Zambiri mwa zinthuzi zidasindikizidwa mu magazini ya Russian Journal of Education and Psychology: Lysov V. Sayansi ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: tsankho.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

"Mbiri ya sayansi yeniyeni yabedwa ndi anthu oyipitsa
mapasa mlongo - "yabodza" sayansi, yomwe
Ndi cholinga chongoganiza.
Izi zinapangitsa kuti azidalira
zomwe moyenerera ndi za sayansi yeniyeni. "
kuchokera ku buku la Austin Rousse Fake Science

Chidule

Mawu monga "choyambitsa chibadwa cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chatsimikiziridwa" kapena "chikoka chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sichingasinthidwe" amanenedwa kawirikawiri pazochitika zodziwika bwino za maphunziro a sayansi ndi pa intaneti, zomwe zimapangidwira, mwa zina, za anthu osadziwa zasayansi. M'nkhaniyi, ndikuwonetsa kuti gulu lasayansi lamakono likulamulidwa ndi anthu omwe amawonetsa malingaliro awo pazandale muzochita zawo zasayansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sayansi ikhale yokondera kwambiri. Malingaliro omwe akuyembekezeredwawa akuphatikizapo mawu osiyanasiyana a ndale, kuphatikizapo zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. "ocheperako ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", kutanthauza kuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikosiyana kokhazikika pakati pa anthu ndi nyama", kuti "kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikwachibadwa ndipo sikungasinthidwe", "jenda ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osangokhala m'magulu a binary", ndi zina zotero. ndi zina zotero. Ndiwonetsa kuti malingaliro oterowo amawonedwa ngati ovomerezeka, okhazikika, komanso okhazikitsidwa m'magulu asayansi aku Western amakono, ngakhale palibe umboni wokwanira wasayansi, pomwe malingaliro ena amalembedwa kuti "pseudoscientific" ndi "bodza," ngakhale atakhala ndi umboni wokwanira. kumbuyo kwawo. Zinthu zambiri zitha kutchulidwa ngati zomwe zidapangitsa kukondera kotereku - cholowa chodabwitsa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso mbiri yakale chomwe chidapangitsa kuti pakhale "zosokoneza zasayansi", mikangano yayikulu yandale yomwe idadzetsa chinyengo, "malonda" asayansi omwe amatsogolera kufunafuna zomverera. , ndi zina. Kaya n'zotheka kupeŵa kukondera mu sayansi kumakhalabe mkangano. Komabe, m'malingaliro anga, ndizotheka kupanga mikhalidwe yokwanira yofanana ndi sayansi.

Mau oyamba

Mu Epuloze 2017, chidziwitso cha USA Today chinafalitsa kanema wamtundu wa The Psychology of infertility (USA lero kudzera pa MSN) Nkhaniyi idanenanso za mabanja atatu omwe sangakhale ndi ana ngakhale atagonana nthawi yayitali popanda kulera - kutanthauza kuti ali ndi vuto la kubereka, malinga ndi tanthauzo la World Health Organisation (Zegers-Hochschild 2009, p. 1522). Aliyense wa mabanja adathetsa vuto la kusabereka m'njira inayake - chifukwa cha umuna wa vitro, kubereka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mayi wongobwera kumene. Kanemayo adapangidwa mozizwitsa ndipo adapangidwa m'njira yotchuka yasayansi, ndipo mbiri ya banja lililonse idafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.

Komabe, bungwe la USA Today media media, m'njira wamba komanso kopanda nthabwala kapena kutengera kwachilengedwe, adalemba amuna awiri mwa mabanja awiri omwe ali ndi mavuto azachipatala (ziwalo zolemetsa zobereka ndi ziwalo). Olemba kanemayo pamwambo wokhudza nyimbo zakhudza mtima kwambiri adafotokozera omvera kuti vuto la "kusabereka" kwa amuna awiri omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha aku America - Dani ndi Will Neville-Reyben - ndikuti "alibe chiberekero" (Chikondwerero 2017) Mwinanso, USA Today ivomereza kuti kwa gawo lina la omvera ake, mawonekedwe abwinobwino a kapangidwe ka thupi la amuna ndi akazi anali asanadziwikebe mpaka pano. Mwanjira ina, imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zankhaniyi inali yotsimikiza kuti inshuwaransi ya zamankhwala iyenera kubwezeretsa ndalama zomwe mabanja omwe ali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amachita pofuna kubereka.

Mauthenga amtunduwu, odzaza ndi zozizwitsa zachilengedwe, sizachilendo m'zofalitsa za Atlantic, ndipo, makamaka, amapezeka muzambiri zaku Russia komanso malo otchuka a sayansi. Ndemanga za "chibadwa chotsimikizika chomwe chimayambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" kapena "chikwi chimodzi ndi theka cha nyama zogonana" zimanenedwa pazochitika zophunzitsira za sayansi kwa achinyamata.

Munkhaniyi, ndikuwonetsa kuti m'masiku ano asayansi anthu omwe amapereka malingaliro awo owolowa manja muzochita zawo za sayansi, ndikupangitsa sayansi kukhala yokondera, komanso yopambana. Maganizo abwinowa akuphatikizaponso mawu abodza onena za omwe akuti "Zakugonana" ("LGBT"), zomwe, kuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yodziwika yogonana pakati pa anthu ndi nyama", kuti "kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kwamkati ndipo sikungasinthidwe," "jenda ndi malo achikhalidwe, osangokhala pagulu la anthu wamba" etc.

Pambuyo pake mu lembalo ndidzatchulapo malingaliro monga kufalitsa mawu a LGBT¹. Nthawi yomweyo, pali malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe amatsutsana pamwambapa, ndidzawatcha LGBT-okayikira. Ndikuwonetsa kuti kuyimbira kwa LGBT pagulu lamaphunziro lamakono kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi akale, okhazikika, komanso okhazikika, ngakhale pakhale umboni wotsimikizira wa sayansi, pomwe malingaliro a LGBT ndiwokayikira ndipo amalembedwa ngati "zanzeru zasayansi" komanso "zabodza", ngakhale atathandizidwa mfundo zotsimikizika.

Sayansi ndi Maganizo andale

Gawo loyamba lofunikira kuti mumvetsetse sayansi ndi kudziwa njira ya sayansi. Njira yasayansi imakhala ndi magawo angapo: (1) Kufunsa funsolo (zomwe zikufunika kuphunziridwa): kutsimikizira chinthu ndi mutu, zolinga ndi zolinga za phunziroli; (2) gwira ntchito ndi mabuku: kuphunzira nkhani pamutuwu zomwe zafufuzidwa kale ndi ena; (3) Kukula kwa malingaliro: kupangika kwa lingaliro la momwe momwe phunziroli limachitikira komanso zomwe zingachitike poululidwa; (4) kuyesera: kuyesa kongoganizira; (5) kuwunika kwa zotsatirazi: kuphunzira zotsatira za kuyesayesa ndikuwonetsetsa momwe mawuwo adatsimikizidwira; ndipo, pomaliza, (6) mawu omaliza: kubweretsa zotsatira zina zoyesa komanso kusanthula.

Maziko ophunzirira awa akhala maziko a kafukufuku wasayansi kwazaka zambiri, ndipo njira zake zomvekera bwino, zololeza anthu kuti achite bwino.

Komabe, monga Pulofesa Henry Bauer adanenanso mu 1992, asayansi, makamaka, gulu lotchuka la sayansi likufulatira njira yasayansi kuti ligwirizane ndi malingaliro owolowa manja ngati njira yokhayo yodziwirira "mwasayansi" kutanthauzira dziko lazungulira (Mpweya 1992) Chifukwa chake, njira yayikulu yasayansi idasinthidwa kukhala yotsatirayi: (1) tanthauzo lavutoli ndipo, momwe zingatheke, kupewa mitu "yoletsedwa", mwachitsanzo. mtundu ndi jenda monga lingaliro lakukhazikika, "malingaliro azogonana" monga gulu; (2) kusaka zomwe zaphunziridwa kale ndi ena, ndikusankha zotsatira zomwe sizikutsutsana ndi malingaliro okhazikitsidwa; (3) chitukuko cha malingaliro: lingaliro lofotokozera zovuta zomwe sizikutsutsana ndi malingaliro owolowa manja; (4) kuyesa: kuyesa kwa hypothesis; (5) kusanthula zotsatira: kunyalanyaza ndikuchepetsa tanthauzo la "zosayembekezereka" zotsatira ndikukula ndikuwunikanso zotsatira zomwe "zomwe timayembekezera"; ndipo pomaliza; (6) Malingaliro: kulengeza kwa zotsatira zomwe "zimathandizira" mopambana malingaliro. Pulofesa Bauer si yekhayo amene akuda nkhawa ndi kusintha kumeneku kwa sayansi.

Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro ofananawo okhudza momwe dziko liliri masiku ano a sayansi adapangidwa ndi Pulofesa Ruth Hubbard (Hubbard ndi Wald 1993), Pulofesa Lynn Mawuel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002), Dr. Alan Sokal ndi Dr. Gene Brichmont (Sokal ndi Brichmont 1998), Woyimira boma waku America Kirsten Powers (Mphamvu 2015), ndi Dr. Austin Ruse (Kukwera 2017).

Pulofesa Nicholas Rosenkrantz wa Georgetown Law School ndi Pulofesa Jonathan Haidt wa ku New York University adayambitsanso Heterodox Academy, pulojekiti yapaintaneti yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri vuto la kufananiza kwamalingaliro komanso kukana malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'masukulu apamwamba aku America.Heterodox academy.nd).

Dr. Bret Weinstein adasiya sukulu ya Evergreen State College atakana kutenga nawo gawo lotchedwa "Tsiku Losakhalitsa" - pomwe oimira amtundu wina kapena mafuko ena kupatula a Caucasian adavomerezedwa ku yunivesite - adazunzidwa ndi ophunzira okwiya komanso omenyera ufulu wawo (Weinstein xnumx) Pambuyo pake, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake, Dr. Eric Weinstein ndi asayansi ena, adayambitsa gulu, lotyola nthabwala lotchedwa "Intellectual Dark Web" (Bari xnumx). Mtolankhani Bari Weiss anafotokoza chitaganya chimenechi motere: “Choyamba, anthu ameneŵa ali okonzeka kutetezera mwamphamvu malingaliro awo, koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo amakangana mwalamulo, pafupifupi pa nkhani zonse zofunika: chipembedzo, kuchotsa mimba, kusamuka, mkhalidwe wa chikumbumtima. Chachiwiri, m'nthawi yomwe malingaliro odziwika bwino okhudza dziko lapansi ndi zochitika zozungulira ife nthawi zambiri amakana zenizeni zenizeni, aliyense ali wotsimikiza kukana ofalitsa malingaliro osavuta pandale. Ndipo chachitatu, ena alipira mtengo wofuna kufotokoza malingaliro ena mwa kuchotsedwa m'mabungwe amaphunziro omwe akhala akudana kwambiri ndi malingaliro olakwika - ndikupeza omvera omvera kwinakwake "(Bari xnumx).

Kwa iwo omwe sanakhalepo ndi chidwi ndi vutoli, kuchuluka kwa mfundo za sayansi mu sayansi kungaoneke kukhala kopanda tanthauzo. Amatha kukhulupilira kuti mu sayansi yamakono mfundo zokhazo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa popanda chidziwitso ndiye chowonadi chokha, ndipo china chilichonse chimakhazikika pamalingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro komanso malingaliro andale. Komabe, lingaliro lamalingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro ndi zandale monga "zatsimikiziridwa" zimawonedwa pamavuto ambiri ochulukirapo (Mpweya 2012, c. 12), ena a omwe amalira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kodi kukopeka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana kwa anthu", kapena ndikusiyana kwachikhalidwe (kopanda kubereka) kogonana komanso kukopa ana, nyama, kapena zinthu zopanda moyo? Pazinthu izi, komanso anthu ena, njira yasayansi yakhala yowonera malingaliro andale (Wright ndi Cummings 2005, p. XIV).

