Indawo yokujonga eyamkelweyo kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni luphi na ubungqingili bungathobanga kuvavanyo lweklinikhi inemeko kwaye ayinakuthembeka kwezesayensi, kuba ibonisa kuphela ukungqinelani kwezopolitiko, hayi isiphelo ekufikelelwe kwisayensi.

IVoti ehlekisayo ye-American Psychiatric Association (APA), ebabeka ecaleni ubungqingili kuluhlu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, yenzeka ngoDisemba 1973. Oku kwandulelwa ziziganeko zepolitiki zezentlalo ze-1960 - 1970. Umbutho udiniwe kukungenelela okungapheliyo kweMelika eVietnam kunye nengxaki yezoqoqosho. Iintshukumo zoqhankqalazo lolutsha zazalwa zaza zathandwa kakhulu: intshukumo yamalungelo abantu abantsundu, intshukumo yamalungelo abantu basetyhini, imfazwe elwa kunye nokulwa ukungalingani ekuhlaleni kunye nentlupheko; Inkcubeko yehippie ichuma ngoxolo lwayo nenkululeko; Ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo ye-psychedelics, ngakumbi i-LSD kunye nentsangu. Emva koko zonke iinqobo zesithethe kunye neenkolelo zabizwa emthandazweni. Yayilixesha lemvukelo ngakuye nabaphi na abasemagunyeni. ^[1].

Zonke ezi zinto zingasentla zenzeka kwisithunzi se- izisongelo ezininzi kunye nophando lokulawula ukuzala.

I-Preston Cloud, emele i-National Academy of Science, inyanzelekile ukuba iqinise "Ngayiphi na indlela enokwenzeka" Ulawulo lwabemi, kwaye yacebisa ukuba urhulumente awise ngokusemthethweni ukukhupha isisu kunye nemibutho yabungqingili ^[2].

U-Kingsley Davis, ongomnye wabantu abaphambili kuphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lokuzalwa, kunye nokusasazwa kweendlela zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukuqhomfa kunye nokuzala, waphakamisa ukukhuthazwa "kweendlela zokwabelana ngesondo"

Imicimbi yokubulala inzala kunye neendlela ezingezizo ezokwabelana ngesondo zihlala zihlangatyezwa buthule okanye kungavunywa, nangona kungekho mntu uthandabuzayo ukusebenza kwala manyathelo ekuthintela ukukhulelwa. Olona tshintsho luyimfuneko ekuphembeleleni ukukhulisa umntwana kufuneka lutshintsho kulwakhiwo losapho, inqanaba labasetyhini kunye nokulalana. ” ^[3]

Umfazi kaDavis, unjingalwazi kwezentlalo uJudith Blake, ucetyise ukupheliswa kwerhafu kunye nezibonelelo zezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala abantwana kunye nokususa izohlwayo ezisemthethweni nezentlalo ngokuchasene nobungqingili. ^[4].

Umcebisi kwezomthetho UAlbert Blausteinabathathe inxaxheba ekudalweni kwamasebe amazwe amaninzi, wakhombaukuba ukunciphisa umda wokukhula kwenani labemi, kuyadingeka ukuba kuhlaziywe imithetho emininzi, kubandakanya umtshato, inkxaso yosapho, iminyaka yokuvuma, kunye nobungqingili.

Bakho nabo bathe kutyholwa ngokuphandle ukuba ngabantu besini esahlukileyo kwingxaki yokuxinana kwabantu emhlabeni.

Kwimeko eshushu yeli thuba lokutshintsha, xa abantu beguqile (hayi kuphela) abantu bebeshushu, imilo kaMoore, uRockefeller noFord bayiqinisa iphulo lezopolitiko lokwamkelwa kobufanasini njengendlela eqhelekileyo nenqwenelekayo yobomi ^[5]. Isihloko esingavunyelwanga kude kube ngoku iindawo ezingafikelelekiyo Kwabanomdla, kwaye kwabakho ingxoxo edlamkileyo kumajelo eendaba phakathi kwabaxhasi kunye nabachasi besiqhelo sobufanasini.

