Indawo yokujonga eyamkelweyo kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni luphi na ubungqingili bungathobanga kuvavanyo lweklinikhi inemeko kwaye ayinakuthembeka kwezesayensi, kuba ibonisa kuphela ukungqinelani kwezopolitiko, hayi isiphelo ekufikelelwe kwisayensi.

IVoti ehlekisayo ye-American Psychiatric Association (APA), ebabeka ecaleni ubungqingili kuluhlu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, yenzeka ngoDisemba 1973. Oku kwandulelwa ziziganeko zepolitiki zezentlalo ze-1960 - 1970. Umbutho udiniwe kukungenelela okungapheliyo kweMelika eVietnam kunye nengxaki yezoqoqosho. Iintshukumo zoqhankqalazo lolutsha zazalwa zaza zathandwa kakhulu: intshukumo yamalungelo abantu abantsundu, intshukumo yamalungelo abantu basetyhini, imfazwe elwa kunye nokulwa ukungalingani ekuhlaleni kunye nentlupheko; Inkcubeko yehippie ichuma ngoxolo lwayo nenkululeko; Ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo ye-psychedelics, ngakumbi i-LSD kunye nentsangu. Emva koko zonke iinqobo zesithethe kunye neenkolelo zabizwa emthandazweni. Yayilixesha lemvukelo ngakuye nabaphi na abasemagunyeni. ^[1].

Zonke ezi zinto zingasentla zenzeka kwisithunzi se- izisongelo ezininzi kunye nophando lokulawula ukuzala.

I-Preston Cloud, emele i-National Academy of Science, inyanzelekile ukuba iqinise "Ngayiphi na indlela enokwenzeka" Ulawulo lwabemi, kwaye yacebisa ukuba urhulumente awise ngokusemthethweni ukukhupha isisu kunye nemibutho yabungqingili ^[2].

U-Kingsley Davis, ongomnye wabantu abaphambili kuphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lokuzalwa, kunye nokusasazwa kweendlela zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukuqhomfa kunye nokuzala, waphakamisa ukukhuthazwa "kweendlela zokwabelana ngesondo"

Imicimbi yokubulala inzala kunye neendlela ezingezizo ezokwabelana ngesondo zihlala zihlangatyezwa buthule okanye kungavunywa, nangona kungekho mntu uthandabuzayo ukusebenza kwala manyathelo ekuthintela ukukhulelwa. Olona tshintsho luyimfuneko ekuphembeleleni ukukhulisa umntwana kufuneka lutshintsho kulwakhiwo losapho, inqanaba labasetyhini kunye nokulalana. ” ^[3]

Umfazi kaDavis, ingcali yezentlalo uJudith Blake, ucebise ukupheliswa kwezibonelelo zerhafu kunye nezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala abantwana kunye nokususwa kwezohlwayo zomthetho nezentlalo nxamnye nabantu abathandana besini esinye ^[4].

Umcebisi kwezomthetho UAlbert Blausteinabathathe inxaxheba ekudalweni kwamasebe amazwe amaninzi, wakhombaukuba ukunciphisa umda wokukhula kwenani labemi, kuyadingeka ukuba kuhlaziywe imithetho emininzi, kubandakanya umtshato, inkxaso yosapho, iminyaka yokuvuma, kunye nobungqingili.

Bakho nabo bathe kutyholwa ngokuphandle ukuba ngabantu besini esahlukileyo kwingxaki yokuxinana kwabantu emhlabeni.

Kwimeko-bume exakekileyo yale meko yokutshintsha, xa abantu abaninzi abavukelayo (nabanye) babevutha ngumsindo, ukungena kwemali kukaMoore, uRockefeller, kunye noFord kwaqinisa iphulo lezopolitiko lokwamkelwa kobungqingili njengendlela eqhelekileyo nenqwenelekayo yobomi ^[5] . Isihloko esasingavumelekanga ngaphambili sasuka kummandla wento engenakucingelwa saya kummandla wento engaqhelekanga, kwaye iingxoxo ezishushu phakathi kwabaxhasi kunye nabachasi bokwenziwa kobungqingili buqheleke kwiindaba.

