Uninzi lwezi zinto zipapashiwe kwiphephabhuku "IJenali yaseRussia yezeMfundo kunye nePsychology": uLysov V. Isayensi kunye nokuthandana kwabantu abatshatileyo: ukuthanda icala kwezopolitiko kwi-Academia yanamhlanje.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

“Isidima senzululwazi yokwenyaniwe sibangelwa yinto ethandabuzekayo
amawele udade - "fake" isayensi, leyo
Yijenda yengqondo kuphela.
Le mbono yathatha loo trust
"Iincwadi zesayensi ziyinyani."
kwincwadi ka-Austin Rousse ethi Fake Science

Isishwankathelo

Iingxelo ezinjengokuthi "unobangela wemfuza wobufanasini ungqiniwe" okanye "umtsalane wobufanasini awunakuguqulwa" zenziwa rhoqo kwimisitho edumileyo yemfundo yesayensi nakwi-Intanethi, ejoliswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kubantu abangenamava ngokwenzululwazi. Kweli nqaku, ndiza kubonisa ukuba uluntu lwale mihla lwezenzululwazi lulawulwa ngabantu abasebenzisa iimbono zabo zentlalo nezopolitiko kwimisebenzi yabo yezenzululwazi, besenza inkqubo yezenzululwazi ukuba ithandeke kakhulu. Ezi mbono ziqikelelwayo ziquka uluhlu lweengxelo zezopolitiko, kubandakanywa ngokunxulumene noko kubizwa. "abancinci ngokwesini", oko kukuthi "ubufanasini luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwesini phakathi kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana", ukuba "umtsalane wesini esifanayo yinto yemvelo kwaye ayinakuguqulwa", "isini sisakhiwo sentlalo esingaphelelanga kuhlelo lwesibini", njl. kwaye nangokunjalo. Ndiya kubonisa ukuba ezo mbono zithathwa njengezithethe, zizinzile, kwaye zisekwe kwizangqa zenzululwazi zaseNtshona, nangona kungekho bungqina besayensi obunyanzelisayo, ngelixa ezinye iimbono zibhalwe ngokukhawuleza njenge "pseudoscientific" kunye "nobuxoki," nangona banobungqina obubambekayo. emva kwabo. Izinto ezininzi zinokuchazwa njengonobangela wokuthambekela okulolo hlobo-ilifa elimangalisayo lentlalo nembali elakhokelela ekuveleni "kweenkolelo zenzululwazi", imizabalazo enzulu yezopolitiko eyavelisa uhanahaniso, "urhwebo" lwesayensi olukhokelela ekusukeleni imvakalelo. , njl. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphepha ngokupheleleyo ukuthambekela kwisayensi kuhlala kuyimpikiswano. Nangona kunjalo, ngokoluvo lwam, kuyenzeka ukudala iimeko zenkqubo yesayensi elinganayo.

Intshayelelo

Ngo-Epreli ngo-2017, umthombo wolwazi i-USA Namhlanje wapapasha ividiyo ebizwa ngokuba yiPsychology of infertility (I-USA Namhlanje nge-MSN) Eli bali libalise ibali lesibini esitshatileyo esingakwazi ukuba nabantwana nokuba neentlobano zesini ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuthintela inzala - oko kukuthi, bahlupheka ngenxa yokungachumi, ngokwenkcazo yoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (I-Zeger-Hochshild 2009, iphe. 1522). Isibini ngasinye siyisombulule ingxaki yokungachumi ngendlela ethile - ngenxa yokuchumiswa kwe-vitro, ukwamkelwa komntwana abengowomnye umntu kunye nomntwana wakhe. Le vidiyo yenziwa ngendlela encomekayo kwaye yadityaniswa ngendlela edumileyo yesayensi, kwaye nembali yesibini ngasinye yachazwa ngokweenkcukacha.

Nangona kunjalo, imithombo yeendaba yase-USA Namhlanje, ngendlela eqhelekileyo eqhelekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kwesabelo esincinci sokuhlekisa okanye i-biological rationality, idwelise isibini samadoda amabini phakathi kwezibini ezitshatileyo ezineengxaki zonyango (imisebenzi yokuzala engasebenzi kakuhle kunye namalungu). Ababhali bale vidiyo kumculo ochukumisayo uchukumise abaphulaphuli ukuba ingxaki yoku "kuzala" kwabantu ababini abatshatileyo abatshatileyo baseMelika-uDan noWill Neville-Reyben - kukuba "abanasibeleko" (Iflash 2017) Ngokunokwenzeka, i-USA Namhlanje iyavuma ukuba kwinxalenye yabaphulaphuli bayo, ukuthobeka kwendlela umzimba wesilisa nowasetyhini bekungaziwa ngayo. Enye indlela okanye enye, enye yeendlela eziphambili zeendaba yayiyimpikiswano yokuba i-inshurensi yezonyango kufuneka igubungele inkcitho yabantu abathandana abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo.

Imiyalezo elolu hlobo, igcwele ubuqhetseba bebhayoloji, ayiqhelekanga kwimithombo yeendaba yaseAtlantic, kwaye, enyanisweni, ifumaneka ngakumbi kulwazi lwaseRussia kunye nesithuba esaziwayo sesayensi. Iingxelo malunga "nemfuzo engqiniweyo yobungqingili" okanye "inkulungwane enesiqingatha iintlobo zezilwanyana ezitshatileyo" zenziwa kwiminyhadala edumileyo yesayensi kubantu abancinci.

Kweli nqaku, ndiza kubonisa ukuba kuluntu lwanamhlanje lwenzululwazi abantu abavelisa imibono yabo yenkululeko kwimisebenzi yabo yenzululwazi, benza ukuba isayensi ikhetheke kakhulu. Ezi mbono zenkululeko zibandakanya uthotho lweengxelo ezisasazayo malunga noko kubizwa "Ubuncinci bezesondo" ("LGBT"), okokuthi, "ubufanasini yinto eqhelekileyo eqhelekileyo yesini phakathi kwabantu nezilwanyana", ukuba loo "mlingani wesini esifanayo yinto yangaphakathi kwaye ayinakutshintshwa," "isini kukwakha ngokwasentlalweni, akupheleli kumda wobunini" njl.

Mva kwisicatshulwa ndiza kukhankanya iimbono ezinjengokusasazwa kwe-LGBT¹. Kwangelo xesha, kukho iimbono kunye nezimvo ezichasene noku kungentla, ndiya kubabiza nge-LGBT-skeptical. Ndiza kubonisa ukuba ukubhengeza kwe-LGBT kuluntu olufundayo ngokusemthethweni kuthathelwa ingqalelo, yinto eqhubekayo kwaye izinzile, nokuba akukho bungqina bukholisayo, ngelixa izimvo ze-LGBT zithandabuza kwaye zibhalwe njenge "pseudo-science" kunye "nexoki", nokuba zixhaswe. ubunyaniso bekholo.

ISayensi kunye neNzululwazi yezePolitiki

Umbandela wokuqala obalulekileyo wokuqonda ukuba yintoni isayensi kukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi na indlela yenzululwazi. Indlela yenzululwazi inamanqanaba aliqela: (1) ukubuza umbuzo (yintoni ekufuneka ifundwe): ukumisela into kunye nesihloko, iinjongo kunye neenjongo zesifundo; (2) sebenza ngoncwadi: ukufundwa kwemicimbi kwesi sihloko esele iphandwe abanye; (3) Uphuhliso lwe-hypothesis: ukwakhiwa kwengcinga malunga nendlela inkqubo eqhubeka phantsi kwesifundo kunye nokunokwenzeka xa kubonisiwe; (4) ulingelo: kuvavanyo lwengqondo (5) Uhlalutyo lweziphumo: ukufundisisa iziphumo zovavanyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ubungakanani bokuqinisekiswa kwe-hypothesis; kwaye, ekugqibeleni, (6) izigqibo: ukuzisa kwezinye iziphumo zovavanyo nohlalutyo.

Esi sisiseko sokufunda sisiseko sophando lwenzululwazi kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye indlela yalo esengqiqweni, evumelekileyo ivumele uluntu ukuba luphumeze iziphumo ezinomtsalane.

Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uNjingalwazi uHenry Bauer waphawula ngonyaka we-1992, ezenzululwazi kwaye, ngakumbi, uluntu oludumileyo lwezenzululwazi luyanda ukujikela kwindlela yesayensi ukuze luhambisane nembono yenkululeko njengekuphela kwendlela yokuthatha isigqibo yokutolika ilizwe elilijikelezileyo (ngokwesayensi).IBauer 1992) Ke, indlela ephambili yezenzululwazi yancitshiswa yaba koku kulandelayo: (1) ingcaciso yengxaki kwaye, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukunqanda izihloko "ezingavumelekanga", umzekelo. ubuhlanga kunye nesini njengezimvo ezigqityiweyo ngokwebhayiloji, "inkcubeko ngokwesondo" njengokwakha intlalo; (2) ukukhangela koko sele kufundwe ngabanye, kunye nokukhethwa kweziphumo ezingangqubaniyo nengcinga ekhoyo; (3) ukuphuculwa kwe-hypothesis: ukuthathwa kwenkcazo yengxaki engangqubaniyo nenkululeko yokukhululeka; (4) ulingo: uvavanyo lwe-hypothesis; (5) Uhlalutyo lweziphumo: Ukungahoyi kunye nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kweziphumo "ebezingalindelekanga" ngelixa zisanda kwaye ziphinde ziqwalasele iziphumo "ezilindelekileyo"; kwaye ekugqibeleni; (6) Izigqibo: ukubhengezwa kweziphumo "ezizoyisayo" ukuxhasa inkululeko. Unjingalwazi uBauer ayinguye kuphela umntu oxhalabileyo malunga nokutshintsha kwesayensi.

Umzekelo, izigqibo ezifanayo malunga nemeko yezenzululwazi yangoku yenziwa nguNjingalwazi uRuth Hubbard (UHubbard noWald 1993), Unjingalwazi uLynn Wordel (I-Wardle 1997, I-852), uGq. Stephen Goldberg (IGoldberg 2002), UGqr. Alan Sokal kunye noGqr. Gene Brichmont (I-Sokal ne-Brichmont 1998), I-Kirsten Powers yaseburhulumenteni baseMelika (Amandla 2015), noGqr Austin Ruse (Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-2017).

Unjingalwazi uNicholas Rosenkrantz weGeorgetown Law School kunye noNjingalwazi uJonathan Haidt weYunivesithi yaseNew York waze waseka i-Heterodox Academy, iprojekthi ye-intanethi egxile kwingxaki ye-ideological homogeneity kunye nokuchasana neembono ezahlukeneyo kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo aseMelika (IHeterodox academy.nd).

UGqr. Bret Weinstein wayeka kwiKholeji yase-Evergreen State emva kokuba engavumi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi "Usuku lokungabikho kobomi" - xa abameli balo naluphi na ubuhlanga ngaphandle kweCaucasius bamkelweyo kule yunivesithi- wayexhatshazwa ngabafundi abanomsindo kunye nabalwela amalungelo (Weinstein xnumx) Emva kwexesha, kunye nomntakwabo, uGqirha Eric Weinstein kunye nabanye oosonzululwazi, waseka indawo yoluntu, ehlekisa ebizwa ngokuba yi "Intellectual Dark Web" (I-Bari xnumx). Umcholacholi weendaba uBari Weiss walichaza ngolu hlobo eli butho lasekuhlaleni: “Okokuqala, aba bantu bakulungele ukuyithethelela kabukhali imbono yabo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye baxoxisana ngokuphandle, phantse ngayo yonke imibandela ebandakanyekileyo: unqulo, ukuqhomfa, ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, uhlobo lwengqondo. Okwesibini, kwixesha apho uluvo olwaziwayo malunga nehlabathi kunye neziganeko ezisingqongileyo zihlala zizigatya izibakala zokwenyani, wonk’ ubani uzimisele ukuchasa abaxhasi beengcamango ezifanelekileyo kwezopolitiko. Kwaye okwesithathu, abanye baye bahlawula ixabiso lokufuna ukuvakalisa izimvo ezizezinye ngokugxothwa kumaziko emfundo aye anyuka kakhulu kwiingcamango ezingaqhelekanga - kunye nokufumana abaphulaphuli abanomdla kwenye indawo "(I-Bari xnumx).

Kulawo angakhange abenamdla kule ngxaki ngaphambili, ukulawulwa kwembono ye-teknologism kwisayensi kunokubonakala ngathi akukho ngqiqweni. Banokukholelwa ngqiqweni ukuba kwisayensi yanamhlanje kuphela ezo zibakala zingqinwe ngokungagungqiyo ziyinyani, kwaye yonke enye into isekwe ekucingeleni, kuhanahaniso, kwiingcinga nakwicala lezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, ukucingelwa kokucinga, iingcinga ezothusayo, iinkcazo kunye nokuqulunqwa kwezopolitiko nakwezopolitiko njenge "nyaniso eqinisekisiweyo" kuqapheleka kuluhlu olubanzi lweengxaki (IBauer 2012, c. I-12), ezinye zazo zikhalaza kuluntu ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, ngaba ukuthanda abantu besini esifana nse "yantlukwano yesini somntu," okanye ngaba kukuphambuka (ukungazalisi) ukuphambuka kwezesondo kunye nomtsalane wesini ebantwaneni, kwizilwanyana, okanye kwizinto ezingaphili? Kule micimbi, kunye nabanye, indlela yesayensi ibe lixhoba lezimvo zezopolitiko (I-Wright kunye neCummings ngo-2005, iphe. XIV).