Ganizirani izi: lero, ku maphunziro, ofufuza omwe amati ndi omwe amatchedwa Zikhulupiriro "zopita patsogolo" zimaposa izi zomwe zimati zikhulupiliro za "zosasintha" (Abrams 2016) Mndandanda wochititsa chidwi wa zofalitsa zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi anzanu zomwe zikuwonetsa zofananazo zitha kupezeka patsamba la anthu a Heterodox Academy omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa (Heterodox Academy nd Kafukufuku Wowunikiridwa ndi Anzake) Ndipo malingaliro abodza a LGBT ndichimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za malingaliro "owongolera" amakono.

Pokambirana mwachinsinsi, m'modzi mwa anzanga, wochita zama psychology ndi Ph.D. mu umodzi mwamizinda yayikulu ku Russia (andifunsa kuti ndisatchule dzina lake chifukwa akuopa zotsatira za lingaliro lina) adandiuza moseketsa za mfundo zosavuta za sayansi “yamakono”, kotero kuti woweruza mitu yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: Chilichonse chomwe chikuwonetsa zowona zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chimawonetsedwa ndi zitsanzo za sayansi komanso njira yachitsanzo chabwino. Nawonso, chilichonse chomwe chimawonetsa kukayikira chilichonse chokhudza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chimadziwika kuti "chinyengo chamaphokoso kuchokera kwa otsutsana opita kumanja" (zolankhula paokha, pa Okutobala 14, 2018). Mwanjira ina, mu "sayansi yamakono" kukayikira "zikhalidwe" za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuli ngati kukayikira "kupita patsogolo" kwa postmodernism ndi chikhalidwe chotchuka. Kuti tipeze zodabwitsazi, kungowona kosavuta kwa nkhani zamakono zotchuka za sayansi ndikokwanira. Maboma a mayiko olemera komanso mabungwe olemera omwe siaboma amayambitsa zikhulupiriro zina zololeza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngati kuti ndi lingaliro losatsimikizika komanso lodziwikiratu, monga kuti azimayi okha ndi omwe amatha kubereka anthu (ngakhale ndikuwopa kuti potengera zomwe zikuchitika mu gawo la "transgenderism" lero) , izi zidzatsutsidwa kwambiri).

Kusintha zasayansi ndi zolondola pandale

Ena amati mkangano wandale komanso pagulu la anthu uyenera kukhala wosamala kwambiri ndi mitu ingapo chifukwa chazowawa zolemba mbiri ya anthu. Koma zowona za sayansi sizigwirizana ndi ndale. Pali zosiyana zachilengedwe pakati pa mitundu ya anthu (phenotypes) (2005,, pali kusiyana kwachilengedwe pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (Evans ndi DeFranco 2014) ndi zina zotero. Zowonadi zake zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "malingaliro" pazinthu zosaganizira komanso zozunza m'mbiri yonse ya anthu, ndipo anthu ndi anthu ayenera kukumbukira izi nthawi zonse. Palibe mkangano wotsutsana.

Komabe, masamba achisoni omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa samatsutsa kukhalapo kwa phenotypes zakuthupi ndi kusiyana kwa kugonana mwa anthu, chifukwa zimachitika mwachilengedwe ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa mwachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna sangathe kubereka chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha thupi lake (kusowa kwa chiberekero, choyamba, monga momwe USA Today inanenera moyenera). Titha kungopewa kulankhula za izi, kubisa zinthu zodziwikiratu zachilengedwe izi, kapena kusintha tanthauzo la mawu oti "mkazi" - izi sizimawonjezera chilichonse ku zenizeni zosagwedezeka za sayansi. Zoona za sayansi zilipo mosasamala kanthu za kutanthauzira kwawo ndi malingaliro a ziphunzitso za ndale, mosasamala kanthu kuti zandandalikidwa m’kulengeza kulikonse kapena m’magulu a matenda, ndipo mosasamala kanthu za kulondola kwa ndale.

M'malingaliro mwanga, kukhazikitsidwa kwa chizindikiritso chofanana pakati pa “kulondola ndale” ndi sayansi ndichimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu m'nthawi yathu ino, ndipo izi zikulepheretsa zatsopano komanso zatsopano. Ofufuza ena ali ndi lingaliro lofananalo (Kandachime 2005) Malinga ndi buku la HarperCollins ku English English, "kulondola ndale" kumatanthauza "kuwonetsa malingaliro opita patsogolo, makamaka pokana kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe amamuwonetsa kuti ndiwotsutsa, tsankho kapena wotsutsa, makamaka kutengera mtundu ndi jenda" (Collins English Dictionary. nd) Ndipo malinga ndi buku lotanthauzira la Webster lotchedwa "Nyumba Yopanda Nthaka" ya American English, "kulondola ndale" "... amadziwika, monga lamulo, ndikudzipereka pakumvera kwachipembedzo pazochitika za mtundu ndi jenda, malingaliro ogonana kapena ecology" (Mtanthauzira mawu / Thesaurus nd).

Olemba nkhani zapanyumba Belyakov ndi olemba anzawo adafotokoza “kulondola ndale” popanda malingaliro oyenera:

"... Kulondola pandale ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zikhalidwe za anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyananso, kusokonekera kwatsatanetsatane, kugawanika kwa anthu ndikufika patsogolo pa mbiri yocheperako. Demokalase mdera loterolo limawoneka ngati njira yachikhalidwe, sikukutanthauza mphamvu za ambiri, koma makamaka kuteteza ufulu wa ochepa, kufikira munthu. M'malo mwake, ngakhale boma la demokalase kwambiri silitha kuteteza ufulu wonse womwe limalengeza ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zomwe aliyense akufuna azichita. Choyerekeza chothetsera vutoli ndi kufala kwa chilankhulo cholondola, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kupewetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewa ponena za mtundu ndi jenda, zaka, thanzi, ulemu, komanso kuwonekera kwa nthumwi zamagulu ena omwe amawaona ngati amanyansidwa ndi tsankho. Chifukwa chake, "ndizolondola ndale kunena kuti munthu wakuda" American American "," Waku America "waku India, munthu wolumala" kuthana ndi zovuta chifukwa cha kuthupi (wovuta), komanso munthu wonenepa " otsogola), osauka - "osowa", munthu wongoyandikira zinyalala - "wsonkhanitsa zinthu zomwe zinakanidwa" (otolera okhazikika), ndi zina zotere kuti tipewe kusalidwa kwa "zachiwerewere", kapena "anthu omwe si achikhalidwe chazikhalidwe zina" zoyeserera ”(komanso zolondola pandale), kale agaetsya ntchito kwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "gay" ndi "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha." "Amisala" ochita zachiwerewere, omwe amawoneka kuti ndi apamwamba kuposa amuna, nawonso adakwiyitsidwa. Mawu tymologically okhudzana ndi muzu “bambo” (wapampando), woyang'anira (wamkulu), wozimitsa moto (wozimitsa moto), woweruza (postman) akuyenera kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito mokomera wapampando, woyang'anira, womenyera moto, wonyamula makalata, motsatana . Pazifukwa zomwezi, mawu oti mkazi kuyambira pano alembedwe ngati "womyn" (kapena ngakhale wamkazi American), ndipo m'malo mwa matchulidwe iye, ake, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito iye, iye (mkaziyo, wake). Pofuna kupewa kuwonekera kwa anthropocentrism kunyama ndi nyama, mawu oti ziweto (nyama zapakhomo) ndi mbewu zapakhomo (mbewu zapakhomo) zoimira munthu monga mwini wake akuti akuyenera kulowa m'malo mwa nyama zanyama (abwenzi nyama) ndi abwenzi azomera ... "(Belyakov ndi Matveychev 2009).

Chifukwa chake, "kulondola pandale", ngati titha mawuwa kuti "olondola pandale," sikutanthauza mtundu wokha wofufuza.

Zikhulupiriro zina zachikhalidwe chakumanzere zakhala miyambo yodziwika kumene palibe munthu ali nawo ufulu wobwezera, kaya akhale asayansi, aphunzitsi kapena ophunzira. Wasayansi aliyense yemwe akufuna kukwaniritsa kuvomerezeka ndi ndalama ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha "kulondola ndale." Chifukwa chake, "kulondola ndale" nthawi zina kumatchedwa "kuwongolera mtima", kugogomezera chinyengo cha anthu omwe amadzionetsera kuti ndi olimbikitsa kudzisankhira anzawo (Coppedge 2017).

Ndizachidziwikire kuti "kulondola kwandale" kumasokoneza kwambiri sayansi, chifukwa kumawononga chikhalidwe ndi mfundo zonse zakale zasayansi. Zikhalidwe izi zimatha kufotokozedwa ngati kukhudzika konsekonse, kutseguka, kusakhudzidwa, kukayikira, komwe kumayang'aniridwa mosavuta mu sayansi ngati nkhani, komanso kuwona mtima kosavuta komanso kupanda chinyengo. Komabe, masiku ano zomwe kale zinali zopanda chiyembekezo sizikumbidwanso monga izi. Pomaliza, kunena kuti china chake chatsimikizika komanso mosatsimikizika panthawi yomwe pali umboni wotsimikizika wotsutsa (zomwe zimadziwika ndi asayansi aluso komanso opanda tsankho) ndizosakhulupirika komanso zopanda ulemu.

Patsikuli, mtolankhani Tom Nichols adalemba:

"... Ndikuopa kuti tikuchoka pazokayikira zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri osiyanasiyana akunena pakutha kwa lingaliro la akatswiri monga izi: kulimbikitsidwa ndi Google, kutengera Wikipedia komanso yolimbikitsidwa ndi mabulogu akatswiri akatswiri ndi ophunzira wamba, aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe akudziwa ndipo ali ndi chidwi ... "(Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia ndi Youtube monga gwero la "chidziwitso"

Wikipedia ndi amodzi mwa malo ochezera pa intaneti omwe amapezeka kwambiri, omwe amadzionetsera ngati "encyclopedia" ndipo amavomerezedwa ndi ambiri omwe si akatswiri komanso ana asukulu ngati gwero losatsutsika la chowonadi. Malowa adayambitsidwa mu 2001 ndi wochita bizinesi waku Alabama wotchedwa Jimmy Wales. Asanakhazikitse Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales adapanga pulogalamu ya pa intaneti ya Bomis, yomwe imagawa zolaula, zomwe amayesetsa kuzichotsa pa mbiri yake (Hansen xnumx; Kuphunzitsa xnumx).

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti Wikipedia ndiyodalirika, chifukwa "aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwonjezera nkhani kapena kusintha nkhani yomwe ilipo." Izi ndi zowona - kwenikweni, zidziwitso zilizonse zomwe sizigwirizana ndi miyambo yoyenda ndi mapiko kumanzere zidzaunikidwa chifukwa kukhalapo kwa njira zosamveka zotsimikizira nkhani yomwe pansi pake pali bungwe la otchedwa apakatikati - okonza oyimira mayendedwe ena aufulu, mwachitsanzo mkhalapakati wochokera ku LGBT + - gulu lomwe lingasinthe kapena kukana zida (Jackson 2009) Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ali ndi mfundo zoti sizilowerera ndale, Wikipedia ili ndi ufulu wokonda kuchita zachiwerewere komanso mosakondera.

Munkhani ina m'magazini ya FrontPageMagazine, a David Swingle adasanthula ndikuwonetsa kuti pulojekiti ya Wikipedia imapereka malingaliro omasulira ake omwe amalimbikira komanso okhazikika, ena mwa iwo (makamaka m'magawo osagwirizana ndi anzawo) ndi omwe amayesetsa kukopa malingaliro awanthu (Swingle xnumx) Mwachitsanzo, Swingle amawerengetsa:

"... Yerekezerani [nkhani za Wikipedia] za Ann Coulter²komanso za Michael Moore (Michael Moore³) Nkhani yonena za Coulter inali ndi mawu a 9028 (pa 9 August 2011 zaka). Mwa kuchuluka kumeneku, mawu a 3220 anali mu gawo "Contradictions and Criticism", lomwe limafotokoza zochitika zingapo ndi Coulter ndipo adalemba mawu omwe amamutsutsa, makamaka mwa osiyira anzawo ufulu ndi anthu wamba. Ndiye kuti, 35,6% ya zolemba zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa Ann Coulter zidadzipereka kuziwonetsa bwino, zotsutsana komanso zotsutsa.

