Ngaba i- "Homophobia" yindawo eqhelekileyo?

6 izimvo

V. Lysov
I-imeyile: science4truth@yandex.ru
Uninzi lwezi zinto zilandelayo zishicilelwe kwiphephandaba elijongisiswa ngoontanga. Izifundo zanamhlanje zeengxaki zentlalo, i-2018; Umthamo 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Ukulunga kunye nokuthatyathwa kokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi" Homophobia "kwintetho yesayensi neyasesidlangalaleni".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Iziphumo eziphambili

(1) Isimo sengqondo esibucayi kubufanasini asihlangabezani neempawu zokuxilongwa kwephobia njengengqondo yengqondo. Akukho luvo lwe-nosological of "homophobia", ligama lokuthetha rhetoric kwezopolitiko.
(2) Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "ubungqingili" kwinkqubela yenzululwazi ukubonisa yonke imbonakalo yesimo sengqondo esigwenxa yinto engalunganga. Ukusetyenziswa kwebinzana elithi "Homophobia" kuthoba umgca phakathi kwesimo sokuqonda esikukuthandana kwabantu abathandana besini esinye ngokusekwe kwiinkolelo zembono kunye neendlela zokubonakalisa ubukrwada, ukutshintsha umbono wokudibanisa intshabalalo.
(3) Abaphandi baqaphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwegama "ubungqingili" linyathelo elinamandla elijolise kumalungu oluntu olungamkeliyo indibaniselwano yendlela yokuphila yobungqingili kuluntu, kodwa abangaziva intiyo okanye bengoyiki abantu abfanasini.
(4) Ukongeza kwinkolelo kunye neenkcubeko zenkcubeko, isiseko sesimo sengqondo esibucayi kwimisebenzi yesini esifanayo, ngokucacileyo, amajoni omzimba - impendulo yendalo isikiziUphuhliswe kwinkqubo yokuvela komntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe impumelelo yococeko oluphezulu kunye nokuzala.

Amagama aphambiliIintsomi, "ukubulala abantu abathandana nabo", ukubacekisa, umngcipheko, ukungaziphathi kakuhle komzimba, ukuxhaphaza

INTSHAYELELO

Kwinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu, kukho isimo sengqondo esibuhlungu malunga nomsebenzi wesini esifanayo, inqanaba lokuthetha okunokwahluka kakhulu: ukusuka ekuxhaseni ukuphikiswa okusemthethweni kwezomzabalazo ukutshintsha iziko lomtshato ukuze kubandakanywe ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo kumatyala obundlobongela kubantu ababonisa ukuba bangabemi be- “LGBTKIAP +” (I-Kohut 2013; Grey 2013) Ngaphakathi kwisakhelo sentshukumo ye "LGBTKIAP +", isimo sengqondo esinjalo esibucayi, kungajongwanga ukuba siveliswa kangakanani na kwaye siyintoni na sizathu sazo, sityunjiwe njengokubizwa njalo. "I-Homophobia" (I-Adams xnumx) Ngokwe-Oxford English Dictionary, igama elithi "neophoogia" livela kwigama elithi "ubufanasini" nelithi "phobia" (Isichazi-magama esiphilayo sase-Oxford). Igama elithi "homophobia" lisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimidiya nakwinkcubeko edumileyo: umphandi uNungessor uqaphele ukuba:

"I-Homophobia" sele ingumbono ogqithisileyo wezopolitiko osetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kuso nasiphi na isimo sengqondo esingesosimo kubantu besini esinye ... "(I-Nungessor xnumx, iphe. 162).

«Kwasekhaya (Homophobia) ikwasetyenziswa kwimbali yezopolitiko yobudlelwane beli xesha (I-EPR 2006). Ke, ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "homophobia" ukuchaza isimo sengqondo esibucayi kwimilinganiselo yentshukumo "ye-LGBTQIAP +" isekwe kwimigaqo emibini ebalulekileyo: (1) idala unxibelelwano oludibeneyo phakathi kwaso nasiphi na isimo sengqondo sokulahla kubufanasini ngesifo sephobic, nesifo sengqondo; (2) inika intsingiselo engeyiyo kwaye ibeke amabala kubantu abaxhasa umbono ohlukileyo kuleyo yentshukumo ye-LGBTQIAP +.

Njengugqirha wezenzululwazi zomthetho u-Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin kunye nababhali-babhali babhala emsebenzini wabo:

"… Phantse nayiphi na ingxoxo kunye nabasasazi besini sobufanasini, xa bengavumelani nabo, namhlanje kubandakanya ukubethelelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwelebhile ekhubekisayo ethi" homophobe ", ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo ubume kunye nefom, inqanaba lobunyani nobunyani bezomthetho kolu vavanyo lubaluleke kangaka lobufanasini. Kumazwe amaninzi, abantu abavakalisa isimo sabo sokugxeka kubufanasini bavinjwa inkululeko yezimvo kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha, kungekuphela ngexesha lengxoxo yoluntu, kodwa ngokubanzi, kulo naliphi na ilinge lokuveza uluvo lwabo kumajelo eendaba. Ngapha koko, kukho iifowuni zikawonke-wonke zokucalucalula abantu abanjalo: ukwala ilungelo lokungena kwamanye amazwe, ukuwavalela, njl. Ingxoxo enocalucalulo kunye nokuchazwa komgaqo wokulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho kunye nenkundla kunye nomgaqo wokunyamezelana ayisihambelani kwaphela nemigaqo yedemokrasi kunye nemigangatho, kodwa ngaphezulu koko, kufanele ukuba ibangele impendulo kwangoko kurhulumente, engenalungelo lokurhoxa kwimeko yezomthetho nezopolitiko zamazwe aphesheya ngenxa yemeko yezopolitiko. Umgaqo-siseko nomthetho-siseko wokulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho kunye nenkundla Amagama athi "homophobe", "homophobia" awachanekanga, anelebhile ezinamacandelo athile abhalwe kubo nabaphi na abagxeki bezimvo zobufanasini (nokuba zithini na iqondo lezizathu zokugxekwa), kananjalo nabani na ongavumiyo ngokunyanzelwa ngobuninzi ngokungekho mthethweni kwimbono yobufanasini kubantu abathandana besisini esinye (kubandakanya nabantwana). La magama amele iilebheli zovavanyo zomxholo ongalunganga kwaye asetyenziswa njengeendlela ezinganyanisekanga zokunyelisa kunye nokuthukisa abo bachasayo (...) Ngapha koko, abantu abangabamkeliyo ubomi bobufanasini, iziyobisi kunye neenkolelo bekhalazela ubuxoki boluntu ngobufanasini, akukho "phobias", oko kukuthi, uloyiko olugqithisileyo olwenza aba bantu boyike amafanasini. Abantu abangaqhelananga nesigama esikhethekileyo sezonyango banokunxulumana nentsingiselo yegama elithi "homophobe" kunye nokungathandi umntu kunye nabantu ngokubanzi (ukusuka kwi-Latin homo - man). Ukunikezela ngokungekho ngqiqweni kokuphambuka kwengqondo (phobias) kubantu abangabelaniyo neenkolelo zobufanasini ayisiyiyo indlela yokuziphatha kuphela, kodwa ikwajolise ekuthobeni isidima sabo bantu, sibanyelisa ... ”(IPonkin 2011).

I-skating rink "I-LGBTKIAP +" "ideology

Ngokucacileyo ichaza indlela yeezicatshulwa ngokumangalela u-"Homophobia" waseburhulumenteni uSergei Khudiev:

“… Nabani na onobuganga bokungavumelani ngokupheleleyo neengcamango zesini esingathandabuzekiyo ujongene nangoko neelebheli kunye nokukhalinywa ngomsindo. Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba ukwabelana ngesondo kwabantu besini esinye into ekungafanelekanga ukuba ikhuthazwe ngokusemthethweni, uya kubhengezwa kwangoko unomsindo, unganyamezeli, unenzondelelo yempambano, ubuyile umva kwaye ungumntu onobutshaba, ubuhlanga, ubuNazi, uKu Klux Klan, iTaliban, njalo njalo njalo njalo. Inkqubo elula kodwa esebenzayo yokunyanzelisa iimvakalelo isebenzisa ubuchule obuninzi obucacileyo. Umzekelo, unikwa ukhetho oluphosakeleyo- nokuba bohlwaya ngokuqatha ubufanasini, okanye ubukhuthaze ngandlela zonke. Ukuba uchasene nokubulawa kwabantu abathandana nabantu besini esifanayo, kuya kufuneka ubekhona kwimanyano yabasetyhini abatshatileyo. Enye indlela - “abanye ootsotsi abaziwayo (umzekelo, amaNazi) babebuchasene ubufanasini - nawe uyabuchasa - ngoko ke ungumNazi. Andifuni kuthathwa njengamaNazi-vumelana nezethu izimvo. Owesithathu ubhengeza naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe kubantu abathandana besisini esinye - umzekelo, imeko apho umfana obulawulayo abulawa ngumthengi wakhe - njengembonakaliso "yongqingili", athi nabani na ongavumiyo ukuba "uyathandana nabantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye" kwaye ke abo bantu baphikisayo bangabaphuli-mthetho. Olu xinzelelo lweemvakalelo alunakuthathelwa ingqalelo ngaphandle kokubonakaliswa kweepalemiki ezingenabulungisa, kodwa ingxaki kukuba iya isiba phantsi kokunyanzelwa ngurhulumente; kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu, ukungavumelani neembono zabantu besini esahlukileyo kujongwa “njengokukhuthaza intiyo,” nolwaphulo-mthetho oluvavanyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ububhanxa bolu hlobo lwesimangalo luyabonakala ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba sithathe inkathazo yokucingisisa okungenani imizuzu emihlanu. I-Taliban isohlwaya kakhulu utywala; Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba nabani na ongabamkeliyo utywala yiTaliban kwaye uzimisele ukwazisa iSharia eluntwini? Abantu (abesilisa nabasetyhini) abafumana imali ngokuthengisa ngomzimba bahlala bengamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho- ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba nabani na othi indlela yokufumana imali ayilunganga kwaye iyingozi ukuxhasa izaphuli-mthetho? Ngaba umntu ongakwamkeliyo ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi unokubekwa ityala ngentiyo yakhe enzulu ngamakhoboka eziyobisi angamahlwempu? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

INDLELA YABONAKALISA NJANI

Isazi ngengqondo saseMelika kunye nesishoshovu "LGBTKIAP +" - intshukumo (I-Ayyar 2002; Iminyaka 2017) UGeorge Weinberg uthathele ingqalelo umsunguli wegama elithi "Homophobia" kunye nombhali we-hypothesis ye-psychopathological substrate yesimo sengqondo esigxekayo kubufanasini (Nantsi i2004; Weinberg xnumx) Kudliwanondlebe noshicilelo lobufanasini, uWeinberg akwaniki mpendulo icacileyo malunga nokuba kutheni waba nenxaxheba kwi-LGBTKIAP + intshukumo, uthi:

"Nangona ndingengobungqingili, bendikhululekile kwimicimbi yam yesini, nakwenye imisebenzi endikhethe ukungabhali ngayo" (I-Ayyar 2002).

U-Weinberg uzibiza njengomntu obeka phambili umbono wokuba umona kunye noloyiko zingunobangela wokugxekwa kwesimo sengqondo sokuthandana kwabantu abathandana abatshatileyo kwiminyaka ye-1960's, xa belungiselela ukuthetha kwinkomfa kwi-East Coast Homophile Organisation (I-Ayyar 2002; Iminyaka 2017) Wabelane ngeengcinga zakhe kunye "neentshatsheli ze" LGBTKIAP + ", iintshukumo uJack Nichols kunye noLige Clark, owasebenzisa igama elithi" homophobia "kwinqaku lephephabhuku elinamanyala elibonisa oko" Screw "(23 ngoMeyi 1969 yonyaka), oko kwakuthetha uloyiko lwamadoda angengawo gay ukuba banokuphambuka kubafanasini - esi yayilixesha lokuqala ukukhankanywa kweli gama kwinto eprintiweyo (Iminyaka 2017; Nantsi i2004) Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, eli gama lasetyenziswa kwintloko yeThe Times (Iminyaka 2017).

UGeorge Weinberg (ekunene) eneenkokheli ze-LGBTKIAP + -ukuhamba kukaFrank Kameni noJack Nichols ngexesha le-LGBTKIAP + imiboniso eNew York (2004). 

Kwi-1971, u-Weinberg yena kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "ubungqingili" kwinqaku elinomxholo othi "Amagama eNkcubeko eNtsha" kwiveki e "Gay" (Iminyaka 2017). Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, ugxa kaWeinberg uKenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, iphe. 132, 136) ekupheleni kuka-1971 waqala wakhankanya igama elithi "homophobia" kwimpapasho yezenzululwazi apho waphakamisa isikali esikhethekileyo sokulinganisa iimpendulo ezingalunganga ezibangelwa kukunxibelelana nabantu abathandana besisini esinye (USmith 1971) Okokugqibela, kwi-1972, i-Weinberg yacacisa u-psychopathological hypothesis ye- "Homophobia" kwincwadi ethi "Umbutho kunye ne-Healthy Homosexual" (Weinberg xnumx) Kunyaka olandelayo, u-Weinberg waba yenye yeenkokheli zeminyhadala yoluntu ehlelwe yiAmerican LGBTKIAP +, intshukumo ekhokelele kwisigqibo se-American Psychiatric Association ukuba ingabandakanyi ukuxilongwa "kobufanasini" kuluhlu lwe-static yeengxaki zengqondo kwi1973 (Iminyaka 2017) Ngaphandle kwento yokuba igama elithi "Homophobia" lagxekwa kamva bobabini ngabaxhasi kunye nabachasene nombutho we "LGBTKIAP +", u-Weinberg wahlala engumxhasi onenkani wokukholelwa kwakhe ubomi bakhe bonke kwaye wanyanzelisa ukubandakanya "ukubulala abantu besini esinye" kudidi lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (Weinberg xnumx).

INKCAZO YOKUSETYENZISWA KOMSEBENZI

Ixesha elingaphezulu kokukhankanywa okokuqala kwimisebenzi yezenzululwazi (i-1971 - 1972), intsingiselo yegama elithi "Homophobia" yahlukile kwiimpawu zomntu ngamnye (USmith 1971kunye noloyiko lwendalo (Weinberg xnumx) kuso nasiphi na isimo sengqondo esigxekayo (kubandakanya, umzekelo, ukungavisisani ngokuvumela abantu abatshatileyo abatshatileyo ukuba bathathe abantwana)ICosta 2013) UGeorge Weinberg emsebenzini wakhe wasebenzisa igama elithi "ukubulala abantu abathandana nabo" ngendlela eyoyika ukunxibelelana nabantu abathandana nabo, kwaye ukuba sithetha ngamafanasini ngokwabo, ke "ukubulala abantu abathandana nabo" kuthetha ukuzenyanya kwabo (Weinberg xnumx) Kwiminyaka embalwa emva koko, uMorin noGarfinkle bachazwa njengo "bungqingili" umntu ongazibonisi indlela yokuphila yobungqingili efanayo nendlela yokuphila yobungqingili (Molweni xnumx).

Kunyaka we-1983, uNungessor uqaphele:

"..." ukuthandana kwabantu abathandana bodwa (homophobia) "sele ingumbono ogqithisileyo wezopolitiko osetyenziselwa ukubonisa naziphi na izimo zengqondo ezingalunganga kubantu besini esinye ..." (I-Nungessor xnumx, iphe. 162).

Kwangalo nyaka, uFyfe uboniswe yi- "Homophobia" isimo sengqondo esingalunganga kunye nokukhetha abantu abathandana abathandanayo (I-Fyfe xnumx) U-Hudson kunye neeRiketi babonile ukuba igama elithi "homophobia" laqala ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ziingcali kunye nabangengabo abangoochwephesha ukuchaza nabuphi na ubutshaba ebantwini abathandana nobungqingili kangangokuba ilahlekelwe yintsingiselo yayo yasekuqaleni "(Hudson xnumx, iphe. 357). Kwi-1991, inani labaphandi lichaze "ukubulala abantu besini esinye" njengalo naluphi na ucalucalulo olunobungqingili kunye nocalucalulo "(Intsimbi ye-xnumx; Haaga xnumx), kunye no-Reiter bayichaze njenge "chaza elinento yokwenza nenkcubeko" ((Umbalisi 1991) Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, u-Young-Bruehl waphawula ukuba "ukubulala abantu ababhinqileyo ekhaya, kukucalucalulwa kwabantu abathile, kodwa kukuzibandakanya kwizenzo ezithile" (Umncinci-Bruehl 1996, iphe. 143). UKranz noCusick bathi kamva "ichaze imeko yobungqingili" "njengoloyiko olungenangqondo lwabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo" (I-Kranz 2000) Kunyaka we-2005, u-O'Donohue kunye noCaselles baqaphele ukuba kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, igama elithi "ubungqingili" liye lafikelela nakwesiphi na isimo sengqondo esibi, inkolelo okanye isenzo kubantu abathandana abathandanayo (O'Donohue in Ubushushu xnumx, iphe. 68).

Kwisakhelo se-classical science psychiatric science, i-phobia (i-phobic syndrome) ibhekisa kuhlobo loxinzelelo lwe-neurosis, eyona nto iphambili yokufumanisa ukuba loluphi uloyiko oluqhubekayo (okanye uxinzelelo), oluthi ngokungalawulekiyo nolungalungiseki kwimeko ezithile (IKazakovtsev 2013, iphe. 230). Umntu onephobia uzama ngazo zonke iindlela ukunqanda ukunxibelelana ngento okanye imeko ebangela phobia kwaye abhekane noxinzelelo olukhulu kunye noxinzelelo. Ukuxhasa inyani yokuba imeko exhaphakileyo yesimo sokuthandana kwabantu abathandana nabasetyhini ayisiyongxaki, uHaaga (1991) uthelekise umkhethe kunye ne-phobias, iimpendulo ezichazwe kwimithombo yeendaba njenge "Homophobia" ziyahlangabezana neendlela zekhethe (jonga kwitheyibhile engezantsi) (Haaga xnumx).

Itheyibhile 1 ngokuthelekiswa koKhetho kunye nePhobia ngokwe-D.A.F. I-Haaga [30]

Uhlobo
 Ucalucalulo (ekucingelwa ukuba lubizwa ngokuba “sisini esinye”) Iphobia yokwenyani (i-neurosis)
Ukuphendula ngokweemvakaleloumsindo, ukucaphukaixhala, uloyiko
Ukuxoxa ngokweemvakaleloubukho beenjongoukungabikho kwengcaciso, ukungafezekisi
Intshukumo yokuphendulaingqumboukuthintela nangayiphi na indlela
I-ajenda yoluntuinkcaso kwezentlaloengekhoyo
Ugxininiso lweenzame zokususa imeko engathandekiyointo yocalucalulongokwethu

Iinzame ezahlukeneyo ziphakanyisiwe ngandlela thile zokulinganisa inqanaba lesimo sengqondo esibi malunga nobufanasini- kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo zengqondo (USmith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Isidenge xnumx; UMilham 1976; Logan 1996) Uphando lweGrey kunye noogxa kunye noCosta kunye noogxa babo baveze inqwaba yezikali ezahlukileyo ezicetywayo ukulinganisa isimo sengqondo sabantu abathandanayo kubantu abathandana nabantu ababonisa indlela yokuziphatha kwesini (ICosta 2013; Grey 2013) Zonke iindlela zovavanyo ezicetywayo zine -backback esisiseko-ukungabikho kweqela lokuthelekisa ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwabo: ukuqinisekiswa kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ezicetywayo kwakusekwe kuthelekiso neqela labaphendulisi eliveze amaxabiso aphakamileyo aphathekayo ahambelana kuphela nesimo sengqondo esingathandekiyo ngobufanasini (umzekelo, Inkolo, ukuvotela amaqela ezopolitiko asezantsi-. Ngokuka-O'Donohue kunye noogxa bakhe, olu phosiso lunokupheliswa ngokuthelekiswa neqela labaphenduli abagwetywa ngobundlobongela kubantu ababonisa indlela yokuziphatha kwesini (O'Donohue Ubushushu xnumx, iphe. 77). Ke ngoko, ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi zepsyometri nganye nganye yeendlela zovavanyo ezicetywayo, okuqwalaselweyo kunye nezigqibo ezenziwe kwisiseko seendlela zovavanyo ziyathandabuza (O'Donohue in Ubushushu xnumx, iphe. 77). Ngokubanzi, akucaci nokuba oko kubiziweyo. I-"Homophobia": imvumelwano ngentsingiselo yegama "ubungqingili", engaqwalaselwanga namhlanje, ibaluleke kakhulu kule nto, kuluhlu ngokubanzi lweengcinga ezahlukileyo, ukusuka kubanzi ngokubanzi (umzekelo, negativism) ukuya ngakumbi (O'Donohue kwi Ubushushu xnumx, iphe. 82).

Ukunyamezelana ngokulwa kunye neposta echaza isimo sakhe sengqondo kwabo bangavumelani neenkolelo zakhe. I-Lipetsk.

Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesayensi kwegama elithi "Homophobia" kusetyenziswa ingxaki okungenani ngenxa yezizathu ezine eziphambili. Okokuqala, ubungqina obunamandla bubonisa ukuba ubutshaba kubungqingili ku ngokwahlukileyo iimeko zinokuba yinto yokwaphuka kwimo yonyango, njenge-claustrophobia okanye i-arachnophobia. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabantu abanoluvo oluchasayo lobuhlobo obufanayo nobungqingili abunazo iimpendulo zomzimba zimpawu zeph phobiasIsihlangu xnumx) Intshukumo yangoku, eyaziwayo ye "LGBTKIAP +", ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "homophobia" akuthethi nganto ngokwahlukileyo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini. Okwesibini, ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "Homophobia" ngokwembono ye-Weinberg kubonelela ukuba le yimeko yeklinikhi yomntu ngamnye, nangona kunjalo, izifundo azikuqinisekisi oku, kodwa zibonisa ubudlelwane obucacileyo neqela lehlabathi lenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo (I-Kohut 2013) Okwesithathu, i-phobia kwimbono yeklinikhi inxulumene nokuphendula okungathandekiyo kunye namava aphula imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yentlalo yomntu (Itheyibhile 1), kodwa ubutshaba kubantu abathandanayo abuchaphazeli umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wentlalo wabantu (Nantsi i2000, 1990) Okwesine, ukusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko kwengqondo “yenyani yokuthandana kwabantu abathandana naye yedwa” kulawula ubutshaba kubufanasini nezinto ezinje, umzekelo, ubuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga (I-EPR 2006). Nangona kunjalo, ubuhlanga okanye isini yinto eqondiswe ngokuchasene nabathwali beempawu ezithile ezimiselweyo zebhayoloji ezingaxhomekekanga kwindlela abaziphethe ngayo (umzekelo, ucalucalulo kubantu baseCaucasus okanye abesilisa). Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi "homophobia" ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-LGBTKIAP + intshukumo sisimo sengqondo esingenabutshaba kubathwali beempawu zebhayoloji, kodwa kwizenzo (indlela yokuziphatha), ngokuchanekileyo, ekubonakalisweni kwendlela yokuziphatha, apho ukuguqulwa kwendima yesini esekwe kwisini kunye / okanye ekuhlaleni. Akukho kwanovumelwano ngezimvo malunga nokuba ngubani othathwa njengongowesini esinye-umntu ohlala esenza abantu besini esifanayo okanye kunqabile kakhulu; onyanzelwayo ukuba abandakanyeke kubudlelwane besini esifanayo okanye ngubani owenza oko ngokuzithandela, ozibiza ngokuba "ulifanasini" okanye hayi, njl. Umntu ongazibonakalisi esidlangalaleni indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abathandana besisini esinye kwaye engowoluntu lwe "LGBTKIAP +" akafumani naziphi na iimpembelelo ezimbi eluntwini, ezingenakwenzeka kwimeko enje ngobuhlanga.

UKUMISELWA KWEXESHA LOKUZIPHATHA KWAMAPOLISA

Kuba igama elithi "phobia" linentsingiselo ecacileyo yekliniki kwaye libonisa imeko yoloyiko olungalawulekiyo (ukuxilongwa konyango), ukubekwa kwesimo sengqondo esibucayi kubufanasini njenge-phobia akunangqiniseko yesayensi. Umzekelo, isimo sengqondo esigxekayo kubugcisa beli xesha ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imigaqo yokuziphatha yesayensi ayinakubizwa ngokuba "yi-avant-garde phobia": Isimo sengqondo esinjalo sibonisa kuphela ukubonakala kobuhle. Amatyala okonakaliswa ngokunxulumene nemisebenzi yobugcisa yinto engamkelekanga kwaye, ngesantya esiphezulu, angangqina ukophulwa kwengqondo ezithile ze-vandal. Nangona kunjalo, ukubaluleka kokuxhotyiswa kwamatyala anjalo okonakaliswa kokuvavanya imisebenzi enjalo kwaye, ngakumbi, bonke abangayithandiyo le misebenzi yobugcisa, ilingana no-zero.

Isikhundla esibucayi kwimicimbi enxulumene namanyathelo oluntu e-LGBTKIAP + -intshukumo, ayihlelwe njengolwaphulo-mthetho loMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi okanye umbutho wezengqondo zeMelika (ICD 1992; I-DSM 2013) Ngezizathu ezichazwe apha ngasentla, ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "Homophobia" ngokunxulumene nesimo sengqondo esibi malunga nokulalana kwabantu besini esinye kugxekiwe ngababhali abaninzi (Nantsi i2004, Apha ngaphakathi Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Isihlangu xnumx), kwaye endaweni yoko, amagama amaninzi acetyiswa: "ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ubufanasini, ubungqingili, ucalucalulo, isondo, ucalucalulo ngokwesini" kunye nabanye abaninzi Ubushushu xnumx; ISears 1997).

Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi "homophobia" liyaqhubeka lisetyenziswa kumajelo eendaba, inkcubeko ethandwayo, kwanoncwadi lwenzululwazi ukubonisa isimo sengqondo esibucayi ngobufanasini. UConnie Ross, umhleli welinye lamaphephancwadi abantu abathandana besisini esinye, uthe akazukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "homophobia" ngenxa yokungachaneki kwayo kwezenzululwazi, kuba ucinga owona msebenzi uphambili "kukulwa amalungelo abantu abathandana besisini esinye" (Taylor 2002).

USmithmyer (2011) ubonise oku kulandelayo:

“… Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi 'homophobia' linyathelo elicinezelayo elijoliswe kulawo malungu oluntu akhusela inkcazo yemveli yomtshato, kodwa ungabathiyi abantu abalinganayo (…) Ukusetyenziswa kweli gama kuyacaphukisa (…) kwaye kuyanyelisa (…) Igama" Homophobic "liqhinga lezopolitiko elisetyenziswa kumthetho nakwiinkundla ..." (USmithmyer 2011, iphe. 805).

IHolland (2006) iqaphele ukuba:

"... Nokuba isicatshulwa nje esilula samanani esisehlo sikaGawulayo phakathi kwamadoda athandana namanye amadoda siphakamisa izityholo" zokuthiya abantu abathandana besisini esinye "...I-Holland xnumx, iphe. 397).

Ngokunokwenzeka kwe-100%, le ngxelo iya kuboniswa kwangoko "yi-Homophobia" ngabaxhasi bombutho we "LGBTKIAP +".

Kwi-2009, ophumelele iphepha lase-California California u-Kerry Prechan othathe inxaxheba kumagqibela-kankqoyi eMiss America. Emva kwempendulo yakhe kumbuzo ovela kwi-jury ukuba abantu abatshatileyo mabangabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni eMelika, wagxothwa kukhuphiswano kwaye wahluthwa isithunzi sikaMiss California.

UKerry Pregand nomyeni wakhe

Impendulo ka-Kerry Preghan yabangela ubushushu bayo yonke "imithombo yezopolitiko echanekileyo" ye-Western media, watyholwa ngokobuhlanga, esithi makabuyise amazwi akhe kwaye wambiza esidlangalaleni ngokuthi "sisimungulu esisidenge" (I-Prejean 2009) Yenzelwe ntoni? U-Prezhan wathi uza kubeka abantu abathandana abatshatileyo ejele?

Hayi nantsi impendulo yakhe yesenzi:

“… Ewe, ndicinga ukuba kulungile ukuba abantu baseMelika bakhethe enye okanye enye. Siphila kwilizwe apho ungakhetha khona phakathi komtshato wesini kunye nomtshato wesintu. Kwaye uyazi, kwinkcubeko yethu, kusapho lwam, kubonakala ngathi ndikholelwa ukuba umtshato kufanele ube phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Andifuni kukhubekisa mntu, kodwa le yindlela endikhuliswe ngayo ... ”(AP 2009).

Iintshatsheli ze-LGBTKIA +, iintshukumo zeKirk neMadsen, zathi ukusetyenziswa kwegama "homophobia" kusebenza kakhulu kwisicwangciso sezopolitiko ukutshintsha imeko yentlalo yabantu abathandana abathandana nabo:

“… Nakuliphi na iphulo lokuphumelela uvelwano eluntwini, amafanasini kufuneka aboniswe njengamaxhoba afuna ukukhuselwa, ukuze abantu abathandana besini esahlukileyo bathabatheke ngumnqweno ongathathi nxaxheba wabakhuseli… Izitabane maziboniswe njengamaxhoba oluntu… Kufuneka ziboniswe: imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamadoda athandana namanye athandwayo; Umdlalo wokunqongophala komsebenzi kunye nezindlu, ukuphulukana nokugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nokuthotywa esidlangalaleni: uluhlu luyaqhubeka ... Iphulo lethu akufuneki lifune inkxaso ethe ngqo kwizenzo zobufanasini, endaweni yoko, kufuneka simisele ukulwa nocalucalulo njengowona msebenzi uphambili ... "(IKirk 1987).

Incwadi "Emva kwebhola"

Kwincwadi ekhutshwe kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uKirk noMadsen bagxininisa:

"... Ngelixa igama elithi 'homophobia' linokuchaneka ngakumbi, igama elithi 'homophobia' lisebenza ngcono ngokuthetha ... ngokubeka kwifomu ye-quasi-clinical ukuba iimvakalelo ezichasene nobufanasini zinxulunyaniswa nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo kunye nokungazithembi ..." (IKirk 1989, iphe. 221).

IINGCACISO NGOKUGQIBELA

Iindidi zeemodeli ezisisiseko zesimo sengqondo esibuhlungu malunga nesenzo sobufanasini ziye zacetyiswa: zobuqu (USmith 1971), yokuziphatha (O'Donohue in Ubushushu xnumx),Grey 1991-nolwazelelo (Intsimbi ye-xnumx), imodeli yokuqonda okanye yokungazi (Jonga apha Gonsiorek xnumx), uloyiko (IMacDonald 1973), Inkcubeko (Umbalisi 1991) Ukungaqwalaselwa kancinci kupapasho lwezesayensi kunye nolwazelelelo lubanzi lunikwa kwiimodeli ze-biology ze-Reflex.

Ukuqwalaselwa okubonakalayo kusivumela ukuba senze ukucinga malunga neendlela ezisisiseko zentlalo yezimo zengqondo ezimbi malunga nokulalana. U-Ellis kunye noogxa (2003) bafunda abafundi be-226 beengcali zengqondo ezivela kwiiyunivesithi ezintathu zaseBritani, abathi, basebenzise izikali ezimbini ezahlukileyo, bavavanye isimo sengqondo kubantu abathandana besini esinye kunye nesimo sengqondo kwiinkqubo zentlalo ezihambelana nomsebenzi wesini esifanayo (umba wokuvumela ubhaliso lwentsebenziswano, ukwamkelwa kwabantwana, njl. .) ()I-Ellis 2003) Nangona ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabaphenduli babonisa ukuba bavumelana neenkcazo ngokubanzi ezichaza ubungqingili njengento eqhelekileyo emntwini, inani elincinci labaphenduli lavumelana neenkcazo ezithile (umzekelo, "isini masingakhathali emtshatweni, amafanasini angasebenza emkhosini, abantwana mabafundiswe. umbono wobuntu obufanasini ”, njl. njl.) (I-Ellis 2003(iphepha 129). USteffens (2005) wenza uphando lwabafundi abangama-203 baseJamani besebenzisa iindlela ezizodwa zokuvavanya imeko evulekileyo (eyaziwayo) nefihlakeleyo (engekho zingqondweni) kubufanasini (I-Steffens xnumx) Ngalo msebenzi, isimo sengqondo sokuqonda safundwa kusetyenziswa imibuzo eyahlukeneyo yovavanyo, kwaye isimo sengqondo sokungazi sifundwa sisebenzisa uvavanyo lokunxulumana nemfihlakalo.

Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngelixa isimo sengqondo sokujonga ubungqingili sasisihle kakhulu ekuqaleni, isimo sengqondo sokungazi sazijike saba sibi kakhulu. Isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo ngobufanasini sihambelana nokuzibonakalisa kwabantu abathandanayo. (I-Steffens xnumx, iphe. 50, 55). I-Inbar kunye noogxa (2009) babonise ukuba kwanabantu abazijonga njengeqela labantu abathanda isenzo sesini esinye, bengazi ukuba bayacekiseka xa bebona abantu besini esinye (Kwibhari ye-2009).  

Ngapha koko, abanye abantu abahamba nomkhwa wobungqingili bayakuqonda ukuthobeka kwendalo kubufanasini:

"... Ukungabuthandi ubufanasini ebantwini kwinqanaba lokungakhathalelwa ..." (I-Mironova 2013).

Isiteyitimenti sokugqibela sinenkcazo yesayensi. Ababhali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ethubeni lokuzivelela, oko kuthiwa. isimilo sokuziphatha - intsholongwane yokuphendula okungazi nto, eyilelwe ukukhusela ngokuchasene nefuthe leentsholongwane kunye neparasites (iScider in I-Forgas xnumx; IFaulkner 2004; Park 2003; Filip-crawford xnumx).

Inkqubo yokuzikhusela komzimba isekwe kwimvakalelo yokungaqiniseki ngokungathandabuzekiyo yokucekiseka: abantu abakumaqela ezentlalo angaqhelekanga, ngakumbi abo benza izinto ezingezozendalo ngokubhekisele kukutya, ucoceko kunye nesini, babeka umngcipheko ophezulu wokudlulisa okutsha (kwaye, ke, kuyingozi ngakumbi) iiarhente ezosulelayo. Ke, xa unxibelelana nabantu abanjalo, amajoni omzimba okuziphatha ayasebenza, kunye nezothe zenyameko (Filip-crawford xnumx, iphe. 333, 338; I-Curtis 2011a, 2011b; I-Curtis 2001) Okokuba isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo okanye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwezidumbu okanye umntu ongaphangeliyo, njl njl., Kubonisa ukungazali, ukungaziphathi ngendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini, ukuphendula kwabantu abaninzi kubonakaliso lokuziphatha kukuphikisa ukuthintela ingozi Ukunxibelelana ngokwesini okungafanelekanga kunye nabantu abanjalo. Ubudlelwane bokucekiseka kunye nezimo ezigwenxa zokungazalisi, kubandakanya ubufanasini, isenzo sesondo sibonisiwe kwizifundo ezininzi (Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; UTerrizzi 2010; I-Olatunji 2008; I-Cottrell xnumx;  Nantsi i2000; I-Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Iziphumo ezichaseneyo zikwanomdla- imvakalelo yokunyusa yokunyanyeka iya isiba mandundu kwinqanaba lokungazi isimo sengqondo malunga nemifanekiso enemixholo yobufanasini (Dasgupta xnumx).

Isikizi yinkqubo yolungelelwaniso esele yenziwe ukuze kukhuthazwe isimilo esijolise ekuthinteleni umngcipheko wesifo (iSchaller in I-Forgas xnumx; I-Curtis 2004, 2011b; I-Oaten xnumx; I-Tybur 2009; I-Fessler xnumx) Inkqubo eguqulwayo yenzelwe izilwanyana ukuqhubela phambili ukuqatshelwa kwezinto kunye neemeko ezinxulumene nomngcipheko wosulelo, kwaye, ke, ukwenza indlela yokuziphatha ecocekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa umngcipheko wokunxibelelana nee-parasites ezincinci kunye nemacro; kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kwendlela yoluntu ukuya kwifomati ethandabuzekayo, imisebenzi yokunyanyekisa ikwacacisa isimo sentlalo, ukubonelela ngesizathu ukohlwaya ngokuchaseneyo nokuziphatha kunye nokuphepha ukwaphula imilinganiselo yentlalo.I-Chapman 2009; I-Haidt 1997) UMiller (1997) ukholelwa ukuba i-vice ephantse ihlala ibangela amanyala. Ucacisa ukuba abalinganiswa abangalunganga, nabacekisekayo, abenzi bobugqwirha kunye nezenzo zigwetywa sisimo sengqondo sangaphakathi sokucekiseka, ngaphandle kokuguqukela ekuziphatheni okwenqanaba eliphezuluI-Curtis 2001) Iziphumo zomntu ezigwenxa ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kubuntu bakhe kunye namava akhe, nakwizithethe zenkcubeko yasekhaya kunye nendlela yokuziphatha (I-Curtis 2011b) I-Curtis (2011) ibonelela ngoluhlu lwezifo ezosulelayo ezibangela ukuphendula okungathandekiyo, kubandakanya uGawulayo, i-syphilis, njl.I-Curtis 2011a) Grey kunye noogxa babo abaphawuliwe kuhlaziyo lwabo (Grey 2013, iphe. 347) ukuba isimo sengqondo esibucayi malunga nobungqingili sidibene nesimo sengqondo esingalunganga kusulelo lwe-HIV kunye nabantu abane-HIV / AIDS.

Isikizi

Kukho uqaphelelo oluninzi malunga nonxibelelwano phakathi kwesikhubekiso kunye nokugwetywa kokuziphatha ngokungazi.I-Zhong 2006, 2010; Isisi xnumx): isenzo kunye nabantu abaphula imigaqo yentlalo bahlala bebangela amanyala (I-Curtis 2001), ukuphendula okufanayo komzimba kunye nokusebenza kweengingqi zobuchopho kujongwa ngokuchaswa kwendalo kunye nokuziphatha (kwezentlalo) (I-Chapman 2009; I-Schaich xnumx) U-Olatunji uphawula ukuba ingcinga esisiseko yokucekiseka inxulunyaniswa nokuzithiba ngokwesondo ngenxa yokuphendula ngokubanzi komzimba, njengokugabha (I-Olatunji 2008, iphe. 1367). UFessler noNavarette bathi "kubonakala ngathi indalo inyanzelekise indlela ekhusela umzimba kwii-pathogens kunye nasezityeni, kwaye ikwashenxisa indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo enciphisa impumelelo yezendalo" (I-Fessler xnumx, iphe. 414). U-Haidt kunye noogxa bakhe baxela ukuba ngelixa ukugwetywa okuyisiseko kuyinkqubo yokuphelisa ukutya okunokuba yingozi, uluntu kufuneka luzibandezele ngaphandle izinto ezininzi, kubandakanya ezesondo kunye nezesondoI-Haidt 1997).

Izenzo ezithile zesondo okanye amaqabane abelana ngesondo nawo ayazicekisa (I-Tybur 2013; URozin 2009) UTybur kunye noogxa bakhe bathi ngenxa yokuba unxibelelwano ngesondo luthatha umngcipheko wosulelo olunokubakho ziintsholongwane, unxibelelwano ngesondo olungazisi izibonelelo zokuzala okanye luthwala umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kwemfuzo (oko kukuthi ukunxibelelana ngokwesondo nabantu besini esifanayo, abantwana, okanye abantu abadala, izalamane ezisondeleyo), kukhokelela kwinyaniso yokuba umntu osengozini yosulelo, kwangaxeshanye angabi nalo ithuba lokuphucula ubuchule bokuzala bokuzala (I-Tybur 2013) Oko kukuthi, ukunxibelelana ngesondo esifanayo ngesondo akuchazi ukubakho kokuzala, yiyo loo nto umbono wokudibana kwabantu besini esinye ubangela amanyala wemvelo (Filip-crawford xnumx, iphe. 339; I-Curtis 2001).

Inkangeleko yokucekiseka njengempendulo kubufanasini nayo inxulunyaniswa nobudlelwane nesoyikiso yokungcoliseka kokomfuziselo, ngale ndlela ukusebenza kusebenze ngokungazenzisiyo, isikhokelo kukuphepha umngcipheko wokunxibelelana ngokwasemzimbeni kunye ne-pathogens kunye nomnqweno "wokucoca" (Golec de zavala xnumx, iphe. 2).

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6 iingcinga ku "Ngaba 'homophobia' yiphobia?

  1. Ndifuna ukuqaphela ukuba baphinda bathelekise amadoda angaphambili abesithembu abathe batshintsha indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nokuthandana kwabantu basekhaya

    impendulo

    1. Kunene. Bade beza “noxilongo” loku: “internalized homophobia.” Kwaye ayisiyiyo nje i-exes elingana ne "homophobes" -nabani na ophuma ngokugxeka. I-Lesbian Camille Paglia, umzekelo, ubhala:
      “Yayindim kuphela umntu kwiYunivesithi yaseYale (1968 - 1972) ongazange abufihle ubungqingili babo, nto leyo endibize kakhulu kumbono wobungcali. Isibakala sokuba umnini webali elinobundlobongela nelihlazo njengam angabizwa ngokuba "ngumzi wasekhaya", njengoko kusenziwa amaxesha amaninzi, sibonisa indlela ekububudenge ngayo ubutshomi. ".

      Nantsi ke into ababhali bencwadi ethi “Emva kweBhola” babhala ngayo ngabakhwetha abalusini:
      "Bayakwala nakuphi na ukugxekwa koluntu, kungekuphela nje kubantu abangaphandle, kodwa nakubantu abathandanayo, besebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo zokucinezela: ukuxoka, ukubiza amagama, ukukhwaza, ukungavumi ukuphendula, ukubiza amagama, kunye nokusetyenziswa. Iingcamango ezichaseneyo, ukukhupha ngaphandle ngokungakhethiyo Zonke "iintshaba" zineengxowa ezifanayo zeempawu. Nokuba ukugxekwa kukhulu okanye kuncinci, nokuba ukugxekwa kufana nesini okanye ngokuthe tye, ukuxilongwa, okuyiqhinga elidala eliphantsi, lihlala lifana: ungumntu othanda abantu abathandana nabo! Kwaye ukuba uyawazonda amafanasini, kufuneka ubathiye abafazi, abamnyama nabo bonke abanye abancinci abacinezelweyo. Naziphi na izichaso, nokuba zinyanisekile kangakanani na, ziya kuthi rhoqo kuhlangatyezwane nohlaselo olukhawulezayo nolukhohlakeleyo, kuxhomekeke kwiingxoxo esezilungisiwe nezingaphendulekiyo ze-ad hominem: “Amafanasini agxeka indlela yethu yokuphila awakwazi nje ukwamkela ubufanasini bawo kwaye bayaqikelela. ukuzithiya kwabo kuluntu olubangqongileyo.” Ngoko ukuba ubani ungonwabanga ngabantu abazingcayo, abantu abathandanayo nabahamba ze behamba kumngcelele wokuzingca kwamafanasini, apho iindlovukazi ezirhuqayo zikhupha iilekese ezimile njengelungu lobudoda kubantwana abancinane, usuka azithiye.”

      impendulo

  2. Isivakalisi sikhangeleka ngathi sivakala ngathi siphosakele

    "Nangona kunjalo, isindululo, igama elithi "homophobia" ukubonisa isimo sengqondo esigxekayo malunga nobufanasini siyaqhubeka nokusebenza kumajelo eendaba, inkcubeko edumileyo kunye noncwadi lwesayensi.

    Kuya kulungiswa.
    Ngaphandle koko, enkosi, unomdla kakhulu.

    impendulo

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