Amafanasini aqala ukuyishiya impikiswano "yokuzalwa ngale ndlela"

“Ndikwindlela elungileyo, ndizalwe ndinje” -siqinisekisa ngengoma enye eyaziwayo. "Andikwazi ukutshintsha, nokuba ndizamile, nokuba ndifuna," - Iphinda enye.

Ezi zivakalisi zibini zibonisa umbono osisiseko 'weentshukumo ze-LGBT ", esithi ubungqingili yinto eqhelekileyo, yangaphakathi kunye nengaguqukiyo ekufuneka iqondwe, ixolelwe, yamkelwe. Ilahlekiswe bubugwenxa be-LGBT, icandelo elikhulu loluntu likholelwa ukuba kukho ubungqina obuninzi bemeko yesini yobungqingili, kodwa enyanisweni, "ubungqina" oboniswe ngabaphembeleli bomtshato zizinto nje ezihlanganisiweyo.

Ngaphandle kokungaqondani ngokubanzi kwento eqhelekileyo kwinkcubeko edumileyo, akukho namnye umphandi onzulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi onokuthi abenobungqina bokuba ubufumene ubungqina bemeko yendalo yomtsalane kubantu besini esinye. Okona kungcono, abanye abaphandi kholwaukuba caulactorial causation yokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo inokubandakanya icandelo lebhayoloji leyo kukude isuka kuloo ntoNgenxa yoko, umxholo "wobuntu" wobungqingili awubonisi ulwazi lwenzululwazi, kodwa umbono wezopolitiko kunye nengqumbo yeentshukumo zabathandana abathandanayo, ezingasekelwanga kwingqondo, kwiinyani okanye kwingqondo eqhelekileyo.

Ukubaluleka kwesicwangciso sokubaluleka kobungqingili kuchaziwe Emva kwexesha lokugqibela le-80's ngamatshantliziyo amabini Harvard awathi enza iindlela zokusasaza ubufanasini:

"Uluntu kufuneka luqiniseke ukuba amafanasini angamaxhoba eemeko, nokokuba bakhetha inkanuko yabo ngokwesondo ngaphandle kokukhetha ubude babo okanye ibala lolusu ... esidlangalaleni siqonda ukuba ubufanasini inokuba lukhetho, sivula ibhokisi kaPandora ngombhalo" wokukhetha isimilo kunye nesono "Kwaye unike abachasi bethu intonga yokubetha ... Kuzo zonke iinjongo ezisebenzayo, amafanasini kufuneka athatyathwe ngokungathi azalwe enjalo ... kwaye kuba engenakho ukukhetha, ubufanasini buya kuphindezelwa. kunobungqingili .ter

Uluvo lokuba ukutsalwa kwabantu abathandana besini esinye kwabangelwa yibhayoloji eyasungulwa kwinkulungwane ye-ⅩⅨ, kodwa ngoku, ikhulu elinesiqingatha kamva, ngaphandle kokuzama okulindelweyo kwe-gay lobby ukufumana isiseko sayo sesayensi, ayisiyiyo into engaphaya kokuphupha okumanzi kunye nephupha eliluhlaza lomntu ongqongqo. iziyobisi. Iyayibetha indlela efanelekileyo Inqaku le-1916 lonyaka:

“Ngoku yaziwa kakhulu ukuba imele imeko yabo yokuzalwa kwaye ke ngenxa yoko ayitshintshi okanye inefuthe; "Bonke bazithatha njengabanobuthongo kwaye banokonwaba ukufumana inkxaso yenzululwazi ukuzithethelela ngezabo izimvo kunye nezenzo zabo."

Njengoko sibona, ukusukela ngexesha lokupapashwa kwenqaku ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, igama elithi "invert" lathatyathwa ngegama elithi "gay", kodwa yonke enye into yahlala ingaguqukanga.

