukho ukuqhubeka kokwahluka okuqhelekileyo ngokubhekisele kwisimo sengqondo sokuzenzakalisa.

Ke, sinokubona ukuba azinangqondo kwaye zingangqinelani iimpikiswano zeKinsey kunye ne-APA; Ukuqaphela ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ixhaphake kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili ayikhokelela ngokuzenzekelayo kwisigqibo sokuba kukho ukuqhubeka okuqhelekileyo kokuziphatha. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi umntu ngamnye abukele indlela yokuziphatha yomntu yinto enye eqhelekileyo kwindlela "yokuziphatha" yomntu; Ukuba umnqweno wokuzenzakalisa okanye umnqweno wokususa ilungu elisempilweni ubonakele uqhelekile kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili, ke (ngokweengcinga zabo) ezo zinto ziya kuba yinxalenye yokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kunye neenjongo zokuzenzakalisa.

Kwelinye icala lokubonakala kweKinsey kuya kubakho abafuna ukuzibulala, kwelinye icala lesibuko kuya kubakho abo bafuna impilo kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwemizimba yabo. Endaweni ethile phakathi kwabo, ngokweengcinga zikaKinsey, kuya kubakho abo baziva ngathi bazisike izandla zabo, kwaye ecaleni kwabo kuya kubakho abo bafuna ukuzisika ngokupheleleyo ezi zandla. Oku kukhokelela kumbuzo: kutheni zonke iintlobo zokuziphatha kwabantu zingenakuthathwa njengezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha komntu? Ingxabano yentengiso yaseKinsey, ukuba iyaqhubeka nengqiqo, isusa ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na imfuneko yesayensi yezengqondo okanye yengqondo; UKinsey ubhale ukuba "ilizwe eliphilayo liyinto eqhubekayo kuwo onke amabakala aloMsgstr ". Ukuba be bekunjalo, ngoko bekungayi kubakho nto kuthiwa kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (okanye ukuphazamiseka komzimba), kwaye bekungayi kubakho mfuneko yazo zonke ezi zinto zidibanisayo namaqela afumanisa kwaye anyange ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Umtsalane kwikhomishini yolwaphulo-mthetho oluyi-serial luya kuthi, ngokweengcinga zikaKinsey, lube lolunye ukhetho oluqhelekileyo ekuqhubekeni kwesimo sengqondo ebomini bomntu.

Ke ngoko, ibango le-APA lokuba isifundo sikaKinsey “sibonisa” ubufanasini njenge-pathology ayanele kwaye ayilunganga. Idatha yoncwadi lwezenzululwazi ayixhasi isiphelo, kwaye isiphelo ngokwaso asikho ngqiqweni. (Ukongeza, kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kunye nengxoxo engenangqondo, uninzi lophando lweKinsey lwahlaziywa (Browder xnumx; bona iinkcukacha intsomi ye10%).

K. S. FORD NO-FRANK A. BEACH

Omnye umthombo obekwe ngaphambili njengobungqina benzululwazi bokuba ubufanasini asiyongxaki yengqondo sisifundo sikaC. S. Ford noFrank A. Beach. I-APA ibhale:

"I-CS Ford kunye ne-Beach (i-1951) ibonise ukuba indlela yokuziphatha yesini esifanayo kunye nobungqingili zibakhona kuluhlu lwezilwanyana neenkcubeko zabantu. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kubonise ukuba akukho nto ingeyiyo eyokwendalo ngokwesini esinye okanye indlela umntu athandana ngayo."(I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Isicatshulwa sithathwe kwincwadi ebizwa ngokuba yiPateni yokuZiphatha ngokwesondo. Yabhalwa kwi-1951, kwaye kuyo, emva kokufunda idatha ye-anthropological, ababhali bacebisa ukuba umsebenzi wobungqingili uvumelekile kwi-49 isuka kwi-76 yenkcubeko yabantu (Umntu weeNtlanga kunye noMiller, 2009, 576). I-Ford kunye ne-Beach ikwabonisa ukuba phakathi kwamadoda namabhinqa athabatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yesini.Umntu weeNtlanga kunye noMiller, 2009) Ke, ababhali be-APA bakholelwa ukuba ekubeni abaphandi ababini kwi-1951 bafumanise ukuba ubungqingili bujongwa ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni, kuyalandela ukuba akukho nto ingeyonto efanayo nobungqingili (inkcazo ethi "akukho nto ingeyoyemvelo" ibonakala ngathi iyathetha ukuba ubufanasini "yinto eqhelekileyo". Isiseko salempikiswano sinokuvezwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Nasiphi na isenzo okanye isimilo esibonwe kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana kunye nenkcubeko yabantu sicebisa ukuba akukho nto ingeyokwendalo kulokho kuziphatha okanye isenzo;
2. Ukuziphatha ngokwesini esifanayo nobungqingili buye babonwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana kunye neenkcubeko zabantu;
3. Ngenxa yoko, akukho nto ingaqhelekanga kwimilo yobungqingili okanye ubungqingili.

Kule meko, sikwajongana “nomthombo ophelelwe lixesha” (isifundo se-1951 sonyaka), esibuye sigqibezele. Ukuqwalaselwa kwayo nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni ayisiyonto eyaneleyo yokufumanisa ukuba akukho nto ingeyoyemvelo kulokho kuziphatha (ngaphandle kokuba i-APA iza nenye intsingiselo yegama elithi "indalo" ukwamkela eli gama) . Ngamanye amagama, zininzi izenzo okanye indlela yokuziphatha eyenziwa ngabantu nezilwanyana, kodwa oku akusoloko kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga»Kwizenzo ezinjalo kunye nokuziphatha. Umzekelo, i-cannibalism ibonakaliswe ibanzi kwiinkcubeko zabantu naphakathi kwezilwanyana (Petrinovich 2000, 92).

[Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, u-Beach wavuma ukuba wayengazi mzekelo omnye oyinyani wamadoda okanye ababhinqileyo kwilizwe lezilwanyana abathanda iqabane elinobungqingili: Kukho amadoda ahlala kwamanye amadoda, kodwa ngaphandle kokungena ngaphakathi okanye kuvuthondaba. Ungayigcina ikheyiji phakathi kwabasetyhini ... kodwa ukuyibiza ngokuba bubufanasini kwingcinga yomntu kukutolika, kwaye ukutolika kuyinkohliso ... Kuyathandabuzeka ukuba ikheji ngokwayo inokubizwa ngokuba isini ... (IKarlen 1971, 399) -  malunga.

Ukufaka isicelo se-cannibalism kwi-logic esetyenziswa yi-APA kuya kukhokelela kule ngxoxo ilandelayo:

1. Nasiphi na isenzo okanye isimilo esibonwe kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana kunye nenkcubeko yabantu sicebisa ukuba akukho nto ingeyokwendalo kulokho kuziphatha okanye isenzo;
2. Ukutya umntu ngamnye kuhlobo lwazo kwabonwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana kunye neenkcubeko zabantu;
3. Ngenxa yoko, akukho nto ingaqhelekanga ekutyeni abantu bohlobo lwazo.

Nangona kunjalo, awucingi ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo kukho into "engeyoyokwemvelo" kwi-cannibalism? Sinokufika kwesi sigqibo ngesiseko nje sengqondo eqhelekileyo (ngaphandle kokuba yi-anthropologist, ingcali kwezengqondo, ugqirha wezengqondo okanye ugqirha webhayoloji). Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwee-APA zesigqibo esisiso esichanekileyo seFord kunye neBebhali "njengobungqina" bokuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo iphelelwe lixesha kwaye ayonelanga. Kwakhona, uncwadi lwenzululwazi aluqinisekisi izigqibo zabo, kwaye isiphelo ngokwaso asikho ngqiqweni; ingxoxo yabo ayisiyo ingxoxo yesayensi. (Lo mzekelo unokusetyenziswa ukubonisa ingcinga engekho ngqiqweni yeKinsey ne-APA: kuya kubakho ubugqwetha kwesinye isiphelo "sokuqhubeka kokuziqhelanisa nokutya" kunye nokutshixeka kwelinye icala).

U-Evelyn Hooker kunye nabanye kwi "Adaptability"

Le ngxoxo ilandelayo yababhali beqela ekujolise kulo le-APA kukubhengeza kupapasho luka-Evelyn Hooker:

“Uhlolisiso lwesazi ngengqondo u-Evelyn Hooker wafaka uluvo lobufanasini njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuvavanyo lwenzululwazi. UHooker wafunda isampulu engeyiyo yezonyango yamadoda athandana namanye kwaye wawathelekisa nesampulu efanisiweyo yamadoda abathandana abathandanayo. UHooker wafumanisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwiziphumo zovavanyo ezintathu (uvavanyo olunomdla wokuqonda, Xelela ibali ngovavanyo lwemifanekiso kunye novavanyo lweRorschach) ukuba amadoda athandana namanye ayengafani neqela elinye. ngenqanaba lokuziqhelanisa. Kuyamangalisa ukuba iingcali ezazifundisisa imigaqo-nkqubo yaseRorschach azikwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwemigaqo yeqela labantu abathandana besini esinye kunye neqela elingatshatanga nelinye, nto leyo ekhokelele ekungqubaneni konke konke nokuqonda okungakumbi malunga nobungqingili kunye neendlela zokuhlola ezenziwa ngelo xesha. " (I-Glassgold et al., 2009I-22, ukhetho longeziwe).

Umbono wegcisa we-APA ubhekisa kuHooker njenge "Uphando olugqibeleleyo":

"... kweyokuqala ngononophelo Uphando kwiMpilo yengqondo kwi-Homosexuals Dr. Evelyn Hooker wasebenzisa ibhetri yeemvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zengqondo ukufunda amadoda angamafanasini kunye namadoda athandanayo ahambelana nobudala, i-IQ, kunye nemfundo ... Ukususela kwidatha yakhe, wagqiba ukuba ubungqingili abuhambelani ne-psychopathology. kwaye "ubufanasini abukho njengemeko yonyango." (Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2003, I-10-11, ukhetho longeziwe)

Ke, kwi-1957, u-Evelyn Hooker wathelekisa amadoda awathi angatshatanga namadoda awathi awabinazithandani. Wafunda izifundo esebenzisa iimvavanyo ezintathu zengqondo: kuvavanyo olunobuchule, uvavanyo lwe- "Xela ibali elivela kwimifanekiso" novavanyo lweRorschach. UHooker waqukumbela ukuba "ubungqingili njenge meko yezonyango alikho '(Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2003, 11).

Uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo kunye nokugxekwa kwesifundo se-Hooker kungaphaya komda weli nqaku, kodwa amanqaku amaninzi kufuneka aqatshelwe.

Ezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kulo naluphi na uphando zezi: (1) ipharamitha yokulinganisa (isiNgesi: "isiphumo"; isiphelo sendlela), kunye (2) ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana isiphelo sesitha ngokulinganisa le parhula.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yesifundo kukuba ingaba imilinganiselo ichanekile na. Isifundo sikaHooker sijonge "uhlengahlengiso" lwamafanasini kunye nabesini esahlukileyo njengeparameter enokulinganiswa. U-Hooker wathi ulungelelwaniso olulinganiswa kubufanasini nakwisini esahlukileyo luyafana. Ayinikezeli inkcazo yegama elithi "ukuziqhelanisa". Okwangoku, umfundi kufuneka awukhumbule umxholo "wokuziqhelanisa," endiya kubuyela kuwo kamva. Kufuneka iqatshelwe apha ukuba eminye imisebenzi emininzi ichaze iimpazamo zendlela uHooker ayifundileyo (imisebenzi emibini ejongene neempazamo zendlela yophando lukaHooker inikwe kwicandelo lezalathiso- ezi Schumm (2012) и UCameron noCameron (2012)) Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuhlala kwiparameter eyasetyenziswa nguHooker njengobungqina besayensi elungele isiteyitimenti malunga "nokwenzeka" kobufanasini: ukuzivumelanisa neemeko ezithile.

Ndijolise kule paradesi, kuba kunyaka we-2014, "ukuziqhelanisa nezimo" isesisiseko esibonakaliswa yimibutho ephambili njengobungqina benzululwazi, kwisimo sengqondo sokuba ubungqingili "yinto eqhelekileyo yokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo komntu".

Emva kokuthetha ngokufunda kuka-Evelyn Hooker njengobungqina besayensi, ababhali beqela le-APA bathi:

"Kwisifundo sika-Armon phakathi kwabafazi ababhinqileyo, iziphumo ezifanayo [nedatha evela ku-Evelyn Hooker] yafunyanwa .... Kwiminyaka elandelayo emva kwezifundo ezenziwa nguHooker kunye no-Armon, inani lezifundo malunga nezokwabelana ngesondo nokukhula ngokwesondo lakhula. Iziganeko ezibini ezibalulekileyo zaphawula utshintsho olomeleleyo kuphando lobufanasini. Okokuqala, belandela umzekelo weHooker, abaphandi abangaphezulu nangakumbi baqalisa ukwenza uphando kumaqela angekho ngokwezonyango amadoda nabasetyhini abathandana abathandanayo. Izifundo zangaphambili zibandakanya ikakhulu abathathi-nxaxheba ababebandezelekile okanye bavalelwe. Okwesibini, iindlela zobungakanani bokuvavanya ubuntu bomntu (umzekelo, uvavanyo lwe-Eysenck, uvavanyo lweCattell, kunye novavanyo lwaseMinnesota) zaye zaphuhliswa kwaye yayiluphuculo olukhulu lwengqondo ngokweendlela zangaphambili, umzekelo, uvavanyo lweRorschach. Uphononongo olwenziwe kwezi ndlela zovavanyo lutsha lubonakalisile ukuba amadoda namabhinqa angamafanasini ayalingana amadoda namabhinqa angafaniyo ngokomlinganiso kunye nokusebenza kwawo. "(I-Glassgold et al., 2009I-23, ukhetho longeziwe).

Lo mgca wokugqibela, endiwugxininisile, ubaluleke kakhulu; "iindlela ezisanda kuphuhliswa"Thelekisa"ulungelelwaniso”Kwaye amandla okusebenza kuluntu phakathi kwabantu abathandana besini esinye nesini, oko kukuthi, basebenzise uthelekiso lokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe apha ukuba "uhlengahlengiso" lwalusetyenziswa ngokuchaseneyo kunye "nokuziqhelanisa" (Jahoda xnumx, 60 - 63, Seaton ngaphakathi I-Lopez 2009, I-796 - 199). Ngenxa yoko, i-APA kwakhona iyathetha ukuba njengamadoda nabafazi abathandana besini esinye “esifanayo” kumadoda nabasetyhini kwinkqubo yokuziqhelanisa kunye nokusebenza ngokwasentlalweni, oku kubonisa ukuba ubufanasini ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Le yimbambano enye icetyiswe ngu-Evelyn Hooker, owathi waqinisa kwisigqibo sakhe sokuba ubufanasini asiyondlela yokufumana idatha eneempawu ezibonisa ukufana phakathi kwabantu abathandana abatshatileyo kunye nabantu abatshatileyo kwi "adaptability".

Uhlalutyo olwenziwa nguJohn C. Gonsiorek olunesihloko esithi "Isiseko seMpembelelo yokuNika iMeko yokugula koBungqingili" sikwacaciswa yi-APA kunye noMbutho wabaSebenzi bobugqirha baseMelika njengobungqina bokuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, 23; Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Kweli nqaku, uGonsiorek wenza iinkcazo ezininzi ezifanayo nezo zikaEvelyn Hooker. UGonsiorek ubonakalisile oko

"... isifo sokuchaphazeleka kwengqondo yindlela eyoneleyo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubufanasini kuyimpazamo kwaye ayichanekanga, kuba akukho sizathu sokwenza oku. Ngamanye amagama, ukufumanisa ubungqingili njengesifo kuyindlela embi yesayensi. Ke ngoko, nokuba ngaba ukuthembakala isenzo sokuchonga kuyamkelwa okanye kuyaliwe kwisifo sengqondo, akukho sizathu sakujonga ubufanasini njengesifo okanye njengesibonakaliso sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ". (IGonsiorek, 1991, 115).

UGonsiorek utyhola abo baxhasa ibango lokuba ubungqingili kukuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni indlela engeyiyo yezenzululwazi. Ukongeza, uGonsiorek ucebisa oko "Owona mbuzo upheleleyo kukuba ingaba bakhona na abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabanye". (Gonsiorek 1991, 119 - 20) kunye

"... kumbuzo wokuba ubufanasini yinto nganye okanye ayibikho emzimbeni kwaye inxulumene nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kulula ukuphendula .... Izifundo zamaqela ohlukeneyo zibonise ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba akukho mahluko kuzo Ukuziqhelanisa ngokwengqondo phakathi kwabantu abathandana abathandanayo kunye nabantu abathandanayo. Ke ngoko, nokuba ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba abanye abantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye banezinto ezigwenxa, ayinakuphikiswa into yokuba ubudlelwane bezesondo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokwenziwa kwengqondo kukodwa kudibene.. (IGonsiorek, 1991, I-123-24, igxininisiwe)

Ke, emsebenzini ka-Gonsiorek, "ukuzivumelanisa neemeko" kusetyenziswa njengeparimitha yokulinganisa. Kwakhona, ubungqina besayensi oboniswe nguGonsiorek, obuchaza ukuba "ubufanasini yinto eqhelekileyo", busekwe kumlinganiso “wokuziqhelanisa” nabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo. UGonsiorek uthetha ukuba ukuba isimo sengqondo sokwabelana ngesondo “sinxulumene” nohlengahlengiso lwengqondo, singacinga ukuba amafanasini ngabantu abanengxaki yengqondo. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, akukho mahluko kuguquko kubuchule bokuthandana kwabantu abathandana abathandanayo kunye nabantu abathandana besini esinye, ke (ngokutsho kukaGonsiorek) ubufanasini ayisosifo sengqondo. Ingxoxo yakhe iphantse yafana nengxoxo ka-Evelyn Hooker, eyayimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Akukho mehluko onokulinganiswa kulungelelwaniso lwengqondo phakathi kwabantu abathandana besini esinye kunye nesini esahlukileyo;
2. Ke ngoko, ubufanasini ayisiyongxaki yengqondo.

Umbono we-APA kuMcebisi kwi-Lawrence v. ITexas ikwaphonononga uphononongo lwe-Gonsiorek njengobungqina besayensi obuxhasa ibango "Ubufanasini ayihambisani ne-psychopathology okanye maladaptation yentlalo" (Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Umbono wegcisa we-APA ukhankanya ezinye izikhombisi ezininzi kubungqina besayensi obuxhasa eli bango. Elinye lamanqaku akhankanyiweyo lophononongo lokuphononongwa kwe-1978 lonyaka, elithathela ingqalelo uhlengahlengiso "kwaye" uqukumbela ukuba iziphumo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku azibonisanga ukuba umntu onobungqingili uthathelwe ingqalelo ngokwengqondo kunogxa wakhe wesini esinye "(IHart et al., 1978, 604). I-American Psychiatric Association kunye ne-APA ikwacaphula nezifundo nguGonsiorek kunye noHooker njengobungqina besayensi ekuqhubekeni kwakhona kwabo ne-US v. Windsor (Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2013, 8). Ngenxa yoko, kwakhona, amanyathelo “okubhetyebhetye” asetyenziswa ukuxhasa ibango lokuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka sifumanise ukuba yintoni kanye kanye ethethwa “kukuziqhelanisa”, kuba sisiseko sobona “ubungqina besayensi” abathi ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo.

"UKULUNGA" kwi-PSYCHOLOGY

Ndikhankanye apha ngasentla ukuba "ukuziqhelanisa nezimo" ligama elisetyenziswe ngokuchaseneyo kunye "nolungelelwaniso". UMarie Jahoda wabhala kwi-1958 (kunyaka omnye emva kokupapashwa kwesifundo sika-Evelyn Hooker) ukuba

"Ibinzana elithi" ukuziqhelanisa " ". (Jahoda xnumx, 62).

