Ukusukela embindini wenkulungwane yama-20, phantsi kwesibhengezo 'sengxinano' Kwinkoliso yamazwe aphuhlileyo, ukuchuma sele kwehlile kakhulu kwinqanaba lokuzala ngokulula, kwaye nenani labantu abadala liyalingana ngenani labantwana okanye lide legqithe. Umtshato uya usanda ngokuphelisa uqhawulo-mtshato kwaye uthathelwa indawo kukutshata. Imicimbi yangaphandle, ubufanasini kunye ne-transgender phenomena ifumene imeko ephambili. Ukuhamba komhlaba, hayi intsomi yaba yinyaniso entsha yehlabathi.

Umsunguli wembono yokulawulwa kokuzalwa emhlabeni nguThomas Malthus, owayibonakalisayo kumsebenzi wakhe we-1798, "Essay on the Law of Population." Ngokwimfundiso yeMalthus, abantu bayanda, kwaye iindlela zokuphila zikhula ngokuzibalo, ngoko ke kungekudala abantu abayi kuba nokutya okwaneleyo, kwaye ngokutsho komlawuli weBhanki yeHlabathi- kunye namanzi ^[1]. Ngokwe-Malthus, lincinci inani labemi, liphezulu inqanaba lokuphila.

Iingcamango zika-Malthusian zathatyathwa ngumfazi osetyhini u-Margaret Sanger (Sanger), owathi ngesisa wafumana i-eugenics, wenza unyaka we-1921 i "Nkulawulo yoLawulo lokuzalwa", umsebenzi wayo yayikukukhupha isisu kunye "nokukhupha umququ wobuntu" - Msgstr ". Ezi ziquka abantu abamnyama, amaSlavs, amaJuda, amaTaliyane - inani elipheleleyo le-70% yabemi behlabathi. Esona senzo singaziphathi kakuhle sexesha lethu kukukhuthaza ukudalwa kweentsapho ezinkulu ezonakalisa nje kuphela amalungu ezi ntsapho, kodwa uluntu lonke. Eyona nto inenceba kusapho olukhulu olunokwenziwa ngomnye wabantwana babo kukumbulala. ”- wabhala uSanger ^[2].

Kungekudala, phantsi kwesikhokelo sezibonelelo zemisebenzi yezenzululwazi, uMbutho uqalisa ukufumana inkxaso-mali evela eRockefeller, Ford naseMallon. Kwimagazini ye-1932 League kwinqaku elinesihloko esithi "Isicwangciso soxolo", uSanger wathi ngenxa yoxolo eMhlabeni, "izinto ezingaphantsi koluntu" kufuneka zinyanzeliswe kwaye zihlukaniswe ngokubekwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.

“Ngokujolisa le nxalenye inkulu yabemi bethu ngenxa yezizathu zempilo kunokuba sisohlwayo, kukhuselekile ukuthi izigidi ezilishumi elinesihlanu okanye ezingamashumi amabini zabemi bethu ziya kuba ngamagorha akhuselayo, akhusela abantwana abangekazalwa kwiziphene zabo ... yenziwe ukucotha ukukhula kwabemi ngokuhambelana nesantya esimiselweyo ukuze kuhlengahlengiswe ukwanda kwabemi kwezona meko zintle zentlalo nezoqoqosho"^[3].

U-Ernst Rydin, olilungu leqela lamaNazi, owayesebenza njengomcebisi kwi-League kwaye emva koko wabeka imibono yakhe kwiinkqubo zesithathu zeDemokhrasi ezinje ngeGenetic Sterilization kunye noCoceko lobuhlanga, wapapashwa kwincwadi efanayo. Kwi-1942, ekuphakameni kwemfazwe kunye noHitler, uSanger, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuhlangana okungathandekiyo, utha ngokutsha igama elithi "uLawulo lokuzalwa lombutho" kwi "Mhlangano wabaZali abaCwangcisiweyo", oguqukela kwi-International Federation - IPPF (iguqulelwe kwakhona njenge-IFES), ethi kamva ifumane ubume bombutho wesisa, owawuvumela ukuba wamkele iminikelo ngaphandle kokuhlawula irhafu.

USanger uyonwabele inkxaso yabantu abadumileyo njengoJulian Huxley, Albert Einstein, Inkulumbuso yaseIndiya uNehru, iJapan Emperor Hirohito, uHenry Ford, uBongameli uTruman, u-Eisenhower nabanye abaninzi ^[4]... Ipolitiki ye-neo-Malthusian ayikhuthazayo ikhula kwihlabathi jikelele.