Kwi-1969, kwidilesi yakhe kwiCongress, uMongameli Nixon kubizwa ukwanda kwabemi "Enye yezona ngxaki zinzima kulawulo loluntu" kwaye yabiza inyathelo elingxamisekileyo ^[6]... Kwakuloo nyaka, uFrederic Jaffe, uSekela Mongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), wakhupha imemorandam apho “ukukhuthaza ukukhula kobufanasini"Uluhlu njengenye yeendlela zokulawula ukuzala ^[7].

Ngokuzenzekelayo, kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva, kwaqhambuka uqhushululu lwaseStonewall, nalapho iintsuku ezintlanu amaqela angamajoni ayesenza uqhushululu ezitalatweni, ukonakalisa, ukutshisa kunye nokungqubana namapolisa. Izintambo zentsimbi, amatye kunye nee-Molotov cocktails zisetyenzisiwe. AT incwadi Umbhali wobungqingili uDavid Carter, owaziwa ngokuba "ngowona mthombo uphambili" kwimbali yeziganeko, uchaza indlela abaphembeleli abasivimbe isitalato iChristopher bamise izithuthi bahlasela abakhweli ukuba babengengobungqingili okanye bala ukuveza ubumbano kunye nabo. Umqhubi weeteksi ongalindelekanga ojike ngengozi wangena esitratweni, wasweleka ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo kwizihlwele ezazidlakadlaka waqalisa ukuyikroba imoto yakhe. Omnye umqhubi wabethwa emva kokuphuma emotweni ukuya kuxhathisa i-vandals egxuma phezu kwakhe  ^[8].

Emva kwembambano kwangoko, amatshantliziyo ayila i-Homosexual Liberation Front, efanayo ne-National Liberation Front eVietnam. Emva kokubhengeza ukugula ngengqondo njengenombolo yotshaba 1, bayenza iminyaka emithathu istokhwe esothusayo, iinkomfa ze-APA ezigxothayo kunye neentetho ezenziwa ngoonjingalwazi ababebugqala ubungqingili njengesifo, bade bazibize ebusuku ngezisongelo. Njengomthathi-nxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwezo ziganeko ubhala kwinqaku lakhe, omnye kwabo bazimisele ukukhusela isikhundla sesayensi kwaye bephikisana nokuzama ukwazisa ubungqingili kule meko, ingcali kwicandelo lezengqondo kwezokwabelana ngesondo, uNjingalwazi Charles Sokarides:

Amaqela alwayo nabasetyhini abanobungqingili aqalise iphulo lokwenyani lokutshutshisa iingcali ezithe zaqhubekeka nezikrelemnqa zokungabeki ubungqingili kuluhlu olunxaxhileyo; bangenile kwinkomfa, apho ingxoxo yengxaki yobungqingili yenzeka khona, baveza umgca, bathuka izithethi, kwaye baphazamisa ukusebenza. Indawo yokwabelana ngesondo enamandla eluntwini kunye nemithombo yeendaba ekhethekileyo ikhuthaze ukupapashwa kwezinto ngokuchasene nabameli bengcinga yomzimba wokuqhuba ngesondo. Amanqaku anezigqibo asekelwe kwinkqubo yesayensi yezemfundo ahletywa kwaye acekiswa njenge "mishmas engenantsingiselo yomkhethe kunye nengcaciso engeyiyo." Ezi zenzo zaxhaswa ziileta kunye neefowuni zithuka izisongelo zobundlongondlongo. ” ^[9]