Izifundo ezifunda i-concordance yamawele (ubukho bendlela ethile kuwo omabini) zibonakalise ngokungathandekiyo ukuba ubungqingili abunakubangelwa yibhayoloji. Umgaqo-siseko webhayiloji yamawele afanayo asondele kwi-100%; zi-clones zendalo, iikopi zazo ze-DNA enye nenye, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ikhonkco labo lokutsala umntu ongatshatanga yenye yezona zinto ziphantsi kuzo zonke iimpawu zokuziphatha: I-7% emadodeni kunye ne-5% yabasetyhini. Xa uthelekisa, i-concordance ye-heterungqingili yenye yezona zinto ziphakamileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zokuziphatha kwaye ifikelela kwi-94% Eminye imisebenzi inika iipesenti ezifanayo, kwaye idatha evela kwizifundo zangaphambili ezibonisa i-concordance ephezulu ngoku iyamkelwa njengomphumo kwisampula ekhethiweyo eyaqeshwayo ngokusebenzisa iintengiso kwishicilelo lobufanasini. Ngamazwi alula, ukuba elinye lamawele libonisa ubungqingili, ke lona amawele wesibini, njengomthetho, akunjalo.

Uhlalutyo lwe-meta kuzo zonke izifundo ezifanelekileyo ezipapashwe zizazinzulu eziphambili zeYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins kwi2016 iqukumbele ukuba:

"Ukuqonda inkcubeko yokwabelana ngesondo njengendawo yangaphakathi, echazwe ngokwendalo nangomkhwa ozinzileyo - uluvo lokuba abantu" bazalwe ngaloo ndlela "- abafumani bungqina kwisayensi."⁽⁵⁾

Ukuthintela izityholo ezisemgangathweni ze "bias" kunye "ne-homophobia" ekubhekiswa kuzo kubaphengululi ngabafundi abazijongela phantsi nabani na onomdla wokuthetha enye into ngaphandle kokudumisa ngenzondelelo malunga noluntu lwe-LGBT kunye nesimo sayo sengqondo, masithi Kubabhali bale ngxelo, uGqirha Lawrence Meyer, wasebenza njengengcali kwezilingo ezininzi zikarhulumente kunye namatyala olawulo, kubandakanya kwicala loluntu lwe-LGBT.

Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba ayingabo bonke abantu abathandana besini esinye nesinye kwisigaba semfundo abakulungeleyo ukuncama imeko yezesayensi ekuthandeni i-ajenda yezopolitiko yeentshukumo. Unjingalwazi uCamilla Paglia emuva kwi1994 wabhala"akukho mntu uzalelwe njengongqingili kwaye umbono ngokwawo uhlekisa ”.⁽⁶⁾

Unjingalwazi uEdward Stein, ongakufihli ukuthanda kwakhe amafanasini, ukholelwa ukuba ithiyori ka "geni gene" iyingozi ngaphezu kokulungileyo kwaye ucenga amaqela abathandana bodwa ukuba bayilahle kwaye benze uphando lwezesayensi, kuba banokuqinisekisa ukuba ubufanasini yimeko yezifo:

"Ukunxibelelanisa amalungelo oluntu nohlobo oluthile lwengcinga yesayensi, engekagqitywa, kuyingozi kakhulu. Uloyiko lwam kukuba ukukhuthaza uphando kule ndawo ngezizathu zezopolitiko, siya kukhokelela ekuvuseleleni kwimo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. "

Umphengululi ngesondo uLisa Diamond, ilungu elihloniphekileyo le-APA, ukwabongoza abaphembeleli abathandana nesini ukuba bayeke ukusasazeka kwale ntsomi "yasekhaya":

"Iindidi ze-LGBT zixhomekekile kwaye azinantsingiselo. Babonisa iikhonsepthi ezikhoyo kwinkcubeko yethu, kodwa musa ukumela izinto ezikhoyo kwindalo. Uluntu lwaseQueer kufuneka luyeke ukuthi: "sincede, sizalwe sinje kwaye asinakutshintsha" njengengxoxo ngemeko yezomthetho. Le ngxabano iya kujikela kuthi, kuba ubungqina obaneleyo buqokelelene, nto leyo abadlali bethu abazi ukuba akukho nto imbi kunathi. Umahluko luphawu oluboniswa kwisini sabantu. ”

“Ukwabelana ngesondo kumanzi. Lixesha lokushiya ingxabano "ezalwe ngolu hlobo" ngasemva. Amalungelo amafanasini akufuneki axhomekeke kwindlela umntu abelifana ngayo, kwaye kufuneka siyamkele into yokuba isini sinokutshintsha.