Kwi-1954, iHugh Moore Foundation ipapashe iphecana elisasazwe ngokubanzi, iBomb of the Population, elonyuse isoyikiso sokukhula kwenani labantu kumazwe asakhasayo kwaye yagxininisa isidingo esingxamisekileyo sokucutha ukuzala. Kwi-1958, i-UN iqala ukuxhasa ngezimali iinkqubo ze-IPPF kumazwe ehlabathi lesithathu kwaye iBhanki yeHlabathi iza kuzijoyina kungekudala. Kwi-1959, iSebe leMelika lase-US likhuphe ingxelo malunga neendlela zokuziphatha kwabemi zehlabathi eziqukumbele ngelithi ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kusongela uzinzo lwamazwe. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva koko, iintshukumo zabakwaNeo-Malhusians zasasazeka ukuya eMelika uqobo: I-US Congress yabela i-50 yezigidi zeedola zokuqala “zokucwangcisa usapho” ngaphakathi elizweni kwaye yonyusa irhafu kwiintsapho ezinabantwana ababini okanye ngaphezulu, ngelixa abangatshatanga nabangenamntwana bafumana uncedo lwerhafu. ^[5].

Njengoko kucacisiwe leli nyathelo, umbhali weli kamva labathengisi Bombhali, ugqirha wezilwanyana uPaul Erlich: "Ukuqinisekisa ezinye izizwe ukuba zehlise inqanaba lokuzalwa, kufuneka sitsho "yenza njengoko nathi", kwaye akunjalo "yenza njengoko uxelelwe"». Esinye isizathu yimpembelelo yokwanda kwenani labemi base-US ekuphelisweni kobutyebi behlabathi. Ngaphandle kwenyani yokuba kwi1966 eMelika malunga ne6% yabemi behlabathi, eli lizwe lidla i-34% yemveliso yehlabathi, i-29% yayo yonke imveliso yensimbi kunye ne-17% kuko konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. La manani akhokelela ekuqinisekisweni ukuba zonke izinto zokuzalwa zaseMelika zenza igalelo elikhulu ekucuthekeni koovimba behlabathi - "Amaxesha e-25 ngaphezulu, utshilo,, ukuzalwa kwamaNdiya" - utsho isazi sebhayoloji uWayne Davis^[6].

Kwi-1964, i-United States yaseka "I-Counselling kunye neMfundo" (SIECUS). Umlawuli wayo olawulayo uMary Calderon wayehambisana kakhulu ne-IPPF kwaye exhasa imibono yomntu Rudolf Dreikurs, phakathi kwazo:
Ukudityaniswa okanye ukuguqulwa komgangatho kunye nendima yesondo; 
Ukukhululwa kwabantwana kwiintsapho zabo; 
• Ukupheliswa kosapho njengoko sisazi^[7].

Ngowe-1968, igqwetha laseMelika UAlbert Blausteinabathathe inxaxheba ekudalweni kwamasebe amazwe amaninzi, bonisaukuba ukunciphisa umda wokukhula kwenani labemi, kuyadingeka ukuba kuhlaziywe imithetho emininzi, kubandakanya umtshato, inkxaso yosapho, iminyaka yokuvuma, kunye nobungqingili.

Kumkani Davis, Elinye lawona manani aphambili kuphuhliso lwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula ukuzala, ugxekile "abacwangcisi" ngokuyeka oko "ngokuzithandela" amanyathelo okulawula ukuzala, njengokukhuthaza ukubulala iintsholongwane, isisu и "Iindlela ezingaqhelekanga zokwabelana ngesondo"... Ngokutsho kwakhe ngokwe, "Nditsho nabona bantu baphambili bayayazi indlela yokunciphisa inani labantwana ngokuphazanyiswa kokulalana, iintlobano zesini ezenziwa ngabantu abangamadoda, ubufanasini, ukukhupha isisu nokubulala iintsana." Ukongeza, wanyanzelisa ukuba ngaphandle kokutshintsha ubume bezentlalo kunye noqoqosho, ukuncitshiswa okujolise kwinqanaba lokuzalwa akunakufezekiswa.