Kumbali inayi, nkhani yonena za Moore inali ndi mawu a 2876 (omwe ali ofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolemba pazankhani zandale pa Wikipedia), pomwe mawu a 130 anali mu gawo "Contradictions". Ichi ndi 4,5% ya zolemba zonse za Moore.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti owerenga "osasamala" amakhulupirira kuti Coulter ndiwotsutsana kwambiri kuposa Moore? ... "(Swingle xnumx).

Munkhani yake, mtolankhani Joseph Farah alemba kuti Wikipedia:

"... sikuti wofalitsa chisankho chokha komanso tsankho. Uyu ndiwogulitsa kwambiri mabodza komanso miseche, monga dziko lapansi silinadziwebe ... "(Farah 2008).

Kuphatikiza apo, Wikipedia imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe omwe amalipira pagulu komanso akatswiri owongolera mbiri omwe amachotsa zodetsa zilizonse zokhudzana ndi makasitomala awo ndikupereka zotsutsana (Grace 2007; Chaka cha 2007) Ngakhale kusintha koteroko sikuloledwa, Wikipedia imachita zochepa kutsatira malamulo ake, makamaka kwa omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri.

Wikipedia woyambitsa Cooperry a Larry Sanger, omwe adasiya ntchitoyi, adavomereza kuti Wikipedia satsatira mfundo zake zomwe zalembedwa kuti iwowa (Mtsinje 2016).

Wofufuza wina dzina lake Brian Martin analemba mu ntchito yake:

“...Ngakhale kutsatira mwadzina bukhuli, kusintha mwadongosolo kokondera kumatha kuchitika mu Wikipedia, komwe kumasungidwa nthawi zonse. Njira zosinthira mokondera zolowera pa Wikipedia zikuphatikiza kuchotsa zidziwitso zabwino, kuwonjezera zidziwitso zoyipa, kugwiritsa ntchito magwero okondera, komanso kukokomeza kufunikira kwa mitu inayake. Kusunga tsankho pakulowa, ngakhale zitanenedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ena, njira zazikuluzikulu zimaphatikizapo kusasintha zolowera, kutsata malamulo a Wikipedia, ndikutsekereza osintha...” (Martin 2017).

Zolemba zonse za Wikipedia pa LGBT + ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi otchedwa apakatikati, ndipo zowona zilizonse zotsutsana nawo zimachotsedwa pazinthuzo. Ulamuliro woyimira pakati pa woimira LGBT + ndiwofunika pazinthu zonse za LGBT +, ndipo ndi mkhalapakati amene amasankha zomwe zidzasindikizidwe komanso zomwe sizingalole. ulamuliro Wikipedia.

Chifukwa chake, zolemba zonse za Wikipedia zokhudzana ndi LGBT + ndizopanda tanthauzo, zodzikonda, ndipo zikuyimira kuphatikiza kwa zidziwitso zosinthidwa mosamala kuchokera kumagwero okayikitsa kapena osagwirizana ndi sayansi. Ndizosatheka kungowonjezera nkhani yatsopano, kapena kuwonjezera pazomwe zilipo, koma ngakhale kusintha liwu limodzi ngati likutsutsana ndi chiphunzitso chosanenedwa "chabwino kapena chopanda kanthu".

Pafupifupi zitsanzo 300 zakugwira ntchito kwa Wikipedia, kuphatikiza pa nkhani ya LGBT +, zalembedwa patsamba la Conservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

Mwachitsanzo, ku Wikipedia, kwanthawi yayitali, nkhani yokhudza kugonana pakati pa nyama (zomwe zimakondana kwambiri, onani Mutu 2) panali mawu osatheka kunena za "mitundu 1500 ya nyama zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", yomwe idawonetsedwa ndi Wikipedia ngati chowonadi chasayansi - ngakhale patakhala kuti palibe magwero omwe amatchula ziwerengerozi. M'malo mwake, mawu otsatsa awa adakhazikitsidwa ndi wogwira ntchito ku Museum of Natural History yaku Norway yotchedwa Petter Böckmann panthawi yopanga ziwonetserozi mu 2006, zomwe Böckmann ndi wabweretsa iye mu nkhani ya Wikipedia mu 2007. Zaka 11 zokha pambuyo pake, chidziwitsocho chidachotsedwa: pakukambirana, Böckman sanathe kupereka gwero ndipo anavomereza kuti zomwe ananena zinali zabodza: 

Pamapeto pake, monga oyang'anira a Wikipedia amati:

“… Wikipedia ndi tsamba lachinsinsi la Wikimedia Foundation lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustee. Wikipedia ndi Wikimedia Foundation ali ndi ufulu wokhazikitsa malamulo awo okhudza omwe angalembe ndikusintha zolemba patsamba lino ... Monga tsamba lachinsinsi, Wikipedia ili ndi ufulu kuletsa, kuletsa kapena kuletsa owerenga aliyense kuthekera werengani kapena sinthani zomwe zili patsamba lino pazifukwa zilizonse, kapena popanda chifukwa chilichonse ... Wikimedia Foundation ili ndi ufulu wosintha malamulo ake pazifukwa zilizonse zomwe akuwona kuti ndizofunikira - kapena popanda chifukwa, chifukwa "mukufuna" ... "(Wikipedia: Free Speech 2018).

Ndi "encyclopedia" iyi yomwe ndiye gwero lalikulu la "chidziwitso" chokhudza dziko lonse lapansi kwa achinyamata ambiri ...

Chidziwitso chinanso cha anthu amakono ndi ntchito yolimbikitsira makanema pa YouTube, yomwe ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri ku Google. Tsamba la YouTube ladziwonetsa lokha kukhala ngati laulere lomwe lingasokoneze mawu omwe akukonda LGBTKIAP +, kapena mawu omwe amatsutsa zokongoletsa za LGBTKIAP +. Izi siziri choncho.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, YouTube yakhala ikuwatsutsidwa kwambiri kuti ikuletsa kuwononga zinthu (Carlson 2018) Kuunikira pa YouTube kunayikidwa pa njira ya "PragerU" ndi njira zina zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro omwe ali osiyana ndi malingaliro a akatswiri owonera.

Atolankhani a FoxNews adatchula memo wamkati wa YouTube YouTube womwe adalandira kuyambira pa Epulo 2017, zomwe zimafotokozera momwe mavidiyowo amachitikira. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe kufalikira kwa YouTube sikudziwikiratu kwa anthu ambiri ndi chifukwa kampaniyo ndi yanzeru kuti isafafute vidiyo iliyonse yomwe ikufuna kuti iwerengere anthu. M'malo mwake, "njira yochepetsetsa" imayambitsidwa makanema ambiri.⁴. Makanema oterewa amatsekedwa pamakalasi, masukulu, malo owerengera, ndi m'malo ena aboma; sangathe kuwonedwa ndi ana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito osalembetsa. Zomwe zili patsamba lino ndizongotumiza kumapeto, ndiye kuti ndizovuta kupeza. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi ziwanda: omwe amawalemba sangapeze ndalama, ngakhale atakhala ndi malingaliro angati.

Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani, kuti New York Times inasiya kugulitsa ku newsagent - mutha, mwapeza, koma pokhapokha polembetsa. Ndipo, kuwonjezera pamenepo, - kwaulere chabe. Ndiye kuti, ofalitsa anali oletsedwa kupanga ndalama kugulitsa nyuzipepala. Mwachiwonekere, machitidwe oterewa angagwe pansi pa tanthauzo la kufufuza.

Kodi njira zowunikira mavidiyo a YouTube ndi ziti? Monga tafotokozera mu memo, kuwerengera kumaphatikizapo, ndimanena kuti, "zotsutsana zachipembedzo kapena zamtundu wachipembedzo", komanso "zotsutsana kwambiri, zotsutsa." Palibe tanthauzo la chomwe chiri - zikhulupiriro zotsutsana, chipembedzo, chisokonezo, zachipembedzo kapena zoyambitsa - sizinaperekedwe. Chisankhocho chimapangidwa ndi YouTube, ndipo ndizosankhidwa momwe zingathekere.

FoxNews amatchulira chitsanzo: YouTube idapeza njira ya "PragerU" yotheka "kuyambitsa kukayikira pakubwera kwa apolisi aku US. Ngati simukuwona apolisi onse aku America kuti ndi atsankho, ndiye, malinga ndi YouTube, mumagawana "zotsutsana kwambiri, zodzetsa mtima." Chifukwa chake vidiyoyi yotchedwa "PragerU" idachitidwa ziwanda ndipo, idanenedwa kuti ikuyambitsa chidani. Nthawi yomweyo, makanema omwe amadzitcha "oyera mwachilengedwe" amakhalabe pa YouTube popanda zoletsa.

Makina amapereka kumvetsetsa komwe YouTube imatenga Chikalatacho chikufotokoza kuti kampaniyo yadzipereka “kuumwini, kuphatikiza phindu lomwe limapezeka chifukwa chosiyanasiyana komanso kuphatikizika.” Mwa iwo omwe YouTube idawaletsa kuti awononge "zomwe zili zopitilira muyeso" panali bungwe lomwe limagawana kwambiri maubwino, kuphatikiza malingaliro a "LGBT +", - "Southern Poverty Law Center" (Kalozera; Thupi 2018).

Kuyambitsa Ozunza

Ochuluka, opatsidwa ndalama zambiri ndipo, monga chotulukapo chake, magulu otchuka ndi mabungwe ngati Southern Poverty Law Center, akugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mzaka zapitazi (onani Chaputala 14), amapanga nyengo yomwe wokamba aliyense, ngakhale wotsutsana kwathunthu asayansi , zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zokongoletsa za "LGBT +", zimakhala pachiwopsezo chotaya zambiri - kuyambira ntchito kupita ku thanzi. Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya "sayansi yayikulu" komanso "kulondola kwa ndale", ofufuza omwe amatsutsa malingaliro omwe ali osiyana ndi "gulu lalikulu" amapanga mwayi wonenedwa kuti ndi "wopanda demokalase", "wankhanza komanso wankhanza" (Marmor xnumx), "Kusavutikira, kusankhana ndi kusankhana" (Zaka za 1986) Zowunikira zoterezi zimathandizidwa ndi "chikhalidwe chachikulu" pazowonetsa komanso kuwonetsa mabizinesi.

Pulofesa Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) anali m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri pazomwe amachita mtsogoleri wa American Psychiatric Association mu 1973, kupanga chilichonse kuti asatengere amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa mndandanda wamavuto amisala, Spitzer adapanga gulu la "LGBT", mwina kuposa ena, kupeza ulemu ndi ulamuliro kuchokera kwa gulu la LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Komabe, zaka pafupifupi 30 pambuyo pake, pamsonkhano wa American Psychiatric Association mu 2001, Spitzer adafotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku wake waposachedwa kuti "66% ya amuna ndi 44% azimayi adachita bwino kwambiri," kutanthauza kuti, "adasungabe chikondi chogonana amuna ndi akazi chaka chonse," kupeza kukhutitsidwa kokwanira kuchokera pachibwenzi chomgonana ndi wokondedwa wawo, kuvotera mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri pamlingo wa 7, kugonana ndi wogonana naye mu cr osachepera pamwezi, ndipo osaganizirananso kapena zofananiratu zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha panthawi yogonana ”; Pambuyo pake, zotsatirazi zidasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Archives of Sexual Behavior (Spitzer 10; 2001a). Izi zinali zosiyana kotheratu ndi ziphunzitso zabodza za LGBT zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chomwe anthu amati ndi amuna kapena akazi okha. Gahena idazungulira Spitzer: "Lero, ngwazi ya gay itadzakhala Yudasi mwadzidzidzi" (van den Aarweg 2003). Nkhani ya Spitzer yatsutsidwa mwankhanza ndi omwe amazunza omwe amadziwika kuti ndi a A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kenneth Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, a Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, ndi Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

Zosangalatsa, monga Dr. Christopher Rowickick adanenera, zina mwazomwe zatsutsidwa ndi ntchito ya Spitzer ya 2003 zinali motere: kafukufukuyu adachokera pazokambirana zaumwini kuchokera pamavuto omwe amachokera m'mabungwe othandizira komanso National Association for the Study and Treatment of Hom ushoga (NARTH) (Wilde 2004 ) Uwu ndiumboni wapamwamba kwambiri: ntchito yomwe zotsatira za kafukufuku wa LGBT-zomwe zidawonetsedwa zidatsutsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzimodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito yolengeza ya LGBT, mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa Shidlo ndi Schroeder adakhazikitsidwanso pamalipoti awowo (Shidlo ndi Schroeder 2002 ) M'malo mwake, sayansi yonse yamaukadaulo ndi ma sayansi ena azachikhalidwe amadalira kwambiri kulumikizana kwanu komanso malipoti a zinthu zofufuzira. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lalikulu la zofalitsa zolimbikitsa za LGBT zokhudzana ndi ana oleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimatengera zitsanzo zazing'ono zomwe zimatengedwa ndi mabungwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Maliko 2012).

