Uninzi lwezixhobo ezingezantsi zipapashwa kwingxelo yohlalutyo. "Iintsomi ezenziwa ngabantu abathandana abathandanayo kwaye zibhengeza ukukhanya kwesayensi". ikhonkco:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Iziphumo eziphambili

(1) Kukho isiseko esibonakalayo sobungqina obunamandla kunye nonyango lokuba umtsalane wesini ongathandekiyo unokupheliswa ngokufanelekileyo.
(2) Umbandela obalulekileyo wokusebenza kakuhle kunyango lwenyani kukuthatha inxaxheba komguli ngolwazi kunye nomnqweno wokutshintsha.
(3) Kwiimeko ezininzi, umtsalane wobungqingili, onokwenzeka ngexesha lokufikisa, unyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo kwinqanaba elivuthiweyo ngakumbi.

Intshayelelo

Unonophelo olukhethekileyo kubantu abafuna ukuphelisa umtsalane wobungqingili obungafunekiyo (i-NGV) ibizwa ngokuba yonyango lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo, i-SOCE.¹ okanye unyango olubuyisayo. Kwakhona, olo ncedo lubizwa ngokuba kukuhlengahlengisa, ukuguqula, ukuqinisa i-hetero okanye ukuphilisa kwakhona.

Kuba iinyani zeklinikhi malunga nokuchaswa okuphumelela komtsalane wobungqingili kunye notshintsho kubomi obuqhelekileyo abathandana besini ziyayijongela phantsi intsomi le "yokuzalwa" kunye "nokungaguquki" kobungqingili, ezakha zonke iingcinga zepolitiki zabelungu ababhinqileyo Akasebenzi nto kwaye unokuba yingozi, nakwabasebenza njengeharlatans kunye nabalandeli bezenkolo. Enye yematras rhoqo yokuhamba kwe "LGBT +" yingxelo yokuba uncedo lweengcali kuthiwa alunakukwazi ukuyiphelisa i-GBV. Le ngxelo ayisiyonyani.

Ukupheliswa kwe-NVG ngokusebenza neengcali

Kunyaka we-1973, ngaphandle kwe-egosyntonic (i.e. iyamkeleka isigulana) ubufanasini kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo, iAmerican Psychiatric Association epapashiweyo Uxwebhungokoku: 

"... Iindlela zonyango zangoku zivumela indawo ebalulekileyo yamafanasini afuna ukutshintsha indlela abenza ngayo izinto ..." (I-Spitzer, i-1973).

Le ngxelo yavunywa yiNdibano yoMbutho, iKomiti yereferensi yayo kunye neBhodi yeTrasti- ibhunga eliqulathwe ngabantu abancinci abanenkululeko yokuvota abathi bavotela ubunye babo. I-APA yayikhokelwa ngu Umgaqo kaLeona TylerNgokweengxelo zokuba iingcali zengqondo kufuneka zisekwe kuphela kwidatha yesayensi kunye namava obuchwephesha. Njengoko owayengumongameli we-American Psychological Association, u-Nicholas Cummings, engqina, kufutshane iminyaka ye-90, umbutho wayishiya lo mgaqo ukukholisa i-ajenda yezopolitiko.

Ividiyo ngesiNgesi

Nangona kunjalo, kwi-2009, i-American Psychological Association ipapasha izikhokelo zonyango lonyango lwengqondo kunye nonyango, apho ixeliwe okulandelayo:

Ubungqina obutsha nje buxhasa ukuba ubufanasini bunokuguqulwa ngokuqinisekileyo kubathengi abanomdla, kwaye ukuzama ukunyanga kwakhona akuvelisi imvakalelo. " 
(Kubalulekile i-Psychopathology kunye nonyango lwayo (2009), 3d ed. I-468, 

Nangona kunjalo, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, ngokugqwesa okungabonakaliyo, i-APA ipapasha ingxelo yokuba unyango olubuyisayo alunampumelelo (APA 2009) Yile ngxelo ukuba i-LGBT + abagqugquzeli bayibhekisa-iintshukumo kwiingxoxo malunga nokwenzeka kwesiphumo sonyango kumtsalane wobungqingili. Iqela lamalungu e-APA okwangamalungu e-Alliance for Therapeutic Choice organised organisation², ukuphendula ingxelo ye-APA yakulo nyaka upapashe uphononongo lwengxelo ye-APA, edwelise ezo ntsilelo kwingxelo ye-APA njengokukhetha imithombo yolwazi (UPhelan 2009a, iphe. 45), usetyenziso olugwenxa lweekhrayitheriya zonyango olubuyayo (UPhelan 2009a, iphe. 48), ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho ephindwe kabini (UPhelan 2009a, iphe. 49), kunye nabanye.

Ke, yintoni ngokwenene ebonakalisiweyo kwingxelo ye-APA, ukuba uyayihlalutya ngononophelo? Isiphelo esi ngokubanzi yayikukugwetyelwa unyango olusemva njengelungasebenzi kwaye luyingozi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ujonga iphepha lokugqibela lesiphelo, ungabona iinyani ababhali bengxelo banyanzelwa ukuba baziqaphele ukuze baphephe ubuqhophololo, kodwa azibandakanyi ezi zibakala kumagqabaza abo kunye neenkcazo zentengiso:

"... Sifumanise ukuba iindlela ezingasasebenziyo kunye nezindlela zanamhlanje zonyango ezingemva azikaphandwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yesilinganiselo esilinganiselweyo sophando oluthembekileyo esingakwaziyo ukugqiba, asinakugqiba ukuba ngaba iindlela zala maxesha zonyango olusebenzayo ziyasebenza okanye hayi ... "(APA 2009, iphe. 43).

Zithini iingcali ze-APA ngokwahlukileyo? Isibakala sokuba bengafumani bungqina bucacileyo bokuba unyango oluyaphindayo alunampumelelo. Ababinayo idatha echanekileyo ukuze bafikelele kwisigqibo, nangona benze konke okusemandleni ukunciphisa, njengoko kunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwemida yohlalutyo lwesayensi, ukubaluleka kwendlela yezifundo ezingahambelani kutoliko olubi³. Ekugqibeleni, phakathi kwezibakala ezidweliswe kuxwebhu olunye lwe-APA, bukhona ubungqina bokuba unyango olubuyisayo - ngokwemeko phantsi kweemeko ezithile, eyona iphambili kuwo ngumnqweno wesigulana ukuba atshintshe - uyasebenza. Iintshutshisi ze-LGBT + -intshukumo zizama ukudibanisa umtsalane wesini esifanayo kunye ne-biology kunye ne-genetics, isithi ayikwazi ukutshintsha, kodwa esi sikhundla siyaphikisana neziphumo zezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezidweliswe kwingxelo ye-APA.