Cinga ngoku kulandelayo: namhlanje, kwizifundiswa, abaphandi abathi babanezo zinto kuthiwa Iinkolelo "zokuqhubela phambili" zidlula lee ezo zibanga iinkolelo "zokugcina" (UAbram ka-2016) Uluhlu olunomdla lweempapasho ezihlaziyiweyo zoontanga ziveza umbandela ofanayo zingafumaneka kwindawo yokugcina idatha yeHeterodox Academy yoluntu oluchazwe apha ngasentla (I-Heterodox Academy nd uPhando oluPhononongiweyo loontanga) Kwaye umbono we-LGBT wokusasaza yenye yezinto eziphambili zembono “yenkululeko” yanamhlanje.

Kwincoko yabucala, omnye wabalingane bam, ugqirha owenza izifundo zengqondo kunye no-Ph.D. kwesinye sezona zixeko zikhulu eRussia (wandicela ukuba ndingalichazi igama lakhe kuba esoyika iziphumo zokufumana enye indlela) wandixelela ngomgaqo olula wesayensi “yanamhlanje”, ukuze Gweba ngezihloko ezinxulumene nobungqingili: yonke into ebonisa naziphi na iinyani ezichanekileyo kubantu abathandana besini esinye iboniswa ngumzekelo wesayensi yenjongo kunye nomzekelo wenzululwazi ongumzekelo. Emva kwayo, yonke into ebonisa ukungathandabuzi ngokubhekisele kubantu besini esahlukileyo yaziwa ngokuba "kukusetyenzana kwabantu abaphambeneyo" (incoko yobuqu, nge-14 ka-Okthobha ka-2018). Ngamanye amagama, "kwisayensi yanamhlanje" ukuthandabuza "ukwenzeka" kobungqingili kuqhele ukuthandabuza "ukuqhubela phambili" ko-postmodernism nenkcubeko edumileyo. Ukuseta le nto, ukujonga nje okulula kwentetho yesayensi eyaziwayo namhlanje kwanele. Oorhulumente bamazwe atyebileyo kunye nezityebi ezingekho phantsi korhulumente baseka iinkolelo ezithile ezivumelekileyo ngokubhekisele kubantu abathandana besini esinye, ngokungathi yinto engenakuphikiswa necacileyo, njengokuthi ngabafazi kuphela abanokuzala abantu (nangona ndinoloyiko lokuba ngokukhanya okwenzekayo kwicandelo "le-transgenderism" namhlanje , lo mzekelo uya kugxekwa kabukhali).

Ukutshintsha isayensi ngokuchanekileyo kwezopolitiko

Abanye bathi impikiswano yesayensi yezopolitiko kunye noluntu kufuneka ijonge kakhulu izihloko ezininzi ngenxa yelifa elibuhlungu kwimbali yoluntu. Kodwa iinyani zesayensi azinanto yakwenza nezopolitiko. Kukho umahluko webhayoloji ocacileyo phakathi kohlanga lomntu (phenotypes) (ISarich ngo-2005), kukho umahluko webhayoloji ocacileyo phakathi kwesini somntu (I-Evans kunye ne-DeFranco 2014) njalo njalo. Ewe, ezi nyaniso zasetyenziswa ngokuyinxalenye njengezi “ngxabano” zolwaphulo-mthetho olungenakuqikelelwa kunye nembali kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, kwaye uluntu kunye noluntu kufuneka luhlale lukhumbula oku. Akukho ngxabano yokungalingani.

Nangona kunjalo, la maphepha alusizi embali akhankanywe ngasentla awabuchasi ubukho bezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwahlukana ngokwesondo ebantwini, kuba zenzeka kwindalo kwaye zimiselwe ngokwebhayoloji. Ngokomzekelo, indoda ayikwazi ukuzala ngenxa yeempawu zebhayoloji zomzimba wakhe (ukungabikho kwesibeleko, okokuqala, njengoko i-USA Today iphawulwe ngokufanelekileyo). Sinokukuphepha ukuthetha ngayo, ukufihla ezi zinto zicacileyo zendalo, okanye ukuguqula intsingiselo yegama elithi "umfazi" - oku akongezi nto kwinyaniso engagungqiyo yenzululwazi. Iinyaniso zenzululwazi zikhona kungakhathaliseki ukuba zitolikwa njani na ngeengcamango zeemfundiso zopolitiko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zidweliswe nakwesiphi na isibhengezo okanye ukuhlelwa kwezifo, kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko.

Ngokoluvo lwam, ukusekwa kwesibonakaliso esilinganayo phakathi "kokuchaneka kwezopolitiko" kunye nesayensi yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu zeli xesha lethu, kwaye le nto ithintela ubutsha kunye nokudala. Abanye abaphandi banoluvo olufanayo (Umzingeli 2005) Ngokwesi sichazi-magama sikaHarperCollins kwisiNgesi saseBritane, "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko" kuthetha "ukubonisa inkqubela phambili, ngakumbi ngokwala ukusebenzisa isigama esithathwa njengesicaphukisayo, esinocalucalulo okanye esigxekayo, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kuhlanga kunye nesini" (I-Collins English Dictionary. nd) Kwaye ngokutsho kwesichazi magama iWebster "Indlu engahleliwe" yesiNgesi saseMelika, "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko" "... kubonakaliswa, njengomthetho, ngokuzinikela kwinkolelo eqhubekayo kwimiba yobuhlanga kunye nesini, inkcubeko yesini okanye imeko yokuhlala izinto eziphilayo" (Isichazi-magama / iThesaurus nd).

Abapapashi baseKhaya uBelyakov kunye nababhali bebandla bachaze "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko" ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokungafanelekanga:

"... Ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko yenye yeemveliso zoluntu lwasemva komntu olubonakaliswe ngokwenkcubeko, inkqubo ye-anarchism, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwezentlalo kunye nokufika kubume abancinci. Idemokhrasi kuluntu olunje ibonakala njengenkqubo yezentlalontle, engabeki mandla kwesininzi, kodwa ikakhulu ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo alo naliphi na elincinci, ezantsi kuye umntu. Ngapha koko, kwanolawulo lwentando yesininzi alunakukhusela onke amalungelo abhengezwe yiyo kwaye luqinisekise ukuzalisekiswa kwamabhongo kwilungu ngalinye loluntu. Ukulinganiswa kwesisombululo kule ngxaki kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kokusetyenziswa kolwimi ngokuchanekileyo kwezopolitiko, oko kuphakamisa ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamagama kunye namabinzana malunga nohlanga kunye nesini, iminyaka, impilo, inqanaba lentlalontle, nokubonakala kwabameli bamaqela athile entlalontle anokucinga ukuba acaphukisa kwaye ayacalucalulo. Ke "ilungile kwezopolitiko" ukubiza umntu omnyama "umMelika waseMelika", umIndiya "wemveli", umntu okhubazekileyo "ukoyisa ubunzima ngenxa yemeko yakhe yomzimba (ucelomngeni ngokwasemzimbeni), kunye nendoda etyebileyo" ethe tye " ngokuthe tye), ihlwempu- "lihlelelekile", umntu ogqobhoza inkunkuma - "umqokeleli wezinto ezaliwe" (Abaqokeleli benqokelela), njl njl. ukuthintela ukubekelwa amabala 'kwezizinto ezincinci ngokwesondo ", okanye" abantu abangaqhelekanga Uqhelaniso agaetsya ukusetyenziswa kubo, umzekelo, igama elithi "gay" yaye "zobufanasini." I-morismes eyi-"ngesondo", ekuthiwa ibhekisa kwinkqubela phambili yamadoda ngaphezulu kwabasetyhini, ifunyenwe iyakhubekisa. Amagama etymologic enxulumene nengcambu "yindoda" (usihlalo), umphathi (inkosi), umphathi womlilo, umphathi-wegosa (postman) kucetywa ukuba angabandakanywa ekusebenziseni egameni likasihlalo, umphathi, umlwi womlilo, umphathi wemeyile, ngokulandelelana. . Kweso sizathu sinye, igama elithi umfazi kuya kufuneka libhalwe ngoku njengo- “womyn” (okanye owesilisa ongumfazi), endaweni yesimelabizo yena, esakhe, kufuneka asoloko esisebenzisa, yena (yena, wakhe). Ukuthintela ukubonakaliswa okukhubekisayo kwe-anthropocentrism kwizilwanyana nakwizityalo, amagama athi izilwanyana zasekhaya (izilwanyana zasekhaya) kunye nezityalo zasekhaya (izityalo zasekhaya) ezimele umntu njengomnini wazo ziyacetyiswa ukuba zithathelwe indawo ngamaqabane ezilwanyana (amahlakani ezilwanyana) kunye namaqabane ezityalo (... amaqabane ezityalo) ...UBelyakov kunye noMatveychev 2009).

Ke ngoko, "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko", ukuba sicacisa igama elithi "ngokuchanekileyo kwezopolitiko", oko kuthetha into engaphaya kohlobo lokujongwa kwabantu.

Ezinye zeenkolelo zenkcubeko yasekhohlo ziyinto yeenkolelo esidlangalaleni apho kungekho mntu unelungelo lokubuyela, nokuba ziyinzululwazi, ootitshala okanye abafundi. Nayo nayiphi na inzululwazi efuna ukufezekisa ukwamkelwa kunye nenkxaso-mali kufuneka isebenzise ulwimi "oluchanekileyo kwezopolitiko." Ke ngoko, "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko" ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba "kukukhululeka kwenkululeko", kugxininisa uhanahaniso lwenkululeko yokuzibhengeza eyabenza ukuba babe ngabathethi boluntu (Ikopi ngo-2017).

Kuyacaca ukuba "ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko" kuyigqwetha njani isayensi, kuba izitshabalalisa zonke iinkqubo nemigaqo yesayensi. Ezi nkcubeko zinokubekwa ngokubanzi njengobuntu, ukungavuleki, ukungakhathaleli, ukuthandabuza, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwisayensi njengokuba kunjalo, kunye nokunyaniseka okulula kunye nokungabikho kohanahaniso. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje into ebikade iyithathiwe ayisathathelwa ingqalelo. Okokugqibela, ukuphikisa ukuba into ethile ayinakuthenjwa kwaye ingangqinwa ngokungagungqiyo ngexesha apho kukho ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuchasene (okwaziwa zizazinzulu ezinobuchule nokungakhethi cala) kukunganyaniseki nokungathembeki.

Ngesi sihlandlo, intatheli uTom Nichols uqaphele:

"... Ndiyoyika ukuba sisuka ekuthandabuzekweni kwendalo ngokubhekisele kwiingxelo zeengcali ezahlukeneyo malunga nokupheliswa kwembono yeengcali ngolu hlobo: ngokubhekisele kuGoogle, ngokusekwe kwiWikipedia kwaye yongcitshiswa ziibhlogi ziingcali zeengcali kunye nabantu abalulamileyo, ootitshala kunye abafundi abakwaziyo kwaye banomdla ... "(I-Nichols xnumx).

I-Wikipedia kunye ne-YouTube njengomthombo "wolwazi"

IWikipedia yenye yeendawo ze-Intanethi ezityelelwayo, ezizibonakalisa njenge "encyclopedia" kwaye yamkelwe ngabantu abaninzi abangengabo iingcali kunye nabantwana besikolo njengomthombo wenyaniso ongathandabuzekiyo. Indawo yasungulwa ngo-2001 ngusomashishini waseAlabama ogama linguJimmy Wales. Ngaphambi kokuseka i-Wikipedia, uJimmy Wales wenza iprojekthi ye-Intanethi iBomis, eyasasaza iphonografi ehlawulelweyo, inyani yokuba uzama ngenkuthalo ukususa kubomi bakhe (UHansen xnumx; Ukufunda xnumx).

Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba iWikipedia ithembekile, kuba "nawuphi na umsebenzisi unokongeza inqaku okanye ahlele inqaku elikhoyo." Le yinyani engeyonyani-kwaye, enyanisweni, naluphi na ulwazi olungahambelani nezimvo ezinesidima kunye nesehlo sasekhohlo siyakujongwa ngenxa yobukho beendlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuqinisekisa inqaku phantsi kwalo apho kukho iziko elabizwa njalo abagwebi-abahleli abamele intshukumo ethile yenkululeko, umzekelo, umlamuleli osuka kwi "LGBT +" - intshukumo enokuhlela okanye ikhathale izixhobo (Jackson 2009) Ke ngoko, ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo wayo osemthethweni wokungathathi cala, i-Wikipedia inomkhethe onamandla okhetha inkululeko kunye nokukhetha okukhohlakeleyo.

Kwinqaku leFrPPageMagazine iphephabhuku, uDavid Swingle wahlalutya wabonakalisa ukuba iprojekthi yeWikipedia ibonakalisa umbono wokuba abahleli bayo bazingisa kwaye bahlala behleli, abanye babo (ngakumbi kwiindawo zongquzulwano kwezentlalo) ngabaphembeleli abafuna ukuphembelela uluvo loluntu (I-Swingle xnumx) Umzekelo, uSwingle ubaliwe:

"... Thelekisa amanqaku [eWikipedia] malunga noAnn Coulter²) malunga noMichael Moore (Michael Moore³) Inqaku malunga neCoulter lalinamagama e-9028 (kwi-9 ka-Agasti 2011 yonyaka). Kwesi sixa, amagama e-3220 ayekwicandelo "I-Contradictions and Criticism", echaza iziganeko ezininzi kunye noCoulter kwaye wacaphula iikowuti zokugxekwa ezazigxeka yena, ikakhulu phakathi kwabagxeki kunye nenkululeko. Oko kukuthi, i-35,6% yenqaku elinikezelwe kuAnn Coulter lalizinikele ukuyiveza ukukhanya okungalunganga, okunempikiswano kwaye kugcwele ukugxekwa.