Mapeto ake, patadutsa zaka khumi za udani pa iye, Spitzer adadzipereka. Ali ndi zaka 80, adalemba kalata kwa akonzi a Archives of Sexual Behavior akumupempha kuti atule nkhaniyo (Spitzer 2012). Anapepesanso anthu onse ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa "chovulaza." Dr. van den Aardweg amakumbukira nthawi yomwe amalankhula pafoni ndi Pulofesa Spitzer, patapita nthawi atatulutsa nkhani yake mu 2003, pomwe adalankhula za kuyesa kukana otsutsa: (Spitzer 2003b): "Ndidamufunsa ngati apitiliza kafukufuku wake, kapena ayesebe Kodi amagwira ntchito ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akufuna thandizo la akatswiri "," ndiye kuti, kuthandizidwa ndi kuthandizira kuti asinthe zofuna zawo za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... Yankho lake silinali lachilendo. Ayi, sadzakhudzanso nkhaniyi. Anatsala pang'ono kusweka mtima atakumana ndi ziwonetsero zankhondo ndiomwe amamuthandiza. Unali mtsinje wa chidani. Munthu akhoza kutha chifukwa cha zinthu zomvetsa chisoni ngati izi. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Wofufuza wina yemwe ntchito zawo nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa mawu ndi okhwimira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi Pulofesa Charles Roselli wa University of Oregon. Pulofesa Roselli amaphunzira njira zamanjenje m'mitundu ya nkhosa zapakhomo. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, Pulofesa Roselli adayesera kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha nkhosa zapakhomo. Adanenanso kuti kusayenda bwino kwa mahomoni kungasokoneze machitidwe akugonana. M'mabuku ake oyambilira pankhaniyi, maphunziro a Pulofesa Roselli adangoganizira za kukonza ubweya wa nkhosa komanso momwe zimakhudzira chuma, ndipo a Roselli adavomereza zakufunika kokuphunzira za mikhalidwe ya anthu pakugonana ngati nyama, nati: "Kafukufuku wothandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayendetsa machitidwe azakugonana komanso chonde Nkhosa ndizofunikira kwambiri posamalira ana. Zambiri zomwe zimapezeka pa mahomoni, ma neural, ma genetic ndi chilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti okondedwa azigonana azilola kusankha kwabwino kwa nkhosa pakubereka ndipo, chifukwa chake, zimakhala ndi phindu lachuma. Komabe, kafukufukuyu ali ndi kufunika kofunikira pakumvetsetsa kukulira ndi kuwongolera chilimbikitso cha kugonana ndi kusankha kwa abwenzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo anthu. Pankhani imeneyi, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti machitidwe ogonana a nkhosa yamphongo omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi wamwamuna wina sangakhale wofanana kwambiri ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa malingaliro a munthu wogonana amaphatikizapo kuzindikira, malingaliro ndi zochitika, komanso machitidwe azakugonana ”(Roselli 2004, p. . 243).

M'nkhani yake yowunikira ya 2004, Pulofesa Roselli adavomereza kuti sanapeze umboni wokhutiritsa wa chiphunzitso chake [cha intrauterine hormonal imbalance], ndipo anatchula malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuti afotokoze khalidwe la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu nkhosa zina (Roselli 2004, pp. 236 - 242). Muzochita zake, Roselli anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu a LGBT m'mawu ake ndi matanthauzidwe ake, ndipo ndithudi sanafotokoze malingaliro okayikira a LGBT.

Ngakhale zili choncho, Pulofesa Roselli adazunzidwa ndikuzunzidwa ndi omwe amatsogolera LGBT kuti atsegule ma autopsies mu labotale yake - ngakhale palibe njira ina yotsika mtengo yophunzirira ram anatomy (Cloud 2007). Nthawi yomweyo Roselli adalengeza kuti "osakwatiwa" komanso "wochita zachinyengo." Munkhani yomwe inali ndi "Hands Off gay!" mu London Sunday Times, Roselli adatchedwa "mutu wa chiwembu chobisalira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Ersly 2013, p. 48). Bungwe la PETA, loyimiriridwa ndi woimira wake, mayi wodziwika bwino pamasewera komanso othandizira gulu la LGBT + Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006) adalowa nawo mpungwepungwe womwe ukukula. Othandizira adatumiza Roselli ndi antchito osiyanasiyana aku University of Oregon pafupifupi zikwizikwi 20 zamakalata ndi ziwopsezo ("muyenera kuwombera!", "Chonde kufa!", Etc.) (Ersly 2013, p. 49).

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, pomwe Roselli, mwina wophunzitsidwa ndi chidziwitso chowawa chotsutsana ndi malingaliro ofala, adasinthira pamawu a "LGBT +" - mayendedwe, munkhani yotsatira adalemba kuti: "Zokonda zogonana mwa anthu zitha kuwerengedwa mwa mitundu yazinyama pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso apadera ... Ngakhale ali opanda ungwiro , kuyesa kukondera nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza momwe munthu amaganizira "(Roselli 2018, p. 3).

Dr. Ray Milton Blanchard wa pa yunivesite ya Toronto ndi wolamulira pa nkhani za kugonana ndipo adatumikira ku American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity Subcommittee yomwe inapanga gulu la DSM-IV. Dr. Blanchard anaganiza kuti kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kuphatikiza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) komanso transsexualism (DSM-IV gender identity disorder, yomwe tsopano ndi DSM-5 gender dysphoria) imayamba chifukwa cha kuyankha kwa chitetezo chamthupi kwa amuna monga momwe zimakhalira ndi amuna. . Ngakhale nkhani ya sayansi ya Dr. Blanchard ndi yoletsedwa kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi LGBT-propagandistic, akuzunzidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa LGBT chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake chakuti transsexualism ndi matenda a maganizo. Ichi ndi chinthu chamwano ku malingaliro amakono a LGBT, chifukwa chake Dr. Blanchard wakhala akutsutsidwa mwankhanza ndi omenyera ufulu wa LGBT (Wyndzen 1996). Komanso, poyankhulana, Blanchard adanena kuti: "Ndinganene kuti, ngati mungayambe kuyambira pachiyambi, musanyalanyaze mbiri yonse ya kuchotsedwa kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku DSM, kugonana kwachibadwa kumakhudza kubereka" (Cameron 2003). Ponena za transsexualism, Dr. Blanchard adanena kuti: "Choyamba chokhudza politicism transsexualism-kaya muli kapena motsutsa-ndi kunyalanyaza kapena kukana chikhalidwe chake choyambirira monga mtundu wa matenda a maganizo" (Blanchard 2013 pa Twitter).

Wogwira ntchito za LGBT wochokera ku polojekiti ya Bilerico analemba za Blanchard kuti: "Dr. Blanchard akanakhala kuti ndi munthu wamisala wopanda udindo kapena ulamuliro, akhoza kunyozedwa mosavuta. Koma sizili choncho - m'malo mwake, anali mu komiti ya American Psychiatric Association yomwe imayang'anira paraphilias ndi matenda ogonana "(Tannehill 2014). Ngati mutapeza tanthauzo lolondola, wogwira ntchitoyo akudandaula kuti Dr. Blanchard "ali ndi ulamuliro" mwinamwake "akanakhala wosavuta kunyoza." Ndizomwezo.

Dr. Mark Regnerus waku University of Texas analibe ulamuliro wa Blanchard pomwe adafalitsa zomwe apeza mu 2012 mu magazini yolemba za Social Science Research kuti zibwenzi za makolo zimasokonekera zimakhudza ana (Regnerus 2012). Chofalitsachi chinayambitsa zotsatira za bomba lomwe likuphulika kutali kwambiri kuposa gulu la asayansi omwe amagwira ntchito zothandizira mabanja. Kupeza kumeneku kunasemphana ndi zomwe zikuluzikulu, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu gulu lachiyuda laulere kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka 2000s zakusagwirizana ndi zomwe makolo amafuna pakugonana ndi ana ndipo zidadzetsa mkwiyo wa mabungwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Nthawi yomweyo a Regnerus adadziwika kuti ndi "osakwatiwa" ndipo adamuimbira mlandu chifukwa chololedwa kwa ukwati wa "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (nkhaniyi idachitika pamaso pa Khoti Lalikulu ku America), ngakhale a Regnerus sanatchule izi pena pake. Ofalitsa nkhani anati ngakhale a Regnerus ndi "njovu yogulitsa ku China" (Ferguson 2012).

Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Gary Gates, mkulu wa Institute for Sexual Oriental and Gender Identity ku University of California, adatsogolera gulu la akatswiri odziwa bwino za LGBT omwe adasaina kalata kwa wamkulu-wamkulu wa magazini ya Social Science Research yowafunsa kuti asankhe gulu la asayansi odziwa bwino za uchembere wa LGBT kuti mulembe zomaliza mwatsatanetsatane pankhaniyi ndi Regnerus (Gates 2012).

Kutheka kwa zomwe zachitika ndikuti Gary Gates, yemwe amakhala m'magulu ogonana amuna okhaokha, adatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi omwe akutsutsa a LGBT "ngati wotsatira wa malingaliro" (Ferguson 2012) pofalitsa kafukufuku yemwe ndi 3,8 peresenti yokha yaku America omwe amadziona kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ( Gates 2011a). Izi zikutsutsana ndi mawu akuti "10%" ochokera pantchito ya katswiri wotchuka wa zam'madzi Alfred Kinsey, yemwe akuimira imodzi mwazomwe zabodza la LGBT. Monga Gates adagawana moona mtima, "Pamene kafukufuku wanga adayamba kufalitsidwa, mabulogu otchuka komanso otsatira awo amanditcha" wosagwirizana, "adanyoza ntchito yanga, ndipo adandifanizira ndi a Nazi" (Gates 2011b).

Mulimonsemo, patangotha ​​chaka chimodzi, Gates adatsogolera kuzunzidwa kwa Regnerus ndi kafukufuku wake wokayikira wa LGBT. Woyambitsa nkhonya wa LGBT a Scott Rose adatumiza kalata kwa purezidenti wa University of Texas, kupempha kuti a Regnerus alembetse kuti ndi mlandu "(Rose 2012). Yunivesiteyo idayankha kuti idayambitsa mayeso kuti adziwe ngati buku la Regnerus lili ndi "chinyengo chamtundu wa anthu" kuti ayambe kufufuza. Kufufuzaku sikunawonetse zosagwirizana ndi zochita za Regnerus zokhala ndi mfundo zoyenera za sayansi, ndipo palibe kufufuza komwe komwe kunachitika. Komabe, nkhaniyi inali kutali. Regnerus yakhala ikuzunzidwa ndi blogosphere, media, ndi zofalitsa, osati mwanjira yotsutsa ntchito yake ya sayansi (njira zowunikira ndikusanthula kwa ziwerengero), komanso mawonekedwe amwano ndi ziwopsezo zaumoyo komanso ngakhale moyo (Wood 2013).

A Christian Smith, pulofesa wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso wamkulu wa Center for the Study of Religion and Society ku University of Notre Dame, anathira ndemanga pa nkhaniyi: "Omwe angaukire Regnerus sangavomereze poyera zolinga zawo, chifukwa chake malingaliro awo anali kumulemekeza chifukwa cha kuchita "sayansi yoyipa". Ili ndi bodza. Nkhani yake [ya Regnerus] siyabwino - ndipo palibe cholembedwa chomwe chimakhala chabwino. Koma malinga ndi momwe asayansi akuonera, izi sizabwino kuposa zomwe zimafalitsidwa muma magazine azikhalidwe. Mosakayikira, ngati Regnerus adasindikiza zotsatirapo zake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezi, palibe amene akadadandaula ndi njira zake. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe m'modzi mwa omwe adamutsutsa adafotokozera nkhawa za kafukufuku wakale pamutu womwewo, zolakwika zake zomwe zinali zazikulu kuposa zofooka zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ya Regnerus. Zachidziwikire, maphunziro ofooka omwe amafika pamalingaliro "abwino" ndiovomerezeka kuposa maphunziro olimba omwe amatulutsa zotsatira "zachinyengo" (Smith 2012).