Cinga iikowuti ezivela kuxwebhu lwe-APA:

“… U-HE Adams no-Sturgis (1977) bahlalutye izifundo ezisixhenxe abazichaza njengezilawulwa ngokwendlela kwaye bafumanisa ukuba i-34% ye-179 yabantu inokwehla komtsalane wamafanasini…. Phakathi kwezifundo abazichaze njengeendlela ezingalawulekiyo, bafumanisa ukuba ukwehla komtsalane kubufanasini kwaphawulwa kuma-50% abantu abali-124 (iphe. 36)

-McConaghy (1976) wafumanisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha samadoda aphulukana nerejimeni enye yonyango axele ukwehla komdla ngokwesondo emadodeni emva kweenyanga ze-6. Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba lwaqaphela ukuncipha komdla wesondo kumadoda ngoko nangoko emva konyango (iphe. 3)

-I-McConaghy kunye ne-Barr (1973) ifumanise ukuba malunga nesiqingatha samadoda afumene unyango axele ukwehla kwe-drive yamafanasini (iphe. 38).

-I-Tanner (1975) ifumanise ukuba ngenxa yonyango, inqanaba lokulinganisa ubungqingili bokwehla ngokuphendula umnyinyiva obonakalayo (iphe. 38).

-Birk kunye noogxa bakhe (1971) bafumanise ukuba i-62% yamadoda aphathisiweyo abonisa ukwehla kwe-drive yamafanasini (iphe. 38).

-McConaghy kunye nabalingane (1981) baxela ukuba i-50% yabaphenduli bezonyango baxela umnqweno wesini emva kwe-1 ngonyaka (iphe. 38).

-Kwesinye isifundo, i-HE Adams kunye ne-Sturgis (1977) yaxela ukuba i-68% yabathathi-nxaxheba be47 baxele ukwehla kwe-drive yamafanasini (iphe. 37).

-McConaghy (1976) wafumanisa ukuba unyaka emva konyango, i-25% yamadoda iyeke ngokupheleleyo ukuba zizenzo zobungqingili, kwi-50% yamadoda amaxesha abo anciphile, kwaye i-25% yahlala ingaguqukanga (iphe. 38).

-Kwesinye isifundo, iMcConaghy kunye neBarr (1973) yaxela ukuba i-25% yamadoda afumana unyango anciphise imisebenzi yawo yesini esinye emva kwe1 ngonyaka (iphe. 38).

-I-Tanner (1975) ixele ukwehla okukhulu kwindlela eqhuba ngayo amafanasini ngenxa yonyango (iphe. 38).

-Bancroft (1969) uqaphele ukuba i-4 ye-10 yaphathwa ngamadoda yanciphisa imisebenzi yamafanasini ngexesha lokulandela. UFreeman and Meyer (1975) baxele ukuba i-7 yamadoda e-9 kwisifundo sawo ayeke ukwenza izinto zesini i18 kwiinyanga emva konyango (p. 38).

-Ngokutsho kolunye upapasho olunamatyala onyango kunye nophando olwenziweyo, kwabakho ukwehla okanye ukunyamalala kwemisebenzi yobufanasini kwabo bafumana unyango (Grey 1970; Huff 1970; B. James 1962, 1963; Kendrick & McCullough 1972; Larson 1970; LoPiccolo 1971; Segal & Sims 1972 (iphepha 39) ... "(APA 2009).

Ke, i-APA ayichazi kwisigqibo sayo sokuba unyango alusebenzi. Ukusebenza kwe-30-50% ibalulekile ngokwaneleyo kuyo nayiphi na indlela yophando, ukuba kuphela kukhuphela uphawu lwendlela enje ngokuba "lilize".

Ukongeza, i-NARTH yapapasha eyayo ingxelo kulo nyaka, Luluphi uPhando oluBonisa: Impendulo ye-NARTH kwi-American Psychological Association's (APA) Amabango ngobungqingili.UPhelan 2009b) Kule ngxelo, uphononongo kupapasho lwenziwe ngendlela yenkcazo yeemeko zeklinikhi ezivela kuqhelaniso, izilingo ezilawulwayo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwiminyaka elikhulu edlulileyo.

Ngapha kwe100 upapasho lolwimi lwesiNgesi oluchaza iziphumo eziphumeleleyo zonyango lokuphinda uboniswe kuboniswe kwitheyibhile engezantsi.