Isifundo sikaHooker kunye nophando lweGonsiorek yimizekelo ebalaseleyo yokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "adaptability". Akukho mbhali ulichaza ngqo eli gama, kodwa uGonsiorek ubhekisa kule nto athetha ngayo ngeli gama xa ebhekisa kwizifundo ezininzi ezipapashiweyo phakathi kweminyaka ye-1960 ne-1975 (isicatshulwa esipheleleyo ekunzima ukusifumana ngenxa yokuba zapapashwa ngaphambi kokungeniswa kokugcina kuka-digital):

"Inani labaphandi basebenzise uvavanyo lwe-Adjective Check List (" ACL "). Shintsha kwaye Vimba, usebenzisa olu vavanyo, alufumananga ngomahluko kwitotali ukuziqhelanisa phakathi kwabantu abathandana abathandanayo kunye nabesilisa abathandanayo. U-Evans, esebenzisa uvavanyo olufanayo, wafumanisa ukuba amafanasini abonisa iingxaki ngakumbi kukuzibona kunamadoda angatshatanga, kodwa kuphela liqela elincinci lamafanasini elinokuqwalaselwa. Ayilunganga kakuhle. U-Thompson, McCandless, kunye no-Strickland basebenzise i-ACL ukufunda ingqondo ukuziqhelanisa Omabini amadoda kunye nabasetyhini - amafanasini kunye nabantu abathandanayo, abagqiba kwelokuba ukubonwa ngokwesini akunxulunyaniswa nokuziqhelanisa kwabantu. UHasell noSmith basebenzise i-ACL ukuthelekisa abantu abathandana abathandanayo kunye nabasetyhini abafanayo kwaye bafumana umfanekiso oxubeneyo womehluko, kodwa kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo, ngokusekelwe koku sinokucinga ukuba kwisampula yesini esifanayo. ukuziqhelanisa ebekubi. (IGonsiorek, 1991I-130, ukhetho longeziwe).

Ke ngoko, ngokutsho kuka-Gonsiorek, enye yeempawu ezibonakalayo kukuba "kukuzibona". U-Lester D. Crow, kwincwadi epapashwe ngaxeshanye nezifundo eziphononongwe nguGonsiorek, uphawula ukuba

"Ukuzilungelelanisa ngokupheleleyo, okunempilo kunokufezekiswa xa umntu eneempawu ezithile. Uziqonda njengomntu ozimeleyo, bobabini efanayo kwaye eyahlukileyo kwabanye abantu. Uyazithemba kuye, kodwa ngokuqonda okunamandla kwamandla akhe kunye nobuthathaka bakhe. Kwangelo xesha, unokuvavanya amandla kunye nobuthathaka babanye kwaye alungelelanise isimo sakhe sengqondo kubo ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ... Umntu olungelelene kakuhle uziva ekhuselekile ekuqondeni kwakhe amandla akhe okuzisa ubudlelwane bakhe kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo. Ukuzithemba kwakhe kunye nemvakalelo yokhuseleko lomntu kuyamnceda ukuba akhokele imisebenzi yakhe ngendlela yokuba abajolise ekuhloleni intlalo-ntle yakhe nabanye ngokuthe rhoqo. Uyakwazi ukusombulula ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki ezingaphezulu okanye ezincinci ajamelana nazo imihla ngemihla. Okokugqibela, umntu ophumeleleyo uvumelana nezimo ngokuthe ngcembe uphuhlisa intanda-bulumko yobomi kunye nenkqubo yemilinganiselo emnceda kakuhle kwimikhwa eyahlukeneyo yokuziqhelanisa - ukufundisisa okanye ukusebenza, kunye nolwalamano nabo bonke abantu adibana nabo, abancinci okanye abadala. (Isikhondo xnumx, 20-21).

Umthombo kamva kwi-Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology uphawula ukuba

"Kuphando lwengqondo, ukulungelelaniswa kubhekisele kuzo zombini iziphumo kunye nenkqubo ... Ukuziqhelanisa ngokwengqondo kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo njengenkqubo yokuvavanya iziphumo zophando lwengqondo, kunye namanyathelo anjengokuzithemba okanye ukungabikho koxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, okanye uxinzelelo luhlala lusetyenziswa njengezalathiso zoqhelaniso. Abaphandi banokulinganisa inqanaba lomntu lokuba bhetyebhetye okanye impilo yakhe xa ephendula uhlobo oluthile lomsitho oxinzelelayo, njengokuqhawula umtshato okanye ukungaziphathi ngendlela enjengotywala okanye iziyobisi. (Seaton ngaphakathi I-Lopez 2009, 796-7).

Zombini ezi zicatshulwa zencwadi ye-1967 yonyaka kunye nekowuteshini kamva kwi-encyclopedia zihambelana neenkcazo ezivela kwizifundo ezichazwe nguGonsiorek. IGonsiorek ikhankanya izifundo ezininzi apho

Umahluko obonakalayo wafunyanwa phakathi kwamafanasini, abathandani besini esahlukileyo kunye nabantu abathandanayo, kodwa hayi kwinqanaba elinokubonelelwa yi-psychopathology. Iindlela zasetyenziswa ukulinganisa inqanaba loxinzelelo, ukuzithemba, iingxaki zolwalamano kunye neengxaki kubomi bezesondo. ” (IGonsiorek, 1991, 131).

Ngokucacileyo, "ukuziqhelanisa" nomntu kumiselwe (ubuncinci kwinxalenye) ngokulinganisa "ukudakumba, ukuzithemba, iingxaki kubudlelwane kunye neengxaki kubomi bezesondo", uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Ke, kucingelwa ukuba umntu ongabinayo uxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo, ukuzithemba okuphezulu okanye okuqhelekileyo, unokugcina ubudlelwane kunye nobomi bezesondo, uyakuthathwa njengelungile okanye "ulungile". UGonsiorek ubanga ukuba abantu abathandana besini esinye nabo bafana ngesini esinye malunga nokuxinezeleka, ukuzithemba, iingxaki zobudlelwane kunye neengxaki kubomi babo bezesondo, kulandela ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki, kuba, njengoko uGonsiorek esitsho: "Isiphelo ngokubanzi sicacile: ezi zifundo zibonisa kakhulu ukuba ubungqingili abuhambelani kwisimo sengqondo okanye imeko yokusebenza kwengqondo" (IGonsiorek, 1991, I-115 - 36). Nantsi impikiswano yeGonsiorek eyenziwe lula:

1. Akukho mehluko onokulinganiswa kuxinzelelo, ukuzithemba, iingxaki zobudlelwane kunye neengxaki kubomi bezesondo phakathi kwabantu abathandana abathandanayo kunye nabantu abathandanayo;
2. Ke ngoko, ubufanasini ayisiyongxaki yengqondo.

Njengokuqukumbela kuka-Evelyn Hooker, ukugqitywa kweGonsiorek akuthethi ukuba uvela kwidatha ethi, ngokombono wakhe, uyamxhasa. Zininzi iingxaki zengqondo ezingakhokeleli emntwini onengxaki yoxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo okanye ukuzithemba okuphantsi; Ngamanye amagama, "ukulungeleka" ayisiyindlela efanelekileyo yokuzimisela ukumisela imeko yengqondo yenkqubo nganye yokucinga kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nezi nkqubo zengqondo. Uxinzelelo, ukuzithemba, "ukungalingani phakathi kobudlelwane", "ukungaziphathi ngokwesondo", ukubandezeleka kunye nokukwazi ukwenza into phakathi koluntu akunxulumene nakho konke ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo; Oko kukuthi, ayizizo zonke iingxaki zengqondo ezikhokelela kukwaphulwa kwe "adaptability". Le ngcinga ikhankanywe kwi-Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Iphawula ukuba ukulinganisa ukuzithemba kunye nokonwaba ukumisela uhlengahlengiso kuyingxaki.

Le yimilinganiselo efanelekileyo, njengoko umbhali esitsho,

"... ziphantsi kweminqweno yentlalo. Umntu unokungazi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, unokungakwazi ukuxela ukuphulwa kwakhe okanye ukugula kwengqondo. Ngokufanayo, abantu abanezigulo zengqondo ezinzima banokuthi nangona kunjalo bonwabe kwaye baneliseke ngobomi babo. Okokugqibela, impilo-ntle yokwenziwa ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko ethile. (Seaton ngaphakathi I-Lopez 2009, 798).

Ukubonisa oku, qwalasela eminye imizekelo. Ezinye iidolophiles zithi azikabi nazo naziphi na iingxaki ngokuba nomdla ongazenzisiyo kwabantwana, kwaye zinokusebenza ngokupheleleyo eluntwini. I-American Psychiatric Association ibonisa i-pedophilia ukuba:

"... ukuba abantu bayakunika ingxelo yokuba umdla wabo ngokwesondo ebantwaneni ubangela ubunzima bezengqondo, emva koko banokufunyaniswa benesifo sokudakumba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba baxela ukusilela kwetyala, iintloni okanye ixhala malunga nomtsalane onjalo kwaye abanakho ukusebenza ngokuxhomekeka kumfuziselo wabo (ngokwengxelo yakho, uvavanyo lwenjongo, okanye bobabini) ... ke aba bantu bane ubudlelwane beentlobano zesini. (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013I-698, ukhetho longeziwe).

Ukongeza, abantu abanesifo se-apotemophilia kunye ne-auto-mutation bangasebenza ngokupheleleyo kuluntu; ngaphambili kwaphawuleka ukuba le ndlela yokuziphatha ibonwa “kwizinga eliphakamileyo lokusebenza, njengabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo, abafundi beekholeji nabezomkhosi” (IKlonsky 2007, 1040). Banokusebenza eluntwini, kanye nje ngokuba abantu abadala “abanomdla kakhulu ngokwesondo” ebantwaneni banokusebenza eluntwini kwaye bangabi nalo uxinzelelo. Ezinye ii-anoretiki zinokuthi "zihlale zisebenza ekuhlaleni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle '(Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, I-343), kunye nokuqhubeka kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingenasondlo, ezingenzi-kutya (ezinje ngeplastiki) "akuqhelekanga kuphela kwesizathu sokungasebenzi kakuhle kwentlalo"; I-APA ayichazanga ukuba uxinzelelo, ukuzithemba okuphantsi, okanye iingxaki kubudlelwane okanye ubomi bezesondo yimeko yokufumanisa imeko yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo apho abantu batya ukutya okungenasondlo, ukutya okungekho kukutya ukuze bazonwabise (oku kuphambuka kubizwa ngokuba yi-Peak syndrome) (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 330 -1).