Dr. Lawrence Meyer ndi Dr. Paul McHugh, yemwe adafufuza kafukufuku wambiri ku New Atlantis, wotchedwa Sexuality and Gender: Zotsatira kuchokera ku Biological, Psychological, and Social Science, adakumana ndi mavuto ochokera ku gulu la LGBT + (Hodges 2016). M'ntchito yawo, olemba awonetsa momveka bwino komanso mosamalitsa kuti zopanda pake za kayendedwe ka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizopanda tanthauzo pokhudzana ndi zomwe zimakopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomaliza kuti "kuwunika kwa zotsatira zakufufuza kwachilengedwe, zamaganizidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ... sikunavumbulutse umboni uliwonse wasayansi pazomwe ena amafalitsa pazokhudza kugonana" (Mayer ndi McHugh 2016, p. 7).

Dr. Quentin van Mieter, mnzake wa Mayer ndi McHugh ku University of Johns Hopkins, adati poyamba, a Mayer ndi McHugh adakonza zoti adzalembe nkhani zawo m'mabuku ena azachipembedzo olemba anzawo mwatsatanetsatane, koma osintha adawakana mobwerezabwereza, natchula kuti ntchito yawo "Zolakwika ndale" (Van Meter 2017).

Nkhani yolembedwa ndi Mayer ndi McHugh nthawi yomweyo idawukiridwa mwankhanza ndi omwe amatsogolera LGBT + - gulu. Human Rights Campaign (HRC), yomwe malinga ndi tsamba lawebusayiti, imayimira bungwe lalikulu la LGBT + ndipo ili ndi bajeti ya pachaka pafupifupi $ 50 miliyoni, inafalitsa ndemanga ya Mayer ndi McHugh, ponena kuti olemba awa "Zosochera", "kufalitsa chidani", ndi zina. Othandizira adayamba kukakamiza osintha magazini, amafuna kuti asalembe nkhaniyo (Hanneman 2016). Okonza magaziniyo anakakamizika kuti alengeze kalata yovomerezeka chifukwa cha zomwe HRC yotchedwa "Mabodza ndi Zopezerera Zakuchita Pabungwe la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Ikuchita," pomwe anathirira ndemanga pa zina zomwe zimachitika kwambiri. Akonzi a New Atlantis anati: "Kuyesa konyansa uku kuopseza ndi chinthu chowononga kwa sayansi, cholinga chake ndikuwononga kuti pakhale kusagwirizana pamgwirizano pazinthu zotsutsana za sayansi. Malingaliro okhudzana amtunduwu amachititsa kuti kafukufuku waulere komanso womasuka, omwe mabungwe asayansi akuyenera kuchirikiza ”(Akonzi a The New Atlantis 2016).

Chizoloŵezi chofanana ndi cha LGBT chikugwirizana ndi kufalitsidwa kwa Dr. Lisa Littman, pulofesa wothandizira wa makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Brown University. Dr. Littman adaphunzira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale "dysphoria yofulumira kwambiri" (dzina la achinyamata transsexualism) pakati pa achinyamata ndipo adatsimikiza kuti chikhumbo chawo chadzidzidzi chofuna kusinthidwa jenda chikhoza kufalikira kudzera mwa anzawo ndipo chingakhale njira yothanirana ndi zaka. -zovuta zokhudzana (Littman 2018). Asanadzinene kuti ndi "transgender," achinyamata adawonera makanema okhudza kusinthidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi, amalankhulana ndi anthu ogonana nawo pamasamba ochezera, ndikuwerenga zida za "transgender". Komanso, ambiri anali mabwenzi ndi transsexuals mmodzi kapena angapo. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a omwe adafunsidwa adanenanso kuti ngati ali ndi wachinyamata m'modzi yemwe adachita nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi, opitilira theka la achinyamata omwe ali mgululi adayambanso kudziwika kuti ndi "transgender." Gulu lomwe 50% ya mamembala ake amakhala "transgender" ndi nthawi ya 70 kuposa momwe akuyembekezeredwa kufalikira kwa izi pakati pa achinyamata. Kuphatikiza apo, zidapezeka kuti isanayambike jenda dysphoria, 62% ya omwe adafunsidwa anali ndi matenda amodzi kapena angapo okhudzana ndi matenda amisala kapena neurodevelopmental disorder. Ndipo mu 48% yamilandu, omwe adafunsidwa adakumana ndi zowawa kapena zodetsa nkhawa "Gender dysphoria" isanayambike, kuphatikiza kupezerera anzawo, kugwiriridwa, kapena kusudzulana kwa makolo. Dr. Littman ananena kuti otchedwa. kupatsirana pakati pa anthu komanso kutengerana pakati pa anthu kumatenga gawo lalikulu pakuyambitsa vuto la kudziwika kwa amuna kapena akazi. Choyamba ndi "kufalikira kwa zomwe zimakhudza kapena khalidwe pagulu la anthu" (Marsden 1998). Chachiwiri ndi "njira yomwe munthu ndi anzawo amakonderana wina ndi mzake m'njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa maganizo ndi makhalidwe omwe angasokoneze chitukuko chawo kapena kuvulaza ena" (Dishion and Tipsord 2011). Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidayikidwanso patsamba la Brown University. Koma bukuli, monga momwe amayembekezeredwa, adakumana ndi milandu yowopsa ya "transphobia" komanso kufuna kuwunika. Oyang'anira mayunivesite adagonja ndikuchotsa mwachangu nkhani yofufuza patsamba lawo. Malinga ndi mkuluyo, omenyera ufulu wa mayunivesite "adawonetsa nkhawa kuti zomwe kafukufukuyu apeza zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunyoza zoyesayesa zothandizira achinyamata omwe ali ndi transgender ndikunyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu omwe ali mgulu la transgender" (Kearns 2018).

Pulofesa Jeffrey S. Flier, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa Sukulu ya Zamankhwala ya Harvard, anathirira ndemanga pankhaniyi kuti: “M’zaka zonse zanga za maphunziro, sindinaonepo mmene magazini ina imachitira masiku angapo pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa nkhani imene magaziniyo inali itafufuza kale. , kuunikanso ndi anzawo, ndi kuvomerezedwa.” kuti ifalitsidwe. Munthu angangoganiza kuti izi zinali mbali yaikulu kuyankha kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kuopseza - momveka bwino kapena momveka bwino - kuti choyipitsitsa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chidzagwera PLOS Mmodzi ngati palibe censorship kanthu "(Flier 2018) .

Pulofesa Kenneth Zucker wa University of Toronto ndi mkulu wakale wa wakale (wotsekedwa mu Disembala 2015) Gender Identity Clinic ya Ana ndi Mabanja ku Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).

Pulofesa Zucker adasindikiza mndandanda wazodabwitsawu wolemba ntchito zokhudzana ndi kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi, anali membala wa gulu la DSM-IV ndi DSM-IV-TR gulu la anthu ogwira nawo ntchito ndipo anatsogolera Gulu Laku America la Psychiatric Association's Sex and Gender Identity Disorder Working for "DSM-5." Pulofesa Zucker satha kutchedwa Wokayikira wa LGBT, ndipo zinali pansi pa utsogoleri wake kuti American Psychiatric Association "idasinthiratu" kudziwika kwa "chizindikiritso cha amuna" ndiku "dysphoria," ndikuchotsa liwu loti "chisokonezo" kuzindikiritsa mpaka kupambana kwa anthu a LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Mwanjira ina, muchipatala chakale cha Gender Identity Clinic, Pulofesa Zucker adagwira ntchito ndi odwala azaka zapakati pa 3 mpaka 18, mosiyana ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chithandizo cha ana ku Canada, chomwe chimapereka chithandizo chilichonse chotheka pakusintha kwa jenda. ana oterowo - thandizo pofotokoza jenda ankafuna kudzera kusintha mayina, zovala, khalidwe ndi njira zina - mpaka ana kufika msinkhu wovomerezeka opaleshoni ndi kumwa mahomoni. M'malo mwake, Dr. Zucker ankakhulupirira kuti pa msinkhu uwu, kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi kumakhala kovuta kwambiri ndipo dysphoria ya jenda idzachepa pakapita nthawi (Zucker ndi Bradley 1995). Njirayi inali yosiyana ndi malingaliro a LGBT, ndipo ntchito ya Dr. Zucker yakhala ikukakamizidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa LGBT. Ngakhale kuti pali zodziwika kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha matenda opatsirana pogonana (Ehrensaft 2017), utsogoleri wa Center for Addiction and Mental Health unaganiza zofufuza zochitika za Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Oyang'anira osankhidwawo adalemba mu lipoti lawo, "Panthawi ya kuwunikaku, mitu iwiri yayikulu idawoneka ngati nkhawa kwa owunikirawo: choyamba, kuti chipatala chikuwoneka kuti chikuchita ngati chothandizira mkati mwa dongosolo la Addiction and Mental Health Center makamaka ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo - kachiwiri, ntchito za Clinic sizikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zochitika zamakono komanso zogwirira ntchito. Ndemanga zochokera kwa makasitomala ndi okhudzidwa zakhala zabwino komanso zoyipa zokhudzana ndi chipatala. Makasitomala ena akale adakondwera kwambiri ndi ntchito yomwe adalandira, pomwe ena adawona kuti njira ya akatswiri inali yovuta, yokhumudwitsa komanso yosathandiza. Anthu ogwira ntchito zachipatala azindikira zopereka zamaphunziro za Kliniki, pomwe ena omwe akuchita nawo adawonetsa nkhawa za chisamaliro chomwe chilipo. " (CAMH 2016).

Owunikirawo adalembanso kuti adapempha anthu omwe sakudziwika kuti afotokoze zomwe adakumana nazo kuchipatala, ndipo wina adati Dr. Zucker "adamupempha kuti avule malaya ake pamaso pa asing'anga omwe adalipo, adaseka atavomereza, kenako adamuyitana. 'tizilombo tating'ono taubweya.' (Singal 2016a). Dr. Zucker adathamangitsidwa nthawi yomweyo (wogwira ntchito wachiwiri wachipatala, Dr. Haley Wood, adathamangitsidwa kale), kotero kuti Gender Identity Clinic inatsekedwa. Chabwino, mfundo yakuti "ena omwe adakhudzidwa nawo adawonetsa nkhawa" (ngakhale kuti machitidwe a Gender Identity Clinic adalandira chidziwitso cha maphunziro) ndi zoneneza zopanda umboni za chithandizo chosayenera-chomwe, mwa njira, chinachotsedwa ndi wotsutsa (Singal 2016b) -inali yokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kokhazikika.

Dr. Robert Oscar Lopez waku California State University, yemwenso adaleredwa awiriawiri ndipo amadziona kuti ndi wapamwamba, adalemba nkhani mu 2012, "Kukula Ndi Amayi Awiri: Lingaliro la Ana aoldold", akunena za chovuta chake chodzutsa ana awiri azimayi, omwe pambuyo pake adamupangitsa kukhala wokayikira wa LGBT paukwati wa gay ndi kutengera ana. Izi zidabweretsa kuponderezedwa ndi kubera mabulogu (Flaherty 2015). Lopez adapitilizabe kulemba nkhani yomweyi, chifukwa chomwe adalembedwera m'ndandandandandandandi "mabodza a mabungwe a LGBT onga za Human Rights Campaign (HRC staff 2014) ndi GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Ngakhale mawu abwinobwino kwambiri a LGBT amakayikira ngati chidani.