Umthombo	Uhlobo lonyango	Isiphumo
UCarl Jung ecatshulwe kwi IFORDHAM 1935	Unyango ngokwengqondo	Ucacise impatho eyimpumelelo yendoda yesoka
UGordon 1930	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango oluyimpumelelo kwizigulana ezinobungqingili
IStekel 1930	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango oluphumeleleyo lwezigulana ezine zesini
Ezahlukileyo xnumx	Iindlela ze-hypnosis	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
London 1950	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango oluyimpumelelo lwamadoda amabini athandanayo
UAllen 1952	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze impatho eyimpumelelo yamafanasini amabini,  amadoda nabafazi
Poe 1952	Unyango lwe-adaptation	Ucacise impatho eyimpumelelo yendoda yesoka
ICaprio xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	Ucacise impatho ephucukileyo yabafazi abathandana abatshatileyo: "Uninzi lwezigulana zam zesini ezandulelayo zandixelela ixesha elide emva konyango ... ukuba ngekhe ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zibuyele kubungqingili»(P. 299)
Eliasberg 1954	unyango lweqela	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angama-12, amafanekiso aphumeleleyo kwiimeko ze5 (42%)
I-Bergler 1956	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango oluphumeleleyo lwezigulana ezinobungqingili kwi100, ezifikelela kwi-33% yazo zonke iimeko zonyango
Eidelberg apha I-Lorand xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	unyango oluphumelelayo lwezigulana ze-2 ezivela kwi-5 (40%)
I-Ellis 1956	Unyango ngokwengqondo	unyango oluphumelelayo lwezigulana ze-40 (18 ♂, 12 ♀)
I-Berg 1958	Unyango ngokwengqondo	unyango oluphumelelayo lwezigulana zeXnumx
Hadn xnumx	unyango lweqela	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angamafanasini, ukuba yimpumelelo kwityala le-3 (1%)
IHadfield xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	unyango oluphumelelayo lwezigulana zeXnumx
I-Ross 1958	ukudityaniswa kwe uchwephesha	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
URobertiello 1959	Unyango ngokwengqondo	unyango oluphumelelayo lwesigulana esitshatileyo
I-Ellis 1959	indlela yokuziphatha	Ucacise impatho eyimpumelelo yendoda yesoka
I-Monroe 1960	Unyango lwe-psychodynamic kunye neendlela zokuhlangana ngokukhululekileyo	unyango oluphumelelayo lwamadoda angama-xnumx amafanasini
UFinny xnumx	ukudityaniswa kwe uchwephesha	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
Iglobhu 1960	Unyango ngokwengqondo Kwiimeko ze-7 iimeko zokunyangwa kwehomoni	ichaze unyango lwezigulana ze-113, impumelelo ephunyezwe kwi-44%
Beukenkamp xnumx	Unyango lomntu nelaqela ngokwengqondo	Ucacise impatho eyimpumelelo yendoda yesoka
UStevenson xnumx	uqeqesho oluqinisekileyo	ichaze unyango oluyimpumelelo lwamadoda athandana namanye amalungu e-xnumx
I-Bieber xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango lwezigulana ze-106, impumelelo ephunyezwe kwi-27%
Idibanisa i1962	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango lwezigulana ze-45;
I-Ovesey 1963	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango oluyimpumelelo lwamadoda angamafanasini
Buki xnumx	indibaniselwano isuka kwitekhnoloji	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
ICappon 1965	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze ukunyangwa kwezigulana ze-150, impumelelo yaphunyelelwa kwi-30% yamadoda, i-50% yabasetyhini, naphakathi kwabaguli abaqhelekileyo - 90%
UMayerson ngaphakathi I-xnumx emileyo	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-19, impumelelo iphumelele kwi-47% yeemeko
Mintz xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angamafanasini, i-10 (3%)
Qokelela xnumx	unyango lokuziphatha kunye Iindlela zokuphikisa	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-36, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-25 (69%)
Hadn xnumx	unyango lweqela	ichaze unyango lwezigulana ze-32, impumelelo ephunyezwe kwi-38%
Kaye xnumx, iphe. 633	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango lwabasetyhini abangamafanasini, impumelelo yaphumelela kwi-15 (8%)
UAlexander 1967	Iindlela ze-hypnosis	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
Ukusebenza xnumx	Iindlela ze-hypnosis	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
IMacCulloch 1967	Unyango olunenkani	impumelelo ekunyangeni amadoda e-xnumx amafanasini
Uyilo xnumx	Unyango lwengqondo kunye ucwangco kwinkqubo	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
ISerban 1968	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo kwi-Xnumx kwizigulana ezingatshatanga
UMiller 1968	ukudityaniswa kwe uchwephesha	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela yokusebenza esekwe kulwenziwo
Ramsay xnumx	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
UFreud 1968, iphe. 251	Unyango ngokwengqondo	impumelelo ekunyangeni izigulana ze-2 ezivela kwi-4 (50%)
UJacobi 1969	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango lwezigulana ze60, impumelelo yaphawulwa kwi-6 (10%)
I-FoNo 1969	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze impumelelo ekunyangeni izigulana ezingamafanasini
McConaghy 1969	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Lamberd 1969	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo kwi-Xnumx kwizigulana ezingatshatanga
I-Bergin 1969	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Ovesey 1969	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo kunye ne-Xnumx gay amadoda
Wallace xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Larson xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	Ucacise ukusebenza kwendlela ngokwakwenzayo, kodwa enganikanga manani
Birk xnumx, iphe. 37	unyango lweqela	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-26, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-9 (35%)
Huff xnumx	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
Bancroft ngaphakathi Uvutha xnumx	iindlela zokuphelisa ubugqwetha	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-15, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-5 (33%)
Uyilo xnumx	Unyango lwengqondo kunye ucwangco kwinkqubo	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
McConaghy 1970	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Mandel xnumx	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	Ucacise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwendlela esekwe ngokwenziwa
I-Hatterer xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-149, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-49 (34%)
ICautela 1971	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo kwi-37% yamatyala
Bieber ngaphakathi IKaplan 1971	unyango lweqela	ichaze impumelelo kwi-40% yamatyala
Itroli 1971	unyango lweqela	uqaphele ukusebenza kwendlela ngokuthelekisa iqela lolawulo
Hadn xnumx	unyango lweqela	ichaze impumelelo kwi-30% yamatyala
Birk xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo kwi-xnumx%
I-Pittman xnumx	unyango lweqela	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-6, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-2 (33%)
UFeldman xnumx, iphe. 156	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angamafanasini, i-63 yeepesenti
UVan den Aardweg 1971	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-20, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-9 (42%)
Shealy xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
Kendrick xnumx	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	Ucacise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwendlela esekwe ngokwenziwa
I-Segal 1972	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	Ucacise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwendlela esekwe ngokwenziwa
McConaghy 1972	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
Barlow xnumx	unyango lokuziphatha, unyango olungenelelayo	ichaze impumelelo kwi-xnumx%
McConaghy 1973	ikhonkco amagcisa	ichaze impumelelo kwi-xnumx%
Maletzky 1973	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angamafanasini, i-10 yeepesenti
I-Herman 1974	Iindlela zokubonisa	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angamafanasini, i-3 yeepesenti
Birk xnumx, iphe. 41	unyango lweqela	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-66, impumelelo iphumelele kwi-52% yeemeko
I-Bancroft xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo kwi-xnumx%
I-Cantón-Dutari 1974	Iindlela zokuphelisa ubugqirha	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-54, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-48 (89%)
I-Orwin 1974	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
Tanner xnumx	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze ukusebenza kwendlela kumadoda angama-gN
Freeman xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo kwi-xnumx%
McConaghy 1975	Unyango olunenkani	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Cantón-Dutari 1976	Iindlela zokuphelisa ubugqirha	ichaze unyango oluphumelele ngokupheleleyo kwi-11 ye-22 iimeko zamadoda athandana namanye (50%)
UCallahan ungene I-Krumboltz 1976	ubuchule bokuphelisa ubugqwetha	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
Phillips 1976	iindlela zokucekisa inkqubo	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Socarides 1978, iphe. 406	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze ukunyanga kwezigulana ze-44, impumelelo yaphumelela kwi-20 (45%)
james 1978	iindlela zokucekisa inkqubo	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
I-Bieber xnumx, iphe. I-Xnumx	Unyango ngokwengqondo	Unyango oluchaziweyo olungaphezulu kwe-1000 kwizigulana ezingatshatanga;
Birk ngaphakathi I-xnumx emileyo	unyango lweqela	ichaze unyango lwamadoda angamafanasini angama-14, impumelelo iphumelele kwizimo ze-10 (71%)
Pradhan xnumx	indlela yokuziphatha	ichaze ukunyanga kwamadoda angamafanasini, i-13 (8%)
ICafiso 1983	Iindlela ze-hypnosis	ichaze impumelelo nendoda athandana nayo
UVan den Aardweg 1986a; 1986b	Unyango wengqondo	ichaze unyango lwe-101 isiguli, impumelelo yaphawulwa kwi-30%, ukuphuculwa - kwi-60%
Siegel 1988	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze unyango lwabasetyhini abangamafanasini, impumelelo iyaphawulwa kwi12%
I-Berger 1994, iphe. 255	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo kwi-Xnumx kwizigulana ezingatshatanga
I-Consiglio 1993	ukhathalelo lwamalusi	ichaze inguqu epheleleyo yomsebenzi wobungqingili kwi-85%
IMacIntosh 1994	Unyango ngokwengqondo	Uhlalutyo lwamatyala onyango lwe-1215 kwizigulana ezingatshatanga, impumelelo yabonwa kwi-23%, kwaye kwi-84% iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zonyango zachongwa.
I-Schaeffer xnumx	ukhathalelo lwamalusi	ichaze ukuba kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba be140, kwi29% inguqu epheleleyo yomsebenzi wobungqingili yaphawulwa.
UNicolosi 2000	Unyango ngokwengqondo, ukhathalelo lwamalusi, uqeqesho	Uchaze ukuba kwiqela lezigulana ze-882 (amadoda angama-689 kunye nabasetyhini be-193) kwi-34,3% yeemeko zotshintsho olugqibeleleyo kukodwa okanye phantse kubume bomtshato buqatshelwe. Ngaphambi kwonyango, i-67% ibonise umdla okhethekileyo wobungqingili; emva konyango, i-12,8%.
Isidlo 2002	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ababhali ekuqaleni bazibekela iinjongo zesifundo ukufumana ukwenzakala kwonyango olubuyisayo. Umzekelo, iintengiso zokufumana amalungu zibekwe kwiimagazini zobungqingili phantsi kwesihloko esithiSincede Sibhale uxinzelelo! " Ababhali bachaze iqela lezigulana ze-202 (amadoda angama-182 kunye nabasetyhini be-20), apho i-12,9% ithathe inguqu kwinto eyenziwayo ibe yimpumelelo.
I-Spitzer 2003	Unyango ngokwengqondo	iphande iqela lezigulana ze-200 (amadoda angama-143 kunye nabasetyhini be-57) abaye baphinda bafumana unyango kwaye bayithathela ingqalelo iziphumo zabo njengempumelelo. Bonke abaphendulayo baqaphela ubukho bomtsalane wobungqingili, kwi-17% yamadoda kunye ne-54% yabasetyhini le ndlela yomtsalane yayihlukile. Ngaphambi konyango lwe-46, i-% yamadoda kunye ne-42% yabasetyhini babonisa kuphela umdla wesini, emva kwonyango-0%.
Karten I-2006, ayishicilelwanga kwimithombo ehlaziyiweyo yoontanga	Unyango ngokwengqondo	iphande iqela lamadoda i-117 elifumana unyango oluvela emva. Ukwehla okukhulu komtsalane wobungqingili ukusuka kwi-4,81 ukuya kwi-2,57 kwisikali seKinsey kwaqatshelwa
Cummings I-2007, ayishicilelwanga kwimithombo ehlaziyiweyo yoontanga	Unyango ngokwengqondo	Ukuthetha kwinkomfa NGOKUXELAYO ixelwe kwi2005 ukuba kwi1959 - 1979 I-18000 yamafanasini yaguqukela kwiklinikhi yayo ineengxaki ezahlukeneyo, ezithi malunga ne1 600 ijolise ekutshintsheni inkambo yabo yokwabelana ngesondo. Ngexesha lonyango, uninzi lwezigulana lwangena kwiinguqu ezakhayo kwi-psyche, ngenxa yazo i-2400 yazo yaba yinto eyodwa.
UJones 2007	ukhathalelo lwamalusi	Ucacise ukuba kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba be-73 kwi-15% ukuncipha okukhulu kwi-drive yobungqingili kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kwi-heterosexual drive kuqatshelwe
UPhelan 2017	Unyango ngokwengqondo	ichaze iqela lamadoda i-30, ekuthi kuwo emva kokugqitywa kunyango, kwaqatshelwa: Umtsalane ngokwesondo ngokukodwa kubantu besini esahlukileyo- I-23% (0% ngaphambi konyango), ikakhulu kubantu besini esahlukileyo - 17% (0% ngaphambi konyango), apho ke isidanga esiya kwabesini esahlukileyo yi-10% (0% ngaphambi konyango).

