Unyango lobufanasini ngaphambi kwexesha lokuchaneka kwezopolitiko

Iimeko ezininzi zonyango oluyimpumelelo lolungiso lobufanasini kunye nomtsalane zichazwe banzi kuncwadi lobuchwephesha. Xela Umbutho weSizwe woFundo kunye noNyango loBungqingili ubonelela ngesishwankathelo sobungqina obunamandla, iingxelo zekliniki kunye nophando ukusuka ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nto leyo ebonisa ubungqina bokuba amadoda kunye nabasetyhini abanomdla banokwenza utshintsho ukusuka kubufanasini ukuya kwisini esinye. Ngaphambi kwexesha lokuchaneka kwezopolitiko, yayiyinyani eyaziwayo yesayensi, ekhululekileyo Ubhale umshicileli ophakathi. Nditsho noMbutho waseAmerican Psychiatric Association, ngaphandle kobufanasini bobufanano kuluhlu lweengxaki zengqondo kwi1974, qaphele, oko Iindlela zonyango zanamhlanje zivumela inxenye ebalulekileyo yabantu abathandana nabafazi abafuna ukutshintsha indlela abathanda ngayo ukwenza njalo..

Uguqulelo olulandelayo amanqaku isuka kwiNew York Times ye1971.

Abantu abaninzi abathandana besini esifanayo bakwazile ukuba yindoda eyodwa

"Ungumntu olusizi kunye nosizi"Utsho uHarold kwi-Orchestra kaMartha Crowley. - "Ungungqingili, awufuni ukuba njalo, kodwa akukho nto unokutshintsha".

Inkolelo ebanzi yokuba, xa umntu esibafanasini, umntu uhlala ngonaphakade, eboniswe kumdlalo weqonga kaMnumzana Crowley, usoloko ukhuphisana neengcali kwilizwe liphela. Besebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zengqondo, abanyangi bafumanise ukuba abantu abathandana abancinci abazimisele ukutshintsha indlela abathanda ngayo isini banamathuba amahle okuphumelela. Ukongeza, abanyangi baxela ukuba bancede i-25 - i-50% yezigulana zabo abalingani babo benza izilungiso zobungqingili, nokuba badala kangakanani na okanye intshukumo yokuqala.

Ngelixa uninzi lwabantu abathandana abathandanayo alunamdla kunyango lwengqondo, kwaye uninzi lwabafake izicelo zonyango abafuni ukuba ngohlobo olulodwa, iingcali zonyango zixela inani elikhulayo lamadoda angatshatanga anomdla wokutshintsha indlela abathanda ngayo ngokwesondo okanye, ubuncinci, baziqhelanise nayo.

Ngebhayoloji eqhelekileyo

Kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba kwaziwa ukuba sibaphatha abantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye ngempumelelo, singqingwe zizicelo zoncedo, " -iphawule omnye ugqirha wezengqondo waseNew York obhala okuninzi kwesi sihloko.

Ugqirha uWilliam Masters kunye noVirginia Johnson, abaphandi ngezesondo eSt. Louis iingcali zonyango kunye neziphumo zonyango ezingekashicilelwa, baxele inani elikhulayo lezigulana ezinobungqingili ekubhekiswa kuzo njengeendaba zomsebenzi wazo zisasazeka imijikelezo yobungcali.

Iindlela zokunyanga zibanga ukusuka kwindlela yesiqhelo yengqondo yengqondo ukuya kunyango ekujolise kulo, unyango lweqela, unyango lokuziphatha, kunye nayiphi na indibaniselwano yalo. Ungenelelo lwekhemikhali aluzange lube naziphumo, njengoko uphando lubonise ukuba amafanasini angamadoda ngokwemvelo.

Oogqirha bathi iindlela zabo zisebenza ngokufanayo kumadoda nabafazi abathandanayo. Nangona kunjalo, baxela ukuba abantu abathandana nabathandanayo abafane bafune unyango, kwaye kwanaxa besenza njalo, abanamdla wokutshintsha indlela abathanda ngayo ngokwesondo.

Amadoda athandana nabantu abafuna ukuba ngamadoda athandana nobungqingili adla ngokuguqukela kunyango ngenxa yengxaki enxulumene ngqo nobungqingili babo, umzekelo, ukophula uthando lobuhlobo, ukuphoxeka ngendlela yokuphila yobungqingili, uloyiko lokuvezwa kwaye ulahlekelwe ngumsebenzi, woyika ukuba mdala kwaye ungabalulekanga nakubani na, okanye unqwenela ukuqala usapho .

Oogqirha abanyanga amafanasini bakholelwa ukuba uninzi lwabo bangathanda kwaye banokufumana uncedo kunyango abaphendukeli kulo ngenxa yokuphelelwa lithemba ngokunzulu malunga notshintsho olukhona kokubini kuluntu nasekuqeqeshweni kwengqondo.

I-Pessimism yaqala ukuyishiya i-8 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ngokupapashwa kwesifundo esenziwe liqela leengqondo zee-27% ye-106 ye-XNUMX yezigulana ezithandana nabantu abatshatileyo ezifumana unyango lwengqondo yaba yinto eyodwa. Iqela lophando elikhokelwe nguGqirha Irving Bieber waseNew York College of Medicine wababiza "Ezona ziphumo zinethemba nezithembisayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku".

Iingcali zengqondo ezijonga eyona njongo iphambili yonyango yokuphelisa ubungqingili besoyike ukuba umntu angafanani naye, afumanisa ukuba ukutshintsha kobungqingili kuyenzeka emva kweeyure ze-350 zonyango (iminyaka emithathu okanye ngaphezulu). Kwabo sele belwenzile olo nyango, phantse isiqingatha sifikelele kulungelelwaniso ngokupheleleyo nobungqingili.

Utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha

Emva kwexesha, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo zesibhedlele saseNew York u-Lawrence Hatterer wathi ngokudibanisa indlela yengqondo yesimo sengqondo esenza ukuba atshintshe imikhwa, "angakwazi ukufezekisa iiseshini ze-50 yintoni kwi-psychoanalysis eqhelekileyo ephunyezwe kwiiseshini ze-350."

Kwincwadi yakhe eshicilelweyo kutshanje, ethi The Change in Homosexuality in Men, uGqr. Hatterer ubhala umsebenzi wakhe kule minyaka ingama-15 idlulileyo enezigulana ezingatshatanga ezingama-200, umntu omnye kwisithathu wenze utshintsho oluqinisekileyo.

Njengabahlalutyi bengqondo, uGqirha Hatterer uzama ukunceda abaguli bakhe baqonde imvelaphi yokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesini ngokujonga ubudlelwane bosapho kunye namava obuntwana. Kwangelo xesha, uzama ukutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abathandana besisini esinye ngokusebenza nezigulana zakhe ukuchonga kunye nokuthintela izinto zobomi ezixhokonxa iziqendu zobufanasini kwaye zibabuyisele kwisini kunye nolwalamano. Unokuthi, umzekelo, acebise kwisigulana ukuba bayale ukuya kwimivalo yesini kunye nokuya kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo endaweni yoko, okanye bathathe indawo yemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nemifanekiso yamadoda enemifanekiso yabasetyhini.

Ugqirha Hatterer usebenzisa iirekhodi ezigciniweyo zeeseshoni ezifanelekileyo zonyango umntu amamele zona xa esiva umnqweno wokubuyela kwizinto azenzayo.

Ugqirha uthe isigulana esineminyaka eyi-30 senza ulungiso lobufazi kwiinyanga ezintathu zonyango. Indoda engenamava engafaniyo nobungqingili yaqala unyango isecaleni lokuzibulala, yahlukana nendoda awayehlala nayo iminyaka emibini. "Emva nje kweeseshini ezisithoba ze-45 kunye ne-27 zimamele ezirekhodiweyo, le ndoda ibibandakanyekile kwaye ilondoloze ubudlelwane bezesondo obuphumelelayo kunye nomtshakazi wayo izihlandlo ezininzi ngevekiEwe, utshilo uGqirha Hatterer.

Ugqirha Hatterer, uGqr Bieber, kunye nabanye abaye baphatha abantu abaninzi abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo, bachaza ezi mpawu zilandelayo kwizigulana ezithanda uhlengahlengiso kubantu besini esinye:

Isizathu sokuba ngumtshato wobungqingili.

Ukwaziswa kwangoko kubufanasini (ukuya kufikisa kade okanye ukuba mdala).

• Ukuqala konyango ngaphambi kweminyaka ye-35.

• Nawuphi na umdla wesini esingafaniyo okanye amava angaphambili.

Uvelwano ngabafazi, ubuncinci kwinqanaba lentlalontle.

• Umsebenzi kunye nendlela yokuphila ayilawulwa kukulalana kwabantu besini esifanayo.

Nangona kunjalo, utsho uGqirha Hatter, abanye abaguli abanezi mpawu ezimbalwa, okanye bengabikho kwaphela, baxhamle kakhulu kunyango. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunyango kukwazisa isigulana ukuba kukho ithuba lokuba ngandlela thile sincede ingxaki yakhe.

Ugqirha uSamuel Hadden, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo ovela ePhiladelphia owayese15 kwiminyaka edluleyo wanceda ekuphuhliseni indlela yonyango yeqela ukuba iphinde ilunge nabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo, uyakugweba "ukungabi nathemba," esithi "ixhaphakile ezingqondweni zabantu abaninzi abagula ngengqondo."

UGqr Hadden uziva enesizathu sokuba nethemba. Ukusebenza namaqela amadoda athandana namanye, wakufumanisa oko Phantse isinye kwisithathu sabo bazingayo kunyango (bahlala iminyaka emininzi) bafezekisa uhlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo kubantu besini esahlukileyo ”nesinye sesithathu sihlengahlengiswe ngakumbi kubufanasini babo.

Ngokutsho kwakhe, indlela yeqela inika izigulana imvakalelo yokwamkela kunye nokukhawulezisa i-catharsis, njengoko amalungu eqela ahlala enamava afanayo kunye nokuphendula. Ilungu ngalinye leqela, elilwela ukuphumelela, lixhasa kwaye lomeleza impumelelo yamanye amalungu, kwaye ke, ilungu ngalinye eliphumeleleyo linika ubungqina obuphilayo kwabanye ukuba ukuzivuselela ngokwesini kunokufezekiswa.

Unyango lweqela lwendlela yengqondo yokusebenza kwengqondo yinkqubo ende, uninzi loogqirha bakholelwa ukuba, ukuba ngamawakawaka abantu abathandana nabantu abangatshatanga abanokuthi baxhamle kunyango bahlala bafuna uncedo, indlela ekhawulezayo iya kufuneka.

Indlela ezintathu zokuhlaselwa

KwiYunivesithi yaseTempileni yeZiko lokuZiphatha ngendlela eyiNtsholongwane kaGqirha, uGqirha Joseph Walp kunye nabalingane bakhe bazama ukunyanga abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo ngokukodwa ngokuguqula indlela abasabela ngayo besebenzisa iindlela zokuziphatha.

"Ukuhlaselwa kathathu" kuchaphazela uloyiko lobufanasini lokunxibelelana ngokwasetyhini, umtsalane wakhe emadodeni kunye noloyiko ngokubanzi lomntu. Umzekelo, ukuphelisa uloyiko malunga nabasetyhini, isiguli singena kwimeko yokuphumla okunzulu, emva koko sazise abafazi. Ukucima umdla wabo wesondo emadodeni, izigulana zikwaboniswa ngoxinzelelo "olunqabileyo" njengothuselo lombane olukhanyayo ngelixa lubonisa imifanekiso yamadoda ahamba ze.

Kuba le ndlela yokudibanisa yokuziphatha yinto entsha, uGqr Walp uthi akaqokelelanga iimeko ezaneleyo zokuthelekisa iziphumo okanye ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwazo kwexesha elide. Nokuba kunokuba njalo, "umbono" wakhe kukuba "malunga ne-75%" yezigulana ziba ngohlobo olulodwa emva kokuba ziinyanga ezintandathu zonyango.

Abanye abacebisi bakholelwa ukuba abanye abantu abathandana besini esinye banokuba yindoda engatshatanga ngaphandle kokuya kuncedo lweengcali - ngokuzimisele, ngamava enkolo, okanye ngokwamkelwa kwenkqubo entsha yentanda-bulumko. Nangona kunjalo, kubantu abaninzi abathandana nabantu abafuna ukutshintsha indlela abaphila ngayo kodwa bangakwazi ukuyenza ngokwabo, unyango lunokubiza kakhulu, kuthatha ixesha kwaye kunzima ukufikelela.

Iqela lesifundo sobufanasini kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yeNgqondo kutshanje lifune "imizamo eyandisiweyo yokuphuhlisa unyango olutsha kunye nokunyusa ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonyango."

"Nangona kungenakucingelwa ukuba inxenye enkulu yabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nomntu wesini esinye iya kuphatha unyango," - Iqela lophando, - "Sinethemba lokuba njengoko iindlela zonyango ziphucuka kwaye zisanda, abantu abaninzi baya kufuna uncedo ngokuzithandela."

Ukuphawula oko "I-5000 psychiatrists iya kufuneka ukunceda bonke abathandana abathandanayo"Ugqirha Hatterer ucebisa ukusekwa "kweeklinikhi zempilo yengqondo" kunye nabasebenzi abaziingcali. Njengoko inani labantu abathandana abathandanayo libuyela, ubona umbono wokuphuhliswa kwamaqela "angaziwa angabongqingili" ngokusekwe kummiselo wokuzinceda, oya kuthi wenzele abantu abathandana abatshatileyo into eyenziwe “ngabantu abangaziwayo”.

INew York Times, uFebruwari I-28, 1971

Urhulumente, nangona kunjalo ezinye iiplani ngalo mbandela. Kwi-1969, kwidilesi yakhe kwiCongress, uMongameli Nixon, umnxeba ukwanda kwabemi "Enye yezona ngxaki zinobuzaza kulikamva loluntu", ibizelwe amanyathelo angxamisekileyo olawulo lokuzalwa. Iqela leenzululwazi ziphakamise ukuba semthethweni kwaye ukukhuthaza ubufanasini njengenye yeendlela zokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa, kwaye kwi-1974, yathunyelwa ezikweni. Ukusukela ngoko, njengo-Mongameli wangaphambili we-APA uNicholas Cummings, "Intshukumo yamalungelo abungqingili be-APA ilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezopolitiko, hayi isayensiMsgstr ". UGqirha Cummings naye ingxelokwi-1959 - iminyaka ye-1979. I-18 000 amafanasini aphendukela kwikliniki yakhe eneengxaki ezahlukeneyo, malunga ne1 600 ejonge ukutshintsha inkanuko yabo yokwabelana ngesondo. Ngexesha lonyango, uninzi luye lwaneenguqu ezakhayo kwi-psyche yazo, ngenxa yoko abaguli be-2 400 baye baba ngabodwa.

¹ Kwingxelo ye-LGBT ejolise ekugxekeni ukuguqulwa kwengqondo, umntu unokuhlala eva amabali apholileyo malunga nokuba ngelishwa abantu abathandana besisini esinye babethuthunjiswa ngombane phantse kwisitulo sombane. Obu buxoki obucacileyo buyilelwe ukoyikisa kunye nokuthomalalisa abo bathandana besini esinye abaqala ukukhangela iindlela zokuphelisa umdla wabo wesini esifanayo, esibathintelayo ekukhokeleni ubomi obonelisayo (kwaye baninzi babo). Obu buxoki bunokubulala: phantse bonke abantu ababengamafanasini baxela ukuba iingcinga zokuzibulala azange zivele kubutshaba bendalo, kodwa bazicaphukisile kunye neemvakalelo zabo. ukungabi nathembakuba babeqinisekile ukuba abanandlela yakutshintsha.