Idayimane ichonga izizathu ezithathu eziphambili zokuyeka lo mgca wokucinga:

1) Ingxoxo "Sizalelwe ngale ndlela kwaye asinakutshintsha" ayithembeki ngokwesayensi.
2) Ngokukhanya kwezigqibo zomthetho zamva nje, le ngxabano ayisafuneki.
3) Le ngxoxo ayilunganga kuba iyacalula amaqela ahlukeneyo kuluntu lwe-LGBT.

UMartin Duberman, umseki weZiko loPhando le-LGBT (i-CLAGS), uvumile ngokunyaniseka ukuba:

Awukho namnye umsebenzi wesayensi oqinisekileyo wokuba abantu bazalwe bengabantu abathandana nabatshatileyo. ”

U-Esther Newton, owayesaziwa ngokuba nguvulandlela kuphando lwabantu abathandana nabasetyhini eMelika, wathi umbono wokuba neentlobano zesini yinto “ehlekisayo.”

"Nawuphi na ugqirha wobuntu obandakanyeka kwinkcubeko uyazi ukuba oku akunakwenzeka, kuba isini senziwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Bonke ubungqina, nokuba bahlukaniswe kangakanani, lubonisa okuchaseneyo."

KwanoMbutho waseAmerican Psychological Association, ogama imizamo yakhe yenziwe yokuguqula ubufanasini kwilizwe jikelele, wanyanzelwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwemvumelwano kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kunye nokusilela kophando:

Akukho kuvumelana phakathi kwezazinzulu malunga nezizathu ezizizo zokwenziwa kwabantu abathandana abathandanayo, abathandanayo nabungqingili. Nangona uninzi lophononongo luye lwavavanya amandla anokubakho emfuzo, i-hormonal, intlalontle kunye nenkcubeko kwisimo sokwabelana ngesondo, abukho ubungqina obufumanekileyo bokuvumela izazinzulu ukuba zigqibe kwelokuba ukujonga ezesondo kugqitywe yiyo nayiphi na into okanye izinto ezithile. Uninzi lukholelwa ukuba indalo kunye nokukhuliswa kunye kudlala indima enzima koku. Uninzi lwabantu luziva luncinci ukhetho lwalo (okanye ukungabikho kwalo) malunga nesini sabo. ”

Nika ingqalelo kwilizwi "Umxhelo" kwesi sicatshulwa. Imvakalelo yokungabikho kokukhetha ibhekiselele kwinto yokuba ukhetho lwenziwa ngokungazi, kwaye hayi kwinto yokuba ayizange. Ngokucacileyo, bonisa kunye neDyunivesithi yaseMelika yoNyango lweeNtso:

"Nangona umdla wobungqingili isenokuba ayisiyonyani eyaziwayo, kufanelekile ukutshintsha kubantu abaninzi."

Kodwa ngaphandle kwezibakala, ukuqiqa nokuqiqa okuqhelekileyo, amagama athi "uzalwe kakhulu", akhixiwe ukuba acaphucaphu nause, isengumba ophambili wentetho yezopolitiko ye "LGBT intshukumo" ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, kwafunyaniswa ukuba abantu abakholelwa ukuba amafanasini azalwa enjalo, ngenxa yenceba, abonisa ukunyamezelana okunyamezelayo; okwesibini, isibongozo "sokungabikho kokukhetha" kunye "nokuphelelwa lithemba" kukuvumela ukuba ubonise ngempumelelo ukugxekwa kwabachasi, ukubabonisa njengabaphembeleli aboyikisayo; Okwesithathu, esi sigwebo siluncedo sinika abantu abathandana nabo ngokwabo ukuba bakhululwe kukuziva benetyala kunye noxanduva ngezenzo zabo ezenzakalisayo.