Ukushwankathela ubungqina obukhoyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, singathi ngokomyinge wesithathu sabantu abathatha inxaxheba kwi-psychodynamic reparative therapy baxela ukunyamalala ngokupheleleyo komtsalane wobungqingili kunye nokwakhiwa komtsalane kubantu besini esahlukileyo, isithathu - utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekutsaleni umdla wobungqingili kunye nokuphucuka ngokubanzi kwempilo yengqondo kunye umsebenzi wentlalo, kunye nengxelo yesithathu ukusilela kweziphumo. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu kunyango oluphumelelayo lonyango ngumnqweno wesigulana, ukwazi izizathu zomtsalane wakhe kwezesondo kunye neemfuno zesiseko esiziimvakalelo.

Amaziko onyango aseNtshona aphikisana nonyango lokutsala abantu besini esifanayo bengafuni ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba "lunokuba yingozi", bakhohlisa uluntu ngokungachazi ukuba: 

(1) bonke Iinkonzo zonyango lwezengqondo zazo zonke iingxaki zobuqu nezabantu zinokuba yingozi 
(2) Isayensi ebophelelekayo ayikabonisanga ukuba umngcipheko wokwenzakala kunyango lwe-drive engafunekiyo yesini esinye, kuyafana, okanye ungaphantsi komngcipheko walo naluphi olunye unyango lwengqondo. (Sutton 2015

Uphando bonisaukuba phantse i-5-10% yezigulana ezifumana unyango lwengqondo inokuba neziphumo ezibi - oko kukuthi, imeko yabo ikukubi. Izinto ezichaseneyo nezonyango zibandakanya umgangatho ophantsi wobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, ukunyamezeleka okuncinci kunexhala, ukunyusa okuphantsi, njl.

Ukuhluka kwesondo kunye nentlalontle kumadoda

Iingcali ze-LGBT zixoka njani izigqibo zophando ngonyango lokubuyisela

Ukupheliswa okuzenzekelayo komtsalane wobufanasini

Emva konyaka we-1916, uFreud kwincoko yakhe "uLeonardo da Vinci: Uhlolisiso lweSini seNgqondo yeNgqondo yokuBhubha kwabantwana" waphawula:

"... Ngokujonga ngokuthe ngqo amatyala awodwa, siye sakwazi ukubonisa ukuba indoda ebonakala ikwazi ukuphendula kuphela kwisisulu sendoda iyaphendula inyusa inkanuko yabasetyhini, njengaye nawuphi na umntu oqhelekileyo, kodwa sihlandlo ngasinye ebeka imincili yakhe kwinto yamadoda ..." (UFreud 1916, I-III: 14).

Olu luqwalaselo luxhaswe kuphando lwamva (Izaqhwithi xnumx, I-Tolman kunye neDayimane ngo-2014)

Kunyaka we-1992, uSheterter wachaza imeko yotshintsho olwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo ukusuka kwizenzo zobungqingili ukuya kwisini esingafaniyo nesinye kwindoda eyaqhubeka nonyango lwe psychoanalytic, kodwa ingeyiyo i-NVH, kodwa ngesinye isizathu (I-Shechter 1992) Indoda iyeka ubudlelwane neqabane layo lobufanasini, layeka ukusebenza kwabantu besini esinye, yakhulisa iminqweno yesini kunye nabasetyhini. Emva kokuba eqale ubudlelwane besini kunye nomntu wasetyhini, wachaza imeko yakhe ngala mazwi:

“… Andinako ukuzikhupha kuye kwaye uyayithanda! ... Ngaba umntu onjengam, ngequbuliso angathandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo? ... "(I-Shechter 1992, iphe. 200).

Abaphandi uMichael kunye namaqabane akhe kunyaka we-1994, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwesifundo esikhulu, bafumanisa ukuba, kubantu abathile, umtsalane wobungqingili unakho, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngaphandle kokubhenela kunyango olubuyisayo, ukuba ngohlobo olulodwa (UMichael 1994).