Kwelinye icala, inqaku malunga neMoore lalinamagama e-2876 (eliphantse lilingana nomthamo ophakathi wamanqaku malunga neepolitiki kwi-Wikipedia), apho amagama e-130 ayekwicandelo "I-Contradictions". Le yi4,5% yenqaku elipheleleyo lama Moore.

Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba umfundi "ongacaphukiyo" ukholelwa ukuba uCoulter uphikisana amatyeli asibhozo kuneMoore? ... "(I-Swingle xnumx).

Kwinqaku lakhe, intatheli uJoseph Farah ubhala ukuba iWikipedia:

"... ayisiye kuphela osasaza ukungachaneki kunye nokukhetha icala. Lo ngumthengisi othengisayo obobuxoki kunye nokuhleba, njengokuba umhlaba ungazange wazi ... "(UFarah 2008).

Ukongeza, iWikipedia ichukunyiswa kakhulu kukunxibelelana noluntu okuhlawulelwayo kunye noochwephesha bokuphatha isithunzi abasusa naziphi na iinyani ezingalunganga malunga nabathengi babo kwaye banike umxholo okhethayo (Nceba 2007; Ukuhamba ngo-2007) Nangona ukuhlelwa okunjalo okuhlawulelweyo akuvunyelwe, iWikipedia yenza kancinane ukuthobela imithetho yayo, ngakumbi kubanikeli abakhulu.

Umseki weWikipedia uLarry Sanger, owashiya iprojekthi, uvumile ukuba iWikipedia ayilandeli umgaqo-nkqubo wayo obhengezwe ukungathathi cala (I-Arrington ngo-2016).

Umphandi uBrian Martin ubhala emsebenzini wakhe:

“...Nangona kulandelwa ngokuthe ngqo isikhokelo somsebenzisi, ukuhlelwa okucandekileyo okucwangcisiweyo kunokwenzeka kwiWikipedia, ehlala igcinwa. Ubuchwephesha bokuhlela ngokungenamkhethe kwiWikipedia ibandakanya ukucima ulwazi olwakhayo, ukongeza ulwazi olubi, ukusebenzisa imithombo yolwazi enomkhethe, kunye nokubaxa ukubaluleka kwezihloko ezithile. Ukugcina ucalucalulo ekungeneni, nokuba luphawulwe ngabanye abasebenzisi, iindlela eziphambili ziquka ukungalungisi ukungena, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yeWikipedia, kunye nokuthintela abahleli...” (UMartin 2017).

Onke amanqaku e-Wikipedia kwi-LGBT + kufuneka avunyelwe ekuthiwa abameli, kunye naziphi na izibakala ezichasene nazo ziyasuswa kwezixhobo. Inkqubo yolawulo mbambano wommeli we-LGBT + unyanzelekile kuwo onke amanqaku e-LGBT +, kwaye ngumlamli othatha isigqibo sokuba yintoni eza kupapashwa kwaye yintoni engavumi. правило I-Wikipedia.

Ke, onke amanqaku e-Wikipedia ahambelana ne-LGBT + acalucalulo, ayazenzela, kwaye amele kuphela ukudityaniswa kolwazi oluhleliweyo ngononophelo oluvela ngokuthandabuzekayo okanye ngokubanzi kungenasayensi, kwimithombo yobugcisa. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ukongeza inqaku elitsha kuphela, okanye ukongeza kwinqaku esele likho, kodwa nokutshintsha igama elinye ukuba liyaphikisana nemfundiso engachazwanga "nokuba ilungile okanye akukho nto".

Malunga nemizekelo engama-300 yokuzibandakanya kweWikipedia, kubandakanya nomba we-LGBT +, ibhalwe kwiwebhusayithi yeConservapedia (I-Conservapedia 2018).

Umzekelo, eWikipedia, ixesha elide kakhulu, inqaku elithetha ngokuziphatha kwabantu besini esifanayo phakathi kwezilwanyana (ezizimeleyo, jonga kwiSahluko 2) lalin ibinzana elingenangqondo malunga "ne-1500 iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinobungqingili", ezaziswe yiWikipedia njengenyaniso yesayensi -ukungabikho komthombo okhalayo la manani. Ngapha koko, esi siqubulo sentengiso sasungulwa ngumsebenzi weZiko loLondolozo lweNdalo laseNorway ogama linguPetter Böckmann ngexesha lokuqhutywa komboniso ngo-2006, owathi uBöckmann kunye izisiwe yena kwinqaku le-Wikipedia ngo-2007. Kwiminyaka eli-11 kuphela kamva, ulwazi lwalususiwe: ngexesha lengxoxo, uBöckman akazange akwazi ukubonelela ngomthombo kwaye wavuma ukusilela kwengxelo: 

Ekugqibeleni, njengoko abaphathi beWikipedia bebanga:

“… IWikipedia yiwebhusayithi yabucala yeWikimedia Foundation ebanjwe bucala kwaye ilawulwa ngokukodwa yiBhodi yeTrasti yeWikimedia Foundation. I-Wikipedia kunye ne-Wikimedia Foundation bakhululekile ukuseta eyabo imithetho malunga nokuba ngubani ongabhala kwaye ahlele amanqaku kule ndawo ... Njengewebhusayithi yabucala, iWikipedia inelungelo lokuvimba, ukuthintela okanye ukuthintela nawuphi na umfundi funda okanye uhlele umxholo wale ndawo nangasiphi na isizathu, okanye ngaphandle kwesizathu ... I-Wikimedia Foundation inelungelo lokutshintsha imigaqo yayo nangasiphi na isizathu ibona iyimfuneko- okanye ngaphandle kwesizathu, kuba "ufuna" ... "(I-Wikipedia: INtetho yasimahla 2018).

Yile "encyclopedia" eyona nto ingumthombo wolwazi "malunga nehlabathi elijikeleze inani elikhulu labantu abancinci ...

Omnye umthombo wolwazi lwabaseki banamhlanje yinkonzo yokubamba ividiyo ye-YouTube, engabanini bombutho omkhulu kaGoogle. Indawo yeYouTube ibekwe ngokusemthethweni njengesixhobo sasimahla esingathi asiphazamisi intetho xa sithanda i-LGBTKIAP +, okanye amabinzana anqabayo ubuqhetseba be-LGBTKIAP +. Oku akunjalo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iYouTube iye yanda ngokutyholwa ngokuthintela ukujonga okubonakalayoUCarlson 2018) Ukucolwa kwi-YouTube kwafakwa phantsi kwejelo “i-PragerU” kunye nezinye iziteshi ezibonisa umbono ohlukileyo kwezimvo zeengcinga zeenkululeko.

Iintatheli zeFoxNews zikhankanye i-memo yangaphakathi ye-YouTube efike yabakho ngo-Epreli ka-2017, eneenkcukacha zokuba kwenzeka njani ukubalwa kwevidiyo. Esinye sezizathu zokuba ubukhulu bobuchule kwi-YouTube bungabonakali ebantwini abaninzi kukuba inkampani ilungile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingacimi ividiyo nganye efuna ukucoca abantu. Endaweni yoko, "imo ethintelweyo" yaziswa iividiyo ezininzi.⁴. Iividiyo ezinjalo ziyavalwa kwiikhampasi, ezikolweni, iilayibrari, nakwezinye iindawo zikawonkewonke; abanakujongwa ngabantwana kunye nabasebenzisi abangabhaliswanga. Umxholo onqande isiza uthunyelwa ngabom ekugqibeleni, kangangokuba kunzima ukufumana. Ukongeza, banedemon: abo babathumelayo abanakukwazi ukufumana imali kubo, ngaphandle kwenani leembono.

Khawufane ucinge, umzekelo, ukuba iNew York Times iyekile ukuthengisa kwi-newsagent- ungayifumana, ewe, ngokufumana kuphela. Kwaye, ukongeza, - kuphela mahala. Oko kukuthi, abapapashi banqatshelwe ukwenza imali ngokuthengisa amaphephandaba. Ngokucacileyo, iintshukumo ezinjalo ziya kuwa phantsi kwenkcazo yokuhlolwa.

Yeyiphi indlela yokubalwa kweevidiyo ze-YouTube? Njengoko kuchaziwe kwimemo, ubalo lubandakanya, ndicaphula, "impikiswano yenkolo okanye eyonqulo", kunye "nokuphikiswa, umxholo ovusa inkanuko." Akukho nkcazo-nokuba iyintoni na - impikiswano yenkolo, ubuhlanga, inkolo okanye umxholo oxhasayo-awunikwanga. Isigqibo senziwe yiYouTube, kwaye siyipolitiki enokwenzeka.

I-FoxNews icacisa umzekelo: I-YouTube ifumene isitishi sikaPragerU njengento “evusa inkanuko” yokuzama ukuthandabuza kwisityholo sobuhlanga esidlangalaleni phakathi kwamapolisa ase-US. Ukuba awuthathi onke amapolisa aseMelika njengobuhlanga, ke ngokutsho kweYouTube, wabelana "ngento eneempikiswano kakhulu, evuselelayo." Ke ividiyo ethi "PragerU" yenziwa idemon kwaye, eneneni, ibhengeza ukuba ibangela intiyo. Kwangelo xesha, iividiyo ezithi zibububi bemvelo buhlalele kwi-YouTube ngaphandle kwezithintelo.

Imemo ibonelela ngokuqonda ngokucacileyo apho iYouTube ithatha iimvavanyo. Olu xwebhu luchaza ukuba inkampani izibophelele “kwinkululeko yobunini, kubandakanya nezibonelelo eziyimveliso yantlukwano kwaye ibandakanyiwe.” Phakathi kwabo i-YouTube ebiphathise uvavanyo lokungalingani "nomxholo ogqithisileyo" ngumbutho owabelane ngokukhululekileyo ngokukhululekileyo, kubandakanya umbono "we-LGBT +", "iZiko leNtlupheko laseMazantsi" (Ukuphembelela; Amathanga 2018).

Ukuhlukumeza Ababonisi

Inani, lixhaswe kakuhle kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amaqela anefuthe kunye nemibutho efana neZiko loMthetho loLuntu oLusweleyo, besebenzisa amava eminyaka yo-1970 yenkulungwane edluleyo (bona iSahluko se-14), dala imeko apho nasiphi na isithethi, nkqu nesayensi ngokupheleleyo , engangqinelani nothsho lwe "LGBT +", umngcipheko wokuphulukana nomsebenzi omninzi ukusuka emsebenzini ukuya empilweni. Nokuba sekuqalekeni kwexesha “isayensi esisiseko” kunye “nokuchaneka kwezopolitiko”, abaphandi abakhusela iimbono ezahlukileyo "kwinqanaba eliphambili lepati" baba semngciphekweni wokumangalelwa "ngokungakhethi mthetho", "inkohlakalo kunye nobundlobongela" (I-xnumx emileyo), "Ukungakhathalelwa, ukubekelwa ekhaya kunye nokucalula" (U-Isay 1986) Izityholo ezinjalo zixhaswa "yinkcubeko ephambili" kwimidiya kunye nokubonisa ishishini.

Unjingalwazi uRobert Spitzer (1932-2015) wayengomnye wabona babalulekileyo ngexesha lezenzo ezothusayo zobunkokheli be-American Psychiatric Association ngo-1973, wenza yonke imizamo yokukhuphela ubungqingili kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo, uSpitzer wenzela intshukumo ye "LGBT", mhlawumbi engaphaya kwabanye, ukufumana intlonipho kunye negunya kuluntu lwe-LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Nangona kunjalo, phantse emva kweminyaka engama-30, kwinkomfa yeAmerican Psychiatric Association ngo-2001, uSpitzer wanikela ingxelo kwiziphumo zakhe zamva nje zokuba “ama-66 eepesenti amadoda kunye neepesenti ezingama-44 zabafazi bafumene umgangatho olungileyo wokusebenza ngobungqingili,” oko kukuthi, “balugcinile ubudlelwane bezothando nobungqingili phakathi konyaka wonke, ukufumana ulwaneliseko olwaneleyo kubudlelwane bemvakalelo kunye neqabane labo, ikaliwe amanqaku angama-7 kwinqanaba elingu-10, ukuba neentlobano zesini neqabane lakho lokwabelana ngesondo kwi-cr ubuncinci inyanga nenyanga, kwaye awuzange okanye ucinge ukuba unomdla wonxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo ”; kamva, iziphumo zapapashwa kwijenali yoLondolozo lweSondo lweSondo (Spitzer 2001; 2003a). Oku kuchasene ngokupheleleyo ne-LGBT yeenkolelo zeemfundiso malunga nokuba yinto engenakuguqulwa yomtsalane wabantu abathandana nabo. Isihogo saqhekeka kwiSpitzer: "Namhlanje, iqhawe lombutho wesitabane ngequbuliso laba nguJudas" (van den Aarweg 2012). Inqaku lika Spitzer liye lagxekwa ngokuqatha ngabatshutshisi abaziwayo bezonyango abanjengo A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kennette Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, no Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

Into ebangela umdla kukuba, njengoko uGqr Christopher Rowickick waphawula, ezinye zezinto ezigxekayo zomsebenzi ka-Spitzer ka-2003 bezimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: uphononongo lwalusekwe kudliwanondlebe lwabantu kwisampula ethathwe kwimibutho yokubonisana kunye noMbutho weSizwe woFundo kunye noNyango loBungqingili (NARTH) (Wilde 2004 ) Eli lelona nqanaba liphezulu lohanahaniso: umsebenzi apho iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-LGBT zathiwa zagxekwa ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo neyasetyenziswa kumsebenzi wokubhengezwa we-LGBT, umzekelo ukufundwa kukaShidlo noSchroeder kwakusekwe kwiingxelo zobuqu (uSidlo kunye noSchroeder 2002 ) Ngapha koko, yonke inzululwazi yezengqondo kunye nezinye iinzululwazi zezentlalo zixhomekeke kakhulu kunxibelelwano lomntu kunye neengxelo zokuziphanda zezinto zophando. Ukongeza, uninzi lweempapasho eziqinisekileyo ze-LGBT malunga nabantwana abakhuliswe ngabasetyhini abathandana nabo besini esinye kwaye isekwe kwiisampulu ezincinci eziqokelelwe yimibutho yamafanasini (Amanqaku ka-2012).

Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka elishumi yentiyo ngakuye, uSpitzer wanikezela. Kwiminyaka engama-80 ubudala, wabhala ileta eya kubahleli bezoLondolozo lwezoSondo emcela ukuba arhoxise inqaku (Spitzer 2012). Uye wacela uxolo kuluntu lonke lwabantu abathandana nabantu abatshatileyo "ngokwenzakala." UGqr van den Aardweg ukhumbula incoko yomnxeba kunye noNjingalwazi Spitzer, ixesha elithile emva kokupapashwa kwenqaku lakhe ngo-2003, apho wayethetha ngokuzama ukumelana nabagxeki: (Spitzer 2003b): “Ndambuza ukuba angaluqhubekekisa uphando, okanye azame Ngaba uyasebenza nabantu abaneengxaki zobungqingili abafuna uncedo “olongezelelekileyo”, oko kukuthi, uncedo kunye nenkxaso ukuze batshintshe umdla wabo wesini esingathandani nesini esahlukileyo ... Impendulo yakhe ibingacacanga. Hayi, akasayi kuphinda achukumise ngalo mbandela. Waphantse waphuka ngokweemvakalelo emva kohlaselo olubi olwenziwa ngabantu abathandana nesini kunye nabaxhasi babo. Yayingumjelo wentiyo. Umntu unokwaphuka ngokwenene ngamava abuhlungu. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Omnye umphandi o imisebenzi yakhe ihlala icatshulwe ngabalinganisi abathandana nabantu abathandanayo, nguNjingalwazi Charles Roselli we Dyunivesithi yase Oregon. Unjingalwazi uRoselli ufunda iinkqubo ze-neurobiological kwiimodeli zezinja zasekhaya. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lomsebenzi wakhe, uNjingalwazi uRoselli wenza uvavanyo lokufunda indlela yokuziphatha yezilwanyana zasekhaya ezinobungqingili. Ucebise ukuba ukungalingani kwehomoni ye-intrauterine kungaphazamisa ukusebenza ngokwesondo kweenkunzi zeegusha. Kwimpapasho yakhe yokuqala ngalo mbandela, izifundo zikaNjingalwazi uRoselli zigxile kuphela ekuphuculeni ukufuywa kweegusha kunye neziphumo zalo kuqoqosho, kwaye uRoselli uvumile ukuba imfundiso yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwabantu ihambelana neemodeli zezilwanyana, esithi: "Izifundo ezijolise ekuqondeni izinto ezilawula indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuzala Iigusha zibaluleke ngokucacileyo ekufuyeni iigusha. Olu lwazi lufunyenwe kwi-hormonal, neural, genetic, kunye nemeko yokusingqongileyo emisela izinto ezikhethwa ngamaqabane esini kufuneka zivumele ukhetho olungcono lweegusha ngenjongo yokuzala kwaye ngenxa yoko inexabiso lezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lukwanemeko ebanzi yokuqonda ukuphuculwa kunye nokulawulwa kwezizathu zesini kunye nokukhethwa kweqabane kwiindidi zezilwanyana ezincelisayo, kubandakanya abantu. Ngokumalunga noku, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba indlela yokuziphatha kwenkunzi yegusha ejolise kwenye indoda ayinakulingana ngqo nobungqingili bomntu, kuba inkcubeko yesini somntu ibandakanya ukuqonda, iingcinga kunye namava, kunye nokuziphatha okubonakalayo ngokwesini. ”(Roselli 2004, iphe. . 243).

Kwinqaku lakhe lokuphonononga ngo-2004, uNjingalwazi uRoselli wavuma ukuba akazange afumane ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bengcamango yakhe [ye-intrauterine hormonal imbalance], kwaye wakhankanya iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza ukuziphatha ngokwesini esifanayo kwezinye iinkunzi zeegusha (Roselli 2004, iphe. 236 - 242). Kwimisebenzi yakhe, u-Roselli wayenovelwano kakhulu kubantu be-LGBT kwiindlela zakhe kunye nokutolika, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akazange nangayiphi na indlela abonise iimbono ze-LGBT ezithandabuzayo.

Nangona kunjalo, uNjingalwazi Roselli wayehlushwa kwaye watshutshiswa ngabalweli be-LGBT yokuvula ii-autopsies kwilebhu yakhe - nangona ngokucacileyo ayikho enye indlela yexabiso eliphantsi yokufunda i-ram anatomy (iCloud 2007). URoselli wabhengeza kwangoko "ukubulala abantu basekhaya" kunye "nokuba nefayilisha". Kwinqaku elinomxholo othi "Zisa iigusha!" kwiLondon Sunday Times, uRoselli wabizwa ngokuba "yintloko yeyelenqe elifihlakeleyo lokutshutshiswa kwabantu besini esinye" (Ersly 2013, iphe. 48). Umbutho we-PETA, omelwe ngummeli wakhe, umsasazi owaziwayo wezemidlalo kunye nomzabalazo we-LGBT + intshukumo uMartina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), wazibandakanya kwisiphithiphithi esonyukayo. Amatshantliziyo athumele iRoselli kunye nabasebenzi abahlukeneyo beDyunivesithi yase-Oregon malunga namakhulu amabini eeleta ezinesoyikiso nezithuko ("kufuneka udubule!", "Nceda ufe!", Njl.) (Umhla ka-20, iphe. 2013).

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, xa uRoselli, mhlawumbi wafundiswa ngamava akrakra okuphikisa iingcinga eziphambili, watshintshela kwingxoxo ye "LGBT +" - intshukumo, kwinqaku elilandelayo wabhala: "Ukukhethwa kwamaqabane ezesondo ebantwini kungafundwa kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ezizodwa ... Ngaphandle kokungafezeki , iimvavanyo ezikhethwayo zamaqabane ezilwanyana zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa indlela umntu aziqhelanisa ngayo nezesondo ”(Roselli 2018, p.

UGqr Ray Milton Blanchard weYunivesithi yaseToronto unegunya kwi-sexology kwaye wakhonza kwi-American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity Subcommittee eyaphuhlisa ukuhlelwa kwe-DSM-IV. UGqr. UBlanchard ucinge ukuba umtsalane wobufanasini (kubandakanya i-pedophilia yabantu abathandana besini esifanayo) kunye ne-transsexualism (i-DSM-IV yesazisi sesini, ngoku i-DSM-5 i-dysphoria yesini) ibangelwa ziimpendulo ezikhethekileyo zokhuselo lomzimba zamadoda ezifanayo nezo zesini samadoda. Ukungahambelani (Blanchard 1996) . Nangona intetho yenzululwazi kaGqr. Blanchard inqande kakhulu kwaye iphantse i-LGBT-propagandistic, uyatshutshiswa ngamatshantliziyo e-LGBT ngenxa yenkolelo yakhe yokuba i-transsexualism yingxaki yengqondo. Le yinto yonyeliso kwiingcamango zale mihla ze-LGBT, yiyo loo nto uGqr. Ngaphezu koko, ngodliwano-ndlebe, uBlanchard wathi: "Ndiza kuthi, ukuba ungaqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, ungayinaki yonke imbali yokukhutshwa kobungqingili kwi-DSM, ubulili obuqhelekileyo bumalunga nokuzala" (Cameron 2003). Ngokuphathelele i-transsexualism, uGqr Blanchard wathi: "Isinyathelo sokuqala kwipolitiki ye-transsexualism-nokuba unxamnye nayo okanye uchasene nayo-kukungahoywa okanye ukukhanyela ubume bayo obusisiseko njengohlobo lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo" (Blanchard 2013 on Twitter).

Umlweli weLGBT ovela kwiprojekthi yeBilerico wabhala ngoBlanchard: “Ukuba uGqr. Kodwa oku akunjalo - ngokuchaseneyo, wayekwikomiti ye-American Psychiatric Association ejongene ne-paraphilias kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokwesondo "(Tannehill 2014). Ukuba ufumana intsingiselo echanekileyo, i-activist iyakhalaza ukuba uDkt Blanchard "unegunya" kungenjalo "kuya kuba lula ukugxeka." Kuko konke.

Ugqirha uMark Regnerus weDyunivesithi yaseTexas wayengenagunya likaBlanchard xa wapapasha iziphumo zakhe ngo-2012 kwiphepha-ndaba loontanga eliPhononongwa kwiSayensi yezeNtlalontle ukuba ubudlelwane bobungqingili babazali buchaphazela kakubi abantwana (Regnerus 2012). Olu papasho lubangele isiphumo sebhombu eqhumayo kude ngaphaya koluntu lwenzululwazi olusebenza kwicandelo loluntu losapho. Oku kufunyanwa kuphikisana nolona phawu luphambili, olwalusekwe kwindawo yesayensi yenkululeko yaseMelika ukusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000 malunga nokungabikho kwempembelelo yabazali yokuzibandakanya kwezesondo kwabantwana kwaye yabangela ingqumbo yemibutho yoluntu engatshatanga. Kwangoko uRegnerus wabizwa ngokuba "ngu-Homophobia" kwaye watyholwa ngenxa yeziphumo zakhe ngokuchasene nokutshatiswa ngokusemthethweni “komtshato” wobungqingili (ibali lalenze ngaphambi kwesigqibo esaziwayo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMelika), nangona uRegnerus engazange abeke phambili ezo ngxoxo nqaku. Imithombo yeendaba yenkululeko yada yabiza iRegnerus ngokuthi "yindlovu kwivenkile ethengisa izinto zasekuhlaleni" (Ferguson 2012).

Isazi sezeNtlalontle uGary Gates, umlawuli weZiko lezeNtlalontle kunye nesazisi soSini kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, ukhokele iqela lamakhulu amabini ezesayensi ye-LGBT etyikitye ileta eya kumhleli-oyintloko wephephabhuku leSayensi yezeNtlalontle ebacela ukuba batyumbe iqela lenzululwazi elinamava akhethekileyo kubuzali be-LGBT Ukubhala isiphelo esineenkcukacha esipheleleyo senqaku nguRegnerus (Gates 2012).

Imeko ephambili yale meko kukuba uGary Gates, ohleli kubudlelwane besini esinye, wagxekwa kabukhali ngabaphembeleli be-LGBT “njengomrhwebi kwiinjongo” (Ferguson 2012) ngokupapasha ufundisiso lokuba ziipesenti ezi-3,8 kuphela zabantu baseMelika abazichaza njengamafanasini ( Amasango ka-2011a). Oku kuchasene nengxelo ye- "10%" yomsebenzi we-entomologist eyaziwayo uAlfred Kinsey, emele enye yeemfundiso ezisasazekayo ze-LGBT. Njengoko uGates wabelane ngokungagungqiyo, "Xa uphando lwam lwalupapashwa okokuqala, iibhloging ezaziwayo kunye nabalandeli bazo bandibiza ngokuba" andinatyala, "baqhayisa ngomsebenzi wam, bade bandithelekisa neNazi” (Gates 2011b).

Ngayiphi na imeko, unyaka nje kamva, uGates wakhokelela kwintshutshiso kaRegnerus kunye nophando lwayo lwe-LGBT. Isishoshovu se-LGBT uScott Rose uthumele ileta eya kumongameli weDyunivesithi yaseTexas, efuna ukuba izohlwaywe nguRegnerusi ngokuthi ayipapashe “njengento elungileyo” (iRose ngo-2012). Iyunivesithi iphendule ngelithi sele iqalile kuvavanyo lokujonga ukuba ngaba upapasho lwaseRegneruso lunayo na “into enqabileyo” yokuqalisa uphando olusemthethweni. Uphicotho-zincwadi alukhange lubonakalise nakuphi na ukungangqinelani kwizenzo zeRegnerus ngemigangatho yokuziphatha esemgangathweni, kwaye akukho phando lwalwazisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ibali lalisekude. U-Regnerus uye wahlukunyezwa yi-blogosphere, imithombo yeendaba, kunye nokushicilelwa okusemthethweni, kungekuphela nje kwindlela yokugxeka umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi (iindlela zokuhlalutya kunye nokulungiswa kwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani), kodwa nakwindlela yokuthuka umntu kunye nezisongelo zempilo kunye nobomi (iWood 2013).