Kwintetho yakhe ye-State of the Union ka-1969, uMongameli uNixon wathi ukukhula kwabemi "yenye yezona ngxaki zinzima ezijongene nekamva loluntu" waza wacela ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo angxamisekileyo . ^[6] Ngaloo nyaka mnye, uSekela Mongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) uFrederick Jaffe wakhupha imemorandam echaza " ukukhuthaza ukukhula kobungqingili " njengenye yeendlela zokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa . ^[7]

Ngokuzenzekelayo, kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva, kwaqhambuka uqhushululu lwaseStonewall, nalapho iintsuku ezintlanu amaqela angamajoni ayesenza uqhushululu ezitalatweni, ukonakalisa, ukutshisa kunye nokungqubana namapolisa. Izintambo zentsimbi, amatye kunye nee-Molotov cocktails zisetyenzisiwe. AT incwadi Umbhali wobungqingili uDavid Carter, owaziwa ngokuba "ngowona mthombo uphambili" kwimbali yeziganeko, uchaza indlela abaphembeleli abasivimbe isitalato iChristopher bamise izithuthi bahlasela abakhweli ukuba babengengobungqingili okanye bala ukuveza ubumbano kunye nabo. Umqhubi weeteksi ongalindelekanga ojike ngengozi wangena esitratweni, wasweleka ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo kwizihlwele ezazidlakadlaka waqalisa ukuyikroba imoto yakhe. Omnye umqhubi wabethwa emva kokuphuma emotweni ukuya kuxhathisa i-vandals egxuma phezu kwakhe  ^[8].

Emva nje kwezi zidubedube, abaxhasi baseka i-"Homosexual Liberation Front," eyenziwe ngokwe-"National Liberation Front" eVietnam. Bevakalisa ukuba lutshaba oluphambili lwengqondo, bachitha iminyaka emithathu besenza uhlaselo oluthusayo , bephazamisa iingqungquthela ze-APA kunye neentetho zoonjingalwazi ababejonga ubungqingili njengesifo, kwaye bebasongela nasebusuku. Njengoko uNjingalwazi uCharles Socarides, ingcali kwisayikholoji yobudlelwane bezesondo kunye nomthathi-nxaxheba ngqo kwezo ziganeko, ebhala kwinqaku lakhe:

“Amaqela ahlaselayo abantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye aqalise iphulo lokuxhatshazwa kweengcali ezaziphakamisa iingxoxo ezichasene nokususwa kobungqingili kuluhlu lwezinto eziphambeneyo; bangene kwiingqungquthela apho ingxaki yobungqingili yayixoxwa khona, badala ukuphazamiseka, bathuka izithethi, kwaye baphazamisa iintetho. Iqela elinamandla labantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye kuluntu nakwiindaba ezikhethekileyo likhuthaze ukupapashwa kwezixhobo ezijoliswe kubakhuseli bengcamango yomzimba yomnqweno wesondo. Amanqaku anezigqibo ezenziwe ngokusekelwe kwindlela yesayensi yezemfundo ayehlekwa kwaye athethwa njenge “ngxubakaxaka engenamsebenzi yocalucalulo kunye nolwazi olungeyonyani.” Ezi zenzo zaqiniswa ziileta kunye neefowuni eziqulethe izithuko kunye nezoyikiso zogonyamelo lomzimba kwanohlaselo lobugrogrisi.” ^[9]

