Iinkumbulo zeentsuku edlulileyo
ngaphezu Thetha ngoku
ngaphezu kwexesha elidlulileyo. 

Uhlala uve ngabaxolisi bobudlelwane besini esifanayo ukuba ubufanasini yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lamandulo, ngakumbi kwiRoma yamandulo naseGrisi. Enyanisweni, intsomi "ye-utopia yobungqingili" kwiGrisi yamandulo yathandwa ngu-Oscar Wilde, owagwetyelwa i-sodomy, kwaye ubungqina obuqhekezayo obuye bafikelela kuthi ngendlela yemibhalo yamandulo kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa ibonisa into eyahlukileyo. Ukutyhubela imbali yoluntu, ubufanasini, ngokukodwa kwindima yokwenziwa, bekukho njengento elihlazo nengenamda. Kuphela kwimpucuko ebolileyo, ngexesha lokuhla kwabo, izenzo zesini esifanayo ziye zafumana ukuthandwa, kodwa nangona kunjalo, umtsalane kumalungu wesini esifanayo, onamandla kunabameli abachaseneyo, kwakucatshangelwa ngaphaya kwesiqhelo. Akukho ndawo kwaye kungazange kube ngaphambili kwixesha lethu kuye kwavunyelwa kuphela ubudlelwane bobufanasini phakathi kwabantu abadala.

Ngelixa ufunda eli nqaku, kuyafuneka ukuba ukhumbule ukuqheleka kwegama lanamhlanje elithi "ubufanasini" ngokumalunga nezenzo zesini phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo kumaxesha amandulo, angenakuthelekiswa nanto kwinto eyenzekayo kuluntu lwe-LGBT namhlanje. Inyani yeyokuba izenzo zokungena ngomlomo okanye ezimpundu bezisoloko zijongwa njengehlazo ngokunzulu kwaye zingcolisa kumamkeli, ngoko ke akunakubakho mathandabuzo kuzo naziphi na izibini ezisemthethweni zobufanasini.

EAthene, amafanasini adelelwa kwaye anyanzelwa ukuba abhengeze ubugqwetha babo e-ecclesia, emva koko baphulukana nawo onke amalungelo oluntu. Ukuba babfihla ubugwenxa babo, babekhe babekhe babekhe babulawa. Kubo, bekukho amagama eziqhulo ezinjeya i-eypyproktos (ububanzi chaunoproktos (isithuba somsantsa) kunye ne lakkoproktos (umngxunya ngathi ngumhadi).

Kwintetho yeAeschines ngokuchasene neTimarch kuthiwa ukuba umntu waseAthene ngumntu athandana naye, ke akavumelekanga:
I-1) ibe yenye yee-archons ezisithoba,
I-Xnumx) ungumbingeleli,
I-3) ukuba ngummeli enkundleni,
I-4) yokubamba nasiphi na isikhundla ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe lase-Athene
I-5) ukusebenza njengomyalezo okanye ukwazisa umyalezo,
I-6) ukungena kwiindawo ezingcwele zikawonke-wonke, nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yezenkolo ene-wreath entloko kwaye ibe kuloo nxalenye yesikwere, egcwaliswa ngokufefa.
Umaphuli mthetho wale miyalelo ingasentla wohlwaywa ngokufa.

Uninzi lwabaphandi luyavuma ukuba kwiGrisi yamandulo, ukudibana kwabantu besini esinye phakathi kwamadoda amabini alinganayo kwakugqalwa njengokungaqhelekanga kwaye bohlwaywa ngokuqatha. Ukuchonga indoda eyathi ngokuzithandela yathatha indima yokuzibandakanya ekunxibelelaneni ngesini sangasese, kwakukho umbono othile: κίναιαος - kineidos (iwile). Ukwamkela indima yokuhamba, ii-kineido zaba ngathi lihenyukazi kwaye azifaneleki ukuba yindoda ekhululekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ii-kineidos zahluthwa amalungelo okuba ngummi. Kwakukholelwa ukuba umntu ovumeleke ukuba angene ngaphakathi uthathwa njengotyekele ekusebenziseni gwenxa utywala, ukutya, imali okanye amandla. (IGreenberg kwi-roger I-1997, iphe. 181). 

Iicatshulwa ezimbalwa:

Akukho bungqina bokuba ubufanasini babonwa bodwa ... AmaGrikhi akazange "abhalise" isenzo sokwenyama sodomy ... Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi, inkqubo exhaphakileyo yokugculela nokuthandabuza ubungqingili iyabonakala. (Karlen I-1977, iphe. 33, 35).