I-American Psychiatric Association ikwakhankanya ukuba isifo i-Tourette's (enye yeengxaki zokuphazamiseka) inokubakho ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokusebenza (kwaye ke ngaphandle kokunxulumene namanyathelo "okubhetyebhetye"). Babhala oko "Abantu abaninzi abanamakreyithi akhawulezileyo kwaye abenangxaki isebenza kakuhle, kwaye banokungazi nokuba banamakhaza" (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 84). Ukuphazamiseka kwemikhwa kukuphazamiseka kubonakalisa njengezenzo ezingalawulekiyo ezingalawulekiyo (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, I-82) (Oko kukuthi, abaguli babanga ukuba abenzi ngabom, ngokukhawuleza, rhoqo, ngokungahambiyo okanye bathethe izandi kunye namagama (ngokufuthi), abanye abaguli banokufaka ibango lokuba "bazalwe ngaloo ndlela"). Ngokwe-DSM - i-5 yencwadi yesandla, uxinzelelo okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezentlalo akufuneki ukuze kufunyanwe isifo sikaTourette's, kwaye ke lo ngomnye umzekelo wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo apho amanyathelo okuziqhelanisa nawo engalunganga. Esi sisiphithiphithi apho ukungaguquguquki kungasetyenziselwa njengobungqina besayensi bokuba ngaba ukuphazamiseka kukaTourette akusosifo sengqondo.

Okokugqibela, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunxibelelene "nokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezithile" kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Abantu abanengxaki yokukhohlisa baneenkolelo zobuxoki ukuba

"... zisekwe kumbono ongeyonyani wangaphandle, obambelele ngokuqinileyo, ngaphandle kwento yokuba umbono onjalo ugatyelwe abanye abantu, kwaye kwinto yokuba kukho ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa obucacileyo (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 819)

I-American Psychiatric Association iphawula ukuba "ngaphandle kwempembelelo ngqo ye-delirium okanye imiphumo yayo, ukusebenza komntu akuchaphazeli ngokucacileyo, kwaye isimilo ayimangalisi" (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 90). Ukongeza, "isimilo esiqhelekileyo sabantu abanengxaki yokukhohlisa yinto eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha nakwinkangeleko yabo xa bengazenzi ngokweengcinga zabo zokulukuhla" (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 93).

Abantu abanengxaki yokukhohlisa ababonakali bebonisa iimpawu "zokungakwazi ukomelela komzimba"; ngaphandle kwezimvo zabo zobuqhetseba kwangoko, zibonakala ziqhelekile. Ke, ukuphazamiseka kokukhohlisa ngumzekelo ophambili wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okungahambelaniyo neendlela zokuziqhelanisa; Ukomelela komzimba akunanto yakwenza nengxaki yokukhohlisa. Kunokuthiwa amafanasini, nangona indlela yawo yokuziphatha ibonakalisa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, "kubonakala kuyinto eqhelekileyo" kwezinye iinkalo zobomi babo, ezinjengokusebenza kwezentlalo kunye nezinye iindawo zobomi apho ukungalungisi kunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lweengxaki zengqondo apho umlinganiso wokomelela komzimba awunanto yakwenza nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Esi sisiphene esibi kuncwadi olusetyenziswe njengobungqina benzululwazi ukuxhasa isigqibo sokuba ubufanasini asiyongxaki yengqondo.

Esi sisiphelo esibalulekileyo, nangona ndingengowokuqala ukukhankanya ingxaki yokufumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngakwicala lokuvavanya uxinzelelo, ukusebenza kwentlalo okanye iiparameter, ezibandakanyiweyo kumagama athi "adaptability" and "adaptation". Lo mbandela uxutyushwe kwinqaku likaRobert L. Spitzer kunye noJerome C. Wakefield ekufumaneni isifo isifo sengqondo esisiseko esibonakalise ukuba uneengxaki zekliniki okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle (inqaku labhalwa njengokugxekwa kwinguqulelo yakudala yeDiagnostic kunye ne-Statistical Manual, kodwa iingxoxo ezibucayi ziyasebenza kwingxoxo yam) .

I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield iphawule ukuba kuncedo lwengqondo, ezinye iingxaki zengqondo azichongwanga ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba

"[Kwisifo sengqondo] sisenzo sokuchonga imeko imeko ethile, esekwe kuvavanyo lokuba ingaba le meko ibangela uxinzelelo okanye ukonzakala emsebenzini wentlalo okanye lomntu. Kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo zonyango, imeko ithathwa njenge-pathological ukuba kukho iimpawu zokungasebenzi emzimbeni. Ngokwahlukeneyo, akukho xinzelelo okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezenhlalakahle kwanele ukuseka uninzi lokuxilongwa kwezonyango, nangona zombini ezi zinto zihlala zihamba kunye neendlela ezinobunzima zesifo. Umzekelo, ukufumanisa isifo semibungu, isifo sentliziyo, umhlaza, okanye ezinye iingxaki zomzimba zingenziwa nangaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-subjential kunye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kuyo yonke imiba yentlalo."(I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield, 1999, 1862).

Olunye isifo olunokuthi lufunyaniswe ngaphandle koxinzelelo okanye umsebenzi wentlungu ongalunganga, ekufuneka ikhankanywe apha, yi-HIV / AIDS. Intsholongwane kaGawulayo inelithuba elide lokugqibela, kwaye abantu abaninzi ixesha elide abazi nokuba bosulelwe yi-HIV. Uqikelelo oluthile, abantu be-240 000 abazi ukuba bane-HIV (I-CDC 2014).

I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield zithetha ukuba isiphithiphithi sinokuhlala sibakho nokuba umntu lowo usebenza kakuhle ekuhlaleni okanye unezinga eliphezulu “lokuziqhelanisa”. Ngamanye amaxesha, isenzo sokuvavanya uxinzelelo kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo kukhokelela kwiziphumo "ezingezizo ezingeyonyani" apho umntu enesifo sengqondo, kodwa ukuphazamiseka okunjalo akufumaneki njengolwaphulo-mthetho (I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield, 1999, 1856). I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield inika imizekelo emininzi yeemeko zengqondo apho uvavanyo lobuxoki-olungenakwenzeka lunokwenzeka ukuba kuphela kwinqanaba lokusebenza kwezenhlalo okanye ubukho boxinzelelo lusetyenziswa njengeenqobo zokuqonda. Bayiphawule loo nto

“Rhoqo kukho iimeko zabantu abaphulukene nolawulo ekusebenziseni iziyobisi kwaye ngenxa yoko banengxaki yokuphazamiseka (kubandakanya nengozi yezempilo). Nangona kunjalo, abantu abanjalo abanoxinzelelo kwaye banokuphumeza ngempumelelo indima yoluntu. Cinga, umzekelo, ngemeko yomthengisi onempumelelo owayelikhoboka lecocaine kangangokuba wayesongela impilo yakhe yasemzimbeni, kodwa engazange afumane xinzelelo kwaye imisebenzi yakhe yezenhlalo yayingaphazanyiswa. Ukuba inkqubo ye "DSM - IV" ayisebenzi kule meko, imeko yoxhomekeko lweziyobisi ichongiwe ngokuchanekileyo kuloo mntu. Ukufaka inkqubo ye "DSM - IV", imeko yalo mntu ayisiyongxaki " (I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield, 1999, 1861).

I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield inika eminye imizekelo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo engayi kufunyaniswa njengophazamiseko ukuba sijonga kuphela ubukho boxinzelelo kunye nenqanaba lokusebenza kwentlalo; phakathi kwazo kukho paraphilia, isifo sikaTourette's kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo (I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield, 1999, I-1860 - 1).

Abanye baphanda ingxoxo nguSpitzer noWakefield, bephawula ukuba inkcazo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, esekwe kumlinganiso wolungelelwaniso ("ukuba noxinzelelo okanye ukusebenza gingxi kwezaseburhulumenteni"), isangqa, yile:

"I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield (i-1999) zezinye zezona zinto zichanekileyo ezaziwayo zokugxeka ukufaneleka, zibiza ukuziswa kwabo njenge" DSM - IV "" conceptual " I-fuzziness kunye ne-subjectivity yeli banga kuthathwa njengengxaki kwaye kukhokelela Iimeko ezimbi zangqukuva njengoko zisetyenziswa kwinkcazo: Ukuphazamiseka kugqitywa kubukho boxinzelelo lweklinikhi olubalulekileyo okanye ukusebenza okungasebenzi kakuhle, nto ezo ezingesosifo esibalulekileyo esingaqwalaselwa njengokungahambi kakuhle ... Ukusetyenziswa kwesikhombisi sokuhambelana noko kungangqinelani neparadigm yamayeza ngokubanzi ngokokude uxinzelelo okanye ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kungafuneki ekufumaneni isifo. Ewe, iimeko ezininzi ze-asymptomatic kwezamachiza zifunyaniswa njengee-pathologies esekwe kwidatha ye-pathophysiological okanye kukho umngcipheko okhulayo (umzekelo, amathumba angalunganga kwangoko okanye usulelo lwe-HIV, uxinzelelo lwegazi olungaphaya). Ukucinga ukuba iingxaki ezinjalo azikho de zibangele uxinzelelo okanye ukukhubazeka yinto engathandekiyo. ” (Ngokuncinci kunye noKuhl ngaphakathi Urejista 2011, I-152 - 3, 147 - 62)

Esi sicatshulwa singentla sithetha "nge-DSM-IV," kodwa ukungabikho kwesimangalo "soxinzelelo okanye ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwentlalo" kusetyenziselwa ukuphikisa ukuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Ngaphaya koko, njengoko isicatshulwa sisitsho ngokufanelekileyo, inkcazo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo esekwe "kuxinzelelo okanye ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwentlalo" njengenqobo ejikelezayo. Inkcazo yesangqa esikhohlakeleyo ziimpazamo ezinengqondo; azinantsingiselo. Indlela yokufumana inkcazo "yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo", ethi i-American Psychiatric Association kunye ne-APA baseke ibango labo kubufanasini, isekwe kummiselo "woxinzelelo okanye ukonakala ekusebenzeni kwentlalo". Ke, inkcazo malunga nobungqingili njengesiqhelo isekwe kwinkcazo engenantsingiselo (nephelelwe lixesha).