UChristian Smith, unjingalwazi kwezokuhlalisana koluntu kunye nomphathi weZiko lokuFunda ngeNkolo kunye noMbutho kwiYunivesithi yaseNotre Dame, ugqabaze ngesi sigameko: "Abo bahlasela uRegnerus abanakho ukuzamkela ekuhleni iinjongo zabo zezopolitiko, ke icebo labo yayikukumdumaza ukuqhuba "isayensi embi". Obu buxoki. Inqaku lakhe [leRegnerus] aligqibekanga- kwaye akukho nqaku liqinisekileyo. Kodwa ngokwembono yesayensi, oku akukho nto imbi kunaleyo ihlala ipapashwa kwiijenali zentlalo. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuba uRegnerus wayepapashe iziphumo ezichaseneyo esebenzisa indlela efanayo, bekungayi kubakho mntu ukhalaze ngeendlela zakhe. Ukongeza, akukho namnye wabagxeki bakhe ovakalise inkxalabo yendlela malunga nezifundo zangaphambili kwisihloko esinye, iziphoso zazo zazinzulu kakhulu kunesithintelo esixoxwe ngokweenkcukacha kwinqaku likaRegnerus. Ngokucacileyo, izifundo ezibuthathaka ezifikelela kwisigqibo "esifanelekileyo" zamkelekile kunezifundo ezomeleleyo ezivelisa iziphumo "ezothusayo" (Smith 2012).

Ugqirha Lawrence Meyer noGqr.Paul McHugh, opapashe uphononongo olubanzi lophando lwenzululwazi eNew Atlantis, enesihloko esithi Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye nesini: Iziphumo ezivela kwi-Biological, Psychological, kunye nezeSayensi yezeNtlalontle, ziphantsi koxinzelelo olunzima oluvela kumbutho we-LGBT + (Hodges 2016). Kumsebenzi wabo, ababhali babonakalise ngobunono kwaye babonisa ngononophelo ubunyani bentsingiselo yobufanasini ngokunxulumene nonobangela wokutsala abantu abathandana besisini esinye, baqukumbela ngelithi "uhlalutyo lweziphumo zophando lwebhayoloji, lwengqondo nolwezentlalo ... alutyhilanga nabuphi na ubungqina bezenzululwazi zezinye zezona zinto zisasazwayo malunga nesini" (Mayer kunye noMcHugh 2016, iphe. 7).

UGqr Quentin van Mieter, osebenza kwi-Mayer kunye noMcHugh kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hop Hop, bathi ekuqaleni, uMayer noMcHugh baceba ukupapasha inqaku labo kwezinye zeempapasho eziphezulu zophando ezenziwe ngoontanga, kodwa abahleli babagatya kaninzi, becacisa into yokuba umsebenzi wabo "Ayilunganga ipolitiki" (Van Meter 2017).

Inqaku likaMayer kunye noMcHugh lahlaselwa ngoko nangoko ngobudlova ngabahlaseli be-LGBT + -intshukumo. IPhulo lamaLungelo oluNtu (HRC), ethi, ngokwewebhusayithi yayo, ibe ngummeli omkhulu we-LGBT kwaye inebhajethi yonyaka emalunga nezigidi ezingama-50 zeedola, ipapashe ingxelo ngoMayer noMcHugh, isithi aba babhali "Ukulahlekisa", "ukusasaza intiyo", njl. Amatshantliziyo aqala ukubeka uxinzelelo kubahleli beli phephabhuku, efuna ukungcolisi inqaku (Hanneman 2016). Abahleli beli phephabhuku bade banyanzelwa ukuba bapapashe ileta yaseburhulumenteni bephendula izityholo zakwa-HRC ezazibizwa ngokuba yi “Lies and Bullying from the Human Rights Campaign,” apho banika izimvo kwezinye zezona zihlaselo ziqatha. Abahleli beNew Atlantis bathi: "Le nzame ilisikizi yoyikisa yinto etshabalalisayo, ejolise ekutshabalaliseni ukungavisisani okuhloniphayo kwimicimbi yezenzululwazi ephikisanayo. Iqhinga lobuchule bolu hlobo lujongela phantsi imeko yophando olukhululekileyo nolungavulwanga, ekufuneka amaziko ezenzululwazi axhase ”(Abahleli beThe New Atlantis 2016).

I-orgy efanayo evela kubasebenzi be-LGBT ihambelana nokupapashwa kukaDkt Lisa Littman, uprofesa oncedisayo wezokuziphatha kunye nezenhlalakahle kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown. UGqr. Littman wafunda izizathu zoqhaqho "kwi-dysphoria yesini esikhawulezayo" (igama le-adolescent transsexualism) phakathi kwabantu abancinci kwaye bagqiba kwelokuba umnqweno wabo wequbuliso wokwabiwa kwakhona ngokwesini unokusasazeka ngoontanga kwaye inokuba yindlela yokuhlangabezana nobudala. -ubunzima obunxulumeneyo (Littman 2018). Ngaphambi kokuba bazichaze "i-transgender," abakwishumi elivisayo babukela iividiyo malunga nokwabiwa kwakhona ngokwesini, banxibelelana nabagqithileyo kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo, kwaye bafunde izixhobo "ze-transgender". Ukongeza, abaninzi babe ngabahlobo kunye ne-transsexuals enye okanye ngaphezulu. Isinye kwisithathu sabaphenduli baxela ukuba ukuba ngaba bebenomntwana omnye ofikisayo kwintlalontle yabo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabakwishumi elivisayo kweli qela baye baqala ukuchonga njenge "transgender." Iqela apho i-50% yamalungu ayo abe "i-transgender" ngamaxesha e-70 aphezulu kunokuba kulindeleke ukuxhaphaka kwesi siganeko phakathi kwabantu abatsha. Ukongeza, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-dysphoria yesini, i-62% yabaphenduli babenoxilongo olunye okanye ngaphezulu lwempilo yengqondo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kwaye kwi-48% yamatyala, abaphenduli baye bafumana isiganeko esothusayo okanye esicinezelayo ngaphambi kokuqala kwe "dysphoria yesini," kubandakanya ukuxhatshazwa, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, okanye ukuqhawula umtshato kwabazali. UGqr. Littman wacebisa ukuba kubizwe. ukosuleleka ekuhlaleni kunye nokosulela phakathi kwabantu kudlala indima ebalulekileyo koonobangela bokuphazamiseka kwesazisi ngokwesini. Eyokuqala "kukusasazeka kwempembelelo okanye ukuziphatha kwiqela labantu" (Marsden 1998). Okwesibini "yinkqubo apho umntu kunye noontanga bachaphazela ngokulinganayo ngeendlela ezikhuthaza iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha okunokuthi kuphazamise ukuphuhliswa kwabo okanye ukulimaza abanye" (Dishion kunye neTipsord 2011). Iziphumo zophononongo ziye zafakwa nakwiwebhusayithi yeYunivesithi yaseBrown. Kodwa olu papasho, njengoko bekulindelekile, kwahlangatyezwana nezityholo ezibuhlungu ze "transphobia" kunye neemfuno zokuvalelwa. Ulawulo lweyunivesiti lungene ngokukhawuleza kwaye lususe ngokukhawuleza inqaku lophando kwiwebhusayithi yalo. Ngokutsho komphathi, amatshantliziyo asekuhlaleni eyunivesithi “abonise inkxalabo yokuba iziphumo zophononongo zingasetyenziselwa ukugxeka iinzame zokuxhasa ulutsha olutshintshe isini kunye nokungahoyi iimbono zamalungu oluntu olutshintshe isini” (Kearns 2018).

Unjingalwazi uJeffrey S. Flier, owayesakuba ngumphathi weSikolo Sezamayeza saseHarvard, wagqabaza ngalo mbandela: “Kuyo yonke le minyaka ndisesikolweni, andizange ndiyibone intsabelo enjalo kwiphephancwadi kwiintsuku eziliqela emva kokupapashwa kwenqaku elalisele lihlolisisiwe liphephancwadi. , ihlolwe ngoontanga, yaza yamkelwa.” ukuze ipapashwe. Umntu unokucinga kuphela ukuba le mpendulo yayiyimpendulo enkulu kwingcinezelo enzulu kunye nezisongelo - ezicacileyo okanye ezicacileyo - ukuba i-backlash embi kakhulu yentlalo yoluntu yayiza kwenzeka kwi-PLOS One ukuba akukho nyathelo lokuvavanya "(Flier 2018).

Unjingalwazi uKenneth Zucker weDyunivesithi yaseToronto ngumphathi wangaphambili (owavalwa ngoDisemba ngo-2015) Ikliniki yesazisi sabantwana kunye neentsapho kwiZiko leZonyango kunye ne-Mental Health (CAMH).

Unjingalwazi uZucker upapashe uluhlu lwezinto ezincomekayo malunga nokuphazamiseka kwesini, ebelilungu leqela leDSM-IV kunye neDSM-IV-TR yokuchonga amaqela kwaye wakhokelela kwiqela elisebenzayo le-American Psychiatric Association's Working group for "I-DSM-5." Unjingalwazi uZucker akanakubizwa ngokuba ngumthandabuzi we-LGBT, kwaye kwakuphantsi kobunkokeli bakhe ukuba i-American Psychiatric Association "yahlaziya" ukufunyanwa kwesifo "sesazisi sesini" ku "dysphoria yesini," lisusa igama elithi "ukungahambi kakuhle" kubuchwephesha ukuya kufikelela kuthando lwabantu be-LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Enye indlela okanye enye, kwiklinikhi yangaphambili yeSini, uNjingalwazi Zucker wasebenza kunye nezigulane ezineminyaka eyi-3 ukuya kwi-18 iminyaka, ngokuchasene nemigaqo ephambili yeenkonzo zabantwana "ezinesini" eCanada, ezibonelela ngalo lonke uncedo olunokwenzeka kwinguqu yesini. abantwana abanjalo - inkxaso ekubonakaliseni isini esinqwenelekayo ngokutshintsha amagama, iimpahla, ukuziphatha kunye nezinye iindlela - de abantwana bafikelele kwiminyaka esemthethweni yokuhlinzwa kunye nokuthatha amahomoni. Endaweni yoko, uGqr. Zucker wayekholelwa ukuba kule minyaka incinci, isazisi sesini sikhulu kakhulu kwaye i-dysphoria yesini iya kuncipha ngokuhamba kwexesha (uZucker noBradley 1995). Le ndlela yayichasene neengcamango ze-LGBT, kwaye umsebenzi kaDkt Zucker sele uphantsi koxinzelelo lwabasebenzi be-LGBT. Nangona kukho ubukho obuqatshelweyo beendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango lwe-disorder identity disorder (Ehrensaft 2017), ukulawulwa kweZiko le-Addiction kunye neMpilo yengqondo yagqiba ekubeni iqhube uphicotho lwemisebenzi kaDkt Zucker (Thompson 2015). Ababuyekezi abakhethiweyo babhala kwingxelo yabo, "Ngexesha lokuphonononga, iindimu ezimbini eziphambili zavela njengenkxalabo kubabuyekezi: okokuqala, ukuba iKliniki ibonakala isebenza njengento engaphandle kwi-Addiction and Mental Health Centre ngokukodwa uluntu ngokubanzi, kwaye - okwesibini, imisebenzi yeKliniki ayibonakali ihambelane neklinikhi yanamhlanje kunye nomsebenzi wokusebenza. Ingxelo evela kubathengi kunye nabachaphazelekayo iye yakhayo kwaye ingalunganga malunga neKliniki. Abanye abantu ababefudula besebenzisa iinkonzo zabo babeyivuyela kakhulu inkonzo abayifumeneyo, ngelixa abanye bevakalelwa kukuba indlela yeengcaphephe yayingenamsebenzi, iyakhathaza kwaye ayiloncedo. Uluntu lwezobuchwephesha luye lwaqaphela igalelo lezifundo zeKliniki, ngelixa abanye abachaphazelekayo baye bavakalisa inkxalabo malunga nemodeli yangoku yokhathalelo. " (CAMH 2016).

Abahlalutyi baphinde babhala ukuba bamema abathathi-nxaxheba abangabonakaliyo ukuba baphawule ngamava abo ekliniki, enye ichaza ukuba uDkt Zucker "wamcela ukuba akhulule ihempe yakhe phambi kwabanye oogqirha ababekhona, wahleka xa evuma, waza wambiza. 'i-parasite encinci enoboya.' (Singal 2016a). UGqr. Zucker wagxothwa ngoko nangoko (umsebenzi wesibini wekliniki osisigxina, uGqr. Haley Wood, waye wagxothwa kwangethuba), ngoko ke iklinikhi yoSazisi ngokweSini yavalwa. Ewe, into yokuba "abanye abachaphazelekayo babonisa inkxalabo" (nangona into yokuba i-Gender Identity Clinic ifumene ukuqatshelwa kwezemfundo) kunye nesityholo esingenabungqina sonyango olungekho mthethweni-okuthi, ngendlela, emva koko yahoxiswa ngummangaleli (Singal 2016b) —yayanele ukwenza uvavanyo olungqongqo.

UGqr Robert Oscar Lopez weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia State, yena ke wakhuliswa ngababini abathandana besini esinye, waziphatha njengendoda nobungqingili, wapapasha isincoko ngo-2012, "Ukukhula NgoMama Ababini: Imbono yaBantwana ye-Untold", ebalisa ngamava akhe angathandekiyo akhulisa isibini abasetyhini, abathi kamva bamguqula waba yi-LGBT ethandabuzayo ngomtshato wabantu abathandana nabo. Oku kukhokelele ekuxhaphazeni ngokukhawuleza nasekubhengezeni iiblogi (Flaherty 2015). U-Lopez uqhubeke nokubhala kwintetho efanayo, ngenxa yoko wabandakanywa kuluhlu lwe "ntetho yentiyo" yemibutho yeendaba ze-LGBT ezinjenge-Human Rights Campaign (abasebenzi be-HRC ngo-2014) kunye no-GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Nasiphi na isitatimende esothusayo se-LGBT-sikwa kwangoko yaziwa ngokuba yinzondo.