Nge-Meyi ka-1970, abaphembeleli, bangenela kwintlanganiso ye-APA National Convention eSan Francisco, baqalisa ukukhwaza kunye nokuthuka izithethi, okubangela ukuba babe neentloni kwaye babe noxinzelelo ogqirha beshiya abaphulaphuli. Usihlalo wanyanzelwa ukuba ayiphazamise inkomfa. Okothusayo, akubangakho kusabela kusuka kubalindi okanye abanyanzeli bomthetho. Bekhuthazwe kukungaziphathi kakuhle kwabo, neentshutshiso zathintela enye intlanganiso ye-APA, ngeli xesha eChicago. Ke, ngexesha lenkomfa kwiYunivesithi yaseMazantsi eCalifornia, abaphembeleli baphinda bayifaka ingxelo yobungqingili. Amatshantliziyo asoyikisa ukuyonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ingqungquthela ezayo eWashington ukuba icandelo lokufunda ngesini alinabameli babameli bentshukumo yesini. Endaweni yokudlulisa izoyikiso zobundlobongela kunye nokungazinzi kulwazi lwee-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, abaququzeleli benkomfa ye-APA badibana nabaxhaphazi kwaye benza ikhomishini hayi yobungqingili, kodwa yabathandana abathandanayo. ^[10].

Izishoshovu ezithetha ngesini zanyanzelisa ukunyangwa kwengqondo:  
I-1) ilahle isimo sayo sangaphambili esibi malunga nobungqingili;
I-2) iyilahle esidlangalaleni "ithiyori yezifo" nangayiphi na indlela;
3) iqalise iphulo elisebenzayo lokuphelisa “ucalucalulo” oluxhaphakileyo kulo mba, ngokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nohlaziyo lwemithetho;
I-4) ibonisene rhoqo nabameli boluntu olungqingili.

"Izihloko zethu: "Sisitabane, sinekratshi kwaye usempilweni" и "Isitabane ulungile.". Ngaphandle kwakho okanye ngaphandle kwakho, siya kusebenza ngamandla ukwamkela le mithetho kwaye silwe nabachasene nathi. " ^[11]

Kukho uluvo olusisiseko oluqinisekileyo lokuba ezi ziphithiphithi kunye nezenzo zazingeyonto ngaphandle komdlalo odlalwa ngabadlali kunye neqela labaphembeleli bezenzo zabo ngaphandle kokukhuselwa okuvela ngaphezulu ziya kuthi zimiswe ngoko nangoko. Oku bekuyimfuneko kuphela ukwenza u-hype kwimithombo yeendaba ejikeleze "amalungelo abantu abancinci abacinezelweyo" kunye nokuthethelela okuthe kwasuswa kobufanasini kuluntu jikelele, ngelixa yonke into engentla yayimiselwe kwangaphambili. Kwimeko yesiqhelo, ukungena ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-hooligans kwintlanganiso evaliweyo kufanele ukuba kubonakale ngolu hlobo:

Kwi-1970, umbhali wethiyori Inguqu UFrank Noutstein, obethetha kwiKholeji yeMikhosi yeSizwe phambi kwamagosa aphezulu, uqaphele ukuba "Ubufanasini buyachazwa ngenxa yokuba bunceda ekunciphiseni ukwanda kwabantu"^[4].

Umzukulwana ka-Mongameli we-APA u-John Spiegel, othe emva koko wenza umdlalo, uxelelweNjani, elungiselela umhlaba woqhushululu lwangaphakathi kwi-APA, waqokelela abantu abathanda izinto abazibiza ngokuba "GAPA" emakhayeni abo, apho baxoxa ngamacebo okutyumba abakhululekileyo abangoobunqolobi kwizikhundla eziphambili endaweni ye-Orthodox ^[12]. Ke, iingcinga zobungqingili zazinendawo yokulinda enamandla kubunkokeli be-APA.