Kwangelo xesha, kuloo mazwe apho ubufanasini, sele bufumene ukwamkelwa komthetho, imile ngokuqinileyo kwi-humus yokuwohloka kwesimilo kuluntu, intsomi "yangaphakathi" iqala ukunika indlela yeengxelo zobume obuchaseneyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwanovimba we-pro-gay Guardian, iiveki ezimbini emva kokumiselwa ngokusemthethweni komtshato wesini esifanayo kuwo onke amazwe ase-US, wapapasha inqaku elithetha ukuba ipolisi yezopolitiko "ezalwe ngolohlobo" ayihambelani nezibakala zesayensi:

"Ukuthetha ngesondo lethu, akulindelekile ukuba" sizalwe sinje. " Nangona ngokucacileyo ibhayoloji idlala indima, imeko yentlalo yinto ebeka iminqweno yethu yesini kakhulu. Le meko yentlalo, njengayo nayiphi na enye, inokoyiswa ukuba iyafuneka. Ukuba sifuna ukwenza le nto, kutheni kungenjalo? ”⁽¹²⁾

Abanye abantu abathandana besini esifanayo bavuma ekuhleni ukuba "uhlobo lwendoda yesini gay" yayiyintsomi yelo lobungqingili

Imifanekiso ebuhlungu ye "gay ixhoba" ngelishwa, eyimfuneko ekuqaleni kwephulo, iba yinto engeyomfuneko kwaye ithintele umntu ukuba abonise ngokupheleleyo "ngokuzingca kwakhe". Ngoku imfundiso yokuba ukunciphisa ubungqingili kwisimo sesidalwa esiqhwalelayo kumandla apheleleyo wokuzimisela kwayo kuya kuba nefashoni, kuhlazisa isidima sakhe sobuntu. “Ewe, asizalwa sinje. Ewe senze ukhetho. Ke yintoni? Amalungelo ethu akaxhomekeki koku. Sifuna ukulingana kungabikho ngenxa yokuba kungekho nto sinokuyenza nathi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba singabantu kwaye singabemi, yinto ethethwa ngumaphephandaba eNtshona.

Intatheli uBrandon Ambrosino kwinqaku elithi “Andizalwanga ndinjalo, ndikhetha ukuba yitabaneUbhala oku kulandelayo:

Lixesha lokuba uluntu lwe-LGBT luyeke ukoyika igama elithi "ukhetho" kwaye lubuyise isidima senkululeko yokuzimela. Ukuphikisa eli gama kwiindawo esihlala kuzo kuvela kwinkolelo yokuba ngaphandle kokumiselwa kwangaphambili, asinakuba nasizathu sokwenza ukulingana. Andisiboni isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba amaxabiso esini afanele ukukhuselwa lawo angenakulawulwa. Ngapha kwayo yonke loo nto, ngaba ukuqhubela phambili nokuvuselela abanye kungakhuthazwanga yinkolelo yokuba urhulumente unoxanduva lokukhusela ngamnye kuthi, nokuba ukhetha ntoni ngokwesondo? Ngaba ayikhuselekanga kabini ngokusekwe kwisimo esifanayo sokuzimela ngokwesondo?

Kwimfuno yethu yokwenza amalungelo abathandana abathandana namalungelo okuba ngamalungelo amnyama, sagqiba kwelokuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo iyafana nebala lolusu. Andicingi ukuba iyinyani le. Ngokuthe ngqo, ndandiqinisekile amadoda aliqela ukuba azame isini sam, kodwa andizange ndikwazi ukuzama umbala wabo.

Isimangalo sokuba ulwalamano lwethu ngesondo silungelelaniswe ngendlela yemfuza ngendlela efanayo nohlanga kunokuba luye lwayomeleza i-rhetoric yethu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kodwa ngaba ngoku siyazifuna ezo ngxabano? EMelika, sinenkululeko yokuba, nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Mna kunye nabanye abakhoyo emgceni siya kuqinisekisa ukuba, ukongeza kwikhowudi yemfuzo, zikho ezinye izinto ezakha imeko yethu yesini. Nanini na xa ndamkelwe kuphela ngenxa yokuba ikhowudi yam yemvelo indibambekile, ndiziva ndithotyiwe kunokuba ndinamalungelo. ”

Jonga kwi-Intanethi iifom, amanqaku kunye сайты I-LGBT inomyalezo onje:

"Siluntu olungadinwa zizinto" akukho nto enokwenziwa ngayo "," bazalwe benje "," akukho mntu ukhetha ukuba yi-LGBT ". Sikholelwa ukuba ukhetho lunokwenzeka, kwaye sinelungelo lokwenza ukhetho. "

Kwangelo xesha, ayikhethi ukukhetha ukujonga umtsalane wakho wobungqingili, kodwa malunga nokukhetha umtsalane uqobo.