Oku kungqinwa ngumfazi okhuliswe kwisini esinye, u-Heather Barwick, owapapasha imvakalelo yakhe-ngaphakathi kwe-ghetto yolwazi yeendaba zosasazo-ileta evulekileyo eya kwi "LGBT +" - yoluntu. U-Barwick uthe ngokungafaniyo nabantwana abasindileyo kuqhawulo-mtshato, kwaye ngokungafaniyo nabantwana abamkelwe ngabantu abatshatileyo, abantu abatshatileyo bayagxekwa ukuba bathatha isigqibo sokukhalaza ngemeko yabo: “… Baninzi kakhulu kuthi. Uninzi lwethu luyoyikeka ukuba luthethe kwaye likuxelele malunga nokubandezeleka kunye neentlungu zethu, kuba nangasiphi na isizathu, kubonakala ngathi awumameli. Yintoni ongafuni ukuyiva. Ukuba sithi siyasokola ngenxa yokukhuliswa ngabazali besini esifanayo, singahoywa okanye sibizwa njengabathiyileyo ... ”(Barwick 2015). Emva kwenyanga, enye intombi yesibini esithandanayo yapapasha ileta yayo evulekileyo, igxeka inkcubeko yobuzwilakhe yabahlali be "LGBT +" kuyo: "... andinakuze ndizithathe njengabantu abanganyamezeliyo nabazicingela bodwa njengoluntu lwe-LGBT, olufuna unyamezelo olushushu nolunomdla, kodwa ayibonisi ukunyamezelana, ngamanye amaxesha nakumalungu ayo. Ngapha koko, olu luntu luhlasela nabani na ongavumelani nalo, nokuba ungavumelani ngentliziyo kangakanani na ... ”(Walton 2015).

Ukugqwethwa kwesayensi ngenxa yembono

Iinzululwazi kunye nabo bonke abantu abanxulumene nesayensi kufuneka bahlale bezama ukuhlala ngaphandle kwenkcubeko kunye nokuqhubeka kwezopolitiko njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yabo yenzululwazi. Inzululwazi njengomnqweno ongapheliyo wobuntu wokufuna ulwazi malunga nehlabathi elisingqongileyo sigqiba kwelokuba yintoni "elungileyo", esekwe kubungqina, hayi "iinkxalabo ezivezwe ngabantu abanomdla ekuhlaleni". Ukuba abukho ubungqina obunjalo okanye bayaphikisana, ke sinokuthetha kuphela ngethiyori kunye nee-hypotheses. Inzululwazi kufuneka ibe yeyendalo iphela, oko kukuthi, isebenzise iindlela ezifanayo zokutolikwa kovavanyo kunye nophando. Akukho upapasho olulungileyo; umsebenzi ngamnye wesayensi uneentsilelo kunye nokusilela. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isifundo okanye ushicilelo oluneziphumo ze-LGBT-ityhile isiseko sendlela yokusebenza, kwaye olu thintelo aluvumeli ukuququnjelwa kokugqibela, emva koko ukuthintelwa kwendlela efanayo kuchongiwe kufundo okanye ushicilelo oluneziphumo ze-LGBT ngendlela efanayo ayivumeli ukuzoba izigqibo zokugqibela. Umzekelo, iindlela ezininzi zokulinganiselwa ziye zaboniswa kumsebenzi owaziwayo wokunxibelelana we-LGBT ka-Alfred Kinsey (NgeThan 1948; Maslow noSakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) kunye no-Evelyn Hooker (Cameron no Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Nangona kunjalo, le misebenzi ithathwa njengemizekelo equlathe "iinyani ezikholisayo nezingqinayo zesayensi" ezazisetyenziselwa ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kwezopolitiko nakwezopolitiko. Kwangelo xesha, nakuphi na ukuthintelwa kupapasho lwe-LGBT-skeptical empeleni kuyayitshintsha kwaye kuyiguqula ibe "pseudoscience." Ngaphandle koko, lo ngumzekelo weklasi wento kunye nelog esweni.

UGqr Lauren Marx waseLouisiana State University wapapasha ngonyaka ka-2012 uphononongo lwamaphepha angama-59 ezenzululwazi (iiMaki zika-2012) kubantwana abakhuliswe ngabalingani besini esinye; la maphepha asetyenziswa njengesizathu sengxelo ye-American Psychological Association's statement yokuba akukho mpembelelo kubudlelwane phakathi kwabazali abathandana abakhoyo (APA 2005). UMarx wakhankanya iintsilelo ezininzi kunye nokusikelwa umda kwale misebenzi. Uphononongo lukaGqr. Marx aluzange luthathelwe ingqalelo yimibutho yophando ekhokelayo kuphela, kodwa lwabizwa ngokuba "luphando olusezantsi," olwalungafanelekanga kwijenali epapasha uphando lwantlandlolo. (Bartlett 2012).

Kwiinkalo ezininzi, njengoko kubonisiwe apha ngasentla, abaphandi bayoyika ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bayakuphepha ukuveza iziphumo zokuthandabuza ze-LGBT, kwaye bade bala ukusebenza kwezi ndlela "zingavumelekanga". Ngaba le nto iyayigqwetha inzululwazi? Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Umzekelo, owayesakuba nguMongameli weAmerican Psychological Association (1979-1980), uGqirha Nicholas Cummings, ukholelwa ekubeni inzululwazi yezentlalo iyawohloka kuba iphantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwamatsha ntliziyo. UGqr. Cummings wathi xa iAmerican Psychological Association iqhuba uphando, ikwenza oko kuphela "xa besazi ukuba izakuba yintoni ... zifundo kuphela ezineziphumo ezifanelekileyo ezamkelekileyo" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Omnye owayesakuba ngumongameli weAmerican Psychological Association (1985-1986), uGqr. Robert Perloff, wathi: "... Umbutho wezengqondo waseMelika 'ulunge kakhulu kwezopolitiko' ... kwaye uthobela kakhulu iimfuno ezizodwa ..." (Murray 2001).

UClevenger emsebenzini wakhe wachaza ucalucalulo olunxulumene nenkqubo yokupapashwa kwamanqaku ngesihloko esingungqingili (Clevenger 2002). Ubonise ukuba kukho ucalucalulo olunokuthi luthintele ukupapashwa kwalo naliphi na inqaku elingahambelani nokuqonda okuthile kwezopolitiko nakwezopolitiko. U-Clevenger uqukumbela ukuba i-American Psychological Association, njengeminye imibutho yobungcali, iya ikhula ngakumbi kwezopolitiko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthandabuzekeni malunga nokuchaneka kwengxelo zabo kunye nokungakhethi kwemisebenzi yabo, nangona basahlonitshwa kwaye besetyenziswa kwezomthetho. Imiba. Iingcamango zabaphandi eziphikisana nemfundiso yenkululeko ziyatyiswa kwaye zihlehlelwe.

Thatha, umzekelo, isifundo sika-2014 esinesihloko esithi "Xa unxibelelwano lutshintsha iingqondo: Uvavanyo lokudluliselwa kwenkxaso yokulingana ngokwesini ', apho uMichael Lacourt waseLos Angeles wavavanya iimpendulo abahlali kumbuzo onxulumene nento ekuthiwa "Ukufaka ngokusemthethweni" umtshato wesini esifanayo esuselwa kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-interviewers (uLaCour noGreen 2014). U-LaCourt uxele ukuba xa udliwanondlebe wabonakala njengobufanasini, oku kwandise kakhulu amathuba okuphendula okuqinisekileyo. Iziphumo ziphinda zisasazeke kwiintloko zeendaba eziphambili. I-LaCourt sele iphantse yaba yinkwenkwezi. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuthiwa ukuba ubukrwada bakhe bambulalela xa umfundi onomdla ngokungathandabuzekiyo wafumanisa ukuba uLaCourt wayeyinyanzela ngokupheleleyo idatha ekufundeni kwakhe (Brockman et al. 2015). Ukupapashwa kukaLaCourt kwakhunjulwa (McNutt 2015), kodwa, kwakhona, iindaba zokukhumbula azizange zisasazeke kwimithombo yeendaba.

Intatheli uNaomi Riley uchaza imeko yokupapashwa kukaMark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). Ngo-2014, unjingalwazi waseYunivesithi yaseColumbia uMark Hatzenbühler wathi wafumanisa oku kulandelayo: amafanasini ahlala kwiindawo ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo “wokucalucalulwa” wayenobomi obuphantsi beminyaka eli-12 ephantsi kunabo bahlala kwiindawo “ezikhululekileyo”. Ukuqonda okungcono: Umahluko weminyaka eli-12 ungaphezu komehluko ofanayo phakathi kwabatshayayo nabangatshayiyo. Ngokwendalo, iindaba zokufunda kukaHatzenbühler zasasazeka kuzo zonke iindaba eziphambili, ngelixa abaxhasi abebesabelana ngesondo bafumana ingxoxo "yesayensi" njengesiqhelo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi ndawo ezithengisa amajelo osasazo epapashe kwiphephandaba I-Science Science kunye ne-Medicine ukuba umphandi uMark Texas University, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas, wazama ukuphindaphinda iziphumo zeHatzenbühler kwaye wafumana idatha eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo - akukho mpembelelo "yenqanaba lokucalucalulwa" malunga nolindelo lobomi besini esifanayo. (Regnerus 2017). U-Regnerus uzamile ngokunyaniseka iindlela ezilishumi zokubala amanani ukuzama ukuchaza idatha echazwe nguHatzenbühler, kodwa akukho ndlela ibenye ebonise iziphumo zobalo. U-Regnerus waqukumbela: "Izinto eziguqukayo kuphando lwantlandlolo lweHatzenbühler (kwaye ngenxa yoko iziphumo zalo eziphambili) zijongile kutoliko lwe-subjential ngexesha lokuthathwa kwemilinganiselo inokuthathwa njengengafanelekanga" (Regnerus 2017).

Kwisayensi yezentlalo, "inqobo yokuphinda yenzeke" (okt, ukuphindaphinda, ngamanye amagama ubunye) bezifundo ezipapashiweyo zenzekile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngo-2015, iprojekthi enkulu yophando ebizwa ngokuba yiProdroducibility Project, ekhokelwa nguBrian Nosek weDyunivesithi yaseVirginia, yanikwa umsebenzi wokuphinda iziphumo zophando ezili-100 ezipapashiweyo- sisinye kwisithathu kuphela esivelisiwe (Aarts et al. 2015).

URichard Horton, umhleli-jikelele wejenali yezenzululwazi I-Lancet, uvakalise inkxalabo yakhe kwinqaku lomlobi:

Uninzi lwencwadi zenzululwazi, mhlawumbi isiqingatha, zisenokungabonakalisi ubunyani. Ukoyiswa zizifundo kunye neesampulu ezincinci, iimpembelelo ezingathandekiyo, uhlalutyo olungonelanga, kunye nokungqubana okucacileyo komdla, kunye nokuthambekela kwimikhwa yefashoni yokubaluleka okungathandabuzekiyo, inzululwazi ijike yaya ebumnyameni ... Ukubonakala okubonakalayo kokuziphatha okungamkelekanga kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kuyothusa ... Kwimfuno yayo Ukuphembelela oososayensi bahlala behlengahlengisa idatha ukuze ilingane umbono wabo wehlabathi okanye balungelelanise iingcinga zabo kwidatha yabo ... Ukulandela kwethu "ukubaluleka" kuyityhefu kuncwadi lwezenzululwazi ngamabali amaninzi eentsomi ... Iiyunivesithi zibandakanyeka kumzabalazo oqhubekayo wemali kunye neetalente ... Kwaye izazinzulu ezizodwa, kubandakanya nolawulo lwabo oluphezulu akukho nto ingako uyenzayo ukutshintsha inkcubeko yokuhlola, ethi ngamanye amaxesha iphelel 'ebubini ... ”(Horton 2015).

Umahluko phakathi kwesimo seendaba ngokushicilelwa kukaRegnerus noHatzenbühler kuyacaca: ezinye izigqibo zamkelekile kunezinye [1].

UNjingalwazi uWalter Schumm weYunivesithi yaseKansas, ngesihloko sinye, wathi: “… Izifundo zibonise ukuba uninzi lwababhali bezenzululwazi, xa bejonga uncwadi, badla ngokubhekisa kwizifundo ezibuthathaka, ukuba olo phando luye lwafumana iziphumo ezixhaswayo zokuxhasa uluvo lokuba akukho mpembelelo… "(Schumm 2010, iphe. 378).

Ngo-2006, ugqirha Brian Meyer we-Gettysburg College waphawula, malunga nefuthe losasazo lika-Adams et al., Ukuba ubundlobongela bobufanasini kuthiwa babubonisa “ubufanasini obufihliweyo” (Adams et al. 1996): “... ukuba ucinga inqanaba lokuqwalaselwa elenziwe ngenqaku [Adams et al. 1996]. Sikufumanisa kunika umdla ukuba amaziko osasazo amaninzi (amanqaku eemagazini, iincwadi, kunye neendawo ezininzi ze-Intanethi) bayamkele i-psychoanalytic hypothesis njengenkcazo ye-homophobia, nokuba akukho bungqina bubambekayo ... ”(Meier et al. 2006, p. 378).