UGqr Irving Bieber, "Omnye wabathathi-nxaxheba ababalulekileyo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yembali, ophume kwisigqibo se-1973 sokungabukhethi ubufanasini kulawulo lweengxaki zengqondo" (IZiko le-NARTH), yavuma lempazamo kwingxabano (kwavela umbandela ofanayo kwinqaku I-Socarides (Xnumx), 165, ngezantsi). U-Bieber uchonge indlela enengxaki yokufumana i-American Psychiatric Association yokufumanisa isifo esiphazamisayo. Isishwankathelo senqaku leBieber's amanqaku

"... Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika [Melika] uchaze ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinga eliphezulu kunye nokuziqhelanisa okuhle nabantu abathandana nobungqingili njengobungqina bokulingana. Kodwa ubukho nje bezi zinto abububandakanyi ubukho be-psychopathology. I-Psychopathology ayisoloko ihamba kunye neengxaki zokuguquguquka; ngenxa yoko, ukuphawula ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ezi ndlela zibekekileyo azonelanga. " (IZiko le-NARTH nd)

URobert L. Spitzer, ugqirha wezengqondo othathe inxaxheba kukhutshelo lobufanasini nakulawulo lweengxaki zengqondo, wakhawuleza wabona ukungafaneleki kokulinganisa "ukuguquguquka" ekufumaneni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. URonald Bayer emsebenzini wakhe washwankathela iziganeko ezinxulumene nesigqibo se-American Psychiatric Association (1973), ephawula ukuba

"... ngexesha lesigqibo sokukhupha ubungqingili kuluhlu lokuxolelwa, uSpitzer wenza inkcazo encinci yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo eyayigxile kumanqaku amabini: (1) ukuba isimilo samkelwe njengengxaki yengqondo, ezo ndlela yokuziphatha kufuneka zihambisane noxinzelelo kunye / okanye" ukonyuka ngokubanzi okuqhelekileyo. ukusebenza kwentlalo okanye ukusebenza. " Ngokutsho kukaSpzerzer, ngaphandle kobufanasini nobunye ubugqwirha, zonke ezinye izinto ezifunyenweyo kwiDSM-II zidibane nenkcazelo efanayo yokuphazamiseka. ” (Bayer, 1981, 127).

Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uBayer esitsho, "apha enyakeni [noSpitzer] wanyanzelwa ukuba avume" ukungafaneleki kweengxoxo zakhe "Bayer, 1981, 133). Ngamanye amagama, uSpitzer uvumile ukungalunganga kokuvavanya inqanaba “loxinzelelo,” “ukusebenza kwezaseburhulumenteni,” okanye "ukuzivumelanisa neemeko" ukumisela ukungahambi kakuhle kwengqondo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwinqaku lakhe elicatshulwe ngasentla (I-Spitzer kunye ne-Wakefield, 1999).

Ngokucacileyo, ubuncinci bokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okufakwe ngokusemthethweni kwincwadi yesandla yeDSM ayibangeli ngxaki “ngokuziqhelanisa” okanye ukusebenza kwezentlalo. Abantu abazisika ngokwamanqindi ngenxa yolonwabo, kunye nabo banomdla onzulu ngokwesondo kunye neminqweno yesini malunga nabantwana, ngokucacileyo banesiphene sengqondo; I-anorexics kunye nabantu abadla iplasitiki bathathelwa ingqalelo ngokusemthethweni njengabantu abakhubazeke ngengqondo ngokwe-DSM - 5, kwaye abantu abanengxaki yokuphambuka nabo bathathwa njengabagula ngengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwamatyhubhu angentla, oomatshini abazihambelayo, okanye i-anorexics ibonakala iqhelekile kwaye "abahlangabezana naziphi na iingxaki ekusebenzeni kwentlalo." Ngamanye amagama, abantu abaninzi abangaqhelekanga ngokwengqondo banokusebenza kuluntu kwaye bangabonisi zimpawu okanye zibonakalise ukuba “nokuguquguquka”. Ezinye iingxaki zengqondo zibonakala zinamaxesha okuxolelwa okanye amaxesha okuxolelwa, apho abaguli banakho ukusebenza kuluntu kwaye babonakale beqhelekileyo.

Abantu abanotyekelo lobufanasini, abantu abanengxaki yokukhohlisa, i-pedophiles, i-auto-mummers, abantu abatya iplasitiki kunye ne-anorexic, banokusebenza ngokwesiqhelo kuluntu (kwakhona, ubuncinci kangangexesha elithile), abahlali bonisa zimpawu zokungaguquki ngokuvumelanayo . Ukulungelelaniswa kwengqondo kwengqondo akuhambelani nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo; Oko kukuthi, izifundo ezithathela ingqalelo amanyathelo “okuzivumelanisa neemeko ezithile” njenge paramitha yokulinganisa ayonelanga ukumisela imeko eqhelekileyo yenkqubo yengqondo yokucinga kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nako. Ke ngoko (zisekho) izifundo ezisebenzise ukuguquguquka kwengqondo njenge paramitha enokulinganiswa zinamaphutha, kwaye idatha yazo ayonelanga ukubonisa ukuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Kulandela ukuba le ngxelo ye-APA kunye noMbutho wabaSebenzisa ngengqondo baseMelika ukuba ubungqingili ayisiyongxaki yengqondo ayixhaswa yidatha ababhekisa kuyo. Ubungqina abatyhilelwayo abuhambelani kwisigqibo sabo. Esi sisiphelo esingenangqondo sithathwe kwimithombo engafanelekanga. (Ngaphezu koko, ngokubhekisele kwizigqibo ezingafumanekiyo kwiziphumo: Isimangalo sikaGonsiorek esithi akukho mahluko phakathi kwabantu abathandana besini esinye nesinye ngesimo sokudakumba kunye nokuzithemba kuya kuba yinto engeyonyani ngokwayo. Kubonisiwe ukuba abantu abathandana nabantu abatshatileyo baphawulwe ngakumbi. ephezulu kunobungqingili, umngcipheko woxinzelelo olukhulu, uxinzelelo kunye nokuzibulala, (I-Bailey 1999; ICollingwood xnumx; UFergusson et al., 1999; UHerrell et al., 1999; UPhelan et al., 2009; USandfort et al. I-Xnumx). Kufuneka iqatshelwe into yokuba ezi nkcukacha-manani zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba ucalucalulo ngunobangela wokwahluka koxinzelelo, unxunguphalo kunye nokuzibulala. Kodwa esi sesinye isigqibo esingafanelekanga ukuba silandele kwisiseko. Ngamanye amagama, akunakwenzeka ukwenza isigqibo esingathandabuzekiyo sokuba ukudakumba, njl., Kusisiphumo sehlazo, hayi ukubonakaliswa kwesi sifo kwimeko. Oku kufuneka kungqinwe ngokwenzululwazi. Mhlawumbi zombini ziyinyani: uxinzelelo, njl., Zizifo, kwaye abantu abathandana besini esinye abonwa njengesiqhelo, ethi yona ikonyuse uxinzelelo lwabantu abanjalo.

"UKULUNGA" kunye NOKUZONWABISA NGEXESHA

Okulandelayo, ndifuna ukuqwalasela iziphumo zokusebenzisa kuphela amanyathelo “avumelanayo” kunye nokusebenza kwezentlalo ukufumanisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye neenkqubo zokucinga ezinxulumene nayo kukuphambuka. Ngendlela, kufanele kuthiwe le ndlela iyanyula kwaye ayisebenzi kuzo zonke iingxaki zengqondo. Omnye uyazibuza ukuba kutheni i-APA kunye neAmerican Psychiatric Association ithathela ingqalelo "bhetyebhetye" kunye nemilinganiselo yokusebenza kwentlalo ukugweba ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha (umzekelo, i-pedophilia okanye ubungqingili), kodwa hayi kwabanye? Umzekelo, kutheni le mibutho ingaziqwalaseli ezinye iinkalo zeparaphilia (ubugqwetha obuphathelele kwezesondo) ezibonisa ngokucacileyo ubume bendalo? Kutheni le nto imeko apho umntu aphulula isitho somzimba kwi-orgasm, ecinga ngokubangela ukubandezeleka ngokwasemphefumlweni okanye ngokwasemzimbeni komnye umntu (isini esibuhlungu), ayijongwa njengokuphambuka emzimbeni, kodwa imeko apho umntu enesifo sokulukuhla igqalwa njengendlela yokugula?

Kukho abantu abaqinisekileyo ukuba izinambuzane okanye iimpethu zihlala phantsi kolusu lwabo, nangona uvavanyo lwekliniki lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba abosulelwanga nayiphina intsholongwane; abantu abanjalo bafunyaniswa benesifo sokudakumbisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho amadoda akholelwa ukuba ngabafazi, nangona uvavanyo lwekliniki lubonisa ngokucacileyo okuchaseneyo - kwaye kodwa, la madoda akafumaneki ukuba unesifo sokuphambuka. Abantu abazezinye iintlobo zeparadesi yesondo babonisa amaxabiso afanayo okuziqhelanisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa njengamafanasini. Ababonisi bantu ngabantu abaneenjongo eziqinisekileyo zokubonisa ubuni babo kwabanye abantu abangayilindelanga le nto ukuze bafumane ukuvuswa ngokwesondo (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 689). Omnye umthombo uphawula ukuba

"Isiqingatha ukuya kwisibini kwisithathu sababonisi bangena kumtshato oqhelekileyo, bafezekisa amazinga anelisayo omtshato kunye nokwabelana ngesondo. Ubukrelekrele, inqanaba lemfundo kunye nezinto abanomdla kuzo azibahlukanisi noluntu ngokubanzi ... U-Blair no-Lanyon baqaphele ukuba kwizifundo ezininzi kufunyenwe ukuba ababukisi banengxaki yokuziva bebaphantsi kwaye bazithatha njengabanentloni, ngokwasentlalweni abangahlangani kwaye baneengxaki ezivakaliswe kwinzondo yentlalo. Kwezinye izifundo, nangona kunjalo, kufumaniseke ukuba ababonakalisi abanazo iinguqu ezibonakalayo malunga nokusebenza komntu lowo ". (I-Adams et al., 2004, ukhetho olongezelelekileyo).

Umgangatho owanelisayo wokusebenza ngokudibeneyo neendlela ezinxaxhileyo zomnqweno wesini unokubonwa naphakathi kwabahlekazi. Ukudakumba ngokwesini, njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, "Ukuvuselela inkanuko yesini ebangelwa kukubandezeleka emzimbeni okanye ngokwasemphefumlweni komnye umntu, okuzibonakalisa kwimibono emibi, ekuvuseleleni okanye ekuziphatheni" (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 695); imbonakalo yesondo "Ukuvuselela ngokwesondo okwenzeka rhoqo kunye nokwenzekileyo ekusukeleni isenzo sokuphoxeka, ukubetha, ukungaziphathi kakuhle okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo lokubandakanyeka ekuzibonakaliseni, kwiminqweno okanye ekuziphatheni"(Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 694). Isifundo eFinland safumanisa ukuba i-sadomasochists "zilungelelaniswe kakuhle" ekuhlaleni (USandnabba et al., 1999, 273). Ababhali baqaphele ukuba i-61% ye-sadomasochists eziphononongiweyo "Kuthathe indawo ekhokelayo kwindawo yokusebenza, kwaye i-60,6% ibisebenza kwimisebenzi yoluntu, umzekelo, ibingamalungu ebhodi yesikolo" (USandnabba et al., 1999, 275).