Inqaku kwi I-Lesbo-feminist magazine ithi:

Ewe, olu khetho, kodwa njani ngenye indlela? Senza izigqibo ngayo yonke enye into ebomini bethu - indawo esihlala kuyo, ukutya, indlela yokunxiba, kodwa asinakuthatha isigqibo sokuba sithanda bani? Ewe siyayenza. Ngokwemvelo, kukho into ethile yezokwabelana ngesondo, kodwa inqunyelwe ngumnqweno jikelele wesini. Ukulamba yindalo, kodwa ukuyanelisa ngetshokholethi kukhetho.
Nokuba abanye abantu bacinga ukuba bazalwe ngaloo ndlela kuba bengazikhumbuli ngenye indlela, oko akuthethi ukuba iyinyani. Andizamkeli iimvakalelo zabantu, kodwa ndicinga ukuba indlela abantu abazitolika ngayo iimvakalelo zabo ngokuqinisekileyo inokuba ayichanekanga. Ngapha koko, kutheni le nto sicinga ukuba umntu uyiqonda ngcono imeko yakhe yemfuza kunesayensi?
Andivumelani nesimo esikhulayo sokukhubazeka sokuba abanye bayimvelo, kodwa kwabanye oko akunjalo. Kwaye andibuboni nabuphi na ubungqina obukholisayo okanye inkcazo eqinisekileyo yokuba le yinto yemvelo kuye wonke umntu; Ndibona kuphela izinto abanye abantu abazivayo ukuba bayazazi izizathu zabo.
Abantu abathandana nabantu besini esifana nesinye bathanda ukubafanasini kuba bathanda into yobufanasini ngaphezu kobufanasini. ”

Le nkolelo kwabelwane ngayo ngumbhali wenqaku elikweli phephandaba IAtlantiki, owathi, wenza ukhetho olunolwazi malunga nobudlelwane besini esifanayo:

"Ukukhokela indlela yokuphila yobungqingili ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kakhulu: uvumo olunzima kusapho, izithuko kunye nokugrogrisa esitratweni, kwaye uninzi lweefilimu zesini zimbi kakhulu. Ukuba bekuxhomekeke kuthi, ngekhe siyeke intshutshiso nocalucalulo? Kuyavela ukuba asiyiyo yonke le nto. Abanye baye baqonda ukuba ngaphandle kobunzima, ukuthandana kwabantu abangatshatanga kunye nokungathandwa ziintsapho zethu, ubufanasini buyamangalisa. ”

Umlingisi uCynthia Nixon kwi udliwano ndlebe Iphephandaba laseNew York Times livele lathi kuye, ukuba neentlobano zesini kunye nokukhetha.

"Ndiyayiqonda into yokuba kwabaninzi oku akunjalo, kodwa kum lukhetho, kwaye akekho umntu onokundibonisa ubungqingili kum. Inxalenye yoluntu lwethu ikholelwa ukuba oku akunakuthathwa njengokukhetha, kuba ukuba lukhetho, lunokuyeka. Mhlawumbi oku kunika abalandeli abakholelwa kuhambo lwabo abaludingayo, kodwa andicingi ukuba mabachaze imeko yengxoxo.