Kwi-1996, uDkt. Alan D. Sokal, unjingalwazi wefiziksi kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York, ungenise iphepha elinesihloko esithi "Ukugqitha iMida: Ukujonga iHermeneutics yeTransformative yeQuantum Gravity" kwiphephancwadi lezemfundo leSocial Text". Abahleli beSocial Text bagqiba ekubeni bapapashe eli nqaku (Sokal 1996a). Yayiluvavanyo - inqaku liyinkohliso epheleleyo - kweli nqaku iSokal, ixoxa ngeengxaki zangoku kwimathematika kunye nefiziksi, ichaza ngokumangalisayo ukubaluleka kwayo kwinkcubeko, ifilosofi kunye nezopolitiko (umzekelo, wacebisa ukuba ubunzima be-quantum ulwakhiwo lwentlalo) ukuze kutsalwe ingqalelo yabahlalutyi bezemfundo banamhlanje ababuza injongo yenzululwazi, yayiyincwadi ebhalwe ngobuchule yophando lwentanda-bulumko yanamhlanje, engenantsingiselo (Sokal 1996b). Njengoko uSokal wachazayo: “Kangangeminyaka eliqela bendikhathazwa kukwehla okubonakalayo kwemigangatho yenjongo yobukrelekrele kwezinye iindawo zobuntu bezifundo zaseMelika. Kodwa ndiyingcali yefiziksi: ukuba andinakuyiqonda izibonelelo zento enje, mhlawumbi ibonakalisa nje ukusilela kwam. Ke, ukuvavanya imigangatho yobukrelekrele eqhelekileyo, ndaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndiqhube umfuniselo othobekileyo (ukuba awulawulwanga ngokupheleleyo): ngaba ijenali yezifundo zenkcubeko yaseMntla Melika, abasebenzi bayo abahleli baquka izikhanyiso ezinjengoFredric Jameson noAndrew Ross, bapapashe ububhanxa obupheleleyo ukuba obu bubudenge. (a) ivakala kakuhle kwaye (b) incoma ukuthambekela kweengcamango zabahleli? Impendulo, ngelishwa, nguewe. " (Sokal 1996b).

Olunye uqinisekiso lwesimo esibuhlungu senzululwazi yale mihla sanikezelwa ngoososayensi abathathu baseMelika - uJames Lindsey, uHelen Plakrose noPeter Bogossyan, abathe unyaka wonke ngabom ngabhali ukubhala ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo engacacanga nokuba akukho mazwi "enzululwazi" kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi yezentlalo ukungqina: umbono kule ndima kwakudala boyisa ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo. Ukusukela nge-Agasti ka-2017, izazinzulu, phantsi kwamagama atyunjiweyo, zithumele amanqaku angama-20 acwangcisiweyo njengophando oluqhelekileyo lwezesayensi kwiijenali zenzululwazi eziphononongiweyo nezihlaziyiweyo. Izifundo zemisebenzi zahlukahlukene, kodwa zonke zazizinikezele kwizibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zomzabalazo wokuchasana “nentswela-bulungisa”: Izifundo zobungqingili, inkcubeko yobungqingili, imiba yento yobuhlanga, inkcubeko ngesondo, umzimba kunye njalo njalo. Kwinqaku ngalinye, ithiyori engaqondakaliyo eyayibekwa phambili yayigxeka enye okanye enye "eyokwakha intlalo" (umzekelo, iindima zesini). Ngokwembono yezenzululwazi, amanqaku ayengangqinelani kwaye engenakukwazi ukumelana nokugxekwa.

Kwinqaku lephephandaba i-Areo, uLindsay, uPlakrose kunye noBogossian bathethe ngeenjongo zesenzo sabo: "... Kukho into engahambanga kakuhle kwisayensi, ngakumbi kwimimandla ethile yabantu. Ngoku uphando lwenzululwazi lusekwe ngokuqinileyo, alunikezelwanga ekufuneni iinyani, kodwa ukungoneliseki ekuhlaleni kunye neengxabano ezivela kwisiseko sabo. Ngamanye amaxesha bazilawula ezi ndawo ngaphandle kwemeko, kwaye izazinzulu ziyanda ukoyikisa abafundi, abalawuli, namanye amasebe, zibanyanzela ukuba babambelele kwimbonakalo yabo. Olu ayisiyombono yehlabathi lesayensi, kwaye iphantsi. Kwabaninzi, le ngxaki ingakumbi kwaye icacile, kodwa abanabo ubungqina obuqinisekileyo. Ngesi sizathu, besisebenza kwicandelo lezemfundo unyaka wonke, sibona kuyinxalenye yengxaki ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

“Kule nkqubo, kukho intambo enye edibanisa onke ama-20 amaphepha ethu ezenzululwazi, nangona sisebenzise iindlela ngeendlela, sibeka phambili okanye ezi ngcinga ngenjongo yokujonga ukuba abahleli kunye nabahlaziyi bazakwenza njani. Ngamanye amaxesha siye size nohlobo oluthile lwembono egqamileyo okanye enobuntu kwaye siqale ukuyikhuthaza. Kutheni ungabhali iphepha malunga nendlela amadoda afanele ukuba aqeqeshwa ngayo njengenja ukunqanda inkcubeko yobundlobongela? Ke umsebenzi wethu “Ipaki yokuhamba izinja” uvele. Kwaye kutheni ungabhali funda nesitatimende esithi xa umntu esenza imfihlo ngokufihlakeleyo, ecinga ngomfazi (ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, kwaye akasokuze angazi ngayo), wenza ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ngakuye? Ke sinaso isifundo seMipu. Kwaye kutheni ungatsho ukuba i-superintelligent intelligence yokufakelwa inobungozi obunokuba yingozi, kuba icwangciswe ngobudoda, ukungaziphathi kakuhle kunye ne-imperiyaleli, kusetyenziswa i-psychoanalysis yombhali wase-Frankenstein, uMary Shelley noJacques Lacan? Babhengeze-kwaye bafumana umsebenzi "ubuSetyhini bobuGcisa beArhente". Okanye mhlawumbi ubeke ngaphambili umbono wokuba umzimba onamafutha ungokwemvelo, kwaye ke ngoko kulwakhiwo lomzimba oluyimfuneko kuyimfuneko yokwazisa icandelo elitsha labantu abatyebileyo? Funda "uFundo loMafutha" kwaye uyakuqonda ukuba kwenzeke ntoni.

Ngamanye amaxesha siye safunda kwizifundo ezikhoyo zokungoneliseki ukuze siqonde ukuba kuphi na kwaye yintoni ebekulindelekile, kwaye ke sizama ukuqinisa ezi ngxaki. Ngaba ukhona umsebenzi "we-feminist Glaciology"? Ewe, siya kuyikopa kwaye sibhale umsebenzi kwinkcubeko ye-feminist, apho sibhengeza ukuba ukuvumisa ngeenkcubeko zabantu ababhinqileyo kunye namafanasini kufanele kuthathwe njengenxalenye yesayensi yesayensi yeenkwenkwezi, ekufuneka ibhalwe i-misogyny. Abahlalutyi babenomdla omkhulu kule nto. Kodwa kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba sisebenzisa indlela yokuhlalutya izihloko ukwenza utshintsho kwiincazelo zakho zedatha oyithandayo? Kutheni kungenjalo. Sabhala inqaku malunga nokusebenza kwabantu be-transgender, apho benza khona kanye loo nto. Ngaba amadoda asebenzisa "ugcino lwamadoda" ukubonisa ubudoda babo bokuphelisa ngendlela engamkelekanga eluntwini? Akukho ngxaki. Sipapashe iphepha, isishwankathelo salo ngolu hlobo: "Umphandi weengxaki zesini uya kwindawo yokutyela enomntu ongalali nqunu ukuze aqonde ukuba kutheni efuneka." Uyaphazanyiswa zizimvo ezamkelwe ngokubanzi, kwaye ujonga ingcaciso yakho malunga noku? Sizicacisele yonke into emsebenzini wethu "Dildo", sinika impendulo kulo mbuzo ulandelayo: "Kutheni amadoda ngokuthe tye engahlali esenza isitho sokungena ngomzimba kwaye kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba baqala ukwenza le nto?" Sinika uluvo: Ngokwenqaku lethu kwijenali yesayensi ekhokelayo Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye neNkcubeko, amadoda kule meko aya kuba nobuncinci ubutshaba kubantu be-transgender kunye nabantu be-transgender, kwaye baya kuba ngabasetyhini ngakumbi.

Sisebenzise ezinye iindlela. Umzekelo, sicinge ukuba singabhala "inqaku eliqhubayo" ngesicelo sokuthintela amadoda amhlophe kwiikholeji ukuba athethe abaphulaphuli (okanye enze utitshala aphendule kwii-imeyile eziza kubo), kwaye ke, ukongeza kuyo yonke into, ubenza bahlale phantsi ngamakhonkco. ukuze bazive bezisola kwaye belungisa ityala labo kwimbali. Akuzange kube kudala emva kokuba kwenziwe. Isiphakamiso sethu safumana impendulo esebenzayo, kwaye kubonakala ngathi i-titan yefilosofi yabasetyhini, iphephabhuku "I-Hypatia" liphendula kuye ngokufudumala okukhulu. Sijongene nomnye umbuzo onzima: "Ndiyabuza ukuba le candelo liza kupapashwa nguHitler 'i-Kampf ye-Kampf ukuba ipapashwe? Kwaye kwavela ukuba impendulo kuyo yayiyinto elungileyo, kuba iphephabhuku lemfundo yabasetyhini iAffilia layamkela inqaku ukuba ipapashwe. Ukuqhubela phambili kwindlela yesayensi, saqala ukuqaphela ukuba singenza nantoni na ukuba ingaqhubanga ngaphaya kwesakhelo sokuziphatha esamkelwe ngokubanzi kunye nokubonisa ukuqonda koncwadi olukhoyo lwenzululwazi.

Ngamanye amagama, sasinesizathu esivakalayo sokukholelwa ukuba ukuba siluchanabeka ngokuchanekileyo uncwadi olukhoyo kwaye siboleke kulo (kwaye oku phantse kusenokwenzeka njalo - kufuneka sibhekise kwimithombo eyintloko), siya kuba nethuba lokwenza naziphi na iingxelo ezithandekayo zezopolitiko. Ityala elinye nelinye, kuphakama umbuzo omnye osisiseko: Yintoni ekufuneka siyibhale kwaye yintoni ekufuneka siyicaphule (zonke izixhumanisi zethu, ngendlela, ziyinyani) ukuze ukungazithembi kwethu kungapapashwa njengenzululwazi yokubaleka okukhulu. "

La manqaku avavanywe ngempumelelo kwaye apapashwa kwiijenali zesayensi eziphononongwe ngokutsha. Ngenxa yokuba “ngumzekelo wobunzulu-lwazi bendalo”, ababhali bafumana nezimemo ezi-4 zokuba baphinde bahlaziye kwiijenali zezenzululwazi, kunye nelinye lawona manqaku angenangqondo, "Inja Ipaki", bazithabathele indawo kuludwe lwamanqaku aphambili kwijenali ekhokelayo yobume bobufazi "Isini, Indawo kunye neNkcubeko". Imeko ye-opus yile ilandelayo:

“Iipaka zezinja zizibambe ngokudlwengula kwaye ziyindawo yokwanda kokudlwengulwa kwenja, apho kukho inkqubo yengcinezelo“ yenja ecinezelweyo ”, esivumela ukulinganisa indlela yabantu kwezi ngxaki. Oku kunika umbono wokuba bayalunyula njani na ubuntu kubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuqala komoya ”(uLindsay et al. 2018).

I-Adin homemem

Itshantliziyo nombhali waseMelika, ongazifihli izinto azikhethayo zobufanasini, unjingalwazi kwezabantu uCamilla Paglia, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Vamps And Tramps phaya ngo-1994, wathi: “... Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, le meko sele ingalawuleki: indlela yesayensi enenkathalo ayinakwenzeka xa intetho eqiqayo ilawulwa ziziqhwithi. , kule meko, amatshantliziyo abathandana nabathandana nabathandana nabathandana nabathandana namanye, abathi, ngokunyaniseka okugqithisileyo, babanga ubunyani bodwa ... Kufuneka sazi ngokudideka okuyingozi kobutshantliziyo besini kunye nesayensi, evelisa ipropaganda ngakumbi kunenyaniso. Izazinzulu zesini kufuneka zibe ngoososayensi kuqala, ze emva koko zibe ngoobani ... ”(Paglia 1995, iphe. 91).

Ibinzana lokugqibela linomdla omangalisayo. Inguqu yeembono zembono kunye nezentlalo zabasebenzi bezempilo yengqondo-hayi ukuqwalaselwa kwezonyango kunye nenyaniso yesayensi-inefuthe elinamandla kwiziphumo zophando. Ngelishwa, abaninzi kwabo bafunda ubufanasini ngokucacileyo bajolise kwisiphumo esithile.

Abaphandi abaneziphumo ezingavisisani nengcinga yokuba "ubufanasini njengendlela yokuziqhelanisa" bahlala begxekwa ngesiseko somgaqo "we-ad hominem Circstantiae". Esi sisenzo esikhohlakeleyo sedagogic apho ingxoxo, endaweni yengxoxo eyiyo yengxoxo ngokwayo, ivunywa ngokukhomba kwiimeko, ubume, isisusa okanye olunye uphawu lomntu ozisa impikiswano, okanye umntu onxulumene nengxoxo. Umzekelo, into yokuba inzululwazi ilikholwa okanye ixhasa amaqela ezopolitiko ngombono wolondolozo, ukuba inqaku lipapashwa “kwincwadi engaviswanga” okanye kwi-Ijenali engaphononongwa ngoontanga. Ngaphaya koko, naziphi na iinzame zokuguqula le ngxoxo i-degrees ezingama-180 ziye zantshontshwa kwangoko ngezityholo zokunyelisa, ukungabikho “kokuchaneka kwezopolitiko”, “ukubulala abantu abasemzini” kunye nokusasaza intiyo.

Zigwebe ngokwakho.