Izi zikuwonetsedwanso ndi mayi yemwe adaleredwa mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Heather Barwick, yemwe adafalitsa chidwi chake - mkati mwa chidziwitso cha atolankhani amalingaliro achikhalidwe - kalata yotseguka ku "LGBT +" - mdera. Barwick adati mosiyana ndi ana omwe adasudzulidwapo, ndipo mosiyana ndi ana omwe adatengedwa ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo, ana omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatsutsidwa ngati aganiza zodandaula za momwe zinthu ziliri: “… alipo ambiri. Ambiri a ife timachita mantha kwambiri kuti titha kuyankhula ndikukuuzani zakumva kuwawa ndi zowawa zathu, chifukwa pazifukwa zilizonse, zikuwoneka kuti simukumvetsera. Zomwe simukufuna kumva. Ngati tinganene kuti timavutika chifukwa choleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, timanyalanyazidwa kapena kutchedwa odana ... ”(Barwick 2015). Patatha mwezi umodzi, mwana wina wamkazi wa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adalemba kalata yake yotseguka, akutsutsa chikhalidwe chopondereza cha anthu a "LGBT +" mmenemo: "... Sindingaganize kuti ndine wosalolera komanso wodzikonda monga gulu la LGBT, lomwe limafuna kulolerana kotentha komanso kosangalatsa, koma sichisonyeza kulolerana, nthawi zina ngakhale kwa mamembala ake. M'malo mwake, anthu am'derali amalimbana ndi aliyense amene sagwirizana nawo, ngakhale kusagwirizana kukufotokozeredwa ... "(Walton 2015).

Kupotoza sayansi chifukwa cha malingaliro

Asayansi komanso anthu onse ogwirizana ndi sayansi ayenera kuyesetsa kuti azikhala osiyana ndi zachikhalidwe komanso zandale. Sayansi ngati chikhumbo chamuyaya komanso chosafunikira chofuna kudziwa zambiri zokhudza zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi chimawerengera zomwe zili "zoyenera", potengera umboni, osati "nkhawa zomwe anthu ena akuchita mdera". Ngati palibe umboni wotere kapena akutsutsana, ndiye kuti titha kungolankhula za malingaliro ndi malingaliro. Sayansi iyenera kukhala yadziko lonse, ndiye kuti, gwiritsani ntchito njira zofananira pomasulira zoyeserera ndi kafukufuku. Palibe buku labwino; buku lililonse la sayansi lili ndi malire ndi zophophonya zake. Komabe, ngati kafukufuku kapena buku lomwe zotsatira zake ndi LGBT-zokayikira zidawunikira njira yochepetsera, ndipo kuletsaku sikumalola mfundo zomaliza, ndiye kuletsa kofananako kotchulidwa mu kafukufuku kapena kufalitsa komwe zotsatira zake ndi za LGBT zili chimodzimodzi. salola kuti tidziwe zomaliza. Mwachitsanzo, njira zambiri zopewera njira zawonetsedwa mu ntchito yotchuka ya LGBT ya Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow ndi Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) ndi Evelyn Hooker (Cameron ndi Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Komabe, ntchito izi zimatengedwa ngati zitsanzo zokhala ndi “mfundo zotsimikizika komanso zotsimikizika zasayansi” zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zisankho zofunikira pazandale komanso pazasayansi. Nthawi yomweyo, zoletsa zilizonse m'mabuku a LGBT-okayikira zimachotsa mphamvu ndikuzisintha kukhala "pseudoscience." Kupanda kutero, uwu ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba kwambiri cha kachidutswa ndi chipika cha m'diso.

Dr. Lauren Marx wa ku Louisiana State University adasindikiza mu 2012 kuwunika kwa mapepala asayansi 59 (Maliko 2012) pa ana oleredwa m'mabanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; mapepala awa adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mfundo pamawu a American Psychological Association kuti palibe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makolo azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (APA 2005). Marx adafotokoza zoperewera zambiri ndi zoperewera za ntchitozi. Ndemanga za Dr. Marx sizinangolekeredwa ndi mabungwe otsogolera kafukufuku, komanso kudziwika ngati "kafukufuku wotsika," zomwe sizinali zoyenera kwa mtolankhani yemwe amafalitsa kafukufuku woyambirira "(Bartlett 2012).

Mwanjira zambiri, monga tawonera pamwambapa, ofufuza ali ndi chifukwa chomveka choopa ndikupewa kufotokoza zomwe apeza-LGBT, ndipo amakana kugwira ntchito "zoletsedwa" zotere. Kodi izi zimasokoneza sayansi? Mosakayikira. Mwachitsanzo, Purezidenti wakale wa American Psychological Association (1979-1980), a Dr. Nicholas Cummings, amakhulupirira kuti sayansi yazachikhalidwe ikuchepa chifukwa ili pansi paulamuliro wankhanza. Dr. Cummings adati bungwe la American Psychological Association likamachita kafukufuku, limangochita izi "pokhapokha atadziwa kuti zotsatira zake zidzakhala zotani ... maphunziro okhawo omwe zotsatira zake ndizabwino ndizovomerezeka" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Purezidenti wina wakale wa American Psychological Association (1985-1986), a Dr. Robert Perloff, adati: "... American Psychological Association ndi 'yolondola pankhani zandale' ... ndipo imagonjera zofuna zapadera ..." (Murray 2001).

Clevenger pantchito yake adafotokoza za kukhudzana kwatsatanetsatane komwe kumayenderana ndi kufalitsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Clevenger 2002). Adawonetsa kuti pali tsankho linale lomwe likuletsa kufalitsa chilichonse chomwe sichikugwirizana ndi malingaliro andale komanso malingaliro amomwe munthu amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Clevenger akuti akumaliza kuti American Psychological Association, monga mabungwe ena aluso, ikulowerera ndale, zomwe zikuyambitsa kukayikira pazowona kwawo komanso kusachita bwino kwa zochitika zawo, ngakhale adakali olemekezedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazachiwonetsero. mavuto. Malingaliro a ofufuza omwe amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso choyera amaponyedwa ndikuzunzidwa.

Mwachitsanzo, werengani, kafukufuku wa 2014 wotchedwa "Ngati kulumikizana kumasintha malingaliro: Kuyesa kutumiza thandizo ku kufanana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", pomwe Michael Lacourt waku Los Angeles adawunika mayankho okhala ndi funso lokhudzana ndi otchedwa "Kulembetsa" maukwati ogonana amuna okhaokha kapena amuna okhaokha kutengera kudziwika kwa omwe akufunsa mafunso (LaCour ndi Green 2014). LaCourt adatsutsa kuti pomwe wofunsa mafunsoyo akuwoneka kuti ndi wamkazi, izi zimawonjezera mwayi wakuyankhidwa. Zotsatirazi zidafalikiranso pamitu yazomwe zikuwulutsa. LaCourt wakhala ngati nyenyezi. Komabe, zitha kunenedwa kuti kunyoza kwake kunamupha pomwe owerenga mwachisawawa adazindikira kuti LaCourt ananamizira zonse zomwe adaziwerenga (Broockman et al. 2015). Kutulutsa kwa LaCourt kwakumbukiridwa (McNutt 2015), koma, kachiwiri, nkhani za kukumbukira sizinafalikire kwa atolankhani.

Mtolankhani Naomi Riley akufotokoza za kufalitsa kwa Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). Mu 2014, pulofesa wa yunivesite ya Colombia, dzina lake Mark Hatzenbühler, adatinso adapeza izi: omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amakhala m'malo okhala ndi "tsankho" ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wotsika zaka 12 kuposa omwe amakhala m'malo "owolowa manja". Kuti mumvetsetse bwino: kusiyanitsa zaka 12 ndikosiyana kwambiri pakati pa omwe amasuta fodya komanso osasuta fodya. Mwachilengedwe, nkhani za kafukufuku wa Hatzenbühler zidabalalika m'manyuzipepala, pomwe ochita zachiwerewere omwe amakana kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adalandira lingaliro "lasayansi" monga momwe limakhalira. Komabe, palibe mwazomwezi zakatulutsidwa zomwe zidafotokozeredwa mu magazini ya Social Science and Medicine yomwe kafukufukuyu adanenanso pamwambapa, pulofesa ku University of Texas Mark Regnerus, adayesa kutsata zotsatira za Hatzenbühler ndipo adalandira zosiyananso - palibe chisonyezo cha "mulingo wakusankhika" pa nthawi yomwe amuna azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Regnerus 2017). Mokhulupirika a Regnerus adayesera njira khumi zowerengera kuti athe kutsimikizira zomwe zidanenedwa ndi Hatzenbühler, koma palibe njira imodzi yomwe idawonetse zotsatira zazikulu. Regnerus adamaliza kuti: "Zomwe zimasoweka mu kafukufuku wakale wa Hatzenbühler (ndipo zotsatira zake zazikulu) zimakonda kwambiri kutanthauzira koyenera mwazomwe zimatha kuonedwa ngati zosafunikira" (Regnerus 2017).

M'masayansi azachikhalidwe, "vuto lenileni la kubwerezabwereza" (mwachitsanzo, kubwerezabwereza, mwa kuyankhula kwina) kwamaphunziro omwe adalembedwa apezeka mpaka pano. Mu 2015, kafukufuku wamkulu wotchedwa Reproducibility Project, motsogozedwa ndi Brian Nosek wa University of Virginia, adayesedwa kuti abwereze zotsatira za maphunziro omwe adafalitsidwa 100 - gawo limodzi lokha ndi magawo atatu a iwo omwe adatulutsidwa (Aarts et al. 2015).

Richard Horton, mkonzi wamkulu wa nyuzipepala yasayansi The Lancet, wafotokoza zakhudzidwa ndi nkhaniyi:

"... Zambiri mwasayansi, mwina theka, sizingangowonetsa zenizeni. Wotenthedwa ndi maphunziro omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zazing'ono, zosakwanira, kuwunika kosakwanira, komanso mikangano yoonekera, komanso chidwi cha mafashoni ofunikira, sayansi yatembenukira kumdima ... Kukula kofala kwa kafukufuku wosavomerezeka wa asayansi ndiwowopsa ... Pofuna kwake kuti asangalatse asayansi nthawi zambiri amasintha deta kuti igwirizane ndi malingaliro awo kapena kusintha malingaliro awo pamasamba awo ... Kufunafuna kwathu "kufunikira" kumawononga zolemba zasayansi ndi nthano zambiri zowerengera ... Amayunivesite amachita nkhondo yolimbana ndi ndalama ndi luso nthawi zonse ... Ndipo asayansi ena, kuphatikiza oyang'anira awo apamwamba sachita pang'ono kusintha chikhalidwe chofufuza, chomwe nthawi zina chimadutsana ndi zoyipa ... ”(Horton 2015).

Kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro pa kufalitsa kwa Regnerus ndi Hatzenbühler ndikudziwikiratu: malingaliro ena ndiovomerezeka kuposa ena [1].

Pulofesa Walter Schumm wa pa Yunivesite ya Kansas, pa mutu womwewo, anati: "… Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti olemba asayansi ambiri, akawunikanso zolembedwazo, amatanthauza maphunziro ofooka aukadaulo, ngati kafukufukuyu adapeza zotsatira zomwe zidafunikira pochirikiza lingaliro loti kulibe mphamvu ... "(Schumm 2010, tsamba 378).

Mu 2006, Dr. Brian Mayer wa Gettysburg College adanenanso, za zomwe Adams et al., Kuti nkhanza za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimanenedwa kuti ndi "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Adams et al. 1996): "... Kuperewera kwa [kafukufuku wobwereza] kumakhala kovuta kwambiri ngati wina angaganizire za chidwi chomwe chimapangidwa ndi nkhaniyi [Adams et al. 1996]. Tikuwona kukhala zosangalatsa kuti malo ambiri atolankhani (zolemba m'mabuku, mabuku, ndi masamba ambiri pa intaneti) avomereza lingaliro la psychoanalytic monga tanthauzo lakumenyedwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale kulibe umboni wotsimikizirika wotsatira ... ”(Meier et al. 2006, p. 378).