Yiyo loo nto, bobabini abenzi bomtshato obukhulu be-sadomasochists kunye nomboniso awanangxaki ekusebenzeni kwentlalo kunye nokuphazamiseka (kwakhona, amagama abandakanyiwe kwigama lesambulelo "ukuziqhelanisa") Abanye ababhali baqaphele ukuba "iinkalo ezichazayo" zazo zonke iziphambukiso zesini (okwaziwa njengeparaphilia) "zinokupheliswa yindlela umntu aziphethe ngayo ngokwesondo kwaye zibangele ukuwohloka okuncinci kweminye imimandla yokusebenza kwengqondo" (I-Adams et al., 2004)).

Okwangoku, akukho zindlela zwenibanzi kunye neenjongo zokuvavanya ukubandakanyeka kokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Ngaphandle kokubulawa ngokwesondo, akukho hlobo lokuziphatha ngokwesondo kujongwa njengento engafanelekanga ... Isizathu sokukhuphela ubungqingili kudidi lokuphambuka kwezesondo ngokucacileyo kukungabikho kobungqina bokuba ubungqingili ngokwabo kukungasebenzi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, kuyathandabuza ukuba ulwalamano olufanayo lokuqiqa alusebenzanga kwezinye iindlela zokuphambuka, ezinje nge-fetishism kunye ne-Consomus sadomasochism. "Sivumelana neMithetho kunye ne-O'Donohue ukuba le meko ayisiyoyokwasendalweni, kwaye ukubandakanywa kolu luhlu kubonisa ukungangqinelani kulwazi." (I-Adams et al., 2004)

Ngenxa yoko, ababhali bacebisa ukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo "ethathwa njengento engafanelekanga" (kwaye ke ngoko kuthathwa njengengqondo yengqondo) kukubulala ngokwesondo. Bafike kwesi sigqibo, bethetha ukuba nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nengcinga ezingabangeli ukonakala kwimisebenzi yentlalo okanye amanyathelo “avumelanayo” ayisixaxuki sesini. Njengoko bendike ndachaza apha ngasentla, le ngcinga iphosakele, kwaye ikhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo. Kuyacaca ukuba ayizizo zonke iindlela zokuphambuka kwezesondo ziqhelekile, kodwa kukuba ezinye iingcali zezifo zengqondo kunye nengcali yengqondo ziye zalahlekisa uluntu ngokubhekisa kumanyathelo angalunganga okuvavanya imeko yengqondo njengobungqina bokuba imeko iqhelekile. (Anditsho ukuba le yenziwe ngenjongo ngabom. Iimpazamo ezisuka zikho zinokwenzeka nazo.)

Iziphumo eziyintlekele zendlela enjalo, apho ekuphela kwendlela yokufumanisa ukuba ngaba ukuqhutywa kwesondo (yokuziphatha) kukuphambuka okanye imeko, kusetyenziswa amanyathelo angenamsebenzi okuvavanya "ukulungelelaniswa" kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo, kujongwa kwiingxoxo kwiDSM-5 incwadana malunga nosizi lokulalana .

Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika awusayiqwalaseli into yokuphambuka ngokwesini njengokuphambuka. Umbutho iAmerican Psychiatric Association ubhala:

Abantu abavuma ngokuphandle ukuba banomdla onzulu ngokwesondo ekubandezelekeni ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwasengqondweni kwabanye kuthiwa “ngabantu abavumayo.” Ukuba aba bantu baxela ubunzima ngokwasengqondweni ngenxa yomdla wabo wesini, ke banokufunyaniswa benokuphazamiseka kwezesondo okulusizi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba "abantu abavunyiweyo" bathi iminqweno yabo ebuhlungu ayibangeli ukuba bazive besoyika, benetyala okanye beneentloni, bexakeke, okanye baphazamise amandla abo okwenza eminye imisebenzi, kunye nokuzithemba kwabo kunye nembali yengqondo okanye yezomthetho ibonisa ukuba abaziqondi iimpembelelo zabo, ngoko abantu abanjalo bafanele babe nomdla wesini olusizi, kodwa abantu abanjalo ngeke Zifezekise iindlela zokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo. " (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, I-696, ukhetho lwantlandlolo)

Ngenxa yoko, iAmerican Psychiatric Association ayiyithathi ingqalelo ngokwayo "Umtsalane ngokwesondo ekubandezelekeni ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo" omnye umntu kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngamanye amagama, umtsalane wesondo kunye neminqweno yenzeka ngendlela yeengcinga, oko kukuthi, iingcinga zomntu ocinga malunga nokwenzakala emzimbeni nasengqondweni komnye umntu ukuze azivuselele kwi-orgasm, umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika awuthathwa njengento engeyongozi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uMbutho waseMelika woNyango lweeNzululwazi kwakhona akayithathi njenge-pedophilia ngokwakho njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Emva kokuba bebonisile ukuba i-pedophile inokuveza ubukho 'benomdla wokwabelana ngesondo ebantwaneni,' babhala:

"Ukuba abantu babonisa ukuba umtsalane wabo ngokwesondo ebantwaneni babangela ubunzima bezengqondo, banokufunyaniswa benesifo sokudakumba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba aba bantu baxela ukusilela kwetyala, iintloni, okanye ixhala ngezi njongo, kwaye abanakulinganiswa ngumsebenzi otyhidiweyo (ngokwe-ngxelo-ngxelo, uvavanyo lweenjongo, okanye bobabini), kunye nengxelo yabo nembali yomthetho ibonisa ukuba zange benze ngokwabo, emva koko aba bantu banesondo lokulalana, kodwa ingesiso isiphazamiso ” (Umbutho i-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 698).

Kwakhona, iingcinga zesondo kunye “nomtsalane wesini” zenzeka ngendlela yokucinga, yiyo loo nto indoda eneminyaka eyi-54 'inomdla ongazenzisiyo ngokwesondo' ebantwaneni, isoloko ibonisa ukwabelana ngesondo nabantwana ukuze ivuseleleke kwi-orgasm, ngokwe-American Psychiatric Association, ayinakho ukuphambuka. U-Irving Bieber wenze ukuqaphela okufanayo kwii-1980's, ezinokufundwa kwisishwankathelo somsebenzi wakhe:

Ngaba i-pedophile eyonwabileyo nenesimo esihle “eqhelekileyo”? NgokukaGqr. Bieber ... i-psychopathology inokuba yi-ego-syntonic - ingabangeli ukuwohloka, kunye nokusebenza ngokukuko (Oko kukuthi, amandla okugcina ubudlelwane obuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle emsebenzini) unokuhlala kunye ne-psychopathology, kwezinye iimeko nkqu nasengqondweni ". (IZiko le-NARTH nd).

Iyaphazamisa kakhulu into yokuba izizathu ezihlekisayo okanye ezinokubambezeleka zinokuthathwa njengezingafezekisi iikhrayitheriya zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. UMichael Woodworth et al. Dlulisela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba

"... Iminqweno yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ichazwa njengayo nayiphi na into evuselela inkanuko yengqondo ebangela umntu avuswe ngokwesini. Umxholo wemibono yezesondo yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu kwaye kukholeleka ukuba uxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkuthazo yangaphakathi nangaphandle, enjengokubona abantu, ukuva kunye namava ngokuthe ngqo. (UWoodworth et al., 2013, 145).

Imibono ngesondo yimifanekiso yengqondo okanye iingcinga ezikhokelela ekuvuseleleni, kwaye ezi ngcinga zisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-orgasm ngexesha lokuphulula amalungu esini. Umxholo wezinto ezithandwayo ngokwesondo uxhomekeke kokubonwa ngabantu, ukuva kunye namava ngokuthe ngqo. Ke ngoko, akumangalisi ukucinga ukuba umntwana ophethe abantwana bakhe, uya kuba nomnqweno wesini kwaba bantwana; ayiyi kumangalisi into yokuba umntu oneentloni ucinga ngento ebangela ukuba abe nengqondo okanye ukubandezeleka emzimbeni wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-sadist okanye i-pedophile ayikufumani ukungaphatheki kakuhle okanye ukusebenza ngendlela eyonakeleyo (kwakhona, la magama abandakanyiwe kwigama elithi "isambrela" "ukuzivumelanisa neemeko") okanye ukuba awaziboni izimvo zabo zesini, ke oko akujongwa njengokuphambuka kwengqondo. Iminqweno yezesondo okanye iingcinga malunga nokuba neentlobano zesini nomntwana oneminyaka eyi-10 engqondweni yomntwana oneminyaka eyi-54 okanye umntwana ophupha ezibukweni okanye iingcinga zomntu onomvandedwa onemvakalelo malunga nokubangela ukubanengxaki yengqondo okanye ukubakho komzimba kummelwane wakhe awuthathwa njengento engeyozonyango xa ungabinakho uxinzelelo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, okanye ukungabangeli ukusebenza kwezentlalo. ukwenzakalisa abanye.

Indlela enjalo ayinangqondo, kwisiseko sokucinga okungalunganga, isiphelo esingenangqondo sinikezelwa sokuba nayiphi na inkqubo yokucinga engabangeli ukwaphulwa kokuguquguquka ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Uza kubona ukuba i-APA kunye neManyano yaseMelika yezengqondo bazimbele umngxunya onzulu ngendlela efanayo yokuchonga ukuphazamiseka kwezesondo. Kubonakala ngathi sele zikuqheleisile konke ukuphambuka ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha apho kukho “imvume” yabo bathatha inxaxheba kwezi zinto. Ukuze zingqinelane nengcinga efanayo esetyenziselwe ukuguqula ubungqingili, kufuneka zihlengahlengise zonke ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo ezivuselela u-orgasm ezingadalekisiyo "kulungelelwaniso" okanye ezingakhokeleli ekusetyenzisweni kwentlalo engalunganga. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba, ngokwalo mgaqo, kwanendlela yokuziphatha komntu eyenzakaliswe komnye umntu ayithathwa njengephambuka- ukuba umntu uyavuma. I-Sadomasochism kukuziphatha apho umntu okanye omnye umntu akhuthazwayo ukuba afumane khona u-orgasm ngokubangela okanye ngokufumana ukubandezeleka, kwaye, njengoko benditshilo ngasentla, le ndlela yokuziphatha ithathwa njengesiqhelo yi-American Psychiatric Association.