UCarl Maria Kertbeny, i-pamphleteer yase-Austrian eyaqulunqa amagama ahlukeneyo, ubungqingili, kunye nobulili obufanayo (isenzo sesondo esangaphambili sasibizwa ngokuba yi-sodomy okanye i-pederasty), yayiyi-homosexuality (Takács 2004, iphe. 26-40). Ummeli waseJamani owaqulunqa igama elithi "ukuziphatha ngokwesondo" kwaye wayefuna ukuba ubudlelwane bobungqingili buthathwe njengento eqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba babezalwa, uKarl Heinrich Ulrichs, wayeyindoda yesini (Sigusch 2000). U-Edward Warren, usozigidi waseMelika onomdla kwizinto zakudala, wanika uluntu ngendebe yakudala enemifanekiso yezenzo zobufanasini, ekutyholwa ukuba ziqinisekisa ubufanasini kwiGrisi yaMandulo (ebizwa ngokuba yiWarren Cup), yayibufanasini (BrightonOurStory). 1999). I-entomologist uDkt. Alfred Kinsey-"uyise wenguqu yezesondo e-United States" -wayenobungqingili (Baumgardner 2008, iphe. 48) kwaye wayelala ngesondo namanye amadoda, kuquka umfundi wakhe kunye nombhali-mbhali uClyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. . 59). Ugqirha wengqondo uFritz Klein, umbhali weKlein Sexual Orientation Scale, wayenesini esisibini (Klein and Schwartz 2001). UGqr. Evelyn Hooker waqala isifundo sakhe esidumileyo ngokukhuthazwa ngumhlobo wakhe uSam Frome kunye namanye amadoda angama-gay (uJackson et al., 1998, iphe. 251-253), kunye nengxelo yakhe yokuqala malunga nalo mbandela yapapashwa kwiphephancwadi elithi Mattachine. Uphononongo (Hooker 1955). I-Psychiatrist uPaul Rosenfels, owapapasha ubungqingili: I-Psychology ye-Creative Process kwi-1971, eyahlola umtsalane wobungqingili njengento eqhelekileyo, kwaye ukubandakanyeka kwayo kwadlala indima kwiziganeko ze-1973, yayingamafanasini (iwebhusayithi ye-Paul Rosenfels Community n.d.).

UGqr John Spiegel, owayonyulwe njengo-Mongameli we-American Psychiatric Association e-1973, wayengungqingili (kunye nelungu lalowo wabizwa ngokuba "yi-GayPA") (amagama e-81, i-2002), njengabanye oogxa bethu ababa negalelo kukhutshelo lobufanasini kuluhlu lokuphambuka: URonald Gold (Humm I-2017), uHoward Brown (uBrown 1976), uCharles Silverstein (uSilverstein noWhite 1977), uJohn Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) noRichard Green (Green 2018). UGqr George Weinberg, noqulunqe igama elithi "ubungqingili" phantsi kwempembelelo zonxibelelwano nabahlobo abathandana nesini, wayengumlo ovuthayo wombutho wobungqingili (Ayyar 2002).

UGqirha uDonald West, owenza i "hypothesis" yokuba abantu abathandabuzayo ubufanasini banokuthi "babe ngamafanasini afihlakeleyo," yena bufanasini (West 2012). UGqr. Gregory Herek, ingcali kwi "Homophobia," ecacisa inkcazo "yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho," yena ungumntu ongaqingili (uBohan noRussel 1999). Ababhali bezifundo eziphambili, ezitolikwa njengobungqina bemvelaphi yesini sobungqingili, ngamafanasini: UGqr Simon LeVey ("uphononongo lwe-hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), uGqr Richard Pillard ("ukufunda ngamawele") (Mass 1990) noGqr. Dean Heimer (“Ufundisiso lwendalo yesini”) (The New York Times 2004). Ugqirha Bruce Badgemeal, opapashe incwadi esithi ubungqingili buxhaphakile kwaye buqhelekile phakathi kwezilwanyana kwaye "iziphumo zabantu zinkulu," ulifanasini (Kluger 1999). Ugqirha Joan Rafgarden, umxhasi we-hypothesis "yendalo" yesini nobungqingili kwizilwanyana, nguJonathan Rafgarden, owangenelela kunyango lweplastiki lwamadoda kubantu ababhinqileyo xa eneminyaka eyi-52 (Yoon 2000).

Ingxelo ye-American Psychological Association malunga ne-gay reparative therapy iqukumbele ukuba "imizamo yokutshintsha i-sexual orientation ayinakwenzeka ukuba iphumelele kwaye ithwale umngcipheko wokwenzakala, ngokuchasene namabango onyango lokubuyisela kunye nabameli" (APA 2009, p. V) ; le ngxelo yenziwe ngumsebenzi wabantu abasixhenxe, apho uJudith M. Glassgold, uJack Drescher, uBeverly Greene, uLee Beckstead, uClinton W. Anderson bangama-gay, kunye noRobin Lyn Miller u-bisexual (Nicolosi 2009). Umbhali wenye ingxelo ye-American Psychological Association ngabantwana abakhuliswe ngabantu abathandana besini esifanayo, owabhala ukuba "akukho zifundo eziye zafumanisa ukuba abantwana babazali abathandana nabasetyhini okanye abathandana nabo bahluphekile xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana babazali abathandanayo" (APA 2005, isitanza 15). Unjingalwazi uCharlotte J. Patterson weYunivesithi yaseVirginia ungumongameli weCandelo 44, i-APA's lesbian, gay, kunye ne-bisexual advocacy subgroup, kunye nelungu le-faculty elindwendwelayo kwiNkqubo yeSiqinisekiso seSidanga se-LGBT kwiKholeji yezoBugcisa kunye neSayensi (GW). Columbian College). UDkt Clinton Anderson, lowo uDkt. Patterson wabulela "ngoncedo oluxabisekileyo" ngengxelo (APA 2005, iphe. 22), ubungqingili (jonga ngasentla). Abanye abantu abasixhenxe uGqr. Patterson wababulela “ngamagqabaza abo aluncedo” baquka uGqr. Natalie S. Eldridge, ongungqingili (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), noGqr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, ngubani na gay (Dayton Daily News 2009)), Dr. April Martin is a lesbian (Weinstein 2001) kunye "nobuvulindlela ekukhuthazeni queer ngokwesondo kunye namanye amalungiselelo osapho" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). Kwaye kwinguqu yangaphambili yengxelo (i-APA 1995), uDkt. Patterson naye wabulela uDkt Bianca Cody Murphy, naye u-lesbian (uPlowman 2004).

U-Igor Semenovich Kon, imbali kunye nefilosofi epapashe inani lemisebenzi echaza ngokufanelekileyo ubungqingili kuluntu lwaseRussia, ibuye yaxhasa ubuxhakaxhaka bobuhlanga e-Russia, yamkela izibonelelo ezivela eMelika nakweminye imibutho ye-LGBT, idlulile ingekatshati, akatshatanga (Kuznetsov kunye noPonkin 2007). UCelia Kitzinger noSusan (Sue) Wilkinson, amalungu agunyazisiweyo e-Britane Psychological Society kunye noMbutho wezobuchwephesha baseMelika, ababhali beencwadi ezininzi kunye neempapasho ezigxeka ukuqonda kwendabuko ngendima yesini kunye nobungqingili, batshatile (uDavies 2014). Ugqirha wezengqondo uMartha Kirkpatrick, umbhali wophando lwe1981 kwi "akukho mpembelelo" yokuba ngumzali kubudlelwane bokwabelana ngesondo kunye nesini (Rosario 2002). Ugqirha we-Gynecologist uCatherine O'Hanlan, umbhali wamanqaku e-Homophobia, utshatele umfazi (I-New York Times 2003). UGqr Jesse Bering, ithandwa zonke iintlobo zobizo. "Olunye uhlobo lokulalana", lubungqingili (iBering 2013).

Ndiya kumisa apha uhlalutyo lobuntu besayensi ye-LGBT propagandists, kuba oku akusiyo injongo yeli nqaku. Ngokwam, ndiyakholelwa ukuba uhlalutyo lwe-Ad Hominem lwemathiriyeli alulunganga kwaye luneziphene umgaqo wesayensi kwaye kufuneka luphetshwe ngazo zonke iindleko. Ichaphaza.

Ngaphaya koko, kufanele ukuba yamkelwe into yokuba kukho izazinzulu ezinobungqingili ezinesibindi sokuveza iziphumo eziqinisekileyo ze-LGBT: umzekelo, uGqr. Emily Drabant Conley, isazi se-neuroscientist esivela kwinkampani ye-genomic "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), obonelele njenge poster iziphumo zovavanyo olubanzi lwe-genomic umdibaniso wokhetho lwezesondo kwinkomfa yonyaka yeAmerican Society of Human Genetics kwi2012- uphononongo alufumananga unxibelelwano phakathi komtsalane wobungqingili kunye nemfuza (Drabant et al., 2012). Nangona, ngokokwazi kwam, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, uDrabant akazange angenise ezi zinto zokupapashwa kwiphepha elinika ingxelo yoontanga.

Kodwa ukwaliwa komgaqo "we-Adinin homemem" kufuneka kungokwendalo iphela. Kule meko, ukuba umntu uthi "A", kufuneka athi "B". Kuluhanahaniso ukukhohlisa izifundo ezithile ngokusekelwe kwizimvo zezopolitiko okanye iinkolelo zokomoya zabaphandi, umzekelo, ngenxa yokuba ushicilelo lwenziwe kwincwadana epapashwe yi-Catholic Medical Association, okanye ngenxa yokuba olu phando lufumene inkxaso-mali kwiVenispoon Institute, kwaye kwangaxeshanye bayityeshela le datha ingentla abaphandi bahambisa iziphumo zokumemelela ze-LGBT. Ke ngoko, xa kuxoxwa ngengxaki yokutsala umntu ongatshatanga naye, umgaqo ka "Ad hominem" akufunekanga usetyenzisiwe ukutolika nasiphi na isigqibo.

isiphelo

Inzululwazi ayinakwahlulwa ngokwezopolitiko “zichanekile” kwaye “azichanekanga,” ezisefashonini nezigcinakeleyo, zedemokhrasi nezinegunya. Isayensi ngokwayo ayinakuba yipropaganda ye-LGBT okanye ukuthandabuza kwe-LGBT. Ukubeka nje, iinkqubo zesayensi-iziganeko ze-psychophysiological kunye nokuphendula, iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya - azinamdla kwaphela kwiimbono zezopolitiko zenzululwazi ezifundayo; iibhaktheriya azazi nto "ngeemfazwe zenkcubeko". Ezi ziinyani ezikhoyo njengenikiweyo, zinokungahoywa kuphela okanye abo bazikhankanyayo banokujongwa, kodwa ezi zibakala azinakukhutshelwa ngaphandle kokwenyani. Inzululwazi isekelwe kwindlela yezenzululwazi, wonke umntu ojika isayensi kwenye into, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iinjongo abakhokelwa zizo - i-humanism, i-ideology kunye nezopolitiko, ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nobunjineli bezentlalo, njl njl - ngabashumayeli bokwenene be "pseudoscience". Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lwenzululwazi, njengalo naluphi na olunye uluntu lwabantu abaneenkolelo kunye neminqweno yabo, luxhomekeke kumkhethe. Kwaye oku kuthambekela kwabantu abathile, ababizwa ngokuba. Amaxabiso "e-neoliberal" abonakaliswa ngamandla kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Izinto ezininzi zinokuchazwa njengesizathu solu tyekelo-ilifa elimangalisayo lentlalo nembali elakhokelela ekuveleni "kweenkolelo zenzululwazi", imizabalazo enzulu yezopolitiko eyavelisa uhanahaniso, "urhwebo" lwesayensi olukhokelela ekusukeleni imvakalelo. njl Enoba ucalucalulo lwenzululwazi lunokuphetshwa ngokupheleleyo luhlala luyimpikiswano. Nangona kunjalo, ngokoluvo lwam, kuyenzeka ukudala iimeko zenkqubo yesayensi elinganayo. Enye yale miqathango kukuzimela ngokupheleleyo koluntu lwezenzululwazi - ngokwezemali, ezopolitiko kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, inkululeko kumajelo eendaba.

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Amanqaku

I-1 Encyclopedia Britannica ichaza ubuxoki ngolu hlobo: "Ukubhengeza, ukusasaza ulwazi - iinyani, iingxoxo, amahemuhemu, iinyani zezinyani, okanye ubuxoki - ukuphembelela umbono woluntu. Ipropaganda yinzame engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi yenkqubo yokusebenzisa iinkolelo, ubudlelwane okanye iintshukumo zabanye abantu ngeesimboli (amagama, izijekulo, iiposta, amatye ezikhumbuzo, umculo, impahla yokunxiba, isitayile, imizobo, imizobo kwiingqekembe zemali nakwizitampu zeposi, njl. Njl.). Ukujolisa kunye nokugxininiswa okuqatha kuqhawulo lokwahlula i-propaganda kunxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo okanye ukutshintshiselana ngokukhululekileyo kwezimvo. Umsasazi unenjongo ethile okanye useto lweenjongo. Ukufikelela kubo, i-propagandist ikhetha ngamabomu izibakala, iingxoxo kunye neesimboli kwaye ibabonise ngendlela yokufumana umphumo omkhulu. Ukwandisa isiphumo, unokuphosa izibakala ezibalulekileyo okanye azigqwethe, kwaye unokuzama ukuphazamisa ingqalelo yabaphulaphuli kweminye imithombo yolwazi. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

Ipolitiki ye-2 yezopolitiko

I-3 Isishoshovu seWing Wing

I-4 Ke ibizwa ngegama memo

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