“Imiba yokuvala inzala kunye neendlela ezingezozamvelo zokwabelana ngesondo zidla ngokuhlangatyezwa nokuthula okanye ukungavunyelwa, nangona kungekho mntu uthandabuzayo ukusebenza kwala manyathelo ekuthinteleni ukukhawula ... Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo olufunekayo ukuphembelela inkuthazo yokuba nabantwana kufuneka ibe lutshintsho kulwakhiwo lwentsapho. , isikhundla samabhinqa neentlobano zesini … Inkqubo yezoqoqosho ubukhulu becala yiyo egqibayo ukuba ngubani oza kusebenza, yintoni enokuthengwa, kuya kubiza malini ukukhulisa abantwana, yimalini umntu anokuyichitha. Izikolo zichaza iindima zosapho kunye nezinto ezinomdla ezinxulumene nomsebenzi kunye nokukhetha ukuzonwabisa. Banokuthi, njengoko kuyimfuneko, bachaze ngokutsha iindima zesini, bakhulise umdla ngaphandle kwekhaya, kwaye banike ulwazi olunenyani (ngokuchaseneyo nokuziphatha okuhle) malunga nomtshato, ukuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye nemiba yabemi. Kujongwe ngolu hlobo, kucacile ukuba iSebe lezoQoqosho neMfundo, hayi iSebe lezeMpilo, kufuneka libe ngumthombo womgaqo-nkqubo wabantu.”^[8].

Umfazi kaDavis, isazi sezentlalo UJudith Blake Isiphakamiso sokupheliswa kwerhafu kunye nezibonelelo zezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala abantwana kunye nokususa izohlwayo esisemthethweni kunye nesentlalontle nxamnye nobufanasini ^[9].

Amagqabantshintshi ngesi sibini sosapho sihloniphekileyo asishiywanga engakhathalelwanga, kwaye kwi-1969 i-IPPF I-Sekela-Mongameli u-Frederic Jaffe ukhupha imemorandam echaza iindlela zokulawula ukuzala, ezibandakanya ukukhupha isisu, ukubulala inzala, ukuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukunyanzela abafazi ukuba baye emsebenzini, kuncitshiswe ikhefu lokuya kubazali kunye Izibonelelo zabantwana; kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula koongqingili. UJaffe uyalela usihlalo wombutho wabahlali base Rockefeller, isazinzulu ngokuziphatha, u-Bernard Berelson, ukuba enze uphando ngefuthe lezinto zokuhlala, izindlu kunye nezoqoqosho ekukhuleni komntwana, kunye nokukhetha ezona zifanelekileyo.

Isicatshulwa esifutshane kwimemorandam:

Ukuqeshwa ngokupheleleyo kwabemi kuhamba kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngenxa yoko iqondo eliphezulu lokungaphangeli kufuneka livunyelwe xa kufuneka. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano phakathi kwengqesho yabasetyhini kunye nokuzala okuncinci sele kungqinisisiwe, ngokubhekisele apho kufuneka khona ukuseka ukuba leliphi inqanaba lokunyuka kwamaxabiso linokuthi okanye lifanele libe semngciphekweni ukufezekisa inqanaba lokuzala eliphantsi. Kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha umfanekiso wosapho olufanelekileyo, kubandakanya abantwana abathathu okanye ngaphezulu, oluya kukhokelela kumgangatho ongamkelekiyo wokukhula kwenani labemi. Ukwenzela ukuthintela umgaqo-nkqubo wabantu abambelelayo, kubalulekile ukwenza indawo apho inkqubo yokuthintela ngokuzithandela iya kusebenza khona. Akukho mathandabuzo okuba uninzi lwamanyathelo acetywayo njengezinye iindlela zocwangciso-ntsapho alusayi kuba nempembelelo efanayo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo abemi. Itheyibhile eqhotyoshelweyo izama ukuveza indlela ephambili yokuhlenga-hlengisa eyona milinganiselo iphambili ekuxoxwe ngayo ngokwehlabathi jikelele okanye ukukhetha kwayo. Kucacile ukuba iindlela zoqoqosho zempembelelo aziyi kuba nefuthe elilinganayo ekuziphatheni kweentsapho ezityebileyo / eziphakathi kunye nabemi abafumana umvuzo ophantsi. Uphando luza kubonisa ukuba zeziphi iindlela esiza kuzifuna kwaye kungekudala. ”^[10].