Kwenzeka ntoni kanene? Kwindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo, zimbini iintlobo zonyango apho kusetyenziswa khona i-electroshock: electroconvulsive и onesiphoso... Kunyango lwe-electroconvulsive, isiphumo sonyango sifezekiswa ngokudlula kombane ngombane I-70 - i-460 volts ngengqondo yesigulana i-0.1 ukuya kwi-1 yesibini. Okwangoku, malunga nesigidi sezigulana ngonyaka babhenela electroconvulsive Unyango kunyango lwezifo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo kunye nemithambo-luvo, zihlala zixinezelekile, ikatatonia kunye nesifo semanic. Le ndlela, ihamba kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, zange yasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ukunyanga ubufanasini.

unyango lobufanasini — Unyango oluphambili (i-electrode kwi-shins)

Unyango oluguquguqukayo, olusekwe kwimeko yokuma kwePavlov, ijongana nokwenziwa kokuphambuka kwisikhuthazi esingafunekiyo kwinqanaba lokujonga imeko. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukulahla ngokuzithandela iziyobisi (ukusuka ekungcakazeni ukuya ekusebenziseni iziyobisi), i-phobias, ubundlongondlongo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo kunye nokubhala ispasm. Oku kufezekiswa ngokudibanisa isikhuthazi esingafunekiyo (icuba, iminqweno yesini, iphonografi, njl.) Ngeemvakalelo ezingathandekiyo (iintlungu, isicaphucaphu, uloyiko, njl. Ukusetyenziswa kombane ukwenza iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo kunyango oluphindaphindayo kuthathe indawo yokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kuba kulula, zichanekile ukusetyenziswa, kwaye akukho miphumo mibi. I-Electroshock iveliswe isixhoboisebenza ibhetri ye-9-volt, apho isiguli ngokwaso simisela inqanaba lokukhupheleka elinyamezelayo kuye, elihamba nge-cuffs engaphambili okanye emlenzeni ophantsi. Le ndlela yayisetyenziswa ngemvume yabaguli ukuba balahle iminqweno yesini engafunekiyo. Ukusondela kwiminyaka ye-70, iindlela zokuziphatha zaye zaziwa ngokubanzi, kwaye ukuthengiswa kwemipu kungathengiswa ngenjongo yokusebenzisa ekhaya njengendlela yokuqinisa iipateni zokuziphatha ezinqwenelekayo kunye nokususa ezingafunekiyo.

umothuko wombane — Inkcazo yezixhobo zonyango lwe-electroshock yoveversive ekhaya

Ukungancedi kwendlela

Unyango oluguquguqukayo lubhekisa kunyango lwendlela yokuziphatha, ethi, njengoko igama layo libonisa, lijongane nayo kuphela isimilo i.e. iimpawu zangaphandle zengxaki. Ke ngoko, ekusombululeni iingxaki ngokusekwe kwiziseko zengqondo (njengakungqingili), ukusebenza kwawo akunakulindeleka ukuba kuthathe ixesha elide, kuba umsebenzi awujoliswanga ekupheliseni unobangela oyintloko, kodwa ucinezela ukubonakaliswa kwawo okubonakalayo. Iimpawu ezixhasayo ezinemeko ethile zivele phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye zinyamalale ukungabikho kwabo. Ke, ukuze kugcinwe imeko yokuhlala iphantsi kohlobo oluthile lokuvuselela amandla athile kuqiniso oluthile, ukuqiniswa rhoqo kwangaphambili kuyimfuneko. Ukungabikho kokuqiniswa okucwangcisiweyo, ukupheliswa kwecala eliyi-Reflex kuya kuqikelelwa. Ke kufunda I-1968 ibonakalise ukuba ngenxa yonyango oluchasayo lokuphambuka kwezesondo, ukuphucuka kwenzeke ngamatyala angama-23 kwayi-40 (57%), kodwa xa kujongwa unyaka kamva, kwavela ukuba impumelelo epheleleyo igcinwe kuphela kumatyala e-6 (15%). Amanqanaba okuphucula ama-transvestites, ama-fetishist, kunye ne-sadomasochists ayephezulu, angachukumisi kubantu abathandana besisini esinye, kwaye ephantsi kakhulu kubantu abathandanayo. Ukuthelekisa, abaguli abagqibe ikhosi yonyango lwengqondo, ndahlala ngokukhethekileyo abatshatileyo kunye namashumi amabini eminyaka kamva.

Unyango olugqibeleleyo luyinxalenye yemigangatho yonyango lwe-Federal kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukunyanga inani leengxaki. Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwonyango olunamandla okunyanga kusenokwenzeka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko, kodwa ukuze kufezekiswe ezona ziphumo zizinzileyo kwaye zizinzileyo, kunqweneleka ukuba zenziwe kunye nezinye iindlela zengqondo.