• Kwabo bazibandakanyele kwinkanuko, akukho mntu wayecaphuka ngakumbi kunodidi lwabantu abaziphethe kakubi ngokwesondo abaziwa njenge katapugons okanye inaidoi (Davidson I-1998, iphe. 167). 

Umfanekiso we kineidos wawungenantlonelo kwaphela ... (I-Clark xnumx, iphe. 22). 

I-Kineidos yaqatshelwa njengomntu oxhalabisayo, umgqwetha kwimibono yoluntu kunye nezesondo (Kumkani kwi-porter I-1994, iphe. 30). 

[AmaGrike akudala ayekholelwa ukuba] ukungena nokungena phakathi kwezidala phakathi kwamadoda amadala kwakungamkelekanga ... kunxulunyaniswa noburheletyo kunye nokukrwada (Keuls I-1995, iphe. 291, 299).

• [AmaGrike akudala ayekholelwa ukuba] Indoda endala ethathe inxaxheba kwindima yokungena kuluntu yaphulukana nobume bendoda yaze yapheleliswa, ngokugwetywa nokudelwa. (Vanggard I-1972, iphe. 89). 

• [AmaGrike amandulo ayekholelwa ukuba] Indoda ethanda ukuba ingene kwenye indoda inetyala, ingunobangela wengozi ekuhlaleni, kwaye ifanele iphathwe njengomfazi nendima yakhe ayithathayo. (Thorton I-1997, iphe. 105). 

• Indima yokungenelela ekungeneni kwilungu langasese langasese yathathwa njengehlazisa necekisekayo. Babizwa ngokuba yi-euryproktoi- ngokoqobo "ububanzi bendlela" (Ejele I-2000, iphe. 161).

Izimvo eAthene kwindoda enkulu eyazivumela ukuba ingene endaweni yokufakelwa kwilungu lokungena kwilungu lobufazi yayingenachaphaza kwaphela. Umntu onjalo wayethathwa njengesigebenga esinokubakho notshaba lukarhulumente, kuba wayesele enikezele ngobuntu bakhe, ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ukungcatsha uluntu lonke ... " (Dover I-1978, iphe. 20).

E-Roma, ubufanasini nje obufana nobuthathwa njengento yobugwenxa bemfazwe kwaye ijoni labanjwa kulo labethwa ngentonga. Kwakukholelwa ukuba indima eyamkelayo yenza amaRoma "azinzise", aze aphulukane nobudoda, abe lilize kwaye abe yingozi kuluntu kubudlelwane boluntu nemikhosi. U-Plutarch uchaze indlela uSenate awamgweba ngayo umntu othile u-Capitoline kwityala elikhulu "lokufumana ububi" kunyana weqabane lakhe, emva koko u "Skstrongev Law" owenqabela "ukuzithoba namakhwenkwe kunye namadoda."

I-LGBT ikhuthaza ukuba “uMthendeleko” kaPlato, apho athi ancoma uthando kubafana nolutsha, kodwa imalunga nothando, hayi isodomy. Uluvo "lothando lukaPlato", oluchaza imvakalelo yokomoya ephantsi ngaphandle komtsalane womzimba ophantsi, uqala kulo msebenzi, kwaye oko uPlato acinga ngobufanasini kunokufundwa "kwimithetho" yakhe:

"Indalo ikhuthaza ukuba isini sesetyhini sihambisane nobuni besini kwasesibelekweni, kwaye kucacile ukuba ulonwabo lunikezelwa NGOKUQINISEKILEYO, ngelixa unxibelelwano phakathi kwendoda nendoda, kunye nomntu obhinqileyo IYAFUMANEKA. Makungabikho mntu unxibelelana nabazikhululeyo nabakhululekileyo, ngaphandle kwabafazi babo, bengavunyelwa ukuba basasaze imbewu ngaphandle kwamashweshwe, okanye banxibelelane nabesilisa, into leyo ingengokwemvelo, kwaye ke kungcono ukunqanda unxibelelwano phakathi kwamadoda.