Abanye banokubiza eli nqaku ngokuthi "yingxabano engacacanga," kodwa oko kuya kuba kukungaqondi into endizama ukuyidlulisa: Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika sele uqhelekile kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha ezikhuthaza ukuvuthwa ngaphandle kwezo zibangela iingxaki "zohlengahlengiso" (uxinzelelo, njl. iingxaki ekusebenzeni koluntu, ukwenzakalisa impilo okanye umngcipheko wokubangela ukwenzakala komnye umntu. Kwimeko yokugqibela - "ukwenzakala okanye umngcipheko wokwenzakala" -i-asterisk iyafuneka, kuba le nqobo ivumela ukungabikho: ukuba kuvunyelwene ngemvumelwano, indlela yokuziphatha evuselelayo ye-orgasm iyavunyelwa, ide ikhokelele ekonzakaleni kwempilo. Oku kubonakala kulungelelwaniso lwe-sadomasochism, kwaye oku kuyasicacisa isizathu sokuba imibutho yabahambi ngenkani inyanzelise ekwehliseni iminyaka yokuvuma (I-LaBarbera 2011).

Ke, isityholo sokuba eli nqaku lenza ukuba abantu bangazithembi zingenasihlahla: zonke ezi ngxaki zengqondo sele zilungisiwe ngumbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika. Kuyothusa ukuba igunya lombutho lenze le nto ibenyekelayo kwindlela yokuziphatha, ukuba imvume ifunyenwe ngenxa yokuziphatha okunje; Ukuba imeko yesiqhelo yinto ebangelwa kukucinga ngendlela engeyiyo ukuba "nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha evuselelayo kunye neenkqubo zengqondo ezinxulumene nezingakhokeleli kwiingxaki zokuziqhelanisa nezimo okanye ukusebenza kwezoluntu aziyongxaki yengqondo." Le ngxoxo ayonelanga. Nangona ubuncinci inqaku elinye lifuneka ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo umgaqo wokumisela into ebangela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nesondo, ndiza kuzama ukushwankathela imigaqo ethile. Kuboniswe ngentla apha ukuba “ulwazi” oluphambili lwezifundo zengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo ngengqondo egqibe ukuba nayiphi na into yokuziphatha ngokwesondo (ngaphandle kokubulala ngokwesondo) ayisiyongxaki yengqondo. Sele ndikhankanyile ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuninzi kunxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa okungahambelani nomzimba womzimba wakhe - i-apotemophilia, ukuguqulwa okuzenzekelayo, incopho kunye ne-anorexia nervosa. Ezinye iingxaki zengqondo zinokuchazwa apha.

Ukuphazamiseka komzimba kuhlala kufunyaniswa ngokulinganisa ukusebenza kwamalungu okanye iinkqubo zomzimba. Nawuphi na ugqirha okanye ingcali ebanga ukuba akukho nto injengokusebenza kwentliziyo, imiphunga, amehlo, iindlebe okanye ezinye iinkqubo zamalungu omzimba kuya kuthiwa, kungcono, ukungazi okungakhathalelwanga, ukuba ayisigebenga kwisinxibo esinxiba, kuye kuya kufuneka uthathe unyango kwangoko. idiploma. Ke ngoko, ukuphazamiseka komzimba kunendlela elula yokuchonga kunokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kuba iiparamitha zomzimba zifikeleleka ngakumbi kumlinganiselo weenjongo: uxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo kunye neqondo lokuphefumla, njl. Njl. Le milinganiso inokusetyenziswa ukumisela imeko yezempilo okanye yokuphazamiseka. amalungu athile kunye neenkqubo zemalungu. Ke, kwicandelo lezonyango, imigaqo esisiseko kukuba zikhona umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wezitho kunye neenkqubo. Le yeyona nto isisiseko kunye nesisiseko sonyango ekumele ukuba samkelwe ngalo naliphi na ugqirha, kungenjalo abananto yakwenza nonyango (baya kuncitshiswa "iyeza ngokuka-Alfred Kinsey", apho onke amalungu omzimba aya kuba nokuqhubeka okuqhelekileyo kokusebenza).

Izixhobo ezinxulumene ne-Orgasm ziye (zangabangwa) ngaphandle kwemigaqo esisiseko yezamayeza. Ababhali abaziintloko kubonakala bengayinanzeleli kwaphela into yokuba izitho zangasese zibenomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokusebenza komzimba.

Ubume bengqondo yokuziphatha kwezesondo bunokuthi (ubuncinci ngokuyinxalenye) bugqitywe yimilinganiselo yokuziphatha esekwe ngokwesondo. Ke, ngokunxulumene namadoda abelana ngesondo namadoda, ukuqaqanjelwa ngokwasemzimbeni okubangelwa kukungqubana kobuni kukwaphula umthetho; Ukunxibelelana ngesondo phantse kusoloko kukhokelela ekuphazanyisweni komzimba kwindawo ye-anorectal yomthathi-nxaxheba owamkelayo (kwaye, kunokwenzeka, kwindawo yepenisi yomthathi-nxaxheba osebenzayo):

"Impilo efanelekileyo ye-Anus ifuna ukuthembeka kolusu, olusebenza njengokhuseleko oluyintloko kwizifo ezingena gwenxa kwezifo ... Ukwehla kwemisebenzi yokukhuselwa kwengxaki ye-mucous ye-rectum kubonwa kwizifo ezahlukeneyo ezidluliselwa kunxibelelwano lwesini. I-membrane ye-mucous yonakaliswa ngexesha lokulalana kwe anal.kunye neentsholongwane zingena ngokulula kwii-crypts nakwiiseli zekholar ... Oomatshini bokulala neentlobano zesini ne-anorecepts, xa kuthelekiswa nokwabelana ngesondo kwilungu lobufazi, bsekwe kulwaphulo-mthetho olupheleleyo olupheleleyo kunye nokukhuseleka kwe-mucous kwimisebenzi ye-anus kunye ne-rectum " (Ngena ngaphakathi Beck xnumx, I-295-6, ukhetho longezelwe).

Kubonakala kum ukuba ulwazi oluboniswe kwikowuteshini yangaphambili luyinto eqinisekisiweyo yesayensi; Kubonakala kum ukuba umphandi, ugqirha, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo okanye ophikisayo uyayikhaba le nyani angabizwa ngokuba ngu-mbuliyam ongakhathalelwanga, ukuba ayisigebenga kwisinxibo esinxiba esifanele sithathe idiploma yezonyango ngoko nangoko.

Ke, enye yeendlela zokwenza ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo iqhelekile okanye iphambuke nokuba ingaba ibangela ukwenzakala emzimbeni. Kuyabonakala ukuba ukunxibelelana ngesondo kukuphazamiseka ngokwasemzimbeni, kubangela ukwenzakala emzimbeni. Kuba amadoda amaninzi abelana ngesondo namadoda afuna ukwenza ezi zinto ziphambuka emzimbeni, ke ngoko, umnqweno wokuthatha inxaxheba kwizenzo ezinjalo uphambukile. Kuba iminqweno ivela kwinqanaba “lengqondo” okanye “lengqondo”, kuyalandela ukuba loo minqweno yesini sisiphambuko.

Ukongeza, umzimba womntu unezinto ezahlukeneyo zolwelo. Ezi ndidi 'zezomzimba', zinemisebenzi yomzimba ngaphakathi kwemida eqhelekileyo (kwakhona, oku kuyimizimba enikezwe- ulwelo emzimbeni womntu inemisebenzi ethile efanelekileyo). Isaliva, iplasma yegazi, ulwelo olungenanto, ulwelo olunamanzi amaninzi - inemisebenzi efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, omnye wemisebenzi yeplasma yegazi kukuhambisa iiseli zegazi kunye nezakhi kuwo onke amalungu omzimba.

Isidoda yenye yeencindi zomzimba oyindoda, kwaye ke ngoko (ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe indlela ekhethiweyo kwicandelo leyeza), isidoda sikwanemisebenzi efanelekileyo yomzimba (okanye imisebenzi emininzi efanelekileyo). Isidoda, njengommiselo, siqukethe iiseli ezininzi, ezaziwa ngokuba yimbewu, kwaye ezi seli zinenjongo efanelekileyo apho zifanele ukuhanjiswa-ukuya kwisibeleko somfazi. Ke ngoko, ukulala ngokwesondo kwendoda kuya kuba yinto apho isidoda sisebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, enye into enokubaluleka ekuziphatheni ngokwesini yimeko yokuba isidoda sisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, isidoda sihanjiswe kwisibeleko.

(Abanye banokuphikisa ukuba amanye amadoda angaba ne-azoospermia / ipermermia (ukungabikho kwesidoda kwisidoda), ke banokufaka ibango lokuba umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wesidoda awusayi kuzisa isidoda kwisibeleko somfazi, okanye banokutsho ukuba, ngokwe Kwimpikiswano yam, abantu abane-Aspermia banokuyikhulula i-ejaculate yabo naphi na apho banqwenela khona. Nangona kunjalo, i-azoospermia / i-aspermia iyinto eyahlukileyo kulo nto kwaye sisiphumo sokokuba kukwaphulwa okukhulu kwenkqubo yokwenziwa kwesidoda. matogeneza) ngenxa ngezifo-cofa amatyhalarha ... okanye, iqheleke kakhulu, obuni iphecana isithintelo (umz ngenxa vasectomy, ukuvuza ngaphantsi okanye chlamydia) '(UMartin 2010, I-68, i-sv azoospermia). Emzimbeni wamadoda aphilayo, amadlozi aveliswa, ngelixa amadoda aneziphene kunyango enokuba neemeko apho kungenako ukulinganisa ubungakanani besidoda kwindoda. Ukuba kukho imisebenzi yesiqhelo yokusebenza kwawo nawuphi na amalungu omzimba, ke ukuphulwa okanye ukungabikho kwelinye ilungu lomzimba akufuneki kukhokelela kutshintsho ekusebenzeni kwelinye ilungu lomzimba. Isiteyitimenti esinjalo siya kufana nengxelo yokuba umsebenzi oqhelekileyo weplasma yegazi asikokuzisa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi kunye nezakhamzimba emzimbeni wonke, njengoko abanye abantu benesifo sokudakumba.