Mu 1996, Dr. Alan D. Sokal, pulofesa wa physics ku yunivesite ya New York, adapereka pepala lotchedwa "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" ku magazini ya maphunziro a Social Text ". Akonzi a Social Text adaganiza zofalitsa nkhaniyi (Sokal 1996a). Kunali kuyesa - nkhaniyi inali yonyenga kwathunthu - m'nkhani ino Sokal, pokambirana za mavuto omwe alipo mu masamu ndi sayansi, akuwonetseratu kufunika kwake pankhani ya chikhalidwe, filosofi ndi ndale (mwachitsanzo, adanena kuti mphamvu yokoka ya quantum ndi kumanga chikhalidwe cha anthu) pofuna kukopa chidwi cha akatswiri olemba ndemanga amakono omwe amakayikira cholinga cha sayansi, chinali chithunzithunzi cholembedwa mwanzeru cha kafukufuku wamakono wafilosofi, wopanda tanthauzo lililonse (Sokal 1996b). Monga momwe Sokal analongosolera: “Kwa zaka zingapo ndakhala ndikuvutitsidwa ndi kugwa kwachiwonekere kwa miyezo ya kulingalira kwanzeru m’madera ena a maphunziro a anthu a ku America. Koma ine ndine wasayansi chabe: ngati sindingathe kumvetsa ubwino wa chinthu chonga ichi, mwina chimangowonetsa kuperewera kwanga. Chifukwa chake, kuti ndiyese nzeru zapamwamba, ndidaganiza zoyesa pang'onopang'ono (ngati sichinalamuliridwe kwathunthu): ingatero magazini yotsogola yaku North America ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, yomwe olemba ake amaphatikiza zowunikira monga Fredric Jameson ndi Andrew Ross, kufalitsa zopanda pake ngati izi ndizopanda pake. (a) zimamveka bwino komanso (b) zimakopa chidwi cha akonzi? Yankho, mwatsoka, ndi inde. " (Sokal 1996b).

Umboni wina wotsimikizira za sayansi yamakono waperekedwa ndi asayansi atatu aku America - a James Lindsey, a Helen Plakrose ndi a Peter Bogossyan, omwe kwa chaka chathunthu adalemba zopanda tanthauzo komanso zolemba zopanda pake za "sayansi" m'magawo osiyanasiyana asayansi yachilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire: malingaliro pankhaniyi kalekale anapambana pa nzeru wamba. Kuyambira mu Ogasiti 2017, asayansi, pansi pa mayina opeka, atumiza zolemba 20 zopangidwa ngati kafukufuku wamba wasayansi kwa magazini odziwika komanso amakambirana za anzawo. Mitu ya ntchitozo idasiyanasiyana, koma onsewa adadzipereka kuwonetsero zosiyanasiyana za nkhondo yolimbana ndi “chisalungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu”: maphunziro a ukatswiri, chikhalidwe chaumwini, nkhani zamalingaliro amtundu, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, thupi labwino, ndi zina zotero. Munkhani iliyonse, chiphunzitso chokayikira chidayikidwa pakutsutsa "chikhalidwe cha anthu" (mwachitsanzo, maudindo a amuna ndi akazi). Malinga ndi sayansi, zolemba zake sizinali zopanda nzeru ndipo sizimatha kupirira potsutsidwa.

Munkhani ina m'magazini ya Areo, Lindsay, Plakrose ndi Bogossian adanenapo zomwe adachita: "... Sayansi idasokonekera, makamaka m'malo ena a anthu. Tsopano kafukufuku wasayansi wakhazikitsidwa mokhazikika, osati wofufuza chowonadi, koma kusakhutira kwachikhalidwe ndi mikangano yomwe imabuka pamaziko awo. Nthawi zina amalamulira madera amenewa mopanda chidziwitso, ndipo asayansi akuwopseza ophunzira, oyang'anira, ndi madipatimenti ena, kuwakakamiza kuti azitsatira zomwe akuwona. Uku sikuwonetsa zaukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndiwotsika mtengo. Kwa ambiri, vutoli limachulukirachulukira, koma lilibe umboni wotsimikiza. Pachifukwachi, takhala tikugwira ntchito yophunzitsa chaka chonse, poona kuti ili ndi gawo lavuto ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

"Munjira iyi, pali ulusi umodzi womwe umalumikiza onse 20 a mapepala athu asayansi, ngakhale tidagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyika malingaliro awa kapena malingalirowo kuti tiwone momwe okonza ndi owunikirawo angachitire. Nthawi zina timangopeza lingaliro lamtundu wankhanza kapena wankhanza ndikuyamba kulikulitsa. Bwanji osalemba pepala lonena za momwe abambo amayenera kuphunzitsidwa ngati agalu kuti ateteze chikhalidwe cha nkhanza? Chifukwa chake ntchito yathu "Park for Agalu Walking" idawonekera. Ndipo bwanji osalemba kafukufuku ndi mawu oti munthu akagonana mobisa, akuganiza za mkazi (popanda chilolezo, ndipo sadzadziwa za izi), amamuchitira zachipongwe. Chifukwa chake tapeza phunziroli. Ndipo bwanji osanena kuti nzeru zakuya zapamwamba ndizowopsa, chifukwa zimapangidwa kuti ndi zamanuna, zolakwika komanso zachikunja, pogwiritsa ntchito psychoanalysis wolemba wa Frankenstein, Mary Shelley ndi Jacques Lacan? Iwo adalengeza - ndipo adapeza ntchito ya "Feminist Artificial Intelligence". Kapena mwina tengani malingaliro oti thupi lamafuta ndilachilengedwe, chifukwa chake polimbitsa thupi ndikofunikira kuyambitsa gulu latsopano la anthu onenepa? Werengani "Fat Study" ndipo mumvetsetsa zomwe zidachitika.

Nthawi zina timaphunzira maphunziro okhalapo osakhutira kuti timvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika komanso zovuta, ndikuyesa kulimbikitsa mavuto awa. Kodi pali ntchito "Feminist Glaciology"? Tilembapo, ndikulemba ntchito pa zakuthambo zachikazi, pomwe timalengeza kuti kupenda kwa akazi ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati gawo lofunikira mu sayansi ya zakuthambo, zomwe ziyenera kulembedwa zolakwika. Othirira ndemanga anali okonda kwambiri lingaliro ili. Koma bwanji ngati tigwiritsa ntchito njira yosanthula mutu kuti musunthi kumasulira kwanu komwe mumakonda? Chifukwa chiyani. Tidalemba nkhani yogwira ntchito yama transgender anthu, pomwe adachitadi zomwezo. Kodi abambo amagwiritsa ntchito "nkhokwe zachimuna" posonyeza kuzimiririka kwawoko m'njira yosavomerezeka pagulu? Palibe vuto. Tinafalitsa pepala, lomwe mwachidule ake ndi motere: "Wofufuza mavuto amtundu wa amuna amapita kumalo odyera omwe amakhala ndi azimayi osavala zovala kuti adziwe chifukwa chake akufunika." Mukudabwitsidwa ndi malingaliro omwe amavomerezedwa, ndipo mukuyang'ana momwe mungafotokozere izi? Tokha tinafotokozera zonse zomwe tikugwira mu "Dildo", ndikuyankha funso lotsatira: "Chifukwa chiyani amuna owongoka mtima nthawi zambiri samadziseweretsa maliseche, ndipo chidzachitike ndi chiyani ngati atayamba kuchita izi?" Tikupereka lingaliro: malinga ndi nkhani yathu munyuzipepala wasayansi wotchuka "Kugonana ndi Chikhalidwe", abambo pankhaniyi amakhala ndi mwayi wocheperapo wokhudzana ndi transgender anthu komanso transgender anthu, ndipo adzakhala ambiri achikazi.

Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Mwachitsanzo, tidaganiza zolemba "zotsogola" ndi malingaliro oletsa azungu m'makoleji kuti asalankhule pagulu (kapena apangitse mphunzitsi kuyankha maimelo omwe adawadzera), kenako, kuwonjezera pa zonse, apangeni iwo pansi kotero kuti amadzimvera chisoni ndikusintha chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo zakale. Mosachedwa. Malingaliro athu adapeza mayankho okondweretsa, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti titan ya filosofi yachikazi, magazini "Hypatia" idamuyankha mwachikondi. Tinakumananso ndi funso lina lovuta: "Ndikudzifunsa ngati mutuwo wochokera kwa a mine Kampf wa Hitler usindikizidwa ngati wachikazi ulembanso?" Zinapezeka kuti yankho lake linali labwino, popeza mtolankhani wachipembedzo wa Affilia adavomereza kuti bukulo lifalitsidwe. Kupitabe patsogolo pa njira ya sayansi, tinayamba kuzindikira kuti palibe chomwe tingachite ngati sizingadutse chikhalidwe cha anthu ovomerezeka komanso kumvetsetsa zomwe mabuku asayansi apeza.

Mwanjira ina, tinali ndi chifukwa chomveka chokhulupirira kuti ngati titha kuyendetsa bwino mabuku omwe alipo ndikubwereka (ndipo izi ndizotheka nthawi zonse - tangoyang'ana ku magwero oyambira), tidzakhala ndi mwayi wonena zandale chilichonse. Munthawi zonsezi, funso limodzi lofananalo lidadzuka: Kodi tikufunika chiyani kuti tilembe komanso chiyani zomwe tikuyenera kunena (maulalo athu onse, momwe ziliri, ndizowona) kuti zamkhutu zathu zitha kusindikizidwa ngati sayansi yothamanga kwambiri. "

Zolemba izi zidayesedwa bwino ndikufalitsa m'magazini zabwino za asayansi zodziwikiratu. Chifukwa cha "zitsanzo zawo zasayansi", olemba adalandiranso mayitidwe anayi kuti akhale obwereza m'mabuku asayansi, ndipo imodzi mwa nkhani zosamveka bwino, "Galu Park", idanyadira pamndandanda wazinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimatsogolera mu "magazine a femorist" Gender, Malo ndi Chikhalidwe ". Malingaliro a opus awa anali motere:

"Malo agalu amalowerera mchitidwe wogwiririra ndipo ndi malo omwe kukukulira chikhalidwe chogwiririra, komwe kumakhala kuponderezedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwa" galu woponderezedwa ", yemwe amatilola kuyeza momwe anthu amafikira pamavuto onse awiriwa. Izi zikupereka lingaliro la momwe angamayimitsire amuna kuti azichotsa zachiwawa zomwe amakhala amakonda ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Kutsatsa kwathu

Wotsutsa komanso wolemba waku America, yemwe samabisa zomwe amakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pulofesa wa zamankhwala Camilla Paglia, m'buku lake Vamps And Tramps kumbuyo mu 1994, adati: "... Pazaka khumi zapitazi, izi zakhala zosalamulirika: njira yasayansi yodalirika ndiyosatheka pomwe nkhani zomveka zimayang'aniridwa ndi owukira. , pankhaniyi, olimbikitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe, mokhudzidwa kwambiri, amati ali ndi choonadi chokha ... Tiyenera kudziwa chisokonezo chowopsa chachitetezo cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi sayansi, chomwe chimayambitsa mabodza ambiri kuposa chowonadi. Asayansi achiwerewere ayenera kukhala asayansi poyamba, kenako amuna okhaokha ... ”(Paglia 1995, p. 91).

Mawu omaliza ndi odabwitsa. Kusintha kwa malingaliro ndi chikhalidwe cha akatswiri azachipatala amisala - osati zowonera zamankhwala komanso zowona zamasayansi - zimakhala ndi mphamvu pazotsatira za kafukufuku. Tsoka ilo, ambiri mwa omwe amaphunzira za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawonekeratu zotsatira zina.

Ofufuza omwe zotsatira zawo zimatsutsa lingaliro la "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati njira yoyendetsera" nthawi zambiri amatsutsidwa pamaziko a "ad Hominem Circstantiae". Ichi ndi chizolowezi chowopsa cha momwe mkangano, mmalo mokambirana mwatsatanetsatane wa mfundoyo, imatsimikiziridwa pakuwunikira zomwe zidachitika, chikhalidwe, zolinga kapena lingaliro lina la munthu yemwe amabweretsa mtsutsowo, kapena munthu wogwirizana ndi mfundoyo. Mwachitsanzo, kuti wasayansiyo ndi wokhulupirira kapena amathandizira maphwando andale omwe ali ndi malingaliro osunga, kuti nkhaniyo imasindikizidwa mu "zopanda mawu ambiri" kapena zosawerengera anzawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyesa konse kothetsa mutuwu madigiri a 180 amatsitsidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi mawu achipongwe, kusowa kwa "kulondola ndale", "kusokoneza banja" komanso ngakhale kufalikira kwa chidani.

Dziweruzani nokha.