Umfundi kaPlato, u-Aristotle, ethetha ngeemeko zezilwanyana nezokungcola kwincwadi ye-VII yeNicomachean Ethics, kunye ne-cannibalism, trichotillomania kunye neparorexia, ikwakhankanya ubufanasini:

"Ezi ziidoski ezisisidenge (ezinye zazo zisuka ngobuhlanya, njengomntu obingeleleyo, watya umama wakhe, okanye ikhoboka elitya isibindi somhlobo), kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kukho [imimandla] ebuhlungu okanye evela [ebubini ] imikhwa, njengomkhwa wokukhupha iinwele kunye nezipikili eziluma, kunye namalahle nomhlaba. Yongeza kolu luyolo lothando lwabantu. ”

"Ukuhamba ngeenyawo"

Ngoku makhe sijonge oko kwakubizwa ngokuba yi "pederasty evunyiweyo" kwiGrisi yamandulo. Omnye wabaphandi bokuqala be-sexopathology - uKraft-Ebing, endaweni yokuba neengcamango zonqulo zegama elithi "sodomy", waqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "pederasty" njengegama lesayensi lokuqaliswa kwepipi kwi-anus. 

Kwangelo xesha, kulwimi lwesiGrike samandulo, eli gama lithetha "ukuthanda abantwana": i-pedos - umntwana, ngengqondo yolutsha (ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kwi-15 yeminyaka ubudala), u-erastis-onothando. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe apha ukuba kulwimi lwesiGrike kukho amagama amane ahlukileyo ngentsingiselo- storge (στοργή), philia (φιλία), éros (ἔρως) kunye agape (ἀγάπη), aguqulelwe kulwimi lwesiRashiya njengo "thando" . Bathetha uthando, ukuzincama, ukuphendula, ubuhlobo, uthando, njl. KwisiGrike sanamhlanje esihlwempuzekileyo, amagama aneengcambu “eras” abhekisa kwinkanuko yesini, kodwa kumaxesha amandulo έρωταέρω yayisetyenziswa kwimvakalelo yobuhlobo. Yiyo kanye le nto yenzekileyo phakathi kukaHercules kunye ne-centaur enobulumko uChiron, apho owokuqala "wagutyungelwa luthando" waya kuhlala naye emqolombeni. Ewe akukho mbuzo wayo nayiphi na isodomy apha. Kuyafana nakumaSpartan, ahlulwe kwizibini ezinyanisekileyo ezinokulala phantsi kwengubo enye kwaye zanga ngaphambi komlo. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekileyo ukuba isohlwayo sokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini phakathi kwabaseSpartan kukubetha ngeentonga, ukugxothwa okulihlazo kwanokufa. Ngokutsho kombhali wamandulo waseRoma uClaudius Elian kwi incwadi yesithathu "Amabali aBala":

"Ulutsha lwaseSpartan luhlala nabo bathandana nabo, ngaphandle kwekratshi nokuzikhukhumeza, ngokuchaseneyo, unyango lwabo luchasene nokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kwabafana abahle kwiimeko ezinjalo - bona ngokwabo bayabacela ukuba" bakhuthazwe "ngabathandekayo. ; kuguqulelo, oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ubathande abafana. Nangona kunjalo, olu thando aluqulathanga nto ihlazo. Ukuba inkwenkwe iyazama ukuvuma ukungaziphathi kakuhle, okanye xa isithandwa sayo siyikrokrela kuye, akukhuselekanga ukuba bahlale bobabini eSparta: baya kugwetywa bathinjwe, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nokufa.

Ukwanga ngelo xesha kwakusebenza njengembonakalo yeemvakalelo zabazali nezokuziphatha kwaye khange akukho ntsingiselo yesondo (ILombroso 1895). Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali wamandulo uXenophon, ubudlelwane begorha elinamava nabafana nolutsha lancitshiswa laba bubuhlobo obufanelekileyo babafana, kwaye iintlobano zesini zithathwa njengento egqwethekileyo enokuthelekiswa nobuhlobo.

KwiGrisi yakudala, wonke umfana oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, ngemvume yooyise, wazikhethela umzekelo - omnye wabemi okanye abemi abaliqela. Apha, umbandela wawungaphelelanga ekulingiseni okulula, kodwa wawusekwe kubudlelwane obuqinileyo, obuhlala bomelele ngakumbi kunosapho. Ukuba ngu "erastis" kwakubekekile, kodwa kukwaquka uxanduva: hayi ukuziwisa emehlweni omfundi, kwaye okubi nangakumbi - ukutyholwa ngabemi ngokungakhulisi kakuhle umntwana. Ke umcebisi wayenokohlwaywa ngenxa yezenzo ezigwenxa zomfundi wakhe, kunye neemfuno ezixakekileyo okanye imisebenzi enzima. Ukuba yayimalunga nokonakala komfundi (kubandakanya urhwaphilizo ngokwesondo), isohlwayo se-erastis yayikukufa. “Iintetho zeeAeschines. Ngokuchasene neTimarch ", isahl. 16:

"Ukuba nawuphi na umntu uhlaza uAthene, onakalisa okanye ongcolise umfana osimahla, umzali wale ndoda kufuneka athumele ingxelo ebhaliweyo kubatshutshisi kwaye afune isohlwayo somenzi wobubi. Ukuba inkundla imfumanisa enetyala, ke loo nto iya kunikelwa kubabulali abalishumi elinanye aze abulawe kwangolo suku lunye. Abo benza okufanayo kubukhoboka bagqalwa njengabanetyala elinye. "

Rhoqo, njengomzekelo wobudlelwane bokwabelana ngesondo ngezesondo, intsomi yaseGanymede iyakhankanywa, apho uZeyus, oguqukele ekubeni yokhozi, uthatha umfana omncinci waya eOlimpus, apho amenza intandokazi yakhe kunye nendebe yakhe, enika ukungafi. Kwiinkulungwane emva koko, kwavela ingxelo yokuba uGanymede wayelishweshwe likaZeus, nangona kunjalo uSocrates, uXenophon noPlato ukwala ukutolikwa okunje. I-Xenophon, ekhomba i-etymology yegama (Ganu med -onwabele ingqondo), ibango lokuba uZeus wayeyithanda le ndoda isemncinci inothando olungazenzisiyo lwayo psyche -ngqondo nomphefumlo.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso yezesondo ecacileyo yeyabantu baseLupanarians (brothels), engabonisi ukuba izenzo eziboniswe kuzo zazigcwele kwinkcubeko yamaGrike. Ngokwesiqhelo, umntu ongena kwiinkonzo zonongogo uhlawula into angafumaneki phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukwenza naluphi na ushwankathelo olujolise kwiziphumo ezinjalo kuyafana nento yokuba abembi bezinto zakudala bayakufumana iklabhu ye-BDSM kwaye, ngokusekwe kwizinto ezifumaneke apho, baya kufikelela kwisigqibo malunga nezinto ezongezelelekileyo zempucuko.

Ngaphezulu koku, uninzi lwemifanekiso “yobufanasini bamandulo” ejikeleza kwi-cyberpace inokuba yinkohliso yale mihla kunye neepastiches, okanye ukutolikwa gwenxa kobudlelwane besini esingafaniyo.

Kuyaziwa ukuba ulwazi malunga ne-100000 vases yamandulo yamaGrike enemifanekiso (Iprojekthi yeCorpus Vasorum Antiquorum).

Umphandi wase-Bhritane u-Kenneth Dover udwelise malunga nee-vases ezingama-600, imizobo yakhe, ngokoluvo lwakhe, "ebonisa isimilo sobufanasini okanye isiqulatho sayo." Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwe-vase nganye kuluhlu lweDover, olwenziwa yingcali yamaGrike uAdonis Georgiades, luveze ukuba izifundo zobufanasini zijongwa ngqo kwiivazi ezingama-30 kuphela, kwaye eziseleyo ezingama-570 zivasa amaqhawe, amadabi, kunye nezifundo zesini esahlukileyo (I-Georgiades I-2004, iphe. 100)

Kwividiyo ezibonisiweyo ze-30, unokufumana imifanekiso yamadoda eyolula isandla kwisandla senkwenkwe esingachazwanga (awayehlala eyimisa umfana), okanye ukuzama ukunamathela phakathi kwephiko lakhe. Akukho mfanekiso omnye wokudibana kwabantu besini esifanayo, kuba ukuzibandakanya kwisenzo esinjalo kwakuhlazisa kwaye kuyicaphukisa indoda. Kuphela ziindawo zokunyibilikisa ezichazwe ngokuthe ngqo ekubonaneni kwabantu besini esinye, kunye nemifanekiso yezesondo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ngesiseko soku ukugqiba ukuba ukulala nezilwanyana (njenge-sodomy) kwamkelekile kwiGrisi yakudala kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kufanele kube njalo kuluntu lwanamhlanje?