Nantsi indlela uNjingalwazi odumileyo waseMelika kunye nenjingalwazi yezengqondo ogama linguJeffrey Satinover, ezichaza ngeziganeko zeloo nqaku kwincwadi yakhe ethi “Nokuba nguNzululwazi okanye ngentando yesininzi” ^[13]:

“Kwi-1963, i-New York Medical Academy iyalele iKomiti yezeMpilo yoLuntu ukuba ilungiselele ingxelo ngobungqingili ngenxa yokoyika ukuziphatha kwabantu abathandana nabo. yasasazwa kakhulu kuluntu lwaseMelika. Ikomiti ize nezi zigqibo zilandelayo:

" .. Ubufanasini sisifo ngenene. Umntu olifanasini ngumntu ophazamisekileyo ngokweemvakalelo ongakwaziyo ukwenza ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo bobungqingili ... Abanye abantu abathandana namanye amafanasini bagqithile kwizikhundla zokuzikhusela kwaye baphikisa ngelithi ukuphambuka okunjalo yindlela enqwenelekayo, ehloniphekileyo nekhethiweyo yobomi ... "

Emva kweminyaka eyi-10, kwi-1973, ngaphandle kokuveza nayiphi na idatha ebalulekileyo yophando, ngaphandle kokujonga kunye nokuhlalutya okuhambelanayo, imeko yabasasazi bokwabelana ngesondo yaba yimfundiso yengqondo.

Ngo-1970 iiSocarides zazama ukwenza iqela eliza kufunda ubufanasini ngokwembono yesayensi kunye neklinikhi, ngokunxibelelana nesebe laseNew York le-APA. Intloko yesebe, uNjingalwazi uDiamond, waxhasa iSocarides, kwaye iqela elifanayo laqulunqwa ngoogqirha bengqondo abangamashumi amabini abavela kwiiklinikhi ezahlukeneyo eNew York. Emva kweminyaka emibini yokusebenza kunye neentlanganiso ezilishumi elinesithandathu, eli qela lilungiselele ingxelo elalithetha ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngobufanasini njengengxaki yengqondo kwaye lacebisa inkqubo yonyango kunye noncedo kwezentlalo kubantu abathandana besisini esinye. Nangona kunjalo, uNjingalwazi uDiamond wasweleka ngo-1971, kwaye intloko entsha ye-APA kwisebe laseNew York yayingumxhasi weengcinga zobufanasini. Ingxelo iyaliwe, kwaye ababhali bayo banikwa icebo elingaqondakaliyo lokuba nayiphi na ingxelo engabamkeliyo ubufanasini njengokwahluka kwesiqhelo iya kukhatywa. Eli qela lachithwa.

URobert Spitzer, owayengabandakanyi ubufanasini kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo, wasebenza kwibhodi yokuhlela ye-DSM, isikhokelo sokuqonda isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kwaye wayengenamava namafanasini. Ukuvezwa kwakhe kulo mbandela yayikukuthetha ne-activist e-gay egama linguRon Gold, owayenyanzelisa ukuba akaguli, owathi emva koko wathatha uSpitzer waya ethekweni kwindawo ye-gay bar, apho wafumanisa khona amalungu aphezulu e-APA. Ebethwe yinto awayeyibonile, uSpitzer wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ubufanasini ngokwabo abuhlangabezani neendlela zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kuba ayisoloko ibangela ukubandezeleka kwaye ayinyanzelekanga ukuba inxulunyaniswe nokudakumba ngokubanzi ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwesini esahlukileyo.  "Ukuba ukungakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwilungu lobufazi kuphazamiseka, ke ukungatshati kuya kuthathwa njengesifo." Uthe, ukungahoyi into yokuba ukungatshati kukhetho olukhethileyo olunokuthi luyekiswe ngalo naliphi na ixesha, kodwa ubufanasini abunjalo. I-Spitzer ithumele isindululo kwibhodi yabalawuli ye-APA ukuba ingabukhupheli ubungqingili kwindawo nganye kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo, kwaye ngoDisemba 1973 walo nyaka, i-13 yamalungu ebhodi ye15 (uninzi lwawo lwalusanda kutyunjelwa iiprotey zeGeP). UGqr Satinover kwezi ngasentla nqaku Inika ubungqina bomntu owayekade elifanasini ebekhona kwitheko kwigumbi elinye lamalungu ebhunga le-APA, apho ebhiyozela uloyiso kunye nesithandwa sakhe. 