Kwi-2020, ezi ntsingiselo "zinenkqubela phambili" ezinolibaziseko lweempawu zabhabha zaya emaphethelweni ethu:

Imizekelo enjalo ibinokuthi icatshulwe ixesha elide, kodwa mhlawumbi umbono ucacile: amafanasini awazalwanga, amafanasini ayafa. Ukuba kuye kwafunyanwa naluphi na ubume bebhayoloji, ngoncedo lokuba ngubani na onokuchonga ukuthanda kwakhe umntu ngokwesini- uhlobo lwendalo, isimo sobuchopho, ubude bomnwe, njl njl... ukuba kunokwenzeka, yenza ulungiso lwezonyango ngokuphelisa unobangela. Khawufane ucinge ukuba oku kuya kuthetha ntoni kumazwe apho umthetho we-Sharia ...

Kodwa amafanasini, ngethamsanqa kubo, abanazo iimpawu ezingafaniyo zokubahlula kubantu abathandanayo.

Ubufanasini yindlela efunyenwe ngokwasengqondweni nakwindlela yokuziphatha, hayi ukumiselwa kwangaphambili kwebhayoloji. Ukuba umtsalane wesini esifanayo ububonelelwa ngendalo, ngoko abantu abathandana besini esifanayo ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuzalwa beneempawu ezifanelekileyo ze-anatomical (umzekelo, i-epithelium ye-rectal eyomeleziweyo, i-lubricating glands, njl. njl.), evumela ukuba bafeze ukuthanda kwabo "ngaphakathi" ngaphandle kwemiphumo ebuhlungu. Nangona kunjalo, izenzo zobufanasini zichasene nemfuza kunye nephysiology yabantu kwaye kungekudala okanye kamva ziphela ngokusilela.

Uxela owayekade eyifanasini:

“Kwakukho umlo oqhubekayo phakathi kobume bomzimba wam kunye nento endifuna ukuyenza ngawo. Ndandiqonda ukuba ndiyaphulukana, kodwa nangona kunjalo, bendisoloko ndifumana intuthuzelo kubahlobo ababeneengxaki ezifanayo kwaye ngokuzonwabisa kwabahlali abathandanayo badanisa kuzo zonke iintlekele kunye nokugula. Phantse iminyaka eyi-20 emva kokupheliswa kwendlela yokuziphatha, eyona nto imbi kakhulu kukuba ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ndinxibe iidayiphu. Inkwenkwe eyayifuna ukuba yindoda yabambeka kwinqanaba lobuntwana. Ukwabelana ngesondo ngamadoda akuzange kumguqule ekubeni yindoda, kodwa kukutshabalalisa nje umzimba wakhe.

Ndawela emseleni, ndagabha igazi, ndaza ndaphazamiseka esiswini ndanyanzelisa ikholoni yam ukuba ikhuphe oko kungaphakathi. Ndolule ingubo yam yangaphantsi-bendopha ngaphakathi. Ubomi bam baphuma macala omabini. Apho bendicinga ukuba kukho umnyango wokuphakanyiswa, ndankqonkqoza kwindlela yokufa ...

Inxalenye ye-rectum yam yasuswa ngenxa yokuqhekeka kakhulu kwangaphakathi. Njengamabanjwa i-Marquis de Sade, i-sphincter yam yathunyelwa ngomsonto omninzi. Ndanikwa uluhlu olude lwe-emollients kunye ne-laxatives ukwenza ukuhamba kwe-bowel ngokusebenzisa umngxuma omxinene kakhulu. Izilumkiso azisebenzi Ukuyekisa ukopha, ndibeke itawuli kwimikhono yam kwaye ndaya kwigumbi likaxakeka ...

Kancinci umzimba wam wawusinda, kodwa nangona kunjalo, ndaqhubeka nokuzingcolisa. Olunye utyando luya kulandela, emva koko olunye ... Kwiminyaka kamva, ndiyaqhubeka nokubandezeleka kukungakwazi ukuzibamba. Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ngamanye amaxesha iintlungu kunye neentloni, ndizibona ndisikelelekile kuba ndikwazile ukuphuncuka kubufanasini ndingenabungozi ngokuthelekiswa nabahlobo bam abaninzi. ”

Funda ngakumbi malunga nemiphumo yobudlelwane bobufanasini kumanqaku. Ubufanasini: uphononongo lweziphumo zempilo и Impilo yengqondo kunye neyomzimba yabantu be-LGBT