Nge-Meyi ka-1970, abaphembeleli, bangenela kwintlanganiso ye-APA National Convention eSan Francisco, baqalisa ukukhwaza kunye nokuthuka izithethi, okubangela ukuba babe neentloni kwaye babe noxinzelelo ogqirha beshiya abaphulaphuli. Usihlalo wanyanzelwa ukuba ayiphazamise inkomfa. Okothusayo, akubangakho kusabela kusuka kubalindi okanye abanyanzeli bomthetho. Bekhuthazwe kukungaziphathi kakuhle kwabo, neentshutshiso zathintela enye intlanganiso ye-APA, ngeli xesha eChicago. Ke, ngexesha lenkomfa kwiYunivesithi yaseMazantsi eCalifornia, abaphembeleli baphinda bayifaka ingxelo yobungqingili. Amatshantliziyo asoyikisa ukuyonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ingqungquthela ezayo eWashington ukuba icandelo lokufunda ngesini alinabameli babameli bentshukumo yesini. Endaweni yokudlulisa izoyikiso zobundlobongela kunye nokungazinzi kulwazi lwee-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, abaququzeleli benkomfa ye-APA badibana nabaxhaphazi kwaye benza ikhomishini hayi yobungqingili, kodwa yabathandana abathandanayo. ^[10].

Izishoshovu ezithetha ngesini zanyanzelisa ukunyangwa kwengqondo:  
I-1) ilahle isimo sayo sangaphambili esibi malunga nobungqingili;
I-2) iyilahle esidlangalaleni "ithiyori yezifo" nangayiphi na indlela;
3) Iphehlelele iphulo elisebenzayo lokushenxisa “umkhethe” oqhelekileyo ngalo mbandela, ngokusebenza ngokutshintsha isimo sengqondo kunye nenguqu kwezomthetho;
I-4) ibonisene rhoqo nabameli boluntu olungqingili.

"Izihloko zethu: "Sisitabane, sinekratshi kwaye usempilweni" и "Isitabane ulungile.". Ngaphandle kwakho okanye ngaphandle kwakho, siya kusebenza ngamandla ukwamkela le mithetho kwaye silwe nabachasene nathi. " ^[11]

Kukho uluvo olusisiseko oluqinisekileyo lokuba ezi ziphithiphithi kunye nezenzo zazingeyonto ngaphandle komdlalo odlalwa ngabadlali kunye neqela labaphembeleli bezenzo zabo ngaphandle kokukhuselwa okuvela ngaphezulu ziya kuthi zimiswe ngoko nangoko. Oku bekuyimfuneko kuphela ukwenza u-hype kwimithombo yeendaba ejikeleze "amalungelo abantu abancinci abacinezelweyo" kunye nokuthethelela okuthe kwasuswa kobufanasini kuluntu jikelele, ngelixa yonke into engentla yayimiselwe kwangaphambili. Kwimeko yesiqhelo, ukungena ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-hooligans kwintlanganiso evaliweyo kufanele ukuba kubonakale ngolu hlobo:

Ngo-1970, umbhali wethiyori yotshintsho lwabantu , uFrank Notestein, ethetha namagosa aphezulu kwiKholeji yeSizwe yeMfazwe, waphawula ukuba "ubungqingili bukhuselwe ngesizathu sokuba buyanceda ekunciphiseni ukukhula kwabemi" ^[4].

Umzukulwana kaMongameli we-APA uJohn Spiegel, owathi kamva waphuma, wabalisa indlela, ngelixa wayelungiselela uhlaselo lwangaphakathi kwi-APA, awaqokelela ngayo abantu abacinga njengaye, abazibiza ngokuba "ngamaGayPA," ekhayeni labo ukuze baxoxe ngamaqhinga okukhuthaza abantu abaselula abathandana namadoda angatshatanga kwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo endaweni ye-orthodox eneenwele ezingwevu ^[12] . Ngoko ke, iingcali zengqondo zabantu abathandana namadoda angatshatanga zazineqela elinamandla ngaphakathi kobunkokeli be-APA.

Le yindlela isazinzulu esidumileyo saseMelika kunye nogqirha wengqondo uNjingalwazi uJeffrey Satinover achaza ngayo iziganeko zaloo minyaka kwinqaku lakhe elithi “Not Scientific nor Democratic” ^[13] :

Ngo-1963, iNew York Academy of Medicine yayalela iKomiti yayo yezeMpilo yoLuntu ukuba ilungiselele ingxelo malunga nobungqingili, ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuba ukuziphatha kwabantu besini esinye kwakusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kuluntu lwaseMelika. Ikomiti yafikelela kwizigqibo ezilandelayo:

" Ubungqingili buyisifo ngokwenene. Umntu othandana nomntu ...