Akunakwenzeka ukubonisa ubungqina obuqhelekileyo bobufanasini ngokwembono yezonyango kunye nebhayoloji; ungayivotela kuphela. Le ndlela “yenzululwazi” yagqityelwa ukusetyenziswa kumaXesha Aphakathi ukucombulula umbuzo othi “enoba umhlaba ungqukuva okanye usicaba.” UGqr. Socarides wachaza isigqibo se-APA ngokuthi "ingqondo yengqondo yenkulungwane." Ekuphela kwento enokothusa ihlabathi ngakumbi ukuba abathunywa be-American Medical Association, ngokubonisana nabameli beenkampani ze-inshorensi zonyango kunye nezibhedlele, bavotele ukubhengeza ukuba zonke iintlobo zomhlaza azinabungozi kwaye ngoko azifuni unyango.

Emva kwevoti, abachasi besi sigqibo bakwazile ukulungiselela ugwayimbo phakathi kwawo onke amalungu e-APA ngalo mbandela, obabeka isoyikiso enkulu kwibutho labantu abathandana besini esinye. Ke umbutho we-gay NGTF, uthe wafumana omnye wabalawuli be-APA iidilesi zawo onke amalungu (ngaphezulu kwe-30 000), wawabathumelela iileta apho, egameni lobunkokeli be-APA, ebongoza abagqirha bezengqondo ukuba baxhase utshintsho olwamkelweyo kwincwadana. Oko kukuthi, ileta yayijongeka ngathi yathunyelwa yiBhodi ye-APA yeBhodi. Malunga ne-10 yamawakawaka eengqondo zengqondo aphendulwayo ileta, apho i-58% ixhasayo ukuvota kwikhomishini. Ke, kwinani lilonke loogqirha bezengqondo e-United States, yi-19% kuphela exhasa isigqibo sokudambisa ubufanasini, kwaye uninzi, lufundiswa ngamava abuhlungu koogxa, bakhetha ukushiya izimvo zabo kubo ngenxa yokoyika iingxaki. Isilungiso samkelwa. Nangona kunjalo, APA qaphele okulandelayo:

"Amatsha-ntliziyo ama-Gay ngokungathandabuzekiyo aya kuxoxa ukuba i-psychiatry ekugqibeleni ibubone ubufanasini "njengesiqhelo" njengobufanasini. Baya kuba bengalunganga. Ngokususa ubufanasini kuluhlu lwezifo zengqondo, sivuma kuphela ukuba ayifikeleli imilinganiselo yokuchaza isifo ... nto leyo engathethi ukuba iqhelekile kwaye igcwele ngokupheleleyo njengokuthandana kwabantu besini esahlukileyo.^[14]

Ividiyo ngesiNgesi: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Ke ngoko, isifoI-302.0 ~ Ubufanasini"Ithathelwe indawo sisifo sikaxilongo"I-302.00 ~ i-Egodistonic Ubufanasini”Uye wafudukela kwicandelo lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngokwenkcazo entsha, kuphela amafanasini angazithembanga kumtsalane wawo aya kuthathwa njengagula.  "Asisayi kunyanzelisa ilebula yezifo kubantu abathi baphilile kwaye bangabonisi ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokusebenza yentlalo," I-APA ithe. Kwangelo xesha, akukho sizathu sivakalayo, ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bezesayensi kunye nobungqina bezonyango babonelelwa obuya kuthethelela utshintsho olunjalo kwisimo sezamayeza ngokubhekisele kubufanasini. Oku kuyamkelwa nakwaba basixhasileyo isigqibo. Ke, uRonald Bayer, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, oyingcali kwezokuziphatha, qaphelaukuba isigqibo sokubususa ubungqingili abuzange buchazwe "Izigqibo ezivakalayo ezisekwe kwiinyaniso zesayensi, kunye neemeko zelo xesha":