Carl Maria Kertbeny, wolemba mabuku wa ku Austria yemwe adapanga mawu oti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (komwe kale kunali kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunkatchedwa sodomy kapena pederasty), anali wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Takács 2004, pp. 26-40). Loya waku Germany yemwe adapanga mawu oti "kugonana" ndipo adafuna kuti maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha aziwoneka ngati abwinobwino chifukwa adabadwa, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, anali wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Sigusch 2000). Edward Warren, Milionea waku America yemwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zakale, adapatsa anthu kapu yomwe amati ndi yakalekale yokhala ndi zithunzi zachiwerewere, zomwe akuti zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Greece Yakale (yotchedwa Warren Cup), anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (BrightonOurStory 1999). Katswiri wa tizilombo Dr. Alfred Kinsey-"bambo wa kusintha kwa kugonana ku United States" -anali ndi amuna awiri (Baumgardner 2008, p. 48) ndipo ankagonana ndi amuna ena, kuphatikizapo wophunzira wake komanso wolemba nawo Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. . 59). Psychiatrist Fritz Klein, wolemba Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, anali ndi bisexual (Klein ndi Schwartz 2001). Dr. Evelyn Hooker anayamba phunziro lake lodziwika bwino polimbikitsidwa ndi bwenzi lake Sam Frome ndi amuna ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Jackson et al., 1998, pp. 251-253), ndipo lipoti lake loyamba pa nkhaniyi linasindikizidwa m'magazini ya gay Mattachine. Ndemanga (Hooker 1955). Katswiri wa zamaganizo Paul Rosenfels, yemwe adafalitsa Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: The Psychology of the Creative Process mu 1971, yomwe idayesa kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati mtundu wamba, komanso omwe kutenga nawo gawo pazochitika za 1973, kunali kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Paul Rosenfels Community website nd).

Dr. John Spiegel, yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa American Psychiatric Association ku 1973, anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (ndipo anali membala wa omwe amatchedwa "GayPA") (mawu a 81, 2002), monga anzanga ena omwe adathandizira kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera mndandanda wazopatuka: Ronald Gold (Humm 2017), Howard Brown (Brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein ndi White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) ndi Richard Green (Green 2018). Dr. George Weinberg, yemwe adapanga mawu oti "abwenzi ogonana amuna okhaokha" mothandizidwa ndi abwenzi ogonana amuna ndi akazi, anali mfuti yolimbana ndi gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Ayyar 2002).

Dr. Donald West, yemwe adapanga "hypothesis" yoti anthu omwe amakayikira zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akhoza kukhala "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha obisala," amodzigonana (West 2012). Dr. Gregory Herek, katswiri mu "Homophobia," conceptual the tanthauzo la "milandu yodana ndi chidani," nayenso ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Bohan ndi Russel 1999). Olemba maphunziro apamwamba, omwe amatanthauziridwa kuti ndi umboni wa chiyambi cha chibadwidwe cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: Dr. Simon LeVey ("kafukufuku wa hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), Dr. Richard Pillard ("kuphunzira mapasa amapasa") (Mass 1990) ndi Dr. Dean Heimer ("Kafukufuku wamtundu wama gay") (The New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, yemwe adasindikiza buku lomwe limati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuli ponseponse komanso kwachilendo pakati pa zinyama ndikuti "zotulukapo za anthu ndizochulukirapo," adziwenso ali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Kluger 1999). Dr. Joan Rafgarden, wochirikiza lingaliro la "chilengedwe" cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi transsexualism mwa nyama, ndi a Jonathan Rafgarden, yemwe adalowa nawo kuchipatala kuti azimayi azimayi azaka zapakati pa 52 zaka (Yoon 2000).

Lipoti la American Psychological Association lokhudza chithandizo cha gay reparative therapy linanena kuti "zoyesayesa zosintha malingaliro ogonana ndizokayikitsa kuti zikhale zopambana ndipo zimakhala ndi chiopsezo china chovulaza, mosiyana ndi zomwe akatswiri ochiritsira ochiritsira ndi ochirikiza" (APA 2009, p. V) ; lipoti ili linapangidwa ndi gulu la anthu asanu ndi awiri, omwe Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson ali gay, ndi Robin Lyn Miller ndi bisexual (Nicolosi 2009). Mlembi wa bungwe lina la American Psychological Association lipoti lonena za ana oleredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, yemwe analemba kuti "palibe kafukufuku amene wapeza kuti ana a makolo omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi osowa poyerekeza ndi ana a makolo omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (APA 2005, para. 15) . Pulofesa Charlotte J. Patterson wa ku yunivesite ya Virginia ndi pulezidenti wakale wa Division 44, gulu la APA lolimbikitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso membala wa bungwe la LGBT Health Graduate Certificate Programme ku Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). Columbian College). Dr. Clinton Anderson, yemwe Dr. Patterson adathokoza chifukwa cha "thandizo lamtengo wapatali" ndi lipoti (APA 2005, p. 22), ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (onani pamwambapa). Anthu ena asanu ndi awiri omwe Dr. Patterson anawathokoza chifukwa cha "ndemanga zothandiza" anaphatikizapo Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, yemwe ndi gay (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), ndi Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, yemwe ali gay (Dayton Daily News 2009) ), Dr. April Martin ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Weinstein 2001) ndi "mpainiya polimbikitsa kugonana kwachibwana ndi njira zina za banja" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). Ndipo mu mtundu wakale wa lipoti (APA 1995), Dr. Patterson adathokozanso Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, yemwenso ndi wachiwerewere (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, wolemba mbiri komanso wafilosofi yemwe adafalitsa zinthu zingapo zomwe zikufotokoza bwino za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Russia, mothandizidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi miyambo ya gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Russia, amalandila zopereka kuchokera ku mabungwe aku America ndi ena a LGBT, + adamwalira kale osakwatirana (Kuznetsov ndi Ponkin 2007). Celia Kitzinger ndi Susan (Sue) Wilkinson, mamembala ovomerezeka a British Psychological Society ndi American Psychological Association, olemba mabuku ambiri ndi zofalitsa zomwe zimatsutsa kumvetsetsa kwachikhalidwe ndi amuna ndi akazi, ndi okwatirana (Davies 2014). Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, wolemba kafukufuku wa 1981 pa "zomwe sizingathandize" polera ana m'mabwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi akazi okhaokha (Rosario 2002). Gynecologist Catherine O'Hanlan, wolemba zolemba pa Homophobia, adakwatirana ndi mkazi (The New York Times 2003). Dr. Jesse Bering, wotchuka wa mitundu yonse yotchedwa. "Kugonana kwina kulikonse", ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Bering 2013).

Ndiyimitsa apa kusanthula umunthu wa sayansi LGBT propagandists, chifukwa ichi si cholinga cha nkhaniyi. Inemwini, ndimakhulupirira kuti Ad Hominem kusanthula kwazinthu ndi mfundo yolakwika komanso yolakwika pa sayansi ndipo iyenera kupewedwa zivute zitani. Dothi.

Komanso, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti pali asayansi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi kulimba mtima pofotokoza zotsatira za LGBT: mwachitsanzo, Dr. Emily Drabant Conley, katswiri wazachidziwikire a lesbian kuchokera ku kampani ya genomic "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), yemwe wapereka chithunzi cha kafukufuku wambiri wa genomic chiyanjano cha zokonda zogonana pamsonkhano wapachaka wa American Society of Human Genetics ku 2012 - kafukufukuyu sanapeze kulumikizana pakati pa kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Drabant et al., 2012). Ngakhale, monga momwe ndikudziwira, pazifukwa zosadziwika, Drabant sanatumize zinthuzi kuti zitha kufalitsidwa mu buku lowunikidwa ndi anzanu.

Koma kukanidwa kwa mfundo ya "Ad hominem" kuyenera kukhala konsekonse mu sayansi. Pankhaniyi, wina akati "A", ayenera kunena "B". Ndi chinyengo chambiri kuvomereza maphunziro ena kutengera malingaliro andale kapena zikhulupiriro zauzimu za ofufuza, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa zofalitsazo zidapangidwa mu nyuzipepala yofalitsidwa ndi Catholic Medical Association, kapena chifukwa kafukufukuyo adalandira ndalama kuchokera ku Consitherative Witherspoon Institute, ndipo nthawi yomweyo samalabadira zomwe zili pamwambapa ofufuza akuwonetsa zotsatira za kuyimbira kwa LGBT. Kenako, pokambirana za vuto lokonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mfundo ya "Ad hominem" sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pongotanthauzira chilichonse.

Pomaliza

Sayansi siingathe kugawidwa mu ndale "zolondola" ndi "zolakwika," zamafashoni ndi zokondera, zademokalase ndi zaulamuliro. Sayansi yokha singakhale zokopa za LGBT kapena kukayikira kwa LGBT. Mwachidule, njira zasayansi - zochitika za psychophysiological ndi machitidwe, ma virus ndi mabakiteriya - samakhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi malingaliro andale a wasayansi yemwe amawaphunzira; mabakiteriya samadziwa chilichonse chokhudza "nkhondo zachikhalidwe". Izi ndi zowona zomwe zilipo monga zaperekedwa, zitha kunyalanyazidwa kapena omwe amazitchula akhoza kufufuzidwa, koma mfundo izi sizingathetsedwe. Sayansi imachokera ku njira ya sayansi, aliyense amene amatembenuza sayansi kukhala chinthu china, mosasamala kanthu za zolinga zomwe amatsogoleredwa - umunthu, malingaliro ndi ndale, chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zina zotero - ndi alaliki enieni a "pseudoscience". Komabe, gulu la asayansi, monga gulu lina lililonse la anthu omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro ndi zokhumba zawo, amakhala ndi tsankho. Ndipo kukondera uku kwa anthu ena, otchedwa. Mfundo za "neoliberal" zimafotokozedwa kwambiri masiku ano. Zinthu zambiri zitha kutchulidwa chifukwa chake kukondera uku - cholowa chodabwitsa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso mbiri yakale chomwe chidapangitsa kuti pakhale "zosokoneza zasayansi", mikangano yayikulu yandale yomwe idadzetsa chinyengo, "kugulitsa" kwa sayansi komwe kumatsogolera kufunafuna zomverera. , etc. Mwachibadwa, vuto la tsankho mu sayansi silimangokhalira kukondera pakuwunika kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma kumaphatikizapo nkhani zina zambiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zofunikira pa chitukuko cha umunthu. Kaya kukondera mu sayansi kungapewedwe kotheratu kudakali mkangano. Komabe, m'malingaliro anga, ndizotheka kupanga mikhalidwe ya njira yabwino kwambiri yasayansi yofanana. Imodzi mwa mikhalidwe imeneyi ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa gulu la asayansi - zachuma, ndale komanso, mocheperapo, kumasuka ku zofalitsa.

Zowonjezera

1. Socarides CW Ndale Zokhudza Kugonana Ndi Mfundo Zasayansi: Nkhani Yokhudza Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha. The Journal of Psychohistory. 10, ayi. 3 ed. 1992
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Mfundo

1 Encyclopedia Britannica imatanthauzira mabodza motere: "Kulimbikitsa, kufalitsa chidziwitso - chowonadi, mikangano, mphekesera, zoonadi zochepa, kapena mabodza - kukopa malingaliro pagulu. Propaganda ndi njira yocheperako kapena yocheperako yopusitsa zikhulupiriro, maubale kapena machitidwe a anthu ena pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikilo (mawu, manja, zikwangwani, zipilala, nyimbo, zovala, malingaliro, kuvala, kujambula ndalama ndi masitampu apositi, etc.). Chidwi komanso kutsimikiza mwamphamvu pakunyengerera kumasiyanitsa mabodza kuchokera polumikizana wamba kapena kusinthana kwaulere kwa malingaliro. Wofalitsa nkhani amakhala ndi cholinga kapena zolinga zinazake. Kuti muwafikire, wofalitsayo amasankha mwadala mfundo, zotsutsana, ndi zizindikilo ndikuzipereka m'njira yoti akwaniritse phindu lalikulu. Kuti achuluke, atha kuzindikira mfundo zofunika kwambiri kapena kuzisintha, ndipo angayesetse kudodometsa chidwi cha omvera kuchokera kwazidziwitso zina. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

Wachiwiri Ndale za 2

3 Left-Wing Community activist

4 Chifukwa chake amatchedwa memo

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Kukula kwa sayansi pachaka: asayansi amalemba kafukufuku wabodza kuti awonetse ziphuphu za sayansi

Mbiri yakupatula kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera mndandanda wazovuta zamisala