Kwakuloo nyaka, ndithetha neCongress, Mongameli Nixon kubizwa ukwanda kwabemi "Omnye wemiceli mngeni emibi kakhulu ekuphelisweni koluntu". Ucebise ukwanda kweenkonzo zocwangciso-ntsapho e-US kunye nokuseta ikhomishini yokufunda ngefuthe lokukhula kwenani lentlalontle kwisizwe. ^[11]. Emva kweminyaka emibini yophando, uSihlalo weKhomishini uJohn D. Rockefeller 3 uxelele uMongameli ukuba ukwanda kwenani labemi akusosiko:

"Emva kweminyaka emibini yemigudu egxininisiweyo, sifikelele kwisigqibo sokuba kwixesha elide akuyi kubakho nzuzo ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo kwabemi besizwe, kwaye ukuzinza ngokuthe ngcembe kwabemi bethu ngeendlela zokuzithandela kuya kuba negalelo elikhulu. kwisakhono sesizwe sokusombulula iingxaki zaso. Siye sakhangela, kodwa asizange siyifumane, ingxoxo ekholisayo yezoqoqosho ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwabemi. Intlalontle yelizwe lethu, ukusebenza kakuhle kweshishini, okanye impilo-ntle yabemi abaqhelekileyo ayixhomekekanga koku.” ^[12].

Umcebisi weSayensi kuMongameli uNixon, uGqr. Dubridge Urged "Onke amaziko oluntu-izikolo, iiyunivesithi, icawe, usapho, urhulumente, neearhente zamanye amazwe - babeka ukwanda kwenani labemi njengeyona nto iphambili kubo." [⁶].

Imbasa yeNobel, uGqr. Shockley cetyiswa Isicwangciso esinjalo: 
Uluntu luya kuvota ngenqanaba lokukhula elifunwayo ngonyaka (ucebisa i-0.3%), emva koko i-Census Bureau iyakuthi ichonge ukuba bangaphi abantwana besifazane abavunyelwe ukuba nabo. Zonke iintombi ziya kufakwa i-capsule yokuthintela ukukhulelwa... Ukufikelela kubudala besininzi, intombazana nganye iya kufumana izatifikethi ezingama-22 zomntwana ngamnye. Isibini esitshatileyo siyakwazi ukusebenzisa i-10 kwezi ukususa le philisi de umntwana azalwe, emva koko iphilisi iya kubuyiselwa. Emva kokuzalwa kwabantwana ababini, esi sibini siya kuba nakho ukuthengisa izatifikethi ezi-2 ezishiyekileyo, okanye sithenge ezinye ezisi-8 kwintengiso yasimahla ukuze sizale umntwana wabo wesithathu. Abo bangabafuni abantwana bazokwazi ukuthengisa izatifikethi zabo nanini na13].

U-Preston Cloud, ongusihlalo weKomiti yezeNdalo kwiZiko leSizwe lezeNzululwazi, wacela ukunyuka kwenani labantu ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane kwaye wafuna ukuqiniswa. "Ngayiphi na indlela enokwenzeka" ulawulo lwabemi e-USA nakwilizwe liphela. Kwintetho yakhe, ucele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uCongress noMongameli ukuba batsho ngokwasemthethweni ukuba zonke izibini zaseMelika mazingabi nabantwana abangaphezulu kwesibini, ukuba ukuqhomfa ngesicelo kuya kwenziwa kube semthethweni kwaye kufikeleleke kuye wonke umntu, nokuba kungenziwa simahla, kwaye kuya kunyuselwa nezithintelo zomthetho kubasebenzi abathandana abathandanayo. ^[6].

Umbhali wengqondo Inguqu UFrank Notestein, ethetha kwiKholeji yeSizwe yeMfazwe kumagosa aphezulu, waphawula ukuba "ubufanasini bukhuselwe ngesiseko sokunceda ukunciphisa ukukhula kwabantu" ^[9].

Kwakukho abo babiza ngokungafihlisiyo ukuchasana kwabantu abathandana nabesini esinye "ngoyena nobangela wengxaki yokugcwala kwabemi behlabathi":

Kuyakuthatha nje iminyaka embalwa ukuba ii-lobbyists ziqhelanise ubufanasini ukweyisela i-American Psychiatric Association ukuba isuse ubufanasini kuluhlu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. “Asisayi kuphinda sigxininise ekubhaleni esi sifo kubantu abathi basempilweni,” yatsho i-APA. Olu tshintsho kwindawo yeyeza malunga nokuxilongwa kobufanasini lwenzekile ngaphandle kokubonelela naziphi na iingxoxo zesayensi kunye nobungqina bekliniki ukuthethelela inyathelo elinjalo. Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi: https://pro-lgbt.ru/295/

Kwi-Encyclopedia yoLawulo lokuZalwa ka-2001, epapashwe ngokukodwa kwimibutho yocwangciso-ntsapho, ubufanasini sele luhlulwe ngokuphandle njengendlela yokulawula ukuzalwa esemthethweni:

“Ekubeni iintlobano zesini phakathi kwamalungu esini esinye zingenakukhokelela ekukhulelweni, ukunyamezela okanye ukukhuthaza ubufanasini nobufanasini kunokubonwa njengendlela yokulawula abemi, ukuba asikuko ukulawula inzala. Phantse bonke abantu banamandla okuthandana nesini, kwaye ukuba kuvunyelwe kangakanani ukuzibonakalisa kuchaphazela, ubuncinci kwithiyori, inani labantwana abakhulelweyo. "

Kwi-2004, umhleli weBritish Medical Journal (BMJ) u-Imre Lefler wabhala kwikholamu yayo oku kulandelayo:

“Ixabiso lobufanasini ukuze abantu baphile lixhomekeke ekukhuleni kwabo. Nabani na oxhalabele ukonakaliswa kwendalo okubangelwa kukwanda kwabemi ufanele akhuthaze ubufanasini. Inene, kuyakunqweneleka ukuba uninzi lwabantu lube ngamafanasini, kunye nencinci, iqhezu elikhethiweyo labantu kwiqela ngalinye elaziwayo elanelisa iimfuno ezithobekileyo zokuzala zohlobo...
Umbutho ofanelekileyo wentlalo yoluntu kweli hlabathi linabantu abaninzi uya kuba lelo apho uninzi luya kuhlala kubufanasini. Ukuba ubufanasini bebuya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo, abantu bebeya kuncipha kakhulu ...
Ucalucalulo olunxamnye nomtshato wamafanasini luya kuncipha ngokukhawuleza xa abantu beqonda ukuba eli lungiselelo litsha lingumqinisekisi womgaqo-nkqubo “wemvelo” wabantu.

Kunyaka we-1972 we Iklabhu yaseRoma ingxelo yapapashwa "Umda wokukhula", Apho iimeko ezili-12 ezinokubakho zophuhliso lomntu zazisiwe. Zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo zifuna utshintsho kwezopolitiko nakwezentlalo, kubandakanya nolawulo lokuzalwa okuqinileyo kwinqanaba lokwehla kwendalo.

Kwi-1974, Nixon iyalela I-Kissinger yokufunda ifuthe lokukhula kwenani labemi behlabathi kwimicimbi yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho e-United States kwaye iphakamise amanyathelo athile aza kuthathwa. Le yindlela uxwebhu "i-NSSM-1990", oluhlelwe kwi-200, lwavela, luqulunqwe liBhunga lezoKhuseleko leLizwe, elathetha ngesidingo esingxamisekileyo sokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa kwilizwe liphela. Injongo ephambili yoxwebhu yayikukufezekisa inqanaba lokubuyisela endaweni yokuchuma ngonyaka we-2000 (umndilili wabantwana be-2 kusapho ngalunye) kunye nokugcina elona nani liphezulu labemi ngaphakathi kwe-8 yezigidi zezigidi. Ukuhanjiswa koncedo lwangaphandle kumazwe asaphuhlayo kuya kuxhomekeka ekuzimiseleni kwabo ukwamkela iinkqubo ezinxamnye nemveli. Ke, xa iNigeria yenqabayo ukuzazisa ngenkqubo yokufundisa ngokwesondo ngendlela ekhuthaza ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kunye nokulalana, amazwe aseNtshona asongela ngaye ukupheliswa koncedo lwangaphandle. Amazwe e-13 achongiwe kulawulo loluntu ekufanele ukuba luqale ukusetyenziswa.

“…ugxininiso oluphambili kufuneka lube kwelona zwe likhulu nakhula ngokukhawuleza anomdla wezopolitiko kunye neqhinga kwi-United States. La mazwe aquka iIndiya, iBangladesh, iPakistan, iNigeria, iMexico, i-Indonesia, iBrazil, iiPhilippines, iThailand, iYiputa, iTurkey, i-Ethiopia neKholombiya. Bebonke babalelwa kwi-47% yokwanda kwabemi ngoku. "^[15].