Unjingalwazi uLiam Diamond, ophanda ngengqondo yobudala, olilungu lekomiti yeengcali ze-APA, ongazifihli izinto azithandayo, washwankathela iziphumo zomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kudliwanondlebe noNzululwazi oMtsha:

"Ukwabelana ngesondo kuyatshintsha ... kufuneka samkele inyani yokuba isini singatshintsha" (I-Grossman xnumx)

Kwinqaku leJenali yoPhando ngezeSondo, uDayimane washwankathela uphando lwezenzululwazi, ngokokutsho kwe-26 - 45% yamadoda kunye ne-46-64% yamanina anika ingxelo yotshintsho kwi-sex drive kwithuba lexesha (ukusuka kwi3 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-10), uninzi lwayo Ukunikezela ingxelo ngenguquko, uxele ngenguquko kwi-heterosexuality. (Diamond 2016).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokuchasene neenkcazo zabasasazi be-LGBT, ubume benkanuko yesini bunokutshintsha bobabini ubungqingili kunye nobungqingili. Amatyala abantu abathandanayo abathandanayo abatshatileyo abatshatileyo ukuthobeka kunye nokuzonwabisa ngolwalamano oluqhelekileyo ngokwesondo (I-Krafft-Ebing 1909), ngokungafikeleleki kwexesha elide kweqabane lesini esahlukileyo, kunye nesiphumo skunyekisa (UMeijer 1993) Iinyani zebhayoloji zeenjongo ngokungathandabuzekiyo zibonisa ukuba imizimba yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinokwabelana ngesondo yenzelwe ubudlelwane bengafani nobungqingili. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izilwanyana eziphakamileyo, ezibandakanya abantu, zinamandla okwenza isenzo sesondo kwiimeko ezithile ezihamba ngaphaya kwesakhelo se-heteronormatiati yemvelo, kungekuphela ngesini sabo, kodwa kunye nazo naziphi na izinto zesini ngokubanzi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ubunjani nobukrelekrele bemibono engamanyala yomntu buchaza ubukhulu bakheImali kunye neTucker 1975, Izaqhwithi xnumx)

Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zibonise ukuba umtsalane wobungqingili uzinze ngakumbi kumaxesha e-25 kunokuba ungqingili. Abaphandi uSavein-Williams kunye noReam baqhuba ukujonga ixesha elide kweqela labantu abafikisayo kwiminyaka yobudala ye-17 kwaye bavavanya indlela ezitshintsha ngayo iimpawu zokuphuhliswa kwezesondo. Bafumanise ukuba kwi-75% yabakwishumi elivisayo ababonisa umdla wobungqingili kuyo nayiphi na iminyaka ye-17-21 iminyaka, kamva ngokukhethekileyo umdla ongafaniyo wesini esahlukileyo uphuhlisiwe, ngelixa i-98% yabakwishumi elivisayo ebonisa umtsalane wobungqingili ihlala ikamva (USavin-Williams 2007).

U-Whitehead no-Whitehead's (2007) bagqibezela uphononongo oluneenkcukacha ngezifundo zika-Savin-Williams noReam (2007), uMichael kunye noogxa bakhe (1994), nabanye, kwaye bagqiba kwelokuba kwezinye iimeko umdla wabantu abathandana abathandanayo baba yindoda eyodwa ngaphandle kempembelelo (I-Whitehead 2007)

Kuphononongo olwenziwe ngu-Ott kunye noogxa bakhe (2011) ngenxa yohlalutyo lweqela lolutsha lwe13 840, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-66% yabo bathi “abaqinisekanga” kwizinto abazithandayo xa besabelana ngesondo kamvaOtt xnumx).

Kwakhona, uhlalutyo lweemeko zotshintsho oluzenzekelayo oluvela kwinto efanasini ukuya kwisini esahlukileyo, efumaneka kuncwadi lwejenali, lwenziwa e2007 eSorba (I-Sorba xnumx, iphepha 61 - 73).

Ukunyanga iingcali kunye namabali onyango oluphumelele lwe-NGV

I-1956 yingcali yengqondo yengqondo yexesha lakhe Edmund Bergler wabhala oku kulandelayo:

"Iminyaka eli-10 eyadlulayo, eyona nto inokunikelwa sisayensi yayikukuxolelanisa nobufanasini" nekamva lakhe ", ngamanye amagama, ukupheliswa kweemvakalelo zokuziva unetyala. Amava akutshanje ophando lwengqondo kunye nophando luye lwangqina ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba imeko engenakuphikiswa yamafanasini (ngamanye amaxesha ade abhekiswe nakwizinto ezingekhoyo zebhayiloji kunye neemeko zehomoni) eneneni lulwahlulo olunokulungiswa lonyango lwe-neurosis. Ukuphelelwa lithemba kwexesha elidlulileyo kuyanyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe: namhlanje unyango lwengqondo olunokunyanga ubufanasini ”... Ngaba singabunyanga bonke ubufanasini? - Hayi. Izinto ezifuneka kuqala zifuneka, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngumnqweno wobufanasini ukuba utshintshe ...

Ukuqala nje, le ngxaki yokulala ngesondo idityaniswa rhoqo kunye nokuzibhubhisa ngokungazenzisiyo, okuzibonakalisa ngaphandle kwendawo yesondo, kuba igubungela bonke ubuntu. Olona tshaba lomntu wesini esifananayo ayisiyo ubugqwetha bayo, kodwa kukungazi kwakhe ukuba unokuncedwa, kunye nokubona kwakhe ngengqondo, okumenza ukuba aphephe unyango. Oku kungazi kuxhaswa ziinkokheli zesini ... "(I-Bergler 1956).

Unjingalwazi kwezengqondo, uNikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov (1907 - 1976), omnye wabasunguli bezesondo, uchonge izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zonyango ezinomdla wokutsala umdla wabantu abathandana nabo: (1) isimo sengqondo sesigulana- ngaba siyamelana nomtsalane, ngaba siyayazi into yaso, Ngaba iyalindela imo yentlalo kwimeko ekuyekiswe umda ekutsaleni? (2) ubukho besigulana ngamava obufanasini - le meko yathathelwa ingqalelo ngu-N. V. Ivanov njengesigqibo. Ukuba isigulana yindoda okanye intombi, kunye nomtsalane wobungqingili kuseyiphupha kwaye ubudlelwane obuthambileyo - inkqubo engxamisekileyo yengqondo iyafuneka, eya kuthembisa ngokuqinisekileyo, ekhokelela ekubuyiseleni ngokupheleleyo ekutsaleni umdla wobungqingili; (3) iqela lezinye izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle eziphembelela isigulana - ukuqonda kwesigulana ngalo mzuzu wokuguqukela (umzekelo, umbono oluluqilima ngesondo ngaphandle kwamanyathelo okufumana ubungqingili ngaphambi kokuqala kokufikisa, ngamanye amagama ukulungiswa ngokwesondo); Uvakalise ukugula kwengqondo yomntu ophila ngobungqingili okanye amava obufanasini, ubukho bomtsalane wesini esifanayo, njl. njl.Ivanov 1966, iphe. 134).

Unjingalwazi Ivanov uthathe "umgaqo-siseko" okanye indlela yokuziphatha njengezinto ezithintela unyango olusemva (kodwa apha, ngokoluvo lwezengqondo, akukho mfuneko yokwala unyango); ithemba “lepilisi” (ngokommangaliso); ukuthandabuza isiguli (oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, ukungafuni ukutshintsha).

Kuzo zonke ezi meko, u-Ivanov ucebisa ukuba isigulana sibengcono "saliwe ngokupheleleyo kunyango, ecacisa ukuba akanaso isidingo sangaphakathi sokuba ahlukile, cebisa ukuba isigulana sibuyele kugqirha xa ubomi buye bube buthathaka kwaye buza umbuzo obuhlungu wokungabi nakho ukuqhubeka. Ubukho bento egwenxa, xa egqibile ukuba aphulukane nobulwelwe bakhe ”(Ivanov 1966, iphe. 134).

Umfundi we-Ivanov, uGqr. Yan Genrikhovich Goland, usebenzise umbono katitshala kuphuhliso lwendlela ehambelanayo yokunyanga umdla wabantu abathandana nabo, abesebenzisa ngempumelelo kude kube namhlanje. Unyango lubandakanya amanyathelo amathathu:
I-1) ukudalwa kwesithuba sendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo apho imeko-bume yokungakhathali kwabantu besini sabo iphuhliswa khona;
I-2) ukwakhiwa komtsalane wobuntu bomfazi kunye nomtsalane kuye.
I-3) ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nomntu obhinqileyo, ukudityaniswa koqhelaniso.
IGoland yamkela unyango kuphela kwabo bafanasini ababonisa umnqweno onyanisekileyo wokuphelisa umdla wabo wobungqingili, kwaye yazisa malunga nempumelelo yonyango olusondela kwi-100%.

Umphengululi waseMelika uJeffrey Satinover uyavumelana nale datha, ngokoku, kwiqela elikhethwe ngononophelo ngabantu abakhuthazwayo, inqanaba lokunyanga okuphumelelayo lisondele kwi-100%, ngelixa kwisampuli yokuchasana, isiphumo esiphumelelayo simalunga ne50% (I-Satinover xnumx, iphe. 51).

Ugqirha wezengqondo waseMelika UJoseph Nicolosi (I-1947 - 2017) iphuhlise indlela esebenzayo yonyango lwangasemva, ngokusekwe kwinto yokuba umdla wabantu abathandana besini esinye sisiphumo sokona kubizwa ngokuba "kukungabikho kwesazisi ngokwesini" okubangelwa kukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwisini esinye, ukungabikho kwenkxaso evela kubazali kunye noontanga ekwenziweni kwesazisi ngokwesini. ukulingwa luluntu (UNicolosi 1991, 1993, 2009) UNicolosi upapashe inani lamaphepha enzululwazi kupapasho oluhlolwe ngokutsha koontanga.⁴.

Isazi ngengqondo saseSpain u-Elena Lorenzo Rego⁵ ukunceda ngempumelelo abantu abathandana abatshatileyo abafuna uncedo. Kwindlela aziqhelanisa nayo, sele elikho inani elibonakalayo lokupheliswa kobomi bobufanasini kunye notshintsho kulwalamano nomntu wesini esahlukileyo (IPortaluz 2014).

Omnye woochwephesha abaphambili abathetha isiRashiya kunyango lwe-NGV eMpuma Yurophu ngugqirha wezifo zengqondo zaseKiev kunye nophando lwezesondo uNjingalwazi Garnik Surenovich Kocharyan.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ukutyhilwa kwabantu abaninzi abaye bayishiya ngempumelelo indlela yabo yokuphila yobungqingili kwaye benza umtsalane wesini esahlukileyo bapapashwa. Umzekelo, u-W. Aaron wabhala kwincoko yakhe ye-autobiographical:

"... Kwiminyaka engama-20 ndandingumlingani wesini (...) namhlanje, kwiminyaka emininzi kamva (...) ndiphila ubomi bobufanasini kwaye ndiyonwabele ..." (UAron 1972, iphe. 14).

Eminye imizekelo inikezelwe kwimisebenzi. Iirki (1995), Worthen (1984), I-Konrad (1987), I-Comiskey (1988), UJudkins (1993). I-Breedlove (1994), eyomeleleyo (1994), UDavies (1993), Igolide (2008), IPabon (2015), UBaley (xnumx), I-glatze (2007). Malunga nemizekelo ye-100 ye-autobiographical yemizekelo yokwala ngokuphumelelayo ubufanasini inikwe kwincwadi ethi Voices of hope: I-Holy Perspecadors yemihla yokuGqibela kwi-Same-Gender Attraction-Anthology ye -fundiso zeVangeli kunye neeNzolo zobuqu (2011) (Mansfield xnumx).

Ubungqina obuninzi kunye nokutyhilwa kuqokelelwe kumasayithi oluntu ahlanganisa abantu abaphumelela ukurhoxisa umtsalane wobungqingili kunye nendlela yokuphila yobungqingili, umzekelo, "Tshintshiwe»,«Iintshukumo zenguqu»,«Imiyalezo yeThemba"Kwaye"Ilizwi labangenanto».

Intsomi malunga nonyango lweAversive Therapy

Kwi- "LGBT +" - i-rhetoric ejolise ekulahleleni unyango lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo, intsomi ethi, ngaphambili, de ii-1970s, amafanasini aphathwe ngokukodwa ngokudlulisela amandla ombane ngengqondo, abambe indawo ebonakalayo. Uhlala uve iikhampasi kunye novelwano olujolise ekuvuseleleni uvelwano phakathi kwabemi abangenalwazi bembali, njengangaphambili abantu abanomnqweno wokuthandana nobungqingili baphoswa ngenkani phantse kwisihlalo sombane.

Obu buxoki. Yenzelwe ukoyikisa kunye nokuhlahlisa abo bafanasini abazama ukufumana ithuba lokususa i-NGV. Le ngxelo ingentla (UPhelan 2009b) ibonisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba amadoda kunye nabasetyhini abanomdla ekupheliseni i-NVH bayifezekisile injongo yabo ngaphandle kokudlula ngombane ngengqondo. Kwi-1970's, le yayiyinyani eyaziwayo yesayensi, eyabhala ngokukhululekileyo ngayo imithombo yezindaba.

Umzekelo, inqaku elikwiphephandaba I-New York Times elivela kunyaka we-1971 elinesihloko esithi "Abantu abaninzi abathandana nabantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye bayancedwa ukuba batshintshe ubungqingili" bathetha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango - psychodynamics, unyango lweqela, indlela edibeneyo, njl njl.

"… Besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zengqondo, iingcali zonyango ziye zafumanisa ukuba abantu abathandana besisini esinye abazimisele ukutshintsha indlela abajonga ngayo ngokwesondo banamathuba amahle okuphumelela. Ukongeza, iingcali zonyango zixele ukuba ziye zanceda ama-25-50% ezigulana zabo ukuba baphumelele ekulungisweni ngokwesini, nokuba bayintoni na ubudala babo okanye inkuthazo yabo yokuqala (...) Iindlela zonyango zivela kunyango lwendabuko lwengqondo ukuya kunyango lwe-psychotherapy, unyango lweqela, unyango lokuziphatha, kunye nayo nayiphi na indibaniselwano yezi. (…) [UGqirha Lawrence] uHatterer uzama ukunceda abaguli bakhe baqonde imvelaphi yokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesini ngokujonga ubudlelwane bosapho kunye namava obuntwana. Kwangelo xesha, uzama ukutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abathandana besisini esinye ngokusebenza nezigulana zakhe ukuchonga kunye nokuthintela izinto zobomi ezixhokonxa iziqendu zobufanasini, kwaye azithabathele indawo ngesini esahlukileyo kunye nobudlelwane. Unokuthi, umzekelo, acebise ukuba isiguli siyeke ukutyelela imivalo yamafanasini kwaye siye kwimivalo rhoqo endaweni yoko, okanye sithathe indawo yamanyala nemifanekiso yamadoda enemifanekiso yabasetyhini.

Ugqirha uthe isigulana esineminyaka eyi-30 senza ulungiso lobufazi kwiinyanga ezintathu zonyango. Indoda engenamava angafaniyo nobungqingili bayo yaqala unyango sele ikukuzibulala, yahlukana nendoda awayehlala nayo iminyaka emibini. "Emva nje kweeseshini ezisithoba ze-45 kunye ne-27 zimamele ezirekhodiweyo, le ndoda ibibandakanyeke kwaye igcinwe ubudlelwane obuphumelelayo bezokwabelana ngesondo kunye nomlingane wayo izihlandlo ezininzi ngeveki," utshilo uGqr. Hatterer.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunyango kukwazisa isigulana ukuba kukho ithuba lokuba ngandlela thile sincede ingxaki yakhe.

Kwiziko le-Behahlangual Therapy kwiYunivesithi yaseTempileni, uGqirha Joseph Walp kunye nabalingane bakhe bazama ukunyanga abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo ngokukodwa ngokuguqula indlela abasabela ngayo besebenzisa iindlela zokuziphatha.

"Ukuhlaselwa ngeendlela ezintathu" kuchaphazela amafanasini ukoyika ukudibana nabantu basetyhini, ukutsala kwabo amadoda, kunye noloyiko lwabo ngokubanzi phakathi kwabantu. Umzekelo, ukuphelisa uloyiko malunga nabasetyhini, isigulana singena kwimeko yokuphumla okunzulu kwaye emva koko sazise abantu basetyhini. Ukucima umdla wabo wesini emadodeni, abaguli bakwaphantsi koxinzelelo "olunje" njengokukhanya kombane ngelixa bebonisa imifanekiso yamadoda ahamba ze ... "(Broody xnumx).

Ke, nantsi ke - ukukhankanywa kwamandla ombane! Kwenzeka ntoni kanene?

Kwamayeza, ikhona nyani indlela yonyango njengokudlulisa umbane ngokusebenza kwengqondo yesigulana kwi-0.1 ukuya kwimizuzwana ye-1- ibizwa ngokuba yi-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Le ndlela iphakanyisiwe kwi-1938 kunyango olunzima lokuphazamiseka kwengqondoUWilson 2017) I-ECT isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje ukunyanga iingxaki zengqondo ezahlukileyo apho ezinye iintlobo zonyango zingenazo iziphumo ezifunwayo. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kuphengululo kwijenali ehlaziyiweyo yoontanga Clinical Psychopharmacology kunye Neuroscience:

"Unyango lwe-electroconvulsive yindlela evavanywa ixesha elide yokunyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo. Kumashumi eminyaka, indlela ye-ECT ifumene inani lokuphucula. Ngaphandle kokugxekwa kakhulu, i-ECT isasetyenziswa rhoqo kwezonyango ... "(I-Singh kunye noKumar Kann 2017).

Okwangoku, malunga nezigulana ze-1 ezigidigidi ngonyaka ziguqukela kunyango lwe-electroconvulsive kunyango izifo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo kunye ne-neurological, zihlala zixinene kakhulu, ikatatonia kunye ne-manic syndrome. Njengoko i-BBC Psychology ibhala:

"... Unyango lwe-Electroconvulsive linceda abaguli kwi-80% yamatyala - kodwa ibala elinxulunyaniswa nale ndlela libonisa ukuba i-ECT ayincedi bonke abantu ukuba inganceda ..." (URiley 2018)

Ewe kunjalo, kukho ingxoxo eshushu malunga nokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye nokuziphatha kunye neenqobo zokuziphatha ze-ECT. Kodwa azichaphazeli isihloko - I-ECT ayikaze isetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni kunyango lobufanasini.

Imifanekiso eyoyikisayo yokuxinezeleka kwabantu abatyhola ukungcitshwa kombane kunye nezalathiso kumfanekiso kaJack Nicholson wemovie "Ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya phezu kweCestkoo's Nest" yonyaka we-1975, eyayigcwele izibonelelo ze "LGBT +" - intshukumo kwisihloko sonyango - ayinanto yakwenza nomcimbi.

Ukukhwankqiswa kombane okukhanya okuchazwe kwinqaku elingezantsi kwiNew York Times kunxibelelene nendlela yokunyanga umntu ongena kuyo. Unyango olwahlukileyo aluyiyo unyango lwe-electroconvulsive. Unyango olungenantlonelo, amandla ombane awadluliswanga kwingqondo yesigulana.

Unyango oluphambili, olusekwe kwimeko yakudala kaPavlov, lubandakanyeka ekwenziweni komnqweno wokungafuneki kwinqanaba lesimo sokubonisa imeko. Le ndlela yayisetyenziselwa ngokuzithandela ukulahla iziyobisi, i-phobias, ubundlobongela, ukuphazamiseka ngokwesondo kunye ne-spasms (McGuire kunye Vallance 1964) Oku kufezekiswa ngokudibanisa isithukuthezi esingafunekiyo (icuba, iingcinga zesondo, iphonografi, njl. Njl.) Kunye neemvakalelo ezingathandekiyo (iintlungu, isicaphucaphu, uloyiko, njl. Njl.). Umbane okwangoku uveliswa sisixhobo esisebenza kwibhetri ye-9-volt, apho isiguli ngokwaso sibeka inqanaba lokukhupheka elinyamezelayo kuye, esinikezelwa nge-cuff electrode ukuya kwindawo ye-biceps okanye indawo esezantsi yomlenze (ngaphandle kwendawo yokuzala).

Le yayiyindlela yokunyanga ngokugwenxa eyayisetyenziswa ngemvume yezigulana ukuba isuswe i-HBV. Ngeminyaka ye-70, unyango lokuziphatha luye lwafumana ukuthandwa okubanzi, kunye nezixhobo ezinqabileyo zemipu zathengiswa nokuba zisetyenziselwa ikhaya.

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezinqabileyo, unyango olunqabileyo olunamandla ombane alusetyenziswa namhlanje kunyango lwe-NGV ngenxa yeempazamo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokungazinzi kwesiphumo. Unyango olugqibeleleyo lubhekisa kunyango lwehambo, ethi, njengoko igama layo lisitsho, lujongana nokuziphatha kuphela - i.e. iimpawu zangaphandle zengxaki. Ukusombulula iingxaki ngokusekwe kwezona zinto ziphambili zengqondo (njengakufanasini), ukusebenza kwayo akunakulindeleka ukuba kuthathe ixesha elide, kuba umsebenzi awujoliswanga ekupheliseni unobangela, kodwa ekucinezeleni ukubonakalisa kwayo. Iimpawu ezixhasayo ezinemeko ethile zivela phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye zinyamalale ukungabikho kwabo. Ke, ukuze kugcinwe imeko yokuhlala iphantsi kohlobo oluthile lokuvuselela amandla athile kuqiniso oluthile, ukuqiniswa rhoqo kwangaphambili kuyimfuneko. Ukungabikho kokuqiniswa okucwangcisiweyo, ukupheliswa kwecala eliyi-Reflex kuya kuqikelelwa. Ke, uvavanyo lwe-1968 lonyaka lubonise ukuba njengesiphumo sonyango olugwenxa lokuphambuka ngokwesini, ukuphucuka kwenzeka kwi-23 yamatyala e-40 (57%), kodwa xa kuhlolwa unyaka kamva kwavela ukuba impumelelo epheleleyo igcinwe kuphela kwiimeko ze-6 (15%) (IBancroft kunye neeMark 1968) Amanqanaba okuphuculwa kwama-transvestites, ama-fetishists, kunye ne-sadomasochists ayephezulu, iziphumo zazingenamtsalane kubantu abathandana abathandanayo, kwaye ziphantsi kakhulu kubantu be-transgender. Ukuthelekisa, abaguli abagqibileyo izifundo zonyango lwe-pshododynamic bahlala bodwa kwaye kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva (IBieber kunye neBieber 1979, iphe. 416).

Unyango olugqibeleleyo luyinxalenye yemigangatho yonyango lwe-Federal kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukunyanga inani leengxaki. Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwonyango olunamandla okunyanga kusenokwenzeka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko, kodwa ukuze kufezekiswe ezona ziphumo zizinzileyo kwaye zizinzileyo, kunqweneleka ukuba zenziwe kunye nezinye iindlela zengqondo.

Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba abaphembeleli bombutho we- "LGBT +", abafuna ukuthintela zonke iindlela zokunyanga umdla ongafunekiyo, bhekisa "kwizoyikiso kunye nokuthuthunjiswa" kusithiwa bahlupheke ngabantu abathi batyhola olo nyango. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuxoxwa kwetyala lokungavunyelwa kwonyango lwenkundla e-US e-2013, ubungqina buka-Briel Goldani (indoda eyayisebenza ngenkqubo yezonyango kunye neyomthetho yokutshintsha ukuba ngumfazi) yavakala. Ngokwale bungqina, xa wayeneminyaka eyi-13 (1997 ngonyaka), abazali bakhe bamthumela ngenkani kwinkampu yokulungisa ubufanasini “ebizwa ngokuba yi-True Directions” eOhio, apho abantwana banyanzeliswa ukuba baye kwiinkonzo zecawa ezinenzondo kwaye baphinde baphinde babonane ngemifanekiso yobungqingili. , banikwa amalungiselelo emicalra ye-emetic kwaye ii-elektrodi zangoku zafakwa ezandleni zabo kwiiyure ezimbini. Kuyavakala ukuba yoyikeka kwaye iyothusa: "Inkampu yama-gay yamaKristu."

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuhlolwa kakuhle, akukho bungqina obuxhasa uGoldani otyholwayo, akukho namnye omnye wabantwana ekuthiwa ufumana unyango kule nkampu, isheke lomtshutshisi alizange liqinisekise ubukho benkampu enjalo. Indawo ekuphela kwayo apho "inkampu yokubuyiselwa kwezesini" ebizwa ngokuba yi "True Directions" yayikho ... ifilimu yaseHollywood ka-1999, eyayikhokelwa ngumlawuli wezobungqingili, owayedlala iRuPaul eyaziwayo.Doyle 2013; I-Sprigg 2014) Ngokwemvelo, akukho zityholo zaziswa ngokuchasene necala likaGoldany.

Omnye umzekelo ofanayo unxulumene nomlingani ongowesibini uSamuel Brinton, otyhola abazali bakhe ngokuthi "bambetha ngobufanasini" esengumntwana, bamthumela kwinkampu "yokulungiswa" efanayo, apho "waxhonywa ngenaliti ezincinci phantsi kwezipikili zakhe, Ndidlulise igesi yombane, ndifaka iqhekeza kunye nezifudumezo ezishushu kwizitho zangasese ngelixa ubukele imifanekiso yobufanasini. " Ukunikezela (ukuhlawulelwa) udliwanondlebe lodliwanondlebe, uBrinton waya ekhula ngakumbi, kwaye iinkcukacha zentuthumbo yobuntu yaya isiba mandundu ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshekishwa kwamazwi akhe, avela nakwabanye abaphembeleli baka "LGBT +", khange abhengeze kwanto enokuqinisekisa into ebeyithethile - endaweni yoko, izinto ezininzi eziphikisanayo neziyinyani zifunyenwe (I-Sprigg 2014).

Obu buxoki obungenanjongo yenzelwe ukoyikisa kunye nokukhupha abo bafanasini abaqala ukukhangela iindlela zokuphelisa umtsalane wabo wesini esifanayo, ebathintelayo ekukhokeleni ubomi obugcweleyo (kwaye zininzi). Obu buxoki bunokubulala: phantse bonke abantu abathandana nobungqingili baxela ukuba iingcinga zabo zokuzibulala zavela kungekuko kwimvelo, kodwa ngenxa yokuzingca kunye neemvakalelo zabo. ukungabi nathembakuba babeqinisekile ukuba abanandlela yakutshintsha.

Into yokuba abantu abakhuthazwayo bekwazi ukwahlukana ngokusisigxina nobufanasini kwaye baba yinto engafaniyo nejongela phantsi eyona nto iphambili kuyo, kukuba ubungqingili yindlu yangaphakathi kunye nengaguqukiyo, njengobuhlanga, kwaye ke abatshisekisi be-LGBT abayideleli neyintsomi engenangqondo.

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Amanqaku

I-1 yesiNgesi: "imizamo yokutshintsha isondo" - "imizamo yokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo"

I-2 Owayesakuba nguMbutho weSizwe kuPhando kunye nonyango lokungatshatiswa kwabantu besini esinye (NARTH)

I-3 kulo mzekelo, sebenzisa eyona miqobo ingqongqo yokusebenza kakuhle, ungazihoyi iimeko zonyango ezizodwa zonyango olusebenzayo, kodwa uthathele ingqalelo iimeko ezifanayo zesiphumo esingesihle, njl.

4 https://www.josephnicolosi.com/published-papers/

I-Xnumx Elena Lorenzo Rego

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Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo

Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zingafumaneka kule mithombo ilandelayo:

1. https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#WitnessesUPhelan JE, et al. Yintoni eKuboniswa ngoPhando: Impendulo yeNARTH kwiBango le-APA ngobuSini obuNgafaniyo Ingxelo yeKomiti yeeNgcebiso zeSayensi ka-t.yena uMbutho weSizwe woPhando kunye noNyango lobufanasini. Ijenali Yokwabelana Ngesondo Kwabantu. I-2009b; Umthamo 1.
2. Ngomhla ka-AD, uPhelan JE Izibakala kunye neNtsomi kwiindlela zobuGcisa zokuGqibela ekuNyangeni zokuBoniswa kwabantu abangaBalingani abangafunekiyo. I-Alliance yoNyango lweNyango kunye noNyango lweSayensi, i-2005.
3. Indawo yengcali yokunyanga ihemotherapy: https://iftcc.org/
4. Indawo yabantu abanomdla wesini esifanayo, abakwaziyo ukwenza utshintsho: https://changedmovement.com/
5. Ubungqina beenguqu: https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#Witnesses

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