Kuyacaca ukuba umzimba unenkqubo “yolonwabo nentlungu” (ekwabizwa ngokuba "yinkqubo yomvuzo nesohlwayo"). Le nkqubo yolonwabo kunye nentlungu, njengazo zonke ezinye iinkqubo kunye namalungu omzimba, inomsebenzi olungileyo. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukusebenza njengomthumeli womqondiso emzimbeni. Inkqubo yolonwabo kunye neentlungu ixelela umzimba "ukuba ulungile" kwaye yintoni "embi" ngayo. Inkqubo yolonwabo kunye nentlungu, ngandlela thile, ilawula indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu. Ukutya, ukukhululeka komchamo kunye neendlwana, ukulala- ezi ziindlela zokuziphatha eziqhelekileyo zomntu ezibandakanya inqanaba elithile lokonwaba njengomshukumisi. Intlungu, kwelinye icala, isisibonakaliso sokuphambuka komzimba womntu, okanye ukwaphula ilungu lomzimba. Ubuhlungu obudibene nokuchukumisa iplate eshushu kuyayithintela ekuchukumiseni ukutshisa kunye nokutsha, ngelixa ukuchama kobuhlungu kuhlala kubonakalisa ingxaki kwilungu (isinye isiqu, ibunzi, okanye urethra).

Umntu onobuthathaka bokuziva yintlungu ne-anhidrosis (CIPA) akakwazi kuva zintlungu, ngenxa yoko kunokuthiwa inkqubo yentlungu iphazamisekile (kusetyenziswa amagama angengawo awonyango). Le nkqubo ayithumeli miqondiso ichanekileyo kwingqondo ukuze ilawule indlela yokuziphatha komzimba. Inkqubo yolonwabo isenokungaphazamiseka, oku kuqatshelwa kubantu abane- "pastesia" abangakulungelanga ukutya.

I-Orgasm luhlobo olukhethekileyo lolonwabo. Ithelekiswe nefuthe leziyobisi ezinje ngee-opiates (heroin) (I -fafa xnumx, 1517). I-Orgasm, nangona kunjalo, ifezekiswa ngendlela eqhelekileyo kubantu abasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwizitho zangasese. Abanye (ngokucacileyo kubandakanywa noMbutho waseAmerican Psychiatric Association) babambe ukuba i-orgasm luhlobo lokonwaba olulungileyo ngokwalo, nokuba zeziphi na iimeko eziluncedo kwi-orgasm.

Kwakhona, elinye inqaku liyafuneka ukuchaza zonke iintsilelo zentetho.

Nangona kunjalo, ngamafutshane, ukuba abasemagunyeni kwicandelo lezonyango bahlala bengaguqukanga (kwaye bengakhethi), kufuneka baqonde ukuba ulonwabo olunxulunyaniswa ne-orgasm lusebenza njengophawu okanye umyalezo kwingqondo ukuba into elungileyo yenzekile emzimbeni. Le "nto intle" enxulunyaniswa ne-orgasm kukukhuthaza kobudoda kude kube ukuphuma kwesidoda esibelekweni. Olunye uhlobo lokuvuselela ngokwasemzimbeni (umzekelo, naluphi na uhlobo lokuphulula amalungu esini - kungaba kukuzivuselela ngokwakho, ukudibana kwabantu besini esifanayo, okanye ukuphulula amalungu esini kunye nomntu wesini esahlukileyo- kukuxhatshazwa kwenkqubo yolonwabo. Ukuxhatshazwa kwenkqubo yolonwabo ngexesha lokuphulula amalungu esini (nangazo zonke izenzo zesini ezivuselelayo). ndicacisiwe ngumzekelo wobunye ubumnandi bomzimba.Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuchukumisa kweqhosha ukubangela ukuziva "satiety" okunxulunyaniswa nokutya, ngokucinezela rhoqo iqhosha elinjalo kuya kuba kukuxhaphaza s Inkqubo yolonwabo .. Inkqubo yolonwabo iyakuthumela imiqondiso engalunganga "engalunganga" kwingqondo.Indlela yolonwabo ngandlela ithile iya "kuxoka" emzimbeni. Ukuba umzimba ubuziva ulonwabo olunxulumene nokuphumla okuhle ebusuku, kodwa ngenene alunakuphumla konke konke; Ukuchama okanye ukunqunyulwa, ngaphandle kokuchama okanye ukusilela, ekugqibeleni, ukuphazamiseka okunzulu emzimbeni kuya kwenzeka emzimbeni.

Ke ngoko, enye into ebekiweyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo iqhelekile okanye iphambukile kukumisela ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ikhokelela ekuphazamisweni ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yolonwabo okanye kwintlungu emzimbeni.

Okokugqibela, iyahamba ngaphandle kokuba ithi imvume (ngokuhambelana nokufikelela kwiminyaka efunekayo yemvume) sisikhombisi ekufuneka sihambelane nenkcazo yezempilo ukusuka "kwinkangeleko zesondo" ezingalunganga.

IZIQINISEKISO

Umbutho iAmerican Psychiatric Association kunye ne-APA zikhankanya ezi zifundo zingasentla njengobungqina besayensi bokuba ubufanasini yinto eqhelekileyo yesiqhelo umntu abelana ngesondo. I-APA iqaphele ukuba ubungqingili obunje abuthethi ukuthotywa ekucingeni, uzinzo, ukuthembeka kunye nobuntu ngokubanzi nobungcali. Ukongeza, i-APA ihlaba ikhwelo kubo bonke abasebenzi bezempilo yengqondo ukuba bathathe inyathelo lokuqala ukulungisa ibala lokugula ngengqondo esele linxulunyaniswa nobungqingili (I-Glassgold et al., 2009, I-23 - 24).

Umbono weGqwetha le-APA uphinda-phinde ingxelo efanayo, njengesizathu sokwenza le ngxelo ubhekisa kuncwadi esele lukhankanyiwe, oluthi "bhetyebhetye" kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo (Amagqabantshintshi e-Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Nangona kunjalo, ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo akuboniswanga ukuba kufanelekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuphambuka kwezesondo kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngenxa yoko, izifundo zesayensi ezivavanya kuphela imilinganiselo yokutshintshwa kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo zikhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo kwaye zibonise iziphumo "ezingezizo ezingeyonyani", njengoko kuphawuliwe nguSpitzer, Wakefield, Bieber kunye nabanye. Ngelishwa, ukuqiqa okuphosakeleyo ngempazamo kuye kwaba sisiseko sebango 'Ubungqina bokungqinisisa nobukholisayo'efihla ibango lokuba ubufanasini asikokuphambuka kwengqondo.

Akunakwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba indlela ethile yokuziphatha kwabantu iqhelekile kuba ixhaphake kakhulu kunokuba bekucingwa ngaphambili (ngokuka-Alfred Kinsey), kungenjalo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha kwabantu, kubandakanya nokubulala ngokulandelelana, kufuneka kuthathwe njengesiqhelo. Akunakwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba "akukho nto ingeyiyo eyendalo" malunga nokuziphatha okuthile ngenxa yokuba ibonwa ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni (ngokutsho kwe-C.S.Ford noFrank A. Beach), kungenjalo ubuzimntu mabuthathwe njengendalo. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba imeko yengqondo ayiphambuki, kuba imeko enjalo ayizukukhokelela kulungelelwaniso olungalunganga, uxinzelelo, okanye ukonakala komsebenzi wentlalo (ngokukaEvelyn Hooker, uJohn C. Gonsiorek, APA, uMbutho Wezengqondo waseMelika nabanye), Ngaphandle koko, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuninzi kufuneka kubhalwe ngempazamo njengesiqhelo. Izigqibo ezikhankanyiweyo kuncwadi olucatshulwe ngabaxhasi bobufanasini aziyonyani yesayensi, kwaye izifundo ezithandabuzekayo azinakuthathwa njengemithombo ethembekileyo.

I-APA kunye neAmerican Psychiatric Association inokuba benze ngengozi enobuzaza xa bekhetha uncwadi, abaluchazayo njengobungqina bokuxhasa ibango lokuba ubufanasini (kunye nolunye utyekelo lwesini) ayisiyongxaki yengqondo; Le meko inokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, umntu akufuneki abe lilize kwaye angakhathaleli amathuba akhoyo kwimibutho enamandla yokwenza isayensi yophando. Kukho ukungangqinelani okukhulu kwizigqibo ezisengqiqweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kweekhrayitheriya kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ngabo bathathelwa ingqalelo njengama "gunya" kwinkalo yengqondo nonyango kwengqondo. Uhlalutyo loncwadi olwenziwe kweli nqaku, olubizwa ngokuba "lukhuni" kunye "nolweyiseko" lobungqina obunamandla, libonisa iintsilelo zalo eziphambili - ukungangqinelani, ukungabikho mthethweni, kunye nokungakhathali. Ke, ukuthembeka kwe-APA kunye noMbutho waseMelika wezengqondo malunga nokuchazwa kwengxaki yokulalana kuyaxelwa. Ekugqibeleni, amabali akrokrelayo kunye nedatha ephumayo zisetyenziswa ngokwenene kwiimpikiswano ngesihloko sobufanasini, kodwa imibutho enegunya ayithandabuzi ukusebenzisa le ndlela.

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¹ Kwinkqubo yezomthetho ye-Anglo-Saxon, kukho iziko "labahlobo benkundla" (i-amici curiae) - libhekisa kubantu abazimeleyo abancedisa kwityala, benikezela ngengcali yolwazi lwabo olufanelekileyo malunga netyala, ngelixa "izihlobo zenkundla" ngokwazo zingengonxalenye ishishini.

² Ingxelo yeTask Force ngoNyango olufanelekileyo kwiimpendulo zoNyameko lweSondo.

³ Umbutho waseAmerican Psychiatric Association awuyithathi njengephula umthetho imithetho I-DSM-5 ithi: "Apotemophilia (hayi ukwaphula i-" DSM-5 ") kubandakanya umnqweno wokususa umlenze ukuze ulungelelanise ukungqinelani phakathi kwembonakalo yomzimba womntu kunye nentloko yakhe. Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika i-2014b, iphe. 246-7).

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IZIXHOBO

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