Uxwebhu lucebisa Gxila kwimfundo kwaye indoctrination [Sic] Isizukulwana esitsha malunga nokulangazelela usapho oluncinci ” kwaye uqaphela isidingo sokukhipha isisu ukunciphisa ukuchuma.

Kwi-1975, ngokomyalelo kaMongameli Ford, i-NSSM-200 yaba sisikhokelo kwisenzo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase Melika. Ke, into ebikade iyindawo yangasese yabucala yabaphathi, ngoku iyinkqubo karhulumente ephunyezwa kukuhlawula irhafu. Okwangoku akukho bungqina bokuba ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo ye-NSSM-200 kuyekile ukuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wase-United States.

Okwangoku, izinga lokuzalwa e-United States lingaphantsi kwenqanaba eliyimfuneko lokuzalwa kwakhona kwendalo. NgokweZiko leSizwe lezeNkcukacha-manani (i-NCHS), inani elincinci labantwana lazalwa e-United States e2017 kwiminyaka edlulileyo ye-xnumx. Izinga lokuzala ngexesha elifanayo lalisezantsi kulo lonke ixesha lokuqwalaselwa (oko kukuthi, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu), kwaye umyinge wenani lokuzala ngomfazi ngamnye wehla waya ubuncinane ukususela ngo-1978 - 1,76 ^[16].

KwiNkomfa yeHlabathi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yabantu ebibanjelwe e-1974 e-Bucharest, amazwe e-137 (onke ngaphandle kwe-Vatican) enza ukuzibophelela ekujoliseni inzala, emva koko ukwehla kwenqanaba labemi behlabathi.

Из yamaxwebhu UN:

"I-WHO, kunye ne-UNFPA kunye ne-UNAIDS, bayayixhasa ngokupheleleyo i-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) Statute yamaLungelo eSondo kunye nokuzala ... kwaye bacela abaphathiswa bezempilo ukuba: ...
• Hlonipha amalungelo ezesondo kunye nawokuzala kwaye, ukuba kufanelekile, nize nihlaziye imithetho efanelekileyo, ngakumbi malunga nokuqhomfa kunye nokulalana ”. ^[17].

E-Russia, umbono we-neo-Malthusian, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ibonakaliswa ekudaleni intshukumo ye-LGBT; ii-subcultures Ixesha lomntwanaukukhuthaza ukungabikho komntwana kunye ne-steriliser; Umkhankaso “Cekisa”, ujolise ekucekiseni umfanekiso womama; ukuziswa “kwetekhnoloji yolutsha” kunye nokwenziwa kwamasebe amaninzi e-IPPF - okokuqala yiRAPS edumileyo, emva koko iRussia Academy of Science. Kwizifundo zesikolo "Isondo lumen»Abantwana bayakhuthazwa ukuba babe neentlobano zesini kwangaphambi kwexesha, ukuziphatha okubi kunye nokuqhelekileyo kwesini. Okwangoku, ii-NGOs ezahlukeneyo ziyabandakanyeka koku. phantsi komthi wokuthintela usulelo lwe-HIV. Ngokutsho kovavanyo olwenziwe liziko lase-All-Russian for the Study of Public Opinion ngoDisemba 2017, umyinge wamaRussia owala ngesazela ukuqhubeka nosapho iminyaka eyi-12 ukhule ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwiipesenti ezintandathu ^[18].

Ingxaki ilele kwinto yokuba abantu abaninzi ngakumbi bangafuni nje kuphela, kodwa futhi bengakwazi ukuba nabantwana. Ukuhamba rhoqo kwemitshato engenaziqhamo eRussia yi-15 - 20%. Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, isalathiso se-15% sibalulekile, apho ukungacacisi kunokuthathwa njengento echaphazela kakhulu izibonakaliso zelizwe kwaye zimele ingxaki enkulu yelizwe. Ezona zinto zibangela ukungabikho kokuzala kukukhipha isisu kunye nezifo ezidluliselwa ngokuyintloko ngokudibana kwezesondo. ^[19].

