Uninzi lwezixhobo ezingezantsi zipapashwa kwingxelo yohlalutyo. "Iintsomi ezenziwa ngabantu abathandana abathandanayo kwaye zibhengeza ukukhanya kwesayensi". ikhonkco:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Iziphumo eziphambili

1. I-hypothetical "gene for homosexuality" ayaziwa, ayizange ifunyanwe ngumntu.
2. Izifundo eziphantsi kwenkcazo malunga "nobungqingili bobulili obufanayo" zinenani leendlela zokuchaneka kunye nokuchasana, kwaye akusivumeli ukuba senze izigqibo ezicacileyo.
3. Nkqu nezifundo ezikhoyo ezicatshulwe ngabaphembeleli be-LGBT + intshukumo ayithethi ngokumiselwa kofuzo lokuthambekela kwabantu besini esifanayo, kodwa, okona kulungileyo, ngempembelelo entsonkothileyo apho into yofuzo ekucingelwa ukuba imisela i-predisposition, ngokudibanisa neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ukukhuliswa, njl.
4. Abanye abantu abadumileyo kumbutho wobufanasini, kuquka izazinzulu, bayawagxeka amabango angokumiselwa kwangaphambili kwebhayoloji yobufanasini kwaye bathi oko kubangelwa kukuzikhethela.
5. Ababhali beendlela ze-LGBT zepropaganda «After The Ball» kunconywe ukuxoka ngobufanasini:

“Okokuqala, uluntu ngokubanzi lufuna ukuqiniseka ukuba abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo bangamaxhoba emeko ethile, kwaye abaphindi bazikhethele isini sabo kunokuba bakhethe ubude, ibala lolusu lwabo, iziphiwo zabo okanye imida. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba, ngokucacileyo, utyekelo lwesini kubantu abaninzi yimveliso yothethathethwano oluntsokothileyo phakathi kobunzulu bezinto zangaphakathi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ebuntwaneni nasekufikiseni kwexesha lokufikisa, siyagxininisa ukuba ngazo zonke iinjongo ezisebenzayo, kufanele kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba izitabane zazalwa ngaloo ndlela.

<..>
Amafanasini awazange akhethe nantoni na, akukho namnye owakha wawaqhatha okanye wawahenda.”

Intshayelelo

Impikiswano yokuba ukutsaleleka kubantu abathandana abathandana nomntu wesini esahlukileyo yenzeka ngaphakathi - oko kubizwa I-hypothesis yokuchazwa kwebhayoloji yomtsalane wabantu abathandana abathandanayo yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwintshukumo ye "LGBT +". Isilogo esithi "Uzalelwe ngale ndlela"¹, esasazwe ngenkuthalo kwinkcubeko edumileyo, ekhokelele uninzi lwabangezingcali ukuba bacinge ukuba ubunjani bendalo obufanasini yinto engenakuphikwa kwaye iqinisekisiwe. Ayinyani le.

Eyona nyaniso ithembekileyo malunga nobufanasini ayibonisi ubukho bemvelo, kodwa ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho bokuzimela. Imizamo yamashumi eminyaka yakutshanje yokufumana idatha eza kuxhasa ithiyori yendalo ikonyusa amathandabuzo okuba idatha enjalo ikhona.

I-Thesis ye-genetic yolwazelelo lobufanasini ayicacanga ngokupheleleyo-ngaphakathi kwisakheko sayo okungenani kukho iingcinga ezimbini ezichaza indlela "yendalo yangaphakathi" yokhetho lwesini esifanayo: (a) Umtsalane wobungqingili ubangelwa "luhlobo olukhethekileyo" okanye ukuguquka kwemfuza, ngamanye amagama ubufanasini kwiDNA yomntu kwaye idluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwane ukuya kwesinye; (B) Umtsalane wobungqingili ubangelwa kuko nakuphi na ukuxhuzuka ngexesha lokukhulelwa (ihomoni okanye amajoni omzimba) ekucingelwa ukuba ichaphazela isibeleko esibelekweni kwaye kukhokelela kukhetho lobufanasini emntwaneni.

Ke, ingxoxo ye-hypothesis yebhayoloji iya kwahlulahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amathathu. Inxalenye yokuqala iza kuhlolisisa ngokunzulu iingxoxo malunga nobudlelwane bokwabelana ngesondo kunye neesini, inxalenye yesibini iya kuhlolisisa ngokunzulu izizathu zophuhliso lomtsalane wobungqingili ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwehomoni ngaphakathi. Kwisahlulo sesithathu, imfundiso ye-autoimmune genesis yomtsalane wamafanasini iya kuvavanywa kakhulu.

Icandelo lokuQala: Uhlobo lobufanasini?

Inkcazo malunga nobume bobufanasini isekwe ekunikezelweni kukhetho lwedatha ethile kunye noxinzelelo lwenye idatha phakathi kwesininzi sabantu abangenalo ulwazi olukhethekileyo malunga nemfuza. Inzululwazi ayilazi "uhlobo lobufanasini", ayikaze ichongwe naphi na, nangona bekukho imizamo emininzi.

Cinga ngezifundo kwisiseko apho abaphembeleli be-LGBT + babeka phambili lempikiswano. Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukuchaza ngokufutshane malunga neendlela ezisisiseko zesayensi ezinokuthi zichonge ukuba impahla yomntu (uphawu) imiselwe ngokwemvelo. Ezi ndlela zibandakanya uphando ngamawele kunye nohlalutyo lwemfuza.

Izifundo zesibini

Ukuvavanywa kwamawele afanayo kuyindlela efanelekileyo yophando yokuvavanya ukuba zikhona na iimpawu ezinesiseko sofuzo. Ukuqala malunga - lithetha ukuthini igama elithi "amawona ezifanayo"? Amawele anjalo akhula kwiqanda elinye elichumileyo, lahlulahlulwe laba ngamalungu, ukusuka apho ukukhula kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, ikopi yemfuza nganye. Uhlobo lwazo luhambelana kwi-100%, ungabiza ngokuba zii-clones zendalo. Amawele e-Identical abizwa ngokuba ngamawele afanayo okanye angama-monozygous (homozygous). Amawele amafanasini akhiwa kumaqanda ahlukeneyo, achumiswa ngesidoda esahlukileyo. Iintlobo zazo zemfuza zihambelana ngokomyinge yi-50%, kunokuba kubekho isini esahlukileyo, ukuphakama, umbala wamehlo, iinwele, njl njl. Amawele angangafaniyo abizwa ngokuba awungafani-nye okanye dizygotic (heterozygous) okanye amawele aphindwe kabini.

Kwiphononongo yamawele, kufundwa ikhonkrithi (ukufana). Ikhontrakthi yomkhwa kukubonakaliswa kokubonakaliswa komkhwa onawo omabini amawele. Ukuba isazisi salo naluphi na uhlobo kumawele afanayo siphakamileyo, sinokufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba lo mkhwa mhlawumbi ubangelwa ziziphumo zofuzo. Ukuba i-concordance yendlela ebonakalayo kumawele afanayo ayidluli i-concordance kumawele angabalingani, oku kubonisa ukuba xa kusenziwa lo mkhwa imeko jikelele inokuba yeyona nto ibaluleke ngakumbi kunohlobo oluqhelekileyo (I-Yarygin 2003).

Kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ngqo ukuba yeyiphi i-concordance ebonisa. Ayibonisi nganto ubukho bayo naluphi na uhlobo. Ikhonkrithi yempawu kumawele ibonisa ubungakanani belifa lo mkhwa. Apha kuluncedo ukuhlala ucinga ngentsingiselo yegama elithi "ukwaluswa" kumawele. Ilifa linyathelo lokungafani kweempawu ezithile kubemi (Oko kukuthi, indlela owahluke ngayo kulo mkhwa ukuya komnye umntu) inxulumene nokwahluka kohlobo kuluntu olunikiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwizifundo ezingamawele, ubume benkqubela phambili ayisiyo imilinganiselo yokuchazwa kwemvelo yempawu.

Imikhwa ephantse imiselwe ngokupheleleyo ngokwemfuza inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, ngelixa imikhwa engenasiseko sofuzo inokubonisa amaxabiso aphezulu wokubaluleka. Umzekelo, inani leminwe - ezintlanu kwilungu ngalinye - ebantwini phantse limiselwe ngokupheleleyo kwimfuza. Kodwa inani leminwe emntwini libonakaliswa ngomehluko ophantsi, kwaye umahluko oqwalaselweyo kwiimeko ezininzi uchazwa zizinto ezingezozabuko ezifana neengozi, ezikhokelela kukuqiniswa okuphantsi kohlobo lobume bokulawulwa. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ufumanisa amawaka amabini angamawele apho enye kuwo ingayi kuba neminwe emihlanu esandleni sakhe, inani elifanayo leminwe lomnye umzalwana liya kujongwa kwinani elincinci kakhulu lababini, ukuba likho.

Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye zeempawu zenkcubeko zinokuba zinokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ukuba besicinga ngokunxiba amacici eMelika phaya kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ke siyakubona ukuba iphawuleka ngokwenqanaba eliphezulu, kuba ngeloxesha yayixhomekeka kakhulu kwisini, ethi yona, idibane nobukho bababini beekhenkthi zeXX okanye iXY, ukungafani kokunxiba amacici kunxulumana ngokuqinile nokwahluka kwemfuzo, ngaphandle kwento yokuba le yinkcubeko ngakumbi kunento yemvelo. Umzekelo, ukuba ungakhangela amashumi amathathu amantombazana angamantombazana, apho omnye udade efaka amacici, kwi-100% yamatyala elesibini anokufaka namacici. Namhlanje, impumelelo yobume bendlela yokunxiba amacici iya kuba sezantsi kuneMelika phaya kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, hayi ngenxa yokuba kukho utshintsho kwi-gene echibini laseMelika, kodwa ngenxa yokuba inani lamadoda anxibe amacici lenyukile (Vimba i-xnumx).

Omnye woovulindlela kwizenzo zofuzo zokuziphatha yayisisazi ngengqondo saseMelika esivela eJamani, uFranz Joseph Kallmann. Kwinqaku elapapashwa kwi1952, wathi kwi-37 ngababini la mawele (i-monozygous) amawele awafundileyo, ukuba elinye lamawele lalingqingili, elinye lesibini lalibonisa ubufanasini, oko kukuthi, i-degree ye-concordance yayingummangaliso we-100% (Kallmann xnumx) U-Kallmann akazange abonakalise ngqo indlela awayevavanya ngayo i-monozygosity yabathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo sakhe. Umbhali akakhange abonise indlela awayeqhuba ngayo ekufuneni abathathi-nxaxheba kolu phando, ngelixa ushicilelo lwalusithi: "Ukucinga kwabathathi-nxaxheba kungahlelwanga kungekuphela nje ngoncedo lwengqondo, imibutho yokulungisa kunye nemibutho yesisa, kodwa nangokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nehlabathi elingaphantsi kobungqingili" (Kallmann xnumx) Ke ngoko, isifundo sikaKallmann sagxekwa ngokuqatha (Taylor 1992): URosenthal ubonakalise ukubaluleka kwabantu abaneengxaki zengqondo phakathi kwabaphenduli baseKallmann (I-Rosenthal xnumx), I-Likken iqaphele ubume obungafaniyo kwamawele e-monozygotic kwisampulu yeCallamanne ngokuthelekiswa noluntu ngokubanzi: (I-Lykken 1987).

Unjingalwazi uEdward Stein ugqibe kwelokuba isampulu yaseKallmann "yayingengommeli wabantu abathandana besini esinye" (I-Stein xnumx) Ngaphezu koko, u-Kallmann ngokwakhe uvumile ukuba uthatha iziphumo zakhe njengento engeyiyo into "yobalo lobugcisa" (Imvula 1960) Kwiinkcukacha-manani, iisampulu ezinjengeesampulu kufundo lweKallmann zibizwa ngokuba "ziisampulu ezilula" - zibandakanya ukukhethwa kwezinto ngokweekhrayitheriya ezilungele umphandi. Usebenzisa isampulu enjalo, umntu akanakukwazi ukwenza ngokwesayensi ngokubanzi, kuba iipropathi zesampula ezinjalo azibonisi ubume belizwe ngokubanzi.

Umzekelo, ukuba ngaba olu phononongo lwenziwe mall ekuseni kwangosuku nje olunye, ke iziphumo zalo azibonakalisi izimvo zamanye amalungu oluntu, njengoko bekuya kuba njalo ukuba olu phononongo lwenziwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo osuku kunye namaxesha aliqela ngeveki. Okanye ukuba ubuza abathengi kwivenkile ukuba bayokuthenga utywala, ke ngolwesiHlanu ebusuku, iziphumo aziyi kuhambelana kunye neziphumo ngeCawa.

Kwi-1968, abaphengululi baseMelika uHeston noShields bavavanya ikhontrakthi yobungqingili kwi7 ngamawele ezifanayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufundo bafunyanwa kwincwadi yobhaliso kaMadley-Twin (IHeston xnumx) Bonke abaphendulayo yayizigulana zengqondo. Ababhali batyhila ikhonkrithi kumawele afanayo kwi-43%. Olu phando lwalugxekwa, kubandakanywa nababhali ngokwabo, ngenxa yezifo zengqondo zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nobukhulu besampulu elincinci kakhulu (Taylor 1992; IHeston xnumx).

Isifundo sikaBailey kunye neNtsika

Uphononongo olulandelayo malunga nomtsalane wesondo phakathi kwamawele lwenziwa e1991 nguMichael Bailey osuka kwiYunivesithi yaseNorthwestern kunye noRichard Pillard waseBoston University eMelika (I-Bailey 1991) Baye bavavanya ikhonkrithi yobungqingili kubazalwana abahluka ngokwenzelana. Izibini ze-56 zamawele afanayo, i-54 izibini zamawele ezifanayo, i-142 siblings kunye ne-57 ngababini be-stepbrothers baye bavavanywa². Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa iziphumo zohlalutyo lwabo.

I-Concordance yamafanasini
kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba lobudlelwane (I-Bailey 1991)

Uhlobo lobudlelwane	Ipesenti yohlobo olupheleleyo	I-Concordance
Amawele azizi	100%	52%
Amawele angalingani	50%	22%
Bantakwethu	50%	9,2%
Abathathi-ntsapho (hayi izihlobo)	Akukho zinto ezifanayo	11%

U-Bailey no-Pillard bathi ukusukela kuma-52% amatyala umntwana wesibini kwisibini esifanayo samawele nawo akhetha ubufanasini, emva koko "...

Isifundo seBailey kunye neNtsika, njengakwizifundo zangaphambili zamawele, baneengxaki ezisisiseko. Kuqala, ukuba ubungqingili bugqityiwe ngokwemfuza, ikhonkrithi phakathi kwamawele afanayo iya kuba yi-100%, hayi i-52%, kuba uhlobo lwazo luyafana kwi-100%, hayi kwi-52%. Kwinkcazo-manqaku ngencwadi ka-Bailey kunye noPylard, uRiesch uqaphele ukuba inqanaba lokudibana phakathi kwabantu abasemzini - abantakwabo-ngesiqingatha laliphezulu nangakumbi phakathi kwabazalwa abangamawele ngokwendalo, nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka kwefuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo. (Yenza ingozi 1993) Ngokwemigaqo ye-genetics, ukongeza kwi-100% yokuhlangana komnqweno wesini kumawele afanayo, ipesenti yokulandelelana kwamawele ezifanayo kunye nabangengawo amawele kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kunokuba, ngokulandelanayo, i-22% kunye ne-9,2% (jonga kwitheyibhile engezantsi).

Ukongeza, ukwaziwa kwamawele afana (100% yemfuza efanayo) kwahlukile kubungqina bamawele (i-50% yokufana kwemfuzo) ngamaxesha e-2.36, kodwa ukuba sithelekisa ukufana kwamawele ezifanayo kunye ne-concordance yamawele (50%) Umahluko ukhona: Amaxesha e-2.39, athi, kwakhona, abonise impembelelo echaziweyo ngakumbi yendalo kunohlobo lwenzala (jonga kwitheyibhile engezantsi).

Uthelekiso lweekhonkrithi phakathi kweendidi (I-Bailey 1991)

Thelekisa Iindidi	Umahluko kubume bemfuza	Umahluko phakathi kweekhonkrithi
Amawele awaziwayo kunye namawele achaseneyo	Kabini iintlobo zemfuza eziqhelekileyo	2.36
Abantakwabo baka-Twin kunye namawele	Akukho mahluko kwipesenti yemfuza iyonke	2.39

Okwesibini, uBailey kunye neNtsika abakhange bakhethe isampulu yokuchasana nabantu abathandanayo. Oko kukuthi, ababandakanyi abantu esifundweni ngokwemigangatho yophando olungagunyaziswanga: abanamdla kwiziphumo, abangaqhelananga, njl. Njengomphandi u-Baron ubhala:

"... Endaweni yoko, abathathi-nxaxheba baqeshwa ngokuthumela iintengiso kwiimagazini zesini. Ukukhethwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba okunjalo kuyathandabuza kakhulu, kuba kuxhomekeka kwisifundi sokufunda amaphephabhuku kunye nokukhuthaza abo bavumileyo ukuthatha inxaxheba. Inyani enjalo ikhokelela ekugqwethekeni kweziphumo, umzekelo, kwinto yokuba amanani amawele athandana nabantu abathandana nabo aya kuba ngaphezulu. Kutheni? Kuba abathathi-nxaxheba bayithathela ingqalelo indlela yokuziphatha kwamawele abo ngaphambi kokuba bavume ukuthatha inxaxheba. Kwaye oku kubangela ukuthandabuza ngokungakhethiyo kwisampula. Ngobungqina besayensi, isampulu kufuneka ingakhethi njengoko kunokwenzeka, oko kukuthi, bekufuneka ukuba ibandakanye onke amawele kuvavanyo, kwaye emva koko kwenziwe uhlalutyo lwesimo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo ... "(I-Baron 1993).

Okwesithathu, njengabaphandi uHubbard noWald babhala kuhlalutyo lwabo:

"... Inyaniso yokuba i-concordance phakathi kwamawele - i-22% - iphindaphindwe kabini ikhontraktha phakathi kwabazukulwana - i-9,2% - ibonisa ukuba isizathu sokuphuhliswa kobufanasini ayisiyofuzo, kodwa yindalo. Ewe, ukufana kwemfuza ngamawele anezinto ezifanayo kuyafana ngokufana nabazalwana abaqhelekileyo. Kwaye ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nendlela abakhule ngayo banefuthe elikhulu kwimeko yamawele asezizalweni, akumangalisi ukuba phakathi kwamawele afanayo, ifuthe lendalo liphezulu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuqonda kwengqondo yomntu onamawele afanayo angadibani kakuhle nelamawele ... "(IHubbard xnumx).

Abaphengululi uBillings noBeckwirs babhale kuphononongo lwabo, "... nangona ababhali bezitolike iziphumo njengobungqina bemfuzo yobufanasini, sikholelwa ukuba iziphumo, ngokuchaseneyo, zibonisa ukuba izinto ezikhulisiweyo kunye nokusingqongileyo zinempembelelo kuphuhliso lobufanasini" (Iibhili xnumx, iphe. 60).

Ngaba iziphumo zeBailey kunye neNtsika ziye zaphindwa?

Ngaba ukhona umntu okwazile ukuphinda-phinda (ukuphinda) iziphumo zikaBailey kunye neNtsika - ukufumana ikhonkrithi phakathi kwamawele afanayo kwi-52%? Kwi-2000, uMichael Bailey ngokwakhe wazama ukuphindaphinda uphando kwiqela elikhulu lamawele e-Australia. Ikhontrakthi yotyekelo lobufanasini yayingaphantsi nakoko kwakufundisisa okokuqala. Phakathi kwamawele afanayo, yayiyi-20% yamadoda, kunye ne-24% yabasetyhini, naphakathi kwamawele afanayo - i-0% yamadoda, kunye ne-10% yabasetyhini³ (I-Bailey 2000).

Kwi-2010, ugqirha wezifo zaseSweden uLangström wenza uphando olukhulu olunomdla wokuziphatha ngokwesondo kumawele, ehlalutya idatha yamawaka amabini ngababini besini esifanayo nesini esinye (I-Långström 2010) Abaphandi baqaphele imikhwa yobungqingili ngokubakho kwabalingani besini esifanayo, ubomi babo bonke. Balinganisa ikhontraktha ngeparamitha ezimbini: ngokubakho kweqabane elinye ubuncinci ngexesha lokuphila, kunye nenani elipheleleyo lamaqabane abungqingili ngexesha lokuphila. Izalathiso zeConcordance kwisampulu zazingaphantsi kunezo zifunyenwe kuzo zombini izifundo nguBailey et al. (1991kunye (2000) Kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba elalinalo iqabane elinye lesini esinye, ikhontraktha emadodeni yayiyi-18% efanayo kwaye i-11% yamawele alinganayo; kwabasetyhini, i-22% kunye ne-17%, ngokulandelelana.

Inani elipheleleyo lamaqabane ezesondo, izalathiso zekhonkrithi emadodeni zifike kwi-5% ngokufanayo kunye ne-0% yamawele alinganayo; kwabasetyhini, i-11% kunye ne-7%, ngokulandelelana. Kumadoda, i-61% kunye ne-66% yomahluko zichazwa zizinto ezingqongileyo ezichaphazela kuphela amawele amabini, ngokulandelelana, ngelixa ukungafani akuchazwa kwaphela zizinto zokusingqongileyo eziqhelekileyo kumawele. Izinto ezizodwa zokusingqongileyo zibalwa njenge-64% kunye ne-66% yokusasazeka, ngokulandelelana, ngelixa iimeko zezendalo ngokubanzi zibalwa nge-17% kunye ne-16%, ngokulandelelana (I-Långström 2010).

Kwi-2002, abaphandi uPeter Birmen weYunivesithi yaseColumbia kunye noHanna Bruckner weYale University yaseMelika baqhuba isifundo esibanzi nesomeleleyo nenani elikhulu labathathi-nxaxheba (I-Bearman 2002).

Baye bafumana amanqanaba angabalulekanga kakhulu e-concordance yotyekelo lobufanasini: I-6,7% isibini samawele, i-7,2% ngamawele ahlukileyo, kunye ne-5,5% kubazalwana abaqhelekileyo. U-Birmen kunye no-Bruckner bagqiba ekubeni bafunyanwa:

"... ubungqina bokwenene buxhasa imodeli yontlalontle kwinqanaba lomntu ..., iziphumo zethu zicebisa ukuba ukukhulisa abantwana kumgaqo-siseko wokungathathi cala ngokwesini, ngaphandle kokumisela ngokucacileyo isini somntwana, kunegalelo ekwakhiweni kweempawu zokuthandana nabantu abathandana nabo ..." (I-Bearman 2002).

Ngokungafaniyo nemisebenzi esandula ukuphononongwa, ugqirha wengqondo uKenneth Kendler kunye nabalingane bakhe baqhuba isifundo esikhulu samawele besebenzisa isampulu ye-probabilistic equlathe i-794 i-twin yamawele kunye nabantakwabo no-1380 abaqhelekileyo.Umbhexeshi xnumx) Ababhali baqukumbele ukuba iziphumo zabo "zibonisa ukuba imfuzo inokuba nefuthe elomeleleyo kwinkangeleko yesondo." Olu phononongo, nangona kunjalo, lwalungonelanga ngokwaneleyo ukufikelela kwisigqibo esinzulu malunga nenqanaba lempembelelo kwiintlobo zesini: kuzo zonke, kwi-19 ye-324 isibini samawele afanayo, umntu obenotyekelo lobufanasini wachongwa, ngelixa kwi-6 ye-19 isibini, utyekelo lobufanasini lalingqinelana umzalwana wesibini); ubuncinci umntu omnye onobungqingili wafunyanwa kwi-15 ye-240 isibini samawele esini esifanayo, ngelixa i-2 yezitshati ze-15 zazithandana. Inyani yokuba kuphela kwi-8 ye-564 ngamawele enza utyekelo lobufanasini lwangqinelana (i-1,4%) lubeka umda amathuba okuba kusetyenziswe ezi ziphumo kuthelekiso olukhulu lwamawele angalinganiyo.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuba amawele afanayo ajikelezwe phantse yimekobume efanayo - uthando lwangoko, ubudlelwane nabanye abantwana, njl. -ukuthelekisa amawele angafaniyo kunye nabantakwabo noodade abaqhelekileyo. Kuba amawele alingana ngokufana kwinkangeleko kunye nabalinganiswa, isimo sengqondo esifanayo kubo sinokwenzeka ngakumbi kumawonga angafaniyo kunye nabantakwabo noodade abaqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kwezinye iimeko, ukulungelelana okuphezulu kweekhonkrithi kungachazwa yindalo endaweni yezinto zemvelo.

Ngokukagqirha wezifo zengqondo uJeffrey Satinover (I-Satinover xnumxizinto ezichaphazela ngokubanzi ukwakheka kwendlela yokuziphatha kwabantu ngokwesini inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amahlanu:
I-1) i-intrauterine (i-prenatal) iziphumo, ezinjengokuxinzezeleka kwehomoni;
I-2) i-extrauterine (postnatal) ifuthe lomzimba elinje ngomothuko kunye nosulelo lwentsholongwane;
I-3) amava ongezelelweyo, njengokunxibelelana kosapho, imfundo;
I-4) amava abakhulelweyo, umzekelo, isiphumo sokuqiniswa sokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo;
I-5) ukhetho.

Ukungabikho kwe-concordance ye-100% kumawele afanayo akucebisi kungekuphela nje ukuba ifuthe lezinto zemvelo alinakulinganiswa, kodwa kwanokuba izinto ezingezizo ezofuzo azinakuba ngabodwa kwi-intrauterine. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuba bekunjalo, ikhonkrithi ingaba isondele kwi-100%, kuba amawele achaphazeleka achaphazeleka zizinto ezifanayo zobume be-intrauterine ”(I-Satinover xnumx, iphe. 97).

Ukuba imizila yemfuza idlala indima ekwakheni imeko-bume yabantu kwiinkanuko ezithile zesini kunye nokuziphatha, ke zonke ezi zifundo ziyasivumela ukuba sitsho ngokuzithemba ukuba esi sihloko asiphelelwa yimpembelelo yezinto zofuzo. Ukushwankathela uphando ngamawele, sinokuthi sigqibe ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba inzululwazi ayibonakalanga ukuba umnqweno wesini ngokubanzi kunye nokuthandeka ngokwesini esithile kugqitywe yimfuza yabantu.

Izifundo zemfuza

Ukufundisisa umbuzo wokuthatha inxaxheba kwemfuzo kulwakhiwo lokuthambekela kobungqingili kwaye, ukuba kunokwenzeka, inqanaba lokuthathwa kwenxaxheba, siye savavanya izifundo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku apho ifa lokuzimela (imbonakalo ethile yokutsala umntu ongatshatanga) limiselwe yofuzo yakudala, kodwa azange babeke msebenzi wokumisela ukuba yeyiphi iintlobo ezithile zinoxanduva kulo mkhwa. Kwangelo xesha, imfuzo inokufundwa ngoncedo lwento ebizwa ngokuba yiyo. iindlela zeemolekyuli ezenza ukuba kube nakho ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemfuza ezihambelana neempawu zomzimba okanye zokuziphatha.

UDean Haymer Isifundo

Elinye lamalinge okuqala okuqhuba uhlalutyo lweMolekyuli lweempawu zobungqingili zenziwa nguDean Haymer kunye nabalingane bakhe kwiZiko lezeMpilo leLizwe eMaryland, eMelika (I-Hamer 1993) U-haymer waphanda iintsapho ezinamawele alinganayo angamaduna, apho elinye lamawele lalinomtsalane wesini esifanayo. Phakathi kwenani lilonke leentsapho, uHaymer wachonga i-40, apho ubhuti ongaqabane naye wayenomzalwana owahlukileyo naye owayengatshatanga, kwaye bahlolisisa iDNA yabo kwiziza ezifanayo. Uphononongo olufanayo lubizwa ngokuba "lophando olunxulumene nelifa lemveli" - ngesiNgesi "uphando lwenzululwazi yemfuza".

Kuphando lwelifa elidityanisiweyo, oku kulandelayo kwenziwa: kwiqela lezifundo ezinesimo esaziwayo esaziwayo, uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngobukho bamacandelo afanayo e-DNA -babizwa ngokuba ngabamakishi. Ukuba kuya kuvela ukuba kwiqela lezifundo inani eliphezulu labamakishi likummandla omnye we-DNA, kunokucingelwa ukuba zonke ezi zimakisho zzuzwe njengelifa "zidityaniswe" - oko kukuthi, zinokuba yinxalenye yohlobo oluthile (gene (gene)IPulst 1999).

U-haymer uthe kwi-33 ngababini abavela kwi-40, abazalwana abathandana nabantu abathandanayo banesondo esifanayo kwi-chromosome ye-X, eyayibiza ngokuba yi "Xq28." UHeimer waqukumbela ukuba le ngingqi yeXq28 iqulethe iintlobo zobungqingili.

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iziphumo ze-haymer zihlala zichazwa gwenxa. Uninzi lwabantu lucinga ukuba i-Haymer ifumene ummandla ofanayo we-DNA - i-Xq28 - kuzo zonke izibini ze-33, onke amadoda e-66, kodwa enyanisweni, ukulandelelana kwe-nucleotide yommandla we-Xq28 kwafunyaniswa ukuba kuyafana phakathi kwabantakwabo kwisibini ngasinye, kwaye ukulandelelana kwe-Xq28 kuzo zombini izibini bekungafani -I-haymer ayifumenanga "gay gene" engaziwayo.

Olu phononongo luneengxaki ezininzi ezinqabileyo. U-haymer akazange ahlole ukuhlangana kweXq28 kwisibini esitshatileyo kunye nomtsalane wobungqingili, kodwa phakathi kwabantu abathandana besini esinye (Ngu-Byne xnumx) Ukuba akayifumananga le ndawo phakathi kwabantakwabo abathandanayo, kodwa phakathi kwabantu abathandanayo, oku kuya kuthetha ngesiphumo esivumayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba wayefumene i-Xq28 phakathi kwabantakwabo abathandani nobungqingili, izigqibo zakhe zaziya kufumana ixabiso le-zero (IHorton xnumx) Kwakhona, njengoko kuphandiwe nguFausto-Sterling kunye noBhalaban, isampulu yeHeimer iqulethe inani elingaphelelanga ledatha: lamatyala e-40, kwiimpawu ze-15 ze-heterozygosity ye-DNA zalinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo; Kumatyala aseleyo e-25, idatha ibabalwe ngokungathanga ngqo (I-Fausto-Sterling 1993) Kwi-38% yeemeko kuphela apho u-Heimer et al alinganise ngqo inqanaba le-heterozygosity ye-chromosome yomama, kwaye kwi-62% bayibala ngokusekwe kulwazi olukhoyo.

Isithethi kufuneka senziwe ngesiqendu esilandelayo esimalunga nokupapashwa kweHaymer 1993 yonyaka. Kwi-1995, iphephandaba iNew York Native lapapasha inqaku elinomxholo othi "Uphando malunga" neentlobo zesini zesini 'zange zilufumane uvavanyo: intatheli uJohn Krudson weChicago Tribune wafumanisa ubuqhetseba besayensi obenziwe ngumphandi "(I-Chicago Tribune 1995) Inqaku libonisa ukuba umsebenzi we-Haymer wagxekwa kakhulu ngabafundi abahlukeneyo ngento yokuba u-Haymer engazange enze isheke yokuqinisekisa ubukho be-Xq28 phakathi kwabantakwabo abathandanayo. Abagxeki babandakanya iingcali zebhayoloji nezazi ngemfuzo uRichard Levontin noRuth Hubbard weYunivesithi yaseHarvard (I-Chicago Tribune 1995) Ngapha koko, inqaku elifanayo latsho ukuba i-Federal Bureau ye-Ethics ye-National Institute of Health ifunda isikhalazo somnye wabasebenzi abancinci kwilebhu yaseHeimer, igama lakhe alaziwa, oxele ukuphathwa kakubi kweziphumo ezenziwe nguHeimer kwisifundo sakhe: Ngokwengxelo yeli gosa, uHeimer ngabom ngaphandle kolu shicilelo iziphumo ezibonisa ukungabi nangqondo kwethiyori yokwenziwa kusengaphambili kotyekelo lobufanasini (I-Chicago Tribune 1995) Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokupapashwa kwenqaku kwi-New York Native, iphephabhuku leSayensi laseMelika lapapasha elinye inqaku eliqinisekisa ubunyani kunye nesizathu sokuphandwa kwe-Federal Ethics Bureau nxamnye neHeimer (Horgan xnumx, iphe. 26). IZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo alizibonakalisanga iziphumo zophando, kodwa emva koko uHaymer watshintshelwa kwelinye isebe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uHasmer wenza uphando malunga "nobungqingili" esebenzisa isibonelelo, esabelwe ukufunda Kapar's sarcoma, isifo somhlaza esidla ngokuchaphazela abaguli abathandana ababhinqileyo.Mukherjee xnumx, iphe. 375). Ubunyani bokupapashwa kukaHaymer buxhomekeke ekubeni iqela elizimeleyo labaphandi lingazifumana iziphumo ezifanayo. Oku akwenzekanga.

Ukuphindaphinda kwakhona kweziphumo zeHaymer

Kwi-1999, iqela labaphandi abavela kwiDyunivesithi yaseNtshona Ontario, ekhokelwa ngunjingalwazi ogama linguRice, baqhuba ngendlela efanayo (besebenzisa indlela “yofuzo nonxibelelano”) phakathi kwamadoda abathandana nabesilisa abangama-52 (Ilayisi xnumx) Ababhali abakwazanga ukuphindaphinda iziphumo ezifunyenwe nguHasmer kwaye bagqibe ngelithi: "iziphumo zesifundo azivelanga nakuphi na ubungqina obukhoyo phakathi kobungqingili bendoda kunye nemfuza."

Ke kwi-2005, kwaqhutywa isifundo esitsha noDean Haymer (I-Mustanski Xnumx) Ababhali abafumananga ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kweXq28 kunye nokuthambekela kubufanasini, kodwa bathi bafumene "ulungelelwaniso olunomdla" kwezinye iisayithi (kwi-7, 8 kunye ne10 chromosomes).

Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziphumo azinakuphindwa kolunye uphononongo kunyaka we-2009, xa iqela labaphandi abavela e-Oxford eNgilani kunye neYunivesithi yase-Ontario eCanada baqhuba uphando kwiintsapho ze-55 apho kwakukho amadoda athandana namanye: izinto zofuzo zaqokelelwa kubathathi-nxaxheba be-112 ngokufakwa kweempawu zofuzo ze6000 (I-Ramagopalan 2010) Olu hlalutyo aluzange lubonakalise ubudlelwane obalulekileyo phakathi kwamanqaku emfuza kunye nobungqingili.

Kwi-2015, iqela lababhali abavela kumaziko ohlukeneyo ezenzululwazi eMelika, ngokophando olunzulu lweqela, bathi bafumana ulwalamano olubalulekileyo kwindawo kwi-chNosX chromosome kwaye ayibalulekanga kangako kwiXq8 (I-sanders xnumx) Kwizigqibo kwinqaku labo, ababhali bavumile ukuba "impembelelo yemfuza kwimikhwa yobungqingili ikude nokuba ithathe isigqibo ... ubukhulu becala isiphumo siyinxalenye yesizathu sobuchule."

Kwi-2017, iqela elifanayo lababhali lisebenzise indlela yanamhlanje kwaye ichanekile ebizwa ngokuba kukukhangela ngokubanzi kwemibutho⁴. Ukukhangelwa kwemanyano ebanzi kusekwe kusetyenziso lobuchwephesha bokulandelelana (ukufunda ulwazi olusuka kwiDNA) ukumisela imiba ethile yeDNA enokuthi inxulunyaniswe nomkhondo ophantsi kophando. Izazinzulu ziphanda ngezigidi zemfuza ezihluka-hlukeneyo kwinani elikhulu labantu abaneempawu ezifanayo, kunye nabantu abangenazo ezi mpawu, kwaye bathelekise imbonakalo yokuhluka kofuzo kuwo omabini amaqela. Kucingelwa ukuba ukwahluka kwemfuza okuxhaphake kakhulu kubanini bomkhwa kunalawo ngaphandle kwawo kuhambelana ngandlela thile kulo mkhwa. Ngeli xesha, ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo bezibalo bufunyenwe kwimimandla kwi-13 kunye ne-14 chromosomes (I-sanders xnumx).

Uphononongo olwenziwe nguSanders kunye noogxa bakhe (2017) alufumananga uhlobo lokuthambekela kobungqingili, kwaye azingqina ubungqina bemeko yabo (ababhali ngokwabo bayayichasa), engazange aqinisekise neziphumo ze-Haymer 1993 zonyaka, ezazibeka isiseko sendawo ende kunye nohlobo lobufanasini. Enye yezigqibo zolu shicilelo yayiyinto yokucinga ukuba zonke ezi ntlobo zofuzo zingasentla zingachaphazela ingqibelelo utyekelo lobufanasini (I-sanders xnumx, iphe. 3).

UFrancis Collins, umphathi weprojekthi wokumisela uhlobo lomntu, ubhala oku kulandelayo:

"Amathuba asondeleyo kwi-20% ukuba i-twin eyindoda engatshatanga nayo iya kubafanasini (xa kuthelekiswa ne-2 - 4% kuluntu ngokubanzi) ibonakalisa ukuba inkanuko yesini iphenjelelwa yimfuza, kodwa ayifakwanga kwiDNA, kwaye naluphi na uhlobo Zibonisa into eyixelwe kwangaphambili kodwa ungabi sisiphelo sangaphambili ... "(UCollins 2006).

Uphononongo olukhulu ngakumbi kusetyenziswa uphendlo olubanzi lwezinto ezibandakanya abantu, olujolise ekuchongeni umahluko wemfuza onxulumene nokuthanda ubungqingili, waziswa kwinkomfa yonyaka yeAmerican Society of Human genetics kwi2012 (Eqhubayo 2012) Ngenxa yophando oluphangaleleyo, akukho luhlobo lubalulekileyo olufunyenweyo lokutyekelana kwabantu besini esinye. Kwangelo xesha, amawaka amawaka abantu abavela kwi-23andMe database yedatha bahlolwa.

Ababhali bezona mvanje nezona zinkulu uphando kwimfuza yobufanasini uxelelwe malunga neziphumo zayo:

"Akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha komntu ngokwesondo ngokusekelwe kwi-genome yabo,"

utsho uBen Neal, unjingalwazi kwiCandelo loHlalutyo kunye neNguqulelo yemfuzo kwiSibhedlele esiPhambili saseMassachusetts, osebenze kuphononongo.

Ngokutsho kukanjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Genetics Institute uDavid Curtis,

“Akukho ndibaniselwano yemfuza eluntwini enempembelelo enkulu ekuziqhelaniseni ngokwesini. Akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha komntu ngokwesondo ngokusekelwe kwi-genome yabo. "

I-Epigenetics

Kwi-2015, iqela labaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles bahambisa isishwankathelo kwinkomfa ye-American Society ye-Human Genetics⁵ebanga ukuba abaphandi bakwazile ukubona ukuthanda ezesondo ngokusekwe kumakishwa epigenetic ngokuchanekileyo kwe-67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Ukutsala umdla wokujongwa komsebenzi wabo, ababhali baye bacwangcisa inkqubo yokubhala equka usasazo (ASHG 2015) Iindaba zasasazeka kwangoko kwiintloko zamaphephandaba aphambili, ngaphandle kokuphikisana ngokuvulekileyo kwesifundo kunye nendlela engathandekiyo yokulamla (Yong xnumx).

I-Epigenetics yinzululwazi efunda izinto apho ukuguqulwa kweempawu zemfuza kutshintsha ngenxa yempembelelo yeendlela ezichaphazeleka ekutshintsheni ukulandelelana kwe-DNA kwimfuza. Ngamanye amagama, iinkqubo ze-epigenetic ziinkqubo apho ezinye izinto zinefuthe kwinqanaba lokuchazwa kwemfuza (oko kukuthi, iipropathi zomzimba). Ukucwangciswa kwesithuba se molekyuli yeDNA kunokuba nefuthe kuhlobo lwento (intetho), kwaye olu hlengahlengiso lugqitywa ziiprotein ezikhethekileyo zokulawula, ii-enzymes ezinxulumene neDNA. Enye yeendlela zempembelelo yi-DNA methylation. Ukudibana kweeproteni ezilawulayo kunye neDNA ibizwa ngokuba sisiphawuli se-epigenetic.

Abaselula kunye nabalingane bathi eyona njongo yophando lwabo yayikukuvavanya ukubanakho kokufumana "inkcubeko" yomntu ngamnye ngabamakishi be-epigenetic. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bafunda iisampulu ze-DNA zesibini se-37 zamawele angabalingani, kwelinye lala mabini umzalwana omnye wayethandana nabantu abathandanayo, kunye ne-10 ngababini abangamawele angabalingani, kwisibini ngasinye sobabini babengabungqingili. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwisishwankathelo, abaphandi bafunda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zohlobo lokwahlula phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabo (isini esahlukileyo kunye nobungqingili) besebenzisa imodeli ye-algorithm ye-FuzzyForest kwaye ekugqibeleni bakhethe eyona modeli ibalaseleyo yokwenza umsebenzi kuquka neziphawu ze-5 ze-epigenetic ezichaze ngokuchanekileyo izinto kwi-67% yamatyala. Ababhali bacebise ukuba ukhetho lwesondo lulawulwa ngabaphawuli be-5 epigenetic. Nangona kunjalo, ukutolikwa okunje kwabangela, ukuyibeka ngobumnene, ukugcwala ngokugxeka koochwephesha (IZiko leMithombo yezeNzululwazi i-2015, Molweni xnumx, Yong xnumx, IGelman 2015, I-Briggs 2015) Indlela yokusebenza (amandla asampulu asezantsi kakhulu, indlela yokubala engabinamngcipheko omkhulu weziphumo eziqinisekileyo zobuxoki, njl. Njl.) Nokutolikwa kwayo kwabangela ukuthandabuza okukhulu. UJohn Grillie weZiko le-Epigenomics eAlbert Einstein College of Medicine uqaphele, ehambisa intetho ngovavanyo olujikeleze isifundo nguNgun noogxa bakhe:

"Ngaphandle kokuthetha ngaye okanye ngoogxa bakhe, kodwa ukuba sifuna ukuyigcina le ndawo yesayensi, asinakuphinda sivumele uphando olubi lwe-epigenetic luthenjwe. Ngokuthi "kubi" ndithetha ukuba akukho ukutolikwa. ... "(Molweni xnumx).

Ekugqibeleni, ukuqaqamba kwabahlaziyi ababhadlelayo kule ntetho kwinkomfa kwabuzwa imibuzo, kwaye inqaku, ewe, alizange lipapashwe naphina.

Kutheni le nto iziphumo zezifundo zeMolekyuli zemfuza ziphikisana kangaka - ziyahluka kwaye ziyahluka?

Indima encinci yemfuza

Ubungqina bendalo yemvelo yenkanuko yobungqingili ayibonakali. Inzululwazi ayilazi "uhlobo lobufanasini." Ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, iprojekhthi enkulu yamazwe- jikelele “iProjekthi yoLuntu lweSintu” yaqaliswa- iProjekthi yoLuntu. Ngaphakathi kwisakhelo sayo, ukudityaniswa kweemephu zemfuzo yomntu kwenziwa - luhlobo luni, apho ikhemosome ibekwe khona, iiprotein zayo, njl. Nabani na onokujonga-akukho luhlobo lobufanasini olubonisiweyo phaya (Izixhobo zofuzo lomntu kwi-NCBI).

Nantsi into ebhalwe nguMayer noMcHugh emsebenzini wabo:

"... Njengokuba kuye kwaqinisekiswa rhoqo ngokunxulumene nokuziphatha komntu, impembelelo yento yemvelo kulwalamano. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic yemfuza kuxhomekeka kwimiba yokusingqongileyo - imeko eyahlukileyo ekhokelela ekusekweni kwee-phenotypes ezahlukeneyo nakwahlobo olufanayo. Ke ngoko, nokuba izinto ezithile zemfuza ziphembelela ukutyekelana kwabantu besini esinye, kodwa ke, ukuthanda inkanuko ngokwesondo kunye nokuthanda kukwaphenjelelwa linani lezinto zokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya izinto ezifana noxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Ukufumana umfanekiso ogcweleyo wokusekwa komdla wesini, iminqweno kunye nokuqhutywa, kuyimfuneko ukuthathela ingqalelo izinto zophuhliso, indawo esingqongileyo, amava, uluntu nentando. (Umzekelo, i-geneticologists kwezoluntu zirekhode indima engathanga ngqo yemfuza ekuziphatheni noontanga, ebonisa ukuba inkangeleko yomntu inokuphembelela ukwamkelwa okanye ukwaliwa kwiqela elithile lentlalontle (Ebstein 2010).
Imfuza yale mihla iyazi ukuba imfuza ichaphazela uluhlu lomdla womntu kunye nenkuthazo yakhe, kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ngokungathanga ngqo ichaphazela indlela yokuziphatha. Nangona ii-genes zinokukhohlisa umntu kwiindlela ezithile zokuziphatha, amandla abo okulawula ngokuthe ngqo isenzo, ngaphandle koluhlu olubanzi lwezinye izinto, akunakulindeleka. Impembelelo yabo ekuziphatheni icace gca kwaye ixhomekeke kwimpembelelo yezendalo ... "(USodolophu 2016).

Izinto ezinobuzaza ezinokuchaphazela ukuqhelanisa zibandakanya iimpawu zobushushu ezinje ngomlinganiswa onobuthathaka kunye nobuthathaka, ukunyusa ubuntununtunu bemvakalelo, iintloni, ukufikelela, njl. Abaphandi ngokwabo, iziphumo zazo zisetyenziswa ekusetyenzisweni kweentshukumo ze-LGBT + - iintshukumo, ungoyiki ukubanga ukuba ubungqingili bugqitywe yimfuza, kungcono bakholelwe ukuba ukutshatelwa kwabesini esinye kuhambelana nokudityaniswa kwezinto kunye nokusingqongileyo, apho okukugqibela kudlala indima enkulu . Inyaniso yokuba ubungqingili "buyinto yangaphakathi", siva ikakhulu kwiifilimu zaseHollywood, umboniso wentetho yokulinganisa, iingoma okanye izimvo kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo. Nangona kunjalo, kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, enyanisweni, akukho namnye umphandi wesazela oya kuthi afumane i-genetic okanye enye into ebangela umdla wokuthandana kwabantu besini esinye.

Izifundo ezijolise ekuzameni ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba imfuza (ngokukodwa, kwindawo ye-Xq28) ikhona ehambelana nomnqweno wesini esifanayo. Iqulunqwe nguV. Lysov (2018)

Umthombo kunye  isampulu	Indlela uhlalutyo	Iziphumo ngokopapasho	Ngaba bukhona ubungqina bolwalamano phakathi kweempawu ze-Xq28 kunye nobungqingili?	Ezinye iziphumo
UDean Hamer et al. I-Xnumx Iintsapho ze40, nganye kuzo yayiquka i-proband yesini kunye namafanasini akhethwe phakathi kwezalamane zakhe	izifundo ezidityanisiweyo zamafa	kwiimeko ze33 ezivela kwiintsapho ze40, iziphawuli zemfuzo ezikwindawo q28 ye-chromosome X idityanisiwe	ngokwemekoNangona kunjalo, iindlela nokutolika zigxekwa ngoogxa: I-Baron 1993; IPhuli ye1993; I-Fausto-Sterling et al. I-Xnumx; Ubukhali 1993; Ngu-Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; INorton 1995, U-haymer ngokwakhe wayekrokrelwa ubuqhetseba: Horgan xnumx	-
UJennifer Macke et al. I-Xnumx  Iintsapho ze36, nganye kuzo ibinomlinganiswa wesini esinye kunye nezihlobo zakhe, phakathi kwakhe ebengomnye umntakwabo onobungqingili.	ukukhangela iintlobo zembalelweyo-uhlobo lwe-androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)	Akukho buhlobo bezibalo babalulekileyo bufunyenwe kwisampulu	-	ukunxibelelana ne-androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)
UStella Hu et al. I-Xnumx (iqela lezenzululwazi uDean Hamer)  Iintsapho ze33, nganye kuzo ibinomlinganiswa wesini esinye kunye nezihlobo zakhe, phakathi kwakhe ebengomnye umntakwabo onobungqingili.	izifundo ezidityanisiweyo zamafa	kwiimeko ze22 ezivela kwiintsapho ze32, iziphawuli zemfuzo ezikwindawo q28 ye-chromosome X idityanisiwe	ngokwemekobona uHamer 1993	-
UGeorge Rice et al. I-Xnumx Iintsapho ze46, nganye kuzo ibinomlinganiswa wesini esinye kunye nezihlobo zakhe, phakathi kwakhe ebengomnye umntakwabo onobungqingili.	izifundo ezidityanisiweyo zamafa	ukumakishwa kwemfuza okufumaneka kwi-q28 yengingqi ye-chromosome X akuhambelani	akukho	-
UMichael DuPree et al. I-Xnumx  (iqela lezenzululwazi uDean Hamer) Iintsapho ze144, nganye kuzo iquka umlinganiswa wobungqingili owayenomninawa omnye	Khangela iintlobo zovavanyo lwabagqatswa -i-aromatase gene CYP15 (15 chromosome)	Akukho buhlobo bezibalo babalulekileyo bufunyenwe kwisampulu	-	akunakunxibelelana nohlobo lwe-aromatase gene CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
U-Mustanski et al. I-Xnumx  (Iqela lesayensi uDean Hamer) Iintsapho ze146 (kubandakanywa neentsapho ezivela kwizifundo zikaHamer 1993 kunye noHu 1995), nganye nganye yayiquka i-proband yesini esinye yayinomntakwayo omnye	Ufundo ngokubanzi lwelifa elixhunyiwe	umanyano olubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo kwi-chNosX chromosome lwafunyanwa kwisampulu, kwaye, ngokutsho kwababhali, "ukusondela kwimilinganiselo yokubaluleka" kwabamakishi kwi-7 nakwi-8 chromosomes.	akukho	Unxibelelwano nabamakishi kwi-chromosome ye-7 ngokwemilinganiselo yeLander kunye neKruglyak (1995) eyona nto ibalulekileyo yeLOD* ilingane xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. I-Xnumx (Iqela leNzululwazi laseGeorge) Iintsapho ze55, nganye kuzo iquka umlinganiswa wobungqingili owayenomninawa omnye	Ufundo ngokubanzi lwelifa elixhunyiwe	Akukho buhlobo bezibalo babalulekileyo bufunyenwe kwisampulu	akukho	Akukho ntlangano zifunyenwe zinokumakishwa kwi-chNosX ye-chNosX ngokwemigangatho yeLander kunye neKruglyak (7)
Binbin Wang et al. I-Xnumx Iqela lamadoda angamafanasini angamaXnumx kunye neqela elilawulayo lamadoda angama-Xnumx abathandanayo	Khangela iintlobo zonyulo-i-sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (7 chromosome)	Akukho buhlobo bezibalo babalulekileyo bufunyenwe kwisampulu	-	wafumana umahluko obonakalayo weqela elingumlinganiso obonakalayo kumlinganiso wenguquko kwisikhundla rs9333613 yohlobo, olwalutolikwa ngababhali ngokuthi "bubukho bobudlelwane obunokwenzeka phakathi koguquko oluhlobo kunye nomtsalane wobungqingili".
U-Emily Drabant et al. I-Xnumx Amadoda e-7887 kunye nabasetyhini be-5570 (abangahambelani nobudlelwane) abachongiwe ukuba banesondo kunye nokuzazisa ngokwephepha lemibuzo leKlein	ukukhangela okugcweleyo kombutho	Akukho zibalo zibalulekileyo (5 × 10 - 8) Imibutho efunyenwe kwisampulu	akukho	Akukho mibutho ibalulekileyo ifunyenweyo
Sanders et al. I-Xnumx Iintsapho ze384, nganye kuzo iquka umlinganiswa wobungqingili owayenomninawa omnye	Ufundo ngokubanzi lwelifa elixhunyiwe	Umbutho oboniswe njengososibalo obekekileyo kwi-8 chromosome kunye nomanyano olunokwenzeka kunye ne-Xq28 ufunyenwe kwisampulu	imeko: ngokwemigangatho yeLander kunye neKruglyak (1995), ezona zikhombisi zeLOD zibalaseleyo zeempawu zeXq28 zazilingana ne2,99, ehambelana nexabiso elicingelwayo ("ukubaluleka kokubonakalisa")	unxibelelwano nabamakishi kwi-chNosX ye-chNosX ngokwemilinganiselo yeLander kunye neKruglyak (8); elona nqaku liLOD yayiyi-1995
Sanders et al. I-Xnumx Iqela lamadoda angamafanasini angama1077 kunye namadoda angama-1231 angamadoda angatshatanga (izifundo ezifanayo njengoSanders et al. 2015)	ukukhangela okugcweleyo kombutho	Akukho zibalo zibalulekileyo (5 × 10 - 8) Imibutho efunyenwe kwisampulu	akukho	Akukho buhlobo bezibalo bubalulekileyo bufunyenwe. Ababhali baqaphele ukuba amaxabiso asondela kwixabiso eliphambili afunyenwe abamakishi kwi-chNosX nakwi13 chromosomes

* I-LOD = i-logquithm ye-multpoint ye-odds jonga i-Nyholt DR. Zonke ii-LODs azidalwanga ngokuLingana. NdinguJ Hum Genet. I-2000 Aug; I-67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. I-LOD ebalulekileyo kubalo lophando lwemfuzo yi-≥3,

Njengokuba enye yeebhlogger zaseMelika ikubeka kakuhle, "... iinzame zokuchaza ngokuchasene nobungqingili ziyafana nee-iPhones - entsha ivela minyaka le ..." (UAllen 2014) Ekugqibeleni, mhlawumbi, ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga kwabaxhasi benkanuko yesini, isiqubulo esithi "Ngokunokwenzeka uzelwe kwangaphambili"⁶ inefuthe elahlukileyo lokusasaza.

Kwenziwe iinzame zokufumanisa uhlobo lohlobo “lotywala” (Ilali yokubuyisela kwakhona i2017; I-NIAAA 2012), kunye ne "gene yombulala" (UDavis 2016; I-Parshley xnumx), nangona kunjalo, njengakwimeko yohlobo “lobufanasini”, abukho ubungqina obufunyenweyo bexhasa ibango lokuba "bazalwe". Umntu owaneleyo akanakuba nalo mbono, ngakwelinye icala, ukuzithethelela ngotywala kunye nokubulawa yimpembelelo yemfuza-emva kwayo yonke loo nto, izinto ezimiselwe kukhetho, hayi ukumiselwa kwangaphambili. Uvulindlela webali “lobufanasini”, uDean Heimer, ngokucacileyo unetalente ebalaseleyo kwezentengiso, ngokusebenza kakuhle ngobuchule kuluntu. Ukulinda ithutyana emva kokupapashwa kwenqaku lakhe le-1993 yalo nyaka, uHaymer upapasha incwadi ethi: “Inzululwazi yePhupha: Khangela i-geni yesini sobungqingili kunye neBiology yeBhaybhileyo”, eyenze intshukumo phakathi kweentshukumo ze-LGBT + (I-Hamer 1994Wamzisela inzuzo enkulu. Kwiminyaka elishumi emva koko, uHaymer wenza imvakalelo entsha ngokukhupha incwadi ebizwa ngokuba “yiGene kaThixo: Indlela ukholo oluLungiswa ngayo ngeMfuza yethu” (I-Hamer 2004), apho waveza umbono wakhe wokuba amakholwa aphantse abenguquko yemfuza (V.L.: iyahlekisa ukuqaphela okunjalo ngokubhekisele kwimibono emibini yemfuzo: imeko etyholwayo yemeko yobungqingili iboniswa ngokukhanya, njengoko inikiwe Uqhagamshelo lwendalo kunye nenkolo aluchanekanga, njengokutshintsha.). Ngokwemvelo, akukho siqinisekiso se-heimer hypotheses sifunyenwe kude kube namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, ithiyori yakhe yafunyanwa ngokufudumeleyo kuluntu lwe-LGBT +, iphephabhuku laseMelika i-Time laze lapapasha ikhava ekhethekileyo ngalo msitho.

Emva koko, uDean Haymer wayeka isayensi kwaye wagxila kwimicimbi yezopolitiko: kunye "nomyeni" wakhe uJoseph Wilson (I-New York Times 2004) waseka istudiyo sefilimu "QWave", egxile kwiimveliso ezijolise kwintshukumo "LGBT +" (IHuffpost 2017).

Isazi sebhayoloji esidumileyo nesithandwayo kwezenzululwazi uRichard Dawkins ngefilosofi ibonakalisa isimo sentobekelelomezo sokwabelwa ubufanasini:

“… Ezinye izinto ezinemeko yendalo esingqongileyo kulula ukuzitshintsha. Ezinye zinzima. Cinga ngendlela esiqhagamshelene ngayo ngokuqinileyo nesimbo sobuntwana: umntu omdala ongumfuduki ubizwa ngokuba ngumphambukeli ubomi bakhe bonke. Kukho ukumisela okungqongqo apha kunakwizenzo zofuzo. Kuya kuba lunomdla ukwazi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umntwana oye wachaphazeleka kwimpembelelo ethile yendalo esingqongileyo, umzekelo, imfundo yezenkolo kwindlu yoonongendi, emva koko uya kuba nakho ukuyisusa le mpembelelo. Kungayinto enomdla ngokulinganayo ukwazi ukuba manani enokwenzeka ukuba indoda enohlobo oluthile lwe-X chromosome kwingingqi yeXq28 iya kuba lifanasini. Umboniso olula wokuba kukho imfuza "ekhokelela" kubufanasini ishiya umbuzo wokubaluleka kweli thuba phantse livuleke ngokupheleleyo. Imfuza ayinalo ilungelo lokuzilawula ... "(Dawkins xnumx, iphe. 104).

Elinye lawona manqaku abalulekileyo kwi-Russianologyology, uNjingalwazi uGeorgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, ethetha ngezizathu zokwenziwa kokuthambekela kobungqingili, ukhankanya oku kulandelayo:

"… Nangona kunjalo, ukuphazamiseka ekwahlukaneni kwengqondo kunye nokutshintsha kwehomoni akuthethi kwangaphambili ukwenziwa komtsalane wobufanasini, kodwa iba sisiseko sokugqwethwa kwesazisi nokuziphatha kwendima yesini, eyonyusa umngcipheko wobufanasini. Unikezelo lwe-Neuroendocrine licandelo lamandla kuphela le-libido. Ukusekwa kobufanasini kukwaququzelelwa zizinto ze-etiological kunye neendlela ze-pathogenetic ezihambelana nokugqwetha ngokubanzi ... "(IVasilchenko 1990, iphe. 430).

I-hypothesis yento yemfuza yobungqingili bamadoda, inika inzuzo yokuzivela kwabasetyhini

Kufanelekile ukukhankanya i-hypothesis engaqhelekanga yabaphandi base-Italy, abathi, "Ayifanelani naluphi na uhlobo lwofuzo olufanasini". Ingcinga yokuba ubungqingili kubangelwa yimfuza ichasene nomgaqo wokukhethwa kwendalo, ngokokutsho kwenani labantu abathwala izakhi zofuzo ezithintela ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yobungqingili eyimfuneko kwimveliso yembewu kufuneka ihle ngokuthe chu de inyamalale ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kubonisiwe amanani, inani labantu abazigqala njengabungqingili liyanda kunye nesizukulwana ngasinye. Isizathu sicacile: ubungqingili abuqhutywa ngemizila yemfuza, kodwa bengafuni kunyamezelana noCamperio-uCiani noogxa bakhe abasebenza nabo beza nengcaciso ecacileyo eyayifanele ukujamelana ne "Darwin paradox." I-hypothesis yabo iphakamisa ubukho be- "X-chromosomal factor", ethi, idluliselwe kumgca wesibeleko, inokunyusa i-androphilia (umtsalane wesini kumadoda) kuzo zozibini isini, ngaloo ndlela ikhokelela ekukhuleni kokukhula kwabasetyhini, ukubuyekezwa kokuncipha kwenzala yamadoda (ICamperio-Ciani 2004).

Le hypothesis inokubanga inqanaba elithile lokunyaniseka ukuba izazinzulu zifumene amanqanaba afanelekileyo embuyekezo-umzekelo, ukuba umama onzala ongafaniyo nomtshato wayenomntwana we-2, kwaye umama onomntwana ongatshatanga une-4. Ngapha koko, umahluko wavela ungabalulekanga: ngokomyinge, i-2,07 yomntwana kwindawo yokuqala kunye ne-2,73- ngolwesibini (ngu-34% ngaphezulu) kwaye oku ngaphandle kwamanqanaba okuzala kwabantu abathandana abatshatileyo kunye nabesilisa abatshatileyo awahlukile phantse kumaxesha e-5: 0,12 kunye 0,58, ngokulandelelana (kwi-383 % ngaphantsi) (Iemmola xnumx). Abaphandi bachaza ukuchuma okungaqhelekanga kwabantu abathandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo ngento yokuba njengeqela elilawulayo bekufanele ukuba bafana ngokufanayo nobungqingili, kwaye ke uninzi lwabo lwalungatshatanga. Kodwa nokuba sithatha le datha ingameli, kuvela ukuba, ukuze kufezekiswe imbuyekezo eyoneleyo, oomama abanesini sobufanasini baya kudinga abantwana abangaphezulu kwe-7 ... Ukongeza, kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo ekuchumeni kwesizukulwana esidlulileyo (ootatomkhulu noomakhulu), esingavumelaniyo nethisisi malunga nofuzo ukudlulisa.

Ukuzama ukucacisa idatha, ababhali baqaphela ukuba abantu abathandana abathandanayo banomkhwa wokugqithisa inani labantu abangathandaniyo phakathi kwezalamane, kunye nabesilisa abathandanayo, endaweni yoko, ukuncipha, oku kungakhokelela ekungqineni kweziphumo. Bayatsho ukuba umahluko ekuchumeni unokuchazwa ngezizathu zomzimba okanye zokuziphatha, ezinje ngamazinga asezantsi esisu okanye ukwanda kokufumana amaqabane. Okokugqibela, ababhali gxininisaeyonyukayo yokuchuma komama ichaza ngaphantsi kwe-21% yokungafani kwimicimbi yezesondo yamadoda kumzekelo wabo.

"Oku kuyahambelana nezifundo ezomeleleyo nezomeleleyo ezibonisa ukuba amava umntu ngamnye anamandla okuchaza indlela umntu aziphethe ngayo ngokwesini kunye nokuzazisa. Kuyenzeka ukuba inqanaba eliphezulu lobufanasini ukuba bavele ngokwenkcubeko kunokuba babe neempawu zofuzo. Kwimimandla emininzi, njengasenyakatho ne-Itali, oomama bachitha ixesha elininzi kunye nabantwana babo, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwesazisi kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba umama nosapho bakhe banokuba ngowona mthombo uphambili wokuziphatha kunye nesimo sengqondo somntwana, kubandakanya neempawu ezinxulumene nokukhetha ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha okuzayo ”(ICamperio-Ciani 2004).

Emva kokwenza izifundo ze-3, ababhali banyanzelwa ukuba bayamkele loo datha bayifumeneyo "Abasivumeli ukuba sifumane ukuba le nto i-X-chromosome factor iqhubekeka okanye ixele kwangaphambili umntu ukuba angabinayo into elungileyo okanye intlebendwane" (ICiani xnumx) Ngamafutshane, igalelo lezi zifundo ekuqondeni uhlobo lokutsala umntu ongatshatanga naye ngu-zero.

---

Olona phando lukhulu lwendalo lupapashwe yi-30.08.2019 kupapasho lwenzululwazi olunamandla inzululwazi, esekwe kwisampula emalunga ne-500 yamawaka abantu, ifumanise ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-99% yokuziphatha kwabantu abathandana nabesini kugqitywa zizinto zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngokutsho UDavid Curtis, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia kwiZiko leGenetics, "Olu phando lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho nto ifana nofuzo." Uluntu alukho udibaniso olunjalo lwendidi olunokuthi lube nefuthe elibonakalayo kwisimo sokwabelana ngesondo. Ngapha koko, akunakwenzeka ukuba umntu ayixele into umntu aziphethe ngayo ngokwesini. ”

Icandelo lesibini: IiHormone?

Ukongeza kwimpembelelo yemfuzo, abaphembeleli bentshukumo ye "LGBT +" batsaleleke ekuvezelweni kwangaphakathi njengesixhobo esityholwayo semfuza yendalo yokutsala amafanasini. Kuyaqondwa ukuba ngeli xesha umntwana esibelekweni, into ethile (iihomoni okanye amajoni amajoni omzimba) enza esibelekweni, esiphazamisa inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokukhula kwakhe, ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni komtsalane wobungqingili.

Ukuvavanya i-hypothesis yefuthe le-hormonal ekwakhiweni kokukhetha ngokwesondo, sifunda ubudlelwane phakathi kokuxinana kwehomoni ye-intrauterine ekukhuleni komzimba kunye nokwakheka kwasebuntwaneni kwindlela yokuziphatha eqhelekileyo yamakhwenkwe okanye eqhelekileyo yamantombazana. Imodeli yovavanyo lokungalingani kwe-hormonal intrauterine, ewe, ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha kunye nezisebenzayo ebantwini azenziwanga, kuba ukuphazamiseka kwehomoni kukhokelela ekuphambukeni okuphambili kwe-anatomical kunye ne-physiological, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela kwizilwanyana zaselebhu.⁷. Nangona kunjalo, ipesenti ethile yabantu bazalwa benesifo esinxulumene ne-hormone - ukuphazamiseka kwezesondo (NDP), kwaye kubemi babo kunokwenzeka ukuba kufundwe ubudlelwane bokungalingani kwehomoni ngokuziphatha. Ukuqala, kufuneka sidwelise ngokufutshane amanqaku aphambili ezimpembelelo zehomoni ye-intrauterine.

Kukholelwa ukuba amaxesha okusabela okukhulu kwindalo ye-hormonal kwenzeka ngexesha lokuvuthwa kwesibeleko. Umzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba isiphumo esiphezulu se-testosterone kwi-fetus yesilisa kwenzeka ukusuka kwi-8 ukuya kwiiveki ze-24, kwaye siphindaphinde ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu (Iintsimbi xnumx) Ngeli xesha lonke lokuvuthwa, ii-estrogens zivela kwi-placenta kunye kwinkqubo yokujikeleza kukamama (I-Albrecht 2010) Izifundo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba kunokubakho amaxesha amaninzi okuziva uvakalelo kwiihormone ezahlukeneyo, ukuba ubukho behomoni enye kunokuchaphazela iintshukumo zenye i-hormone, kwaye ukuziva kwama-receptors kwezi hormone kungachaphazela isenzo sabo (IBerenbaum Xnumx) Umahluko ngokwesini sesibeleko ngokwaso yinkqubo enzima kakhulu.

Eyona nto ibangela umdla kule ndawo yophando ziihomoni ezinje nge-testosterone, i-dihydrotestosterone (i-metabolite ye testosterone kwaye inamandla ngakumbi kune-testosterone), estradiol, progesterone kunye ne-cortisol. Iqwalaselwa njengesiqhelo ukuba isiphumo sehormoni kuphuhliso lwesibeleko senzeka ngamanqanaba. Kwangoko, imibungu yahlukile kuphela kwisimo sayo se-chromosome- i-XX okanye i-XY - kunye neesini zabo (zesini) ziyafana. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, kuxhomekeke kudityaniso lwe-chromosomal, ukwakheka kwee-testes (testes) kuqala kubathwali be-XY kunye nama-ovari kwizithwali zeXX. Ngokukhawuleza umahluko we-gonads uphelile, baqala ukuvelisa ii-hormone ezichaza ngesini ezimisela ukukhula kunye nokwenziwa kobuni bangaphandle: kunye ne-androgens egcinwe ngovavanyo inika isandla kuphuhliso lwamalungu angasese angaphandle abesilisa, kunye nokungabikho kwe-androjeni kunye nobukho be-estrogen kwabasetyhini kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwamalungu angasese angasese ababhinqileyo (UWilson 1981).

Inkqubo yokusahlula phakathi kwezesondo. Iqulunqwe nguV. Lysov Ukwaphulwa komgangatho wokulingana kwe-androgens kunye ne-estrogens (ngenxa yofuzo oluguqulwayo kunye nezinye iimpembelelo), kunye nobukho bazo okanye ukungabikho kwazo ngamaxesha athile abalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwesibeleko, kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwesondo.

Esona sesona sifo siphambili sifundwayo sokukhula kwezesondo yi-congenital adrenal cortical hyperplasia (VGKN), edibene noguquguquko lwe-gene encoding enzyme ebandakanyeka kulwakhiwo lwe-cortisol ye-hormone.Isithethi 2003) Le patology ikhokelela ekugqithiseni okungaphezulu kwe-cortisol eyandulelayo (i-cortisol kunye ne-androgens yabelana ngesambulelo esiqhelekileyo), apho i-androgener zenziwa khona. Ngenxa yoko, amantombazana azalwa ngamanqanaba ahluka-hlukeneyo eentsholongwane⁸ amalungu obuni - kuxhomekeka kubungakanani besiphene semfuza kunye nenqanaba lokugqithisa kwe androgens. Iimeko ezinobuninzi bentsholongwane kunye nokukhula kweziphene ezinzulu zokusebenza ngamanye amaxesha zifuna ungenelelo lokuhlinzwa. Ukwenzela ukuguqula imiphumo yokugqithisa kwe-androgens, unyango lwehomoni lumiselwe. Kwaqatshelwa ukuba abasetyhini abane-HCV banemingcipheko engakumbi yokuphuhlisa umtsalane wobungqingili (Isithethi 2009), kwaye abo banesifo i-HCV ngohlobo olunzima kakhulu kunokwenzeka ukuba babe ngohlobo olungafaniyo kunabasetyhini abaye banesifo ngohlobo olucekeceke (Iintsimbi xnumx).

Ukongeza, kukho ukukhula okungahambelani ngokwesondo kumadoda emfuza aphethwe kukungabikho mvakalelo ku-androgen. Kumadoda ane-androgen insensitivity syndrome, iimvavanyo zihlala zivelisa i-androgen testosterone, kodwa ii-testosterone receptors azisebenzi. Ekuzalweni, amalungu esini abonakala njengabafazi, kwaye umntwana ukhuliswa njengentombazana. I-testosterone yemvelo yomntwana iguqulwa ibe yi-estrogen, ukuze iqale ukukhulisa iimpawu zesetyhini zesekondariIhugi xnumx) I-Pathology ifunyaniswa kuphela xa kufikiswa, ukuba, ngokuchasene nexesha elifanelekileyo, ukuya esikhathini akuqali, kwaye, ewe, "mabhinqa" anjalo akanaluthando, anje ngokuba "kukungakwazi ukuzala" kunye "namadoda" ane-VGKN.

Kukho okunye ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo okuchaphazela amadoda athile emfuza (umzekelo, abantu abane-XY genotype) ukungabikho kwe-androgens sisiphumo ngqo sokungabikho kwe-enzymes ezichaphazelekayo nokuba kukuqulunqwa kwe-dihydrotestosterone evela kwi-testosterone okanye kwimveliso ye testosterone evela kwimbonakalo yehomoni. Abantu abanengxaki yokuzalwa bazalwa benesiphene kwilungu lobufazi ngokuhlukahluka (I-Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

Ngokucacileyo, kule mizekelo, umdla wobungqingili kunye / okanye ukhetho lokuziphatha oluthile kubantu besini esahlukileyo lunxulunyaniswa ne-pathologies yokusebenza kunye ne-morphological. Nangona kunjalo, i-pathologies enjalo ayifumaneki kubantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabasetyhini. Ingcinga yokuba ukungalingani kwe-hormonal nangayiphi na indlela kuphela kukhokelela ekwakhiweni kokukhethwa komntu ongathandani naye (oko kukuthi, kuchaphazela isimilo) kwaye akunakuchaphazela uhlobo lokuziphatha kunye nokusebenza okungaxhaswanga kukujonga okubonakalayo.

Iinzame ezahlukeneyo zenziwe zokuchonga naziphi na izinto ezinokuthanani kunye nokusebenza okuhambelana nokukhetha ubungqingili. Cinga ngezifundo eziboniswe ngabaphembeleli be-LGBT.

Isifundo sikaSimon Levey

Izifundo ezininzi sele zenziwe kufundo lokwehluka kwemithambo-luvo kuxhomekeke kutyekelo lwesini. Eyokuqala yayiyipapasho ye-neuroscientist uSimon LeVay kwi-1991 (I-LeVay 1991). U-LeVay wenze uphando lwakhe kwiziphumo zokuhlolwa kwezidumbu zabantu abaswelekileyo. Wazahlula izifundo zaba ngamaqela amathathu – amabhinqa ama-6 “athandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo”, ali-19 lamadoda “angamafanasini” abulawa nguGawulayo, kunye ne-16 lamadoda “athandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo” (ezi parameters zinikwe kumanqaku okucaphula ngenxa yokuba ukhetho lwesini lomfi ubukhulu becala lwaluyintelekelelo).

Kwiqela ngalinye, uLeVey walinganisa ubungakanani bendawo ekhethekileyo yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuba yi-interstitial nucleus ye-anterior hypothalamus.⁹. Kwi-hypothalamus, ii-nuclei ezininzi ezinjalo ziyahlula kwi-0.05 ukuya kwi-0.3 mm³ ngobukhulu (Ngu-Byne xnumx), ebalwa ngamanani: 1, 2, 3, 4. Ngokwesiqhelo, ubungakanani be-INAH-3 buxhomekeke kwinqanaba le-testosterone yamadoda emzimbeni: i-testosterone engaphezulu, enkulu kwi-INAH-3. U-LeVey wathi ubungakanani be-INAH-3 kubufanasini babuncinci kakhulu kunamadoda anomtsalane kwabesini esahlukileyo, ngokufanayo nakwabasetyhini. Ukusukela ukuba ubume bomzimba womntu bumiselwe yimfuza, uLeVey ucebise ukuba ukuba ubungakanani be-INAH-3 buhambelana nolwalathiso lomnqweno wesini, ke "... libido kungenxa yesakhiwo sobuchopho ..." kwaye ke ngoko iijini ziyahambelana nesondo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uLeVey uzinikele ngokupheleleyo kulo msebenