Uhlala uva ibango lobuxoki lokuba uFrud wavuma ubufanasini kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba bonke abantu "banobulili obubini ukususela ekuzalweni." Masiyiqonde.

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, Izincoko ezithathu kwiTheyori yezeSini, ehlalutya ingqikelelo yobume bobufanasini (kwaye ekugqibeleni ububhengeza), uFreud ukhankanya ithiyori kaFliess "yobungqingili bomgaqo-siseko" (Oko kukuthi, ubungqingili bokwabelana ngesondo) kwabantu. Nangona kunjalo, sithetha ngomzimba wabo, hayi umtsalane wesini. Le ngcamango i-anatomicalendaweni yempilo yengqondo. Zombini izini zinempawu ezigwenxa zesini esahlukileyo: iingono emadodeni, i-clitoris ebasetyhini, zombini ama-femin kunye nabasetyhini ama-hormone aveliswa emzimbeni wazo zombini, njalo njalo. UFreud ukholelwe ukuba umntu lowo "yindibaniselwano ye-halmmetrical halves, enye engabesilisa, kwaye enye ingowesetyhini", kwaye ke wonke umntu unokubonakalisa zombini iimpawu zowesifazane kunye nezamadoda. Nangona kunjalo, esalatha kwezona zinto zibonakalayo zesimo sengqondo sobufanasini, uFreud uphethe ngokupheleleyo i-biology hypothesis kwaye uthi:

"Akunakwenzeka ukubonisa unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kwe-hermaphroditism yengqondo kunye nokusekwa kwe-anatomical ... Akukho sidingo okanye ukuzithethelela ngokutshintsha ingxaki yezengqondo nge-anatomical ... Ukucinga ukuba indalo, ikwimeko engaqhelekanga, yenze 'isini sesithathu' asimanga ukuba sihlolisiswe."^[1]

Malunga nomtsalane wesondo, uFreud wayekholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni akubalulekanga. Abantwana bazi kakuhle ngokwasemthethweni ukwahluka kungekuphela phakathi kwesini, kodwa nazo naziphi na izinto zesini ngokubanzi, kwaye banamathele ukubaluleka ngokulinganayo kubo (uFreud wayibiza ngokuba yi "polymorphic perversion"). Ngelixa ukungabinamdla kwizinto zesini kuyinto eqhelekileyo ebantwaneni, emntwini omdala ezi ndlela zingaqondakaliyo ziya kubonisa ukophulwa kophuhliso lobufanasini, kuba eyona njongo yakhe kukuthandana nomntu ongatshatanga naye. Njengoko uFreud wabhala:

Abantu abathandana besini esifanayo abakwazanga ukugqiba amanqanaba okukhula kwesiqhelo ngokwesondo. "^[2]

UFreud wabhala ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yophuhliso ithwala ngaphakathi kwayo imbewu ye-pathology, enokuzibonakalisa kwaye iphazamise.

"Inkqubo ephazamisayo yokuphuhliswa kokusebenza ngokwesondo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezigwenxa, inokuthi ikhokelele ekugqwekweni, kubandakanya nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu abathandana nabo, ezinokuthi kwezinye iimeko ziqiniswe ngakumbi kubufanasini."^[3]

Njengoko amava atyebileyo eklinikhi nasekwakheni amandla abonisayo, umntu ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi anokubanjwa kumanqanaba aphakathi ophuhliso ngaphandle kokuphuhlisa amandla akhe obufanasini. Izizathu zoko zinokubandakanya ukungqubana kwengqondo okungasonjululwanga, ukubetha, ukungakhathalelwa ngoontanga, ukungafuneki kwemizimba yentsapho, ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nonina wokugcina umntwana kunye notata ogcinwe yedwa, kunye notata obuthathaka, ongenamdla okanye ongaphilanga. NgokukaFreud:

"Ubukho bukatata onamandla buya kulungiselela unyana  olungileyo Ukukhetha into yokwabelana ngesondo, umntu, umntu wesini esahlukileyo. ”^[4]

Kukho amanqanaba amathathu ophuhliso lobufanasini:

I-1) I-Narcissistic (abantwana bazijongile).

I-2) Isini esifanayo (abantwana bathanda ubuni babo - amakhwenkwe adlala namakhwenkwe, amantombazana anamantombazana).

3) ubungqingili (Inqanaba lokugqibela lokukhula komntu ogqibe ngempumelelo kumanqanaba angaphambili).

Ubufanasini yinto elungiselelwe kwinqanaba lokuqala lwentuthuko, kwindawo ephakathi kobungqingili kunye nobuhlobo obuvuthiweyo, isondelelene ne-narcissism, kuba into yomtsalane ikhethelwe ukufana nayo. NgokukaFreud:

“Sifumanise ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, njengabagwenxa kunye nabantu abathandana nabo, bakhetha izinto zothando lwabo ngomtsalane. Bazithatha njengomzekelo. ”^[5]

Oko kukuthi, ngokuphuhliswa okungathandekiyo kweziganeko, isigaba se-autoerotic sigcinwe ngokuyinxenye, kwaye inzala yeseshini kwizinto zangaphandle (into cathexis) yenzeka kwinqanaba le-narcissistic. Ngenxa yoko, indoda ikhangela into yothando emele yona, ethi, njengayo, inyanzelwe ukuba nelungelo lobudoda. Ke, loo mntu unxulumana naye ngesondo kunye nobunjani bayo besini ngendlela enye eyindoda, azifanekise ngayo.

Esona sizathu siqhelekileyo sokuthandana kwabantu besini esinye, ngokutsho kukaFreud, sisimo esingaqhelekanga kunye nolungiso olukhulu kumama ngengqondo yeOedipus. Xa kuphela ixesha lokufikisa lifikile ixesha lokuba endaweni yomama kufakwe enye into enokwabelana ngesondo, umfana, endaweni yokufuduka kude kunina, azazise kuye. Ngokwengqondo, yena uyatshintsha aze aqalise ukukhangela izinto ezinokuthi zithathe indawo ye-ego yakhe kwaye anikeze uthando nokukhathalela akufumana kunina.^[6]

Ngokuchonga umama, unokuzama ukudlala indima yakhe ngokwenza isenzo sokwamkelwa. Ukuba ukwazana noyise womelele, uya kubeka amanye amadoda kwindima ayidluliselayo, ewaguqula ukuba abe ngabafazi kwaye kwangaxeshanye avakalise ubutshaba kubo njengamadoda. Ubufanasini, ke, baba yenye yeendlela zokulwa ukhuphiswano notata kunye nokwanelisa inkanuko yesini ngaxeshanye.

UFreud uthi ubufanasini buye Ukugqwethwa^[7] (igqwetha), wasebenzisa igama - Inversion^[8] (buyisela umva), ibangelwe Ukugxothwa^[8] (ukuphambuka kule meko yesiqhelo), ibizwa 'Ukuphambuka ebulalayo'^[9] и "Impazamo ekukhetheni into yesini". Watsho nokuthi ubufanasini bunxulumana neparanoia.^[10] nobundlobongela^[11].

Ivela phi into yokuba uFreud “wamkele” ubufanasini?

Sithetha malunga nekoteyishini engaphelelanga:

Ubungqingili ngokuqinisekileyo alusosilo, kodwa eso ayisosizathu sokuphoxeka, okanye ububi okanye ukonakaliswa. Ayinakwahlulwa njengesifo. Sikholelwa ukuba olu lutshintsho lomsebenzi wesini ... "

Ukuphazamisa le ngxelo ngokukhawuleza, abaphembeleli be-LGBT bayizisela, bathi, uFreud ngokwakhe wathi le yantlukwano, ayisosifo. Esi sicatshulwa singaphelelanga sasisetyenziswa nokuba yi-APA kumthetho weLawrence v. ETexas, okhokelele ekutshitshisweni kwemithetho ye-sodomy kwi-14 ithi. Nangona kunjalo, ibinzana lonke livakala ngolu hlobo:

“Sikholelwa ukuba olu lutshintsho lomsebenzi wesondo obangelwa yinto ethile Ukuphelisa ukukhula kwezesondo ”. 

Oko kukuthi, le PATHOLOGY kukuphambuka kubuhlungu ukusuka kwimeko yesiqhelo okanye inkqubo yophuhliso.

Esi sicatshulwa sihambelana nomsebenzi kaFreud. Uthathwe kwileta yokuphendula ye-1935 yonyaka waya komnye umama owamcela ukuba asindise unyana wakhe kubufanasini. Ngeli xesha, unyango lwengqondo lwalungayazi indlela esebenzayo yokunyanga ubungqingili, kwaye ke, ngenxa yokusilela okungcono, uFreud wenza into ebimele ukuba yenziwe ngummeli wobuchwephesha bakhe - wanciphisa ukubandezeleka kukamama ongenaxhala, emqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto imbi ngonyana wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, oko akucingayo ngobufanasini kubonakala kwizibhalo zakhe.

Iminyaka ye-20 kamva, ugqirha ophumeleleyo kuhambo lukagqirha ka-Freud u-Edmund Bergler wabhala oku kulandelayo:

"Iminyaka eyi-10 eyadlulayo, eyona nzululwazi ibisemagqabini yayikukubuyiswa komntu onobungqingili kunye" nesiphelo "sakhe, ngamanye amazwi, ukususa ityala lokuziva unetyala. Amava amatsha ngengqondo kunye nophando sele engqina ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo isiphelo esingenakuphikiswa sobufanasini (ngamanye amaxesha sibangelwe yimeko-bume engafaniyo yebhayoloji kunye nemeko yehomoni) ngokwenyani ngokwahlukana konyango kwe-neurosis. Unyango lwexesha elizayo luyanyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe: namhlanje i-psychoanalytic psychotherapy inokubunyanga ubufanasini. "^[12]

Unokufunda ngamakhulu emizekelo yokunyanga. apha.

Masiphinde sihlalutye into ebizwa ngokuba yi "psychoanalytic hypothesis ye-homophobia", ngokokutsho "ubufanasini obufihlakeleyo", okuthetha ukuba ukuthintelwa kobufanasini bomntu, kuguqulwa phantsi kwenkqubo yokhuseleko "yokwenziwa okusebenzayo" ukungabathandi abantu abathandana besisini esinye. Umbhali wale ntelekelelo asiyonto kaFreud, njengoko kukholelwa ngempazamo, kodwa yingcali yezonyango yaseBritani, ingcali yezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nobufanasini uDonald West, owayiqala ukuyichaza ngo-1977. Le fantasy ayisiyonto yimbi ngaphandle kweqhinga lobuciko elenzelwe ukudida abachasi bentshukumo yobufanasini.

Kwaye nangona kwiimeko ezizezinye, ubutshaba obubonakalisa ubungqingili kubungqingili bunokusetyenziselwa ukwenza i-alibi yobuqu, sithetha ngamaqhinga aziwayo, ngelixa "ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo" kwenzeka ngokungazi.

Umbhali wegama elithi "ubufanasini", uSigmund Freud, wakuqonda oko ukuba sisiseko sendalo esisiseko somgaqo-siseko ohambelana nemeko yomntu ngamnye, oshenxiselwe kwimeko yokungazi nto phakathi kokukhula kwesiqhelo ngokwesini.

“Into ebangela ukuba impindezelo ibekho kumzabalazo wesini. Isini esibonakalayo somntu ophuhliswe ngakumbi susa imbonakalo yesini engaphantsi kwesitho sokungazi. ”^[13]

Apha ngezantsi ngumzekelo wentengiso yokwenyani yenkonzo yoluntu ukusuka kwiminyaka yama-80s evela kumaphephandaba aseMelika ngesihloko “sobufanasini obufihlakeleyo”:

Kwi-1996, kwenziwa iinzame kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorgia ukunika isiseko se-hypothesis yaseNtshona, nangona kunjalo kungakhange kuvelise iziphumo eziquqisayo kwaye kwahlaziywa uthotho lwezifundo ezalandelayo.

 

Umthombo	Isampuli, inani lamadoda♂ kunye nabafazi♀	Umyinge weHeteroabantu ababelana ngesondo,%	Indlela yokuvavanya inzala efihlakeleyo yeemvakalelo zesini	Indlela yokuvavanya inqanaba lesimo sengqondo esibucayi kwizenzo zesini esifanayo	Ngaba iziphumo zinokungqinela ukulungele ukunyangwa kwengqondo? Uhanahaniso?
I-Adams xnumx	64♂	100	IPlethysmography	Hudson xnumx	Ewe, ngokwemeko
Mahaffey 2005a	87♂   91♀	100	Blinking Acoustic Ukuqalisa Ukuvuselela	Ubumnene be-xnumx	akukho
Mahaffey 2005b	49♂	100			akukho
Mahaffey 2011	104♂	100			Ikhonkcoiziphumo ezintle
I-Steffens xnumx	32♂48♀	80	I-TSA	Nantsi i1994	akukho
Meier 2006	44♂	100	Isantya somsebenzi kunye nexesha lokujonga imifanekiso	Hudson xnumx	akukho
Weinstein xnumx	27♂62♀	94	I-TCA isebenzisa ii-primers ezifihliweyo	Ubushushu xnumx	Ewe, ngokwemeko
	68♂114♀	90			akukho
	35♂154♀	94			Iziphumo zongquzulwano
	44♂140♀	ayichazwanga		I-LaMar 1998	Iziphumo zongquzulwano
IMacInnis kunye neHodson 2013	85♂152♀	90	I-TSA	Nantsi i1988	akukho
I-Lazarevic 2015	122♂155♀	100	I-TSA	I-Jankovic 2000, Živanoviс 2014	akukho
Isithuba se-2016a	38♂	100	Isantya somsebenzi kunye nexesha lokujonga imifanekiso	Morrison xnumx	Iziphumo zongquzulwano
Isithuba se-2016b	36♂	100	Indlela abasabela ngayo abafundi	Morrison xnumx	akukho
Iirobhothi 2016	37♂	100	IPlethysmography	Nantsi i-1988, Morrison xnumx	akukho

 

Imithombo:

1-11,13. IFreud-Imisebenzi eFezekileyo ngu-Ivan Smith: 2000, 2007, 2010.

12 . Bergler, uE. Ubufanasini: isifo okanye indlela yobomi? ENew York, NY, eU.S: iNduli kunye neWang.