Umbono wesidingo sokulawulwa kokuzalwa eRussia wacetywa kwi-1987 Baranov A.A., kodwa yayekwa yiCPSU, njengoko ilizwe lifuna abasebenzi. Ngokuwa kweUSSR ngoDisemba 1991, i-IPPF, ephantsi kwephawu likaRaisa Gorbacheva, ingene eRussia kwaye isasebenza kuyo. Ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwahlala nomyeni wakhe uMikhail Gorbachev, othe wabamba inkomfa yezizwe ngezizwe e-1995 ngesidingo sokulawula inani labemi behlabathi, apho kwavakala umbono wokunciphisa abantu nge-90%:

“Amaziko onqulo ngawona abangela ukwanda kwabantu. Kufuneka sithethe ngokucacileyo ngakumbi malunga nesondo, malunga nokukhulelwa, malunga nokukhupha isisu, malunga nemilinganiselo elawula abantu, kuba i-demographic crisis yingxaki yendalo. Ukuba unciphisa inani labantu ngeepesenti ezingama-90, ke akuyi kubakho mntu ubangela umonakalo obonakalayo kwindalo. ”^[20].

Kwisithintelo esifanayo, usopolitiki waseRussia u-Anatoly Chubais wakhokela intetho yakhe kwi-2011. Ethetha ngesidingo sokunciphisa abantu, wathetha ngokusekwa kwendlela eza kunceda ukunciphisa inani labemi behlabathi kwi-2.5 - i-1.5 yezigidigidi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-21.

Kwikhulu le-21, ukwandiswa kweendlela ze20 kuyinto engathandekiyo. Imeko yokukhula okuqhubekayo ayifakwanga. Ubuntu ngoku bujongana nemiceli mngeni emitsha yomgangatho ongazange ubonwe. Ilizwe lethu linakho ukwenza igalelo lokwenene ekusombululeni le miceli mngeni ingazange ibonwe ngaphambili. ” ^[21]

Ngaphantsi kobambiso, u-EF Lakhova, othe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, waphakamisa umthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwabantu “abangafanelekanga”, eRussia, omnye emva komnye, kwamkelwa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo “zokucwangcisa usapho”. Isilogo esithi "Mayibe ngumntwana omnye, kodwa sempilweni kwaye sinqwenelekayo" saphindwa. Ngaphantsi kwenkxaso-mali yoMphathiswa Wezempilo, amakhulu amaziko avuleke kweli lizwe aqhuba ukusasaza inzala ngokuchasene nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukarhulumente, olwenzileyo igalelo elibalulekileyo kwingxaki yokuphambuka kwabantu eRussia. Ukuqalwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo “ukukhuliswa” ngokwesondo kwaqala, ngenxa yokosulelwa zizifo ze STI ^[22].  

Uluntu lwaxelelwa ukuba imfundo ngesondo kunye nokuthintela ukukhulelwa kwabasakhulayo kubangelwa yimfuno yokunciphisa ukukhulelwa okungafunekiyo, kodwa iziphumo zabuya umva. Ngokudabukisayo, ukufikelela simahla kokuthintela inzala kukhokelela ekonyukeni kokukhulelwa kunye nenani lokukhupha isisu. Zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, zifumana iifom ezintsha nezintsholongwane, ezifana nee-STDs, ezinjenge-herpes noGawulayo. Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, owawukade ungaziwa kubafazi abancinci, ngoku ufikelela kwizinga lobhubhani, uhlala unxulumana namaqabane amaninzi esini. ^[23]. Lo mfanekiso uphelele:

Ukubala inani labemi baseRussia, ukuba ngaba inani lokuzalwa kunye nokufa kwabantu bahlala kwinqanaba le-1990 lonyaka, ke kunyaka we-2002 eRashiya kuya kubakho abantu abazizigidi ze-9.4 ngaphezulu kokuqala kwe-90 ^[24]. Phakathi kwe2000 kunye ne2010 ukwehla kwenani labemi bendalo yayiyi-7.3 yezigidi, ngelixa incopho yayo yenzeka kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-zero - malunga nesigidi ngonyaka. Ukusuka kwi1995 ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, ngaphandle kwe2013 - 2015, ukusweleka kwabantu eRashiya kugqitha kwinqanaba lokuzalwa ^[25].

Ngaphandle kokuthathelwa ingqalelo njenge-arhente yangaphandle kwi-2015, i-Russian Academy yezeNzululwazi noPhando isasebenza ngenkuthalo nabantu, kwaye iiKomiti zeDuma zikaRhulumente, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezempilo, IKomiti yeLizwe yoMgaqo-nkqubo woLutsha, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezemfundo kunye namanye amaziko amaninzi kunye namaziko oluntu ayaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nalo.uluhlu olupheleleyo).