Emva kweminyaka eyi-10, kwi-1973, ngaphandle kokuveza nayiphi na idatha ebalulekileyo yophando, ngaphandle kokujonga kunye nokuhlalutya okuhambelanayo, imeko yabasasazi bokwabelana ngesondo yaba yimfundiso yengqondo.

Ngo-1970 iiSocarides zazama ukwenza iqela eliza kufunda ubufanasini ngokwembono yesayensi kunye neklinikhi, ngokunxibelelana nesebe laseNew York le-APA. Intloko yesebe, uNjingalwazi uDiamond, waxhasa iSocarides, kwaye iqela elifanayo laqulunqwa ngoogqirha bengqondo abangamashumi amabini abavela kwiiklinikhi ezahlukeneyo eNew York. Emva kweminyaka emibini yokusebenza kunye neentlanganiso ezilishumi elinesithandathu, eli qela lilungiselele ingxelo elalithetha ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngobufanasini njengengxaki yengqondo kwaye lacebisa inkqubo yonyango kunye noncedo kwezentlalo kubantu abathandana besisini esinye. Nangona kunjalo, uNjingalwazi uDiamond wasweleka ngo-1971, kwaye intloko entsha ye-APA kwisebe laseNew York yayingumxhasi weengcinga zobufanasini. Ingxelo iyaliwe, kwaye ababhali bayo banikwa icebo elingaqondakaliyo lokuba nayiphi na ingxelo engabamkeliyo ubufanasini njengokwahluka kwesiqhelo iya kukhatywa. Eli qela lachithwa.

URobert Spitzer, owayengabandakanyi ubufanasini kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo, wasebenza kwibhodi yokuhlela ye-DSM, isikhokelo sokuqonda isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kwaye wayengenamava namafanasini. Ukuvezwa kwakhe kulo mbandela yayikukuthetha ne-activist e-gay egama linguRon Gold, owayenyanzelisa ukuba akaguli, owathi emva koko wathatha uSpitzer waya ethekweni kwindawo ye-gay bar, apho wafumanisa khona amalungu aphezulu e-APA. Ebethwe yinto awayeyibonile, uSpitzer wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ubufanasini ngokwabo abuhlangabezani neendlela zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kuba ayisoloko ibangela ukubandezeleka kwaye ayinyanzelekanga ukuba inxulunyaniswe nokudakumba ngokubanzi ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwesini esahlukileyo.  "Ukuba ukungakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwilungu lobufazi kuphazamiseka, ke ukungatshati kuya kuthathwa njengesifo." Uthe, ukungahoyi into yokuba ukungatshati kukhetho olukhethileyo olunokuthi luyekiswe ngalo naliphi na ixesha, kodwa ubufanasini abunjalo. I-Spitzer ithumele isindululo kwibhodi yabalawuli ye-APA ukuba ingabukhupheli ubungqingili kwindawo nganye kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo, kwaye ngoDisemba 1973 walo nyaka, i-13 yamalungu ebhodi ye15 (uninzi lwawo lwalusanda kutyunjelwa iiprotey zeGeP). UGqr Satinover kwezi ngasentla nqaku Inika ubungqina bomntu owayekade elifanasini ebekhona kwitheko kwigumbi elinye lamalungu ebhunga le-APA, apho ebhiyozela uloyiso kunye nesithandwa sakhe. 

Akunakwenzeka ukungqina ubungqingili bobufanasini kwimbono ye-medico-biological, unokuyivota kuphela. Lendlela "yenzululwazi" yagqityelwa ukusetyenziswa kumaXesha Aphakathi xa kuthathwa isigqibo sokuba umhlaba ungqukuva na okanye ucabalele. UGqr. Socarides usichaze isigqibo se-APA "njengenkohliso yengqondo yenkulungwane." Esona sigqibo sinokuthi sisothuse ilizwe liphela, iya kuba kukuba abathunywa kwiCongress of the American Medical Association, ngokubonisana nabaphembeleli beenkampani zeinshurensi zonyango kunye nezibhedlele, bavotela ukubhengeza ukuba zonke iintlobo zomhlaza azinabungozi kwaye ngenxa yoko azidingi nyango.