USappho ovela kwisiqithi saseLesbos

Iintshatsheli ze-LGBT zisebenzisa umfanekiso wombongi ogama linguSappho ovela kwisiqithi seLesbos njengophawu lobufanasini, kuba, ngokoluvo lwabo, iziqwenga ezimfutshane zeminye yemibongo yakhe esele ikho ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje iqulethe uhlobo lwengoma yehomoerotic. Ngokutsho работе umbhali-mbali wezoncwadi - umhlohli wezemfundo A.N. UVeselovsky, imibongo kaSappho inikezelwe kubuhle bamakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana, kunye nothando, ekhutshelwa ngaphandle kobukrakra bokuziva ngokwasemzimbeni. Umbutho weHellenic Psychiatric Association osanda kupapashwa sebenzaNgokokuthi, uthando phakathi kwabafazi kwiivesi zikaSappho lubonakala ngathi luyinto ethandekayo kunye nolwalamano lukaSocrates kunye nabafundi bakhe - oko kukuthi, ubudlelwane bobuqu obusondeleyo ngaphandle komxholo wesini.

Ngenxa yokuba uSappho waziphosa eweni ngenxa yothando olungathandabuzekiyo lwendoda, kwaye kumdlalo ohlekisayo wase-Athene wabonakaliswa njengowesifazane oziphatha kakubi owayenemicimbi emininzi namadoda, imeko yakhe yokomfuziselo “kwinkcubeko ye-gay” yanamhlanje iyamangalisa. Iingqikelelo malunga nokhetho lukaSappho lobufanasini luqikelelo nje lwabanye ababhali olwavela kwiinkulungwane kamva emva kokufa kwakhe, kwaye, ngokutsho kwabaninzi bamaGrike kunye nababhali-mbali, ukunyundela okumsulwa.

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Le yinyani engenakuphikiswa yimbali yokuba naluphi na uluntu apho ukusasazeka kwezesondo kwasasazekayo ukubakho. Bonke abathathe i-sodomy
Abantu batshone enzonzobileni kwiinkulungwane, kunye nexesha labo, ebekiweyo ukulinganiselwa ukubonakaliswa kobufanasini, kusekhona nanamhlanje. Njengoko imbali ibonisa, xa uluntu lwalugunyazisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba kuziphatha okubi kunye nokuziphatha okubi (okwakuhamba ngokungahambiyo kunye nokuwohloka kwesimilo ngokubanzi), ngokukhawuleza kwabhukuqwa ngumhlambi wabantu abamelwane, ababesempilweni kwaye bomelele. IGrisi yamandulo yajikeleza yawa yawa phakathi, kwaye iRoma enomandla yawa phantsi koxinzelelo lwabarbhari. IiHellenes zamandulo, ezineempumlo zazo ezazi ngqo ngaphandle kwebhulo lempumlo, zathomalaliswa zathatyathwa indawo ngabantu abangabamelwane abavela eAsia Minor, ezimele uninzi lwabemi abangamaGrikhi banamhlanje. Ukujonga ngokwenzekayo kwimpucuko yaseNtshona, ulindelwe okufanayo. Sele siyibona indlela abantu baseYurophu abaye bamkela i-sodomy kunye nokunye ukugwenxa kuthathelwa indawo ngamaAfrika, amaTurks kunye nama-Arabhu.

Isifundo esineenkcukacha sinokufumaneka kwiphepha le-477 kwingxelo yolwazi kunye nohlalutyo. "Iintsomi ezenziwa ngabantu abathandana abathandanayo kwaye zibhengeza ukukhanya kwesayensi".
- doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9 

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¹ Ibinzana leHellenic "ἘάἘά τςς ἈθἈθνν Ἀθἑνρήσῃ, μὴμὴἐξέσ ὐὐὐ ῶῷῶ ῶἐέἐ "ἀρχόω" Iguqulelwe nguE.D. UFrolova uvakala ngolu hlobo: Ukuba nawuphi na umntu waseAthene uye waba zonwabisa, emva koko ayizukuvunyelwa ukuba inyulelwe kwikholeji yee-archons ezilithoba ... "  Ndimele nditsho ukuba uguqulo lwenziwa ngamaxesha eSoviet, kwaye ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo kwakungasayi kubakho intetho yobufanasini ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, inguqulelo yokoqobo yayiya kuba yile: “Ukuba namphi umntu waseAthene 'eterisi' (ἑταιρήσῃ) - izakuba sisithandwa somntu... "

² Ibinzana elifanayo Msgstr "" "ἌἌ τςςρ νννίωίωέ έ UFrolov uguqulela njenge "Ukuba nawuphi na umntu waseAthene luxhaphaza ugonyamelo ngaphezulu kwenkwenkwe ekhululekileyo ... " Inguqulelo yokoqobo iya kuba yile: "Ukuba abantu abathile base-Athene bakhulule ulutsha" i-Ivrisi "(ὑβρίσῃ)" -okoqobo "ihlazo, inkohlakalo, inqambi».