Nangona ngokweenkcukacha-manani ezisemthethweni kukho imeko yokuncipha kwenani elipheleleyo lokukhupha isisu, eyona nto iphambili kukuhla kwenani lokukhulelwa. Amaxabiso aphathekayo ahlala engaguquki: ukukhulelwa kwesixhenxe kwishumi kusaphumela ekukhupheni isisu, okuqhubeka kuthathwa njengenkqubo eqhelekileyo yonyango. ^[16]. Ngokwengqikelelo yeengcali, elona nani lokukhupha isisu ligqitha amanani asemthethweni ngamaxesha amaninzi kwaye lifikelela kwizigidi zesisu ze-3.5 ngonyaka ukuya kwi-5 - 8 yezigidi ^[26, 27]. Ugqirha omkhulu we-State Clinical Hospital No. 2 kwisixeko saseOrenburg uthe kwintlanganiso yePalamente yeRussian Federation ukuba wayenecebo lokuya kukhupha isisu. 

"Ndifumana i-ruble ye-20 yezigidi ngonyaka ngokukhupha isisu, kodwa hayi ipeni yokuthintela kwabo. Unonophelo lwezempilo lusinceda xa sikhupha isisu. Kude kube le nkqubo itshintshile, akufanele ulinde into. ” ^[28]

Nangona i-IPPF ibanga ukungathathi cala malunga nokuqhomfa, owayengu Mongameli wayo, u-Fredrik Say, kwintetho yakhe e-1993, wakwenza kwacaca ukuba imibutho engakulungelanga ukuxhasa isisu ekusebenzeni okanye ithiyori ayinakuthembela kubulungu kwi-IPPF. ^[29]. Owayesakuba nguMlawuli wezoNyango ye-IPPF uMalcolm Potz waphikisa ngelithi akunakwenzeka ukuba uqale kwaye uphumeze nayiphi na inkqubo yokucwangcisa usapho ngaphandle kokukhupha isisu. Waphinda wathi imithetho ethintelayo yokuqhomfa ikhutshiwe kwaye ayihambelani nehlabathi lanamhlanje, kwaye ke kufanelekile kwaye kufuneka inyathelwe. ^[30]. Lo mbono wehlabathi ubekwe ngokusemthethweni kwimiyalelo ye-IPPF: 

“Imibutho yokucwangcisa usapho kunye neminye imibutho yoluntu mayingasebenzisi i-vacuum yomthetho okanye ukubakho kwemithetho engafanelekanga njengesizathu sokungasebenzi. Ukwenza into engaphaya komthetho, nangokomthetho, kuyinxalenye yokuqhubela phambili ukutshintsha. ” ^[31]

Emva kokubhubha kukaMargaret Sanger kwi-1966, bonke abongameli be-IPPF abalandelayo bavakalise ukuzibophelela kwabo kulayini weSanger. Okwangoku, i-IPPF, ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lonyaka lwe-1 yezigidi zeedola ^[32], phantsi kwesikhokelo seenjongo ezilungileyo, iqhuba imisebenzi yayo enenzondo kumazwe angaphezu kwe-190. Akukho namnye iinjongo ezichaziweyo Iintlangano-ukhathalelo lwempilo ngokuzala, ukhuseleko kumama, ukomeleza udumo losapho, ukuthintela ii-STDs, njlnjl. Kodwa injongo yokwenyani sele iphunyeziwe - izinga lokuzalwa lehlile kakhulu.

Ngokwangoku, "intshukumo yemozulu" ekhulayo ibandakanya ukuncitshiswa kokuzala kwabantwana kwi-ajenda yabo. Amalungu ayo nawo aqalisiwe intshukumo Akukho kamva ngekamva laBantwana, elithembisa ukungabinabo abantwana de oorhulumente bathathe amanyathelo abukhali "kwinguqu yemozulu eyenziwe ngumntu". IsiJamani utitshala waba nodumo emva kopapasho lwencwadi apho abongoza amaJamani ukuba angazali abantwana. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wonke umntwana ongekazalwa usindisa umhlaba kwi-9 441 yeetoni zekhabhoni.

Ukususa isikrini sokwenza rhetoric okungenanto ukukhusela "impilo yabasetyhini" kunye "namalungelo oluntu", siza kubona i-neo-Malthusianism njengoko injalo - ukuvukelwa kubomi babantu, isiko kunye nenkqubela phambili, ukusebenzisa umbono wokukhusela abantwana kunye nokonakalisa usapho.

IZIXHOBO

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5. A. Carlson: Uluntu, usapho, ubuntu (2003)
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32. AIF: Singabasindisa njani abantu?

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