Emva kokuvota, abachasi besigqibo bakwazile ukulungiselela ireferendum phakathi kwamalungu e-APA ngalo mba, nto leyo eyayibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwintshukumo yabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo. Emva koko, umbutho wabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo i-NGTF, emva kokuba ufumene iidilesi zawo onke amalungu awo (angaphezulu kwama-30,000) kumlawuli we-APA, wabathumelela iileta apho, egameni lobukhokheli be-APA, wabongoza oogqirha bengqondo ukuba baxhase utshintsho lwamagama olwamkelweyo. Ngamanye amazwi, le leta ibonakala ngathi ithunyelwe yiBhodi yabaLawuli be-APA. Malunga ne-10,000 oogqirha bengqondo baphendule ileta, ama-58% abo axhasa ivoti yekomiti. Ngoko ke, kubo bonke oogqirha bengqondo e-United States, yi-19% kuphela abaxhasa isigqibo sokususa isifo sobungqingili, kwaye uninzi olukhulu, olufunde kumava abuhlungu oogxa babo, bakhetha ukugcina izimvo zabo kubo ngenxa yokoyika iziphumo. Olu hlengahlengiso lwamkelwa. Nangona kunjalo, i-APA yaphawula oku kulandelayo:

"Amaqela alwela amalungelo abantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye ngokuqinisekileyo aza kuthi i-psychiatry ekugqibeleni iyamkele i-sexualism njengento 'eqhelekileyo' njengokuthanda abantu besini esinye. Baya kuba bephosisa. Ngokususa i-sexualism kuluhlu lwezifo zengqondo, sivuma nje ukuba ayifikeleli kwiikhrayitheriya zokuchonga isifo, ... oko akuthethi ukuba kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye iyasebenza njengokuthanda abantu besini esinye." ^{[ 14 ]}

Ividiyo ngesiNgesi: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Ngoko ke, ukuxilongwa " 302.0 ~ Ubungqingili " kwathatyathelw' indawo kukuxilongwa " 302.00 ~ Ubungqingili be-Egodystonic " kwaza kwafudukela kudidi lweengxaki zengqondo. Phantsi kwenkcazo entsha, ngabantu abathandana besini esinye kuphela abaziva bengonwabanga ngenxa yokutsaleleka kwabo abaya kuthathwa njengabagulayo. "Asisayi kuphinda sigxininise ilebhile yesifo kubantu abathi baphilile kwaye ababonisi ukukhubazeka ngokubanzi ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwentlalo," yatsho i-APA. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zizathu zibambekayo, iingxoxo zesayensi eziqinisekisayo, okanye ubungqina beklinikhi obunikiweyo bokuthethelela utshintsho olunjalo kwisimo sezonyango malunga nobungqingili. Oku kuyavunywa nangabaxhasa esi sigqibo. Umzekelo, uprofesa weYunivesithi yaseColumbia uRonald Bayer, ingcali kwimigaqo yokuziphatha kwezonyango, waphawula ukuba isigqibo sokususa isifo sobungqingili asizange simiselwe "zizigqibo ezifanelekileyo ezisekelwe kwiinyaniso zesayensi, kodwa yimeko yembono yexesha" :

"Le nkqubo yonke iphula imigaqo esisiseko yokusombulula imibuzo yesayensi. Endaweni yokuphonononga idatha ngendlela echanekileyo, oogqirha bengqondo bazifumana bebandakanyeke kwimpikiswano yezopolitiko." ^[15]

"Umama wentshukumo yamalungelo abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo," uBarbara Gittings, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kwentetho yakhe kwinkomfa ye-APA, wavuma ngokunyanisekileyo :

“Ayizange ibe sisigqibo sezonyango, yiyo loo nto yonke into yenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yiminyaka emithathu kuphela idlulile ukusukela kwinto yokuqala eyothusayo kwinkomfa ye-APA de ivoti yebhodi yabalawuli ukuba ikhuphe ubufanasini kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo. Ibisisigqibo sepolitiki ... Siphiliswe ngobusuku nje obunye ngepeni. " ^[16]

Isifundo sika-Evelyn Hooker sokuyalelwa, esihlala siboniswa njengobungqina "benzululwazi" besiqhelo "sobufanasini, khange sihlangabezane nemigangatho yesayensi, kuba isampulu yayo yayincinci, ingekho ngengozi kwaye ingameli, kwaye indlela ngokwayo ishiye kakhulu ukuba inqweneleke. Ukongeza, uHooker akazange azame ukungqina ukuba amafanasini njengeqela ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye ahlengahlengisiweyo njengabantu besini esahlukileyo. Injongo yophando lwakhe yayikukunika impendulo kulo mbuzo: "Ngaba ubufanasini yinto eyimbonakaliso ye-pathology?" Ngokutsho kwakhe: "Into ekufuneka siyenzile kukufumana ityala elinye impendulo." Oko kukuthi, injongo yesifundo yayikukufumana ubuncinci ubunongqingili obungenayo i-psychology yengqondo.

Isifundo sikaHooker sibandakanya kuphela amafanasini angama-30 akhethwe ngononophelo nguMbutho weMatachine. Lo mbutho wezitabane wenze iimvavanyo zokuqala kwaye ukhethe abagqatswa abagqwesileyo. Emva kokuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba besebenzisa iimvavanyo zeprojekhthi ezintathu (amabala eRorschach, i-TAT kunye nee-MAPS) kunye nokuthelekisa iziphumo zabo nolawulo lweqela "lesini esahlukileyo", uHooker wafikelela kwisigqibo esilandelayo:

“Akumangalisi ukuba abanye abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo baphazamiseke kakhulu, kangangokuba umntu usenokucinga ukuba ubungqingili bukuzikhusela kwi-psychosis ecacileyo . Kodwa into uninzi loogqirha abayifumana inzima ukuyamkela kukuba abanye abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo banokuba ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, abangahlukaniyo, ngaphandle kokuthanda ngokwesondo, kubantu abaqhelekileyo abathandana nabobulili obufanayo. Abanye basenokungabi nangxaki yesifo (ukuba umntu akagxininisi ukuba ubungqingili ngokwabo luphawu lwesifo), kodwa banokuba ngabantu ababalaseleyo ngokugqibeleleyo, abasebenza kwinqanaba eliphezulu.” ^[17]

Ngamanye amazwi, umlinganiselo "wokuqheleka" kuphando lwakhe yayikukubakho kohlengahlengiso kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukubakho kwezo parameters akukhuphi konke konke ukubakho kwesifo. Ngenxa yoko, nokuba ngaphandle kokuqwalasela amandla angonelanga ezibalo zobungakanani besampulu, iziphumo zolu phononongo azinakusebenza njengobungqina bokuba ubungqingili abuyongxaki yengqondo. UHooker ngokwakhe wavuma "imida" yomsebenzi wakhe waza wathi ukuthelekisa amaqela abantu abali-100 kunokubonisa umahluko. Ukwaphawule ukunganeliseki okukhulu kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kubudlelwane bomntu, okwabahlula kakhulu kwiqela lolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, kuvavanyo lukaRorschach, abaphandi bafumene umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqela amabini kwizalathisi ezininzi (iiWheeler Signs) kwaye bachonga ulwalamano lwesondo kuma-40% amadoda, xa kuthelekiswa nama-25% ngokuqikelela okungacwangciswanga. Ke ngoko, ibango likaHooker lokuba akafumananga mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwamaqela amabini kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lwakhe alichanekanga.

Uphononongo lwakutshanje lwabantu abasebenzisa iziyobisi ze-LGBT* lufumanise ukuba malunga nama-94% babeneengxaki zobuntu obunye ubuncinane ^[18] , okuphindwe kabini kwinani kwiqela elifanayo labantu abathandana nabesilisa nabesifazane ^[19].

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1977, emva kweminyaka emine emva kokuba iziganeko zichaziwe, uphando olungaziwayo lweengcali zengqondo zaseMelika ezazingamalungu e-APA lwenziwa kwijenali yesayensi i-Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. Ama-69% eengcali zengqondo eziphandweyo avumile ukuba "ubungqingili buqhele ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo, ngokuchaseneyo notshintsho oluqhelekileyo," kwaye ama-13% ayengaqinisekanga. Uninzi lukwathi abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo badla ngokuba nganeliswanga kangako ngabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo (73%) kwaye abanakukwazi ukuba nobudlelwane obuvuthiweyo, obunothando (60%). Ama-70% eengcali zengqondo zithe iingxaki zabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo zinxulumene kakhulu neengxabano zabo zangaphakathi kunokuba zibangelwe kukungamkeleki eluntwini ^[20].

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kunyaka we-2003 iziphumo Uvavanyo olwenziwa kwilizwe lonke phakathi kwezazi ngengqondo malunga nesimo sabo sengqondo malunga nobufanasini babonisa ukuba uninzi lubona ubufanasini njengento etenxileyo, nangona belungafakwanga kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo. ^[21].

Ngo-1987, i-APA yasusa ngokuzolileyo zonke iimbekiselo zobungqingili kwigama layo, ngeli xesha ingakhange ikhathazeke nokubamba ivoti. I-World Health Organisation (WHO) yalandela nje emanyathelweni e-APA, kwaye ngo-1990, yasusa ubungqingili kwisigaba sayo sezifo, igcina kuphela iimpawu zayo zokuzingca kwicandelo F66. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuchaneka kwezopolitiko, olu didi, ngokungaqhelekanga, lukwabandakanya ukuthambekela kwabantu besini esinye, "umntu anqwenela ukutshintsha ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha okunxulumene noko . "

Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokuchonga ubungqingili kuphela otshintshileyo, hayi isiseko sesayensi neseklinikhi esichaza njengesifo—oko kukuthi, ukuphambuka okubuhlungu kwimeko eqhelekileyo okanye inkqubo yophuhliso. Ukuba ngomso oogqirha bavota ukuba umkhuhlane awusiso isifo, oku akuthethi ukuba izigulane ziya kuphiliswa: iimpawu kunye neengxaki zesifo ziya kuhlala zikhona, nokuba azikho kuluhlu. Ngaphezu koko, i-American Psychiatric Association kunye ne-World Health Organisation azizizo iziko lesayensi. I-WHO yiarhente nje elawulayo kwi-UN, eququzelela imisebenzi yezakhiwo zesizwe, kwaye i-APA yimanyano yabasebenzi. I-WHO ayizami nokubanga ngenye indlela—nantsi into ethethwa yintshayelelo yohlelo lwe-ICD-10 lweengxaki zengqondo:

"Ezi nkcazo kunye nezikhokelo azijoliswanga ekubeni zezengcamango kwaye azithi ziyingxelo epheleleyo yemeko yangoku yolwazi malunga nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Zimela nje amaqela eempawu kunye nezimvo ezivunyelwene ngazo inani elikhulu labacebisi kunye nabacebisi kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi njengesiseko esamkelekileyo sokuchaza imida yeendidi ekuhleleni izifo zengqondo." ^[22]

Ngokwembono yezifundo zesayensi, le ngxelo ibonakala ingenangqondo. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwezenzululwazi kufuneka kusekelwe kwimigaqo engqiqweni, kwaye nasiphi na isivumelwano phakathi kweengcali singaba sisiphumo sokutolikwa kwedatha yeklinikhi neyobungqina, kwaye singalawulwa yiyo nayiphi na ingcinga, nokuba yeyobuntu kakhulu. Imbono ngengxaki ethile iyamkelwa ngokubanzi kuphela ngenxa yendalo yayo esekelwe kubungqina, kungekhona ngomyalelo ovela ngasentla. Ukuba sithetha ngendlela yonyango, idla ngokusetyenziswa njengovavanyo kwiziko elinye okanye ezininzi. Iziphumo zovavanyo zipapashwa kwiphephandaba lezenzululwazi, kwaye ngokusekelwe kule ngxelo, oogqirha bagqiba ekubeni baqhubeke nokusebenzisa le ndlela. Apha, nangona kunjalo, izilangazelelo zezopolitiko ezichasene nesayensi zanqoba ukungakhethi cala kwezenzululwazi kunye nokungakhethi cala, kwaye ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane yamava eklinikhi kunye nobungqina, abonisa ngokucacileyo isizathu sesifo sobungqingili, alahlwa. Le ndlela ingazange ibonwe ngaphambili, yasemva kwexesha eliphakathi yokusombulula iingxaki zesayensi ezintsonkothileyo ngokuphakamisa izandla zomntu igxeka ubugqirha bengqondo njengesayensi enzulu kwaye, kwakhona, imele umzekelo wobufebe besayensi ukuze kuzuze amandla athile ezopolitiko. Kwane-Oxford Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry ithi nangona kwezinye iindawo, ezifana nemvelaphi ye-schizophrenia okanye ukudakumba, unyango lwengqondo luzabalazela ukuba nolwenzululwazi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwimiba enxulumene nobungqingili, unyango lwengqondo luziphatha "njengesicakakazi seenkosi zalo zenkcubeko nezopolitiko" ^[23].

Imigangatho yokuBelana ngeSondo kwiHlabathi Jikelele Icandelo le-44 APA, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMbutho weNgqondo yeNgqondo yokuZiqhelanisa ngokweSondo kunye neNtlukwano yesini, equka phantse ngokupheleleyo amatsha ntliziyo e-LGBT*. Ngabo abasasaza iingxelo ezingenakuqinisekiswa egameni le-APA yonke "Ubufanasini yinto eqhelekileyo kwisondo lomntu".

UGqr Dean Byrd, owayesakuba ngumongameli woMbutho weSizwe kuFundo kunye noNyango lobufanasini, watyhola i-APA ngobuqhetseba besayensi:

“I-APA iye yaba ngumbutho wezopolitiko nenkqubo yeli gorha elishicilelayo loshicilelo olusemthethweni, nangona izibeka njengombutho wesayensi obonisa ubungqina bezesayensi ngokungakhethi. I-APA icinezela uphando kunye nophononongo lophando oluvuma isikhundla sayo sezopolitiko kwaye isoyikisa amalungu kwizikhundla zayo ezichasene nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwale nkqubo yesayensi. Uninzi lwanyanzelwa ukuba luthi cwaka ukuze lungaphulukani nobungcali babo, abanye babekhe babekwa esweni, negama labo lonakaliswa- hayi ngenxa yokuba izifundo zabo zingaqinisekanga okanye ixabiso, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zabo zangqubana nomgaqo-nkqubo osekwe ngokusemthethweni Msgstr ".^[24]

Imithombo

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13. Umdlali we-Satinover uJ. Ayisosayensi okanye yedemokhrasi. I-Linacre ngekota. Umqu. 66: Hayi. I-2, iNqaku 7. I-1999; 84.
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16. U-Eric Marcus Ukwenza imbali: Umzabalazo wabantu abathandana nabathandanayo, namalungelo alinganayo ngokwesini, 1945-1990 (1991)
17. E. Hooker. Uhlengahlengiso lwendoda eyindoda engatshatanga (i-1957)
18. UJon Grant. Ukuphazamiseka kubuntu kwi-Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, kunye neTransgender ngokweziChemo ezixhomekeka kwiChemical (2011)
19. Ukuvela kwakhona kwe12-inyanga yotywala kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuphazamiseka kobuntu e-United States: iziphumo ezivela kuPhando lweSizwe lwe-Epidemiologic kwiNotywala nakwiimeko ezihambelana noko
20. Ixesha Izesondo: Gula kwakhona, 1978
21. Ukunyamezelana: ubunye phakathi kweyantlukwano. Indima yezifo zengqondo
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Ukongeza:

UPavel Parfentiev: Indlela ubufanasini eyayeka ngayo ukuba sisifo

Ubufanasini: ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okanye akunjalo?

LGBT* impilo yengqondo kunye nomzimba