Yonke le nkqubo iyaphula eyona migaqo isisiseko yokusombulula imiba yezenzululwazi. Endaweni yokuphononongwa kwezi datha, abagqirha bezengqondo baphonswa kwimpikiswano yezopolitiko. ” ^[15]

"Umama weGay rights rights Movement," uBarbara Gitting, iminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokuthetha kwiNkomfa ye-APA, ekuhleni yaziwa:

“Ayizange ibe sisigqibo sezonyango, yiyo loo nto yonke into yenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yiminyaka emithathu kuphela idlulile ukusukela kwinto yokuqala eyothusayo kwinkomfa ye-APA de ivoti yebhodi yabalawuli ukuba ikhuphe ubufanasini kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo. Ibisisigqibo sepolitiki ... Siphiliswe ngobusuku nje obunye ngepeni. " ^[16]

Uphononongo olugunyazisiweyo luka-Evelyn Hooker, oludla ngokuboniswa njengobungqina “bobunzululwazi” bokuba “yinto eqhelekileyo” yobufanasini, ayizange ihlangabezane nemigangatho yezenzululwazi, kuba isampulu yayo yayincinci, ingenamkhethe kwaye ingamelanga, kwaye indlela ngokwayo ishiye ifunwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, iHooker ayizange izame ukubonisa ukuba amafanasini njengeqela angabantu nje abaqhelekileyo nabalungelelaniswe kakuhle njengabantu abathandana besini esahlukileyo. Injongo yophando lwakhe yayikukunika impendulo kulo mbuzo: "Ngaba ubufanasini yinto eyimbonakaliso ye-pathology?" Ngokutsho kwakhe: "Into ekufuneka siyenzile kukufumana ityala elinye impendulo." Oko kukuthi, injongo yesifundo yayikukufumana ubuncinci ubunongqingili obungenayo i-psychology yengqondo.

Uphononongo lukaHooker lwalubandakanya kuphela amafanasini angama-30 awayekhethwe ngononophelo nguMbutho waseMattachine. Lo mbutho we-gay wenze iimvavanyo zokuqala zabaviwa kwaye ukhethe ezona zibalaseleyo. Emva kokuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo ezintathu zeprojekthi (i-Rorschach Blots, i-TAT kunye ne-MAPS) kunye nokuthelekisa iziphumo zabo kunye neqela lolawulo "le-heterosexual", i-Hooker yafikelela kwisigqibo esilandelayo.:

“Ayimangalisi into yokuba abanye abathandana besini esinye besophula umthetho omkhulu, kwaye, kangangokuba bade bacinge ukuba ubufanasini kukuzikhusela kwi-psychosis evulekileyo... Kodwa yintoni ekunzima ukuyamkela ngoogqirha abaninzi kukuba abantu abathandana besini esinye banokuba ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, abangabonakaliyo, ngaphandle kwendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kubantu abaqhelekileyo abesini esahlukileyo. Abanye banokungabikho kuphela kwezifo (ukuba awunyanzelisi ukuba ubufanasini luphawu lwezifo), kodwa bakwamele abantu abagqwesileyo, abasebenza kwelona nqanaba liphezulu.  ^[17]

Oko kukuthi, umgaqo "wesiqhelo" kwisifundo sakhe yayibubukho bokulungelelanisa kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo. Ubukho beeparamitha ezinjalo, nangona kunjalo, akubandakanyi kwaphela ubukho be-pathology. Ngoko ke, nangaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo amandla angonelanga ezibalo zobungakanani besampulu, iziphumo zolo phando ayikwazi sebenza njengobungqina bokuba ubufanasini asiyongxaki yengqondo. U-Hooker ngokwakhe uvumile "iziphumo ezinqongopheleyo" zomsebenzi wakhe kwaye wathi ukuthelekisa amaqela abantu abayi-100 kusenokwenzeka baxelele umahluko. Uye waphawula ukungoneliseki okunamandla kwabantu besini esinye kubudlelwane babo, obabenza bahluke kakhulu kwiqela lolawulo. Ngaphaya koko, kuvavanyo lweRorschach, iingcali zifumene umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwala maqela mabini ngenxa yezizathu (Wheeler Signs) kwaye zafumana ulwalamano ngokwesondo kwi-40% yamadoda, xa kuthelekiswa ne-25% kuqikelelo olungahleliwe. Yiyo loo nto ibango likaHooker lokuba akafumananga mahluko ubonakalayo phakathi kwala maqela mabini nakuluphi na uvavanyo aluchanekanga.

Uhlolisiso lwamva nje abantu ababetyekele kwi-LGBT babonisa ukuba malunga ne-94% yabo babenobuthathaka obuthile bokubona ^[18] okuphindeka kabini njenge ngokufanayo iqela lesini esahlukileyo ^[19].

Ekupheleni konyaka we-1977, kwiminyaka emi-4 emva kweziganeko ezichaziweyo, kwaqhutywa uphando olungaziwayo kwiphephancwadi lezenzululwazi i-Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality phakathi koogqirha bengqondo baseMelika abangamalungu e-APA, ngokokutsho kwabo i-69% yoogqirha bengqondo abavumayo bavuma ukuba “ubufanasini, njengomthetho, lulungelelwaniso lwezifo, ngokuchaseneyo nokwahluka kwesiqhelo, ”kwaye i-13% ibingaqinisekanga. Uninzi luye lwathi abantu abathandana besisini esinye bahlala bonwabile kunabesini esahlukileyo (73%) kwaye bengakwazi ukuba nolwalamano oluqolileyo, olunothando (60%). Lilonke, iipesenti ezingama-70 zoogqirha bengqondo bathi iingxaki zabantu abathandana besisini esinye zinxulumene kakhulu nokungqubana kwabo ngaphakathi kunokubekwa amabala eluntwini. ^[20].

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kunyaka we-2003 iziphumo Uvavanyo olwenziwa kwilizwe lonke phakathi kwezazi ngengqondo malunga nesimo sabo sengqondo malunga nobufanasini babonisa ukuba uninzi lubona ubufanasini njengento etenxileyo, nangona belungafakwanga kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo. ^[21].

Ngomnyaka we-1987, i-APA yasusa ngokuzolileyo zonke iimbekiselo zobufanasini kwisigama sayo, ngeli xesha ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuvota. Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) walandela nje emanyathelweni e-APA kwaye ngo-1990 nawo wabususa ubufanasini kuluhlu lwezifo, wazigcina kuphela. egodistonic ukubonakaliswa kwicandelo le-F66. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuchaneka kwezopolitiko, eli nqanaba lokungabi nangqondo likhulu liquka ukuqhelaniswa neempawu zenyani, ezo "Umntu ufuna ukutshintsha ngokunxibelelene nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuzibandakanya kunye nokuziphatha".

Kwangelo xesha, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kuphela ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokuchonga ubufanasini otshintshileyo, kodwa hayi isayensi kunye nonyango, oluchaza njengesi sifo - okt. ukuphambuka okubuhlungu kwimeko yesiqhelo okanye inkqubo yophuhliso. Ukuba oogqirha bavota ngomso ukuba umkhuhlane ayisosifo, oko akuthethi ukuba izigulana ziyanyangeka: iimpawu kunye nobunzima besifo abuzukuya ndawo, nokuba asikho kuluhlu. Ukongeza, i-American Psychiatric Association okanye i-World Health Organisation ayingomaziko enzululwazi. I-WHO lilungu nje le-arhente ye-UN elawula imisebenzi yolwakhiwo lukazwelonke, kwaye i-APA yimanyano yabasebenzi. I-WHO ayizami ukuphikisana ngenye indlela-yile nto ibhaliweyo kuyo intshayelelo ekwahlukanisweni kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwi-ICD-10:

"Chaza iinkcazo nemiyalelo sukuphatha ngokwayo intsingiselo yethiyori kwaye Sukuzenzisa kwinkcazo ebanzi yemeko yangoku yolwazi lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngamaqela nje eziimpawu kunye nezimvo malunga nenani elikhulu labacebisi kunye nabacebisi kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi uvumile njengesiseko esamkelekileyo sokuchaza imida yoluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo. " ^[22]

Ngokwembono yesayensi, le ngxelo ibonakala ingenangqondo. Ukwahlula-hlulwa kwezenzululwazi kufuneka kusekwe kwizizathu ezisengqiqweni, kwaye nasiphi na isivumelwano phakathi kweengcali sinokuba sisiphumo sokutolikwa kwedatha yeklinikhi kunye nedatha, kwaye ingachazelwa naziphi na iingcinga, nkqu nezona zoluntu. Ukujongwa kwengxaki ethile kuya kwamkelwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yobungqina bayo, hayi ngomyalelo ovela ngasentla. Xa kuziwa kwindlela yonyango, ihlala iphunyezwa njengelinge kwelinye leziko. Iziphumo zovavanyo zipapashwa kumaphepha-ndaba ezenzululwazi, kwaye ngokwesiseko salo myalezo, oogqirha bathatha isigqibo sokuba baphinde basebenzise obu buchule. Apha, umdla wezopolitiko ochasene nobunzululwazi uthathe indawo yokungakhethi cala kwezesayensi kunye nokungakhathali, kwaye amava ezonyango kunye nokuqina okungaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka, ebonisa ngokungathandabuzekiyo i-etiology ye-pathology yobufanasini, yalahlwa. Into engazange ibonwe emva kwendlela yamaXesha aPhakathi yokusombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zenzululwazi ngokubonisa izandla iyayigxeka imeko yengqondo njengesayensi enzulu kwaye, kwakhona, ibonisa umzekelo wobunongogo besayensi ngenxa yemikhosi ethile yezopolitiko. Nditsho neOxford Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry ithi ukuba kwezinye iindawo, ezinje ngemvelaphi yeschizophrenia okanye uxinzelelo, ugqirha wengqondo wayefuna ukuba sesayensi kangangoko, kwimicimbi enxulumene nobufanasini, isifo sengqondo sasiziphatha "Umkhonzazana weenkosi zakhe zenkcubeko nezopolitiko" ^[23].

Imigangatho yokuBelana ngeSondo kwiHlabathi Jikelele Icandelo le-44 APA, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Society for the Psychology yoKwabelana ngesondo kunye noDidi lweSini", equka phantse zonke iintshutshiso ze-LGBT. Kungenxa ye-APA yonke ukuba basasaza iinkcazo ezingachazwanga ukuba "Ubufanasini yinto eqhelekileyo kwisondo lomntu".

UGqr Dean Byrd, owayesakuba ngumongameli woMbutho weSizwe kuFundo kunye noNyango lobufanasini, watyhola i-APA ngobuqhetseba besayensi:

“I-APA iye yaba ngumbutho wezopolitiko nenkqubo yeli gorha elishicilelayo loshicilelo olusemthethweni, nangona izibeka njengombutho wesayensi obonisa ubungqina bezesayensi ngokungakhethi. I-APA icinezela uphando kunye nophononongo lophando oluvuma isikhundla sayo sezopolitiko kwaye isoyikisa amalungu kwizikhundla zayo ezichasene nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwale nkqubo yesayensi. Uninzi lwanyanzelwa ukuba luthi cwaka ukuze lungaphulukani nobungcali babo, abanye babekhe babekwa esweni, negama labo lonakaliswa- hayi ngenxa yokuba izifundo zabo zingaqinisekanga okanye ixabiso, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zabo zangqubana nomgaqo-nkqubo osekwe ngokusemthethweni Msgstr ".^[24]

Imithombo

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Ukongeza:

UPavel Parfentiev: Indlela ubufanasini eyayeka ngayo ukuba sisifo

Ubufanasini: ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okanye akunjalo?

Impilo yengqondo kunye neyomzimba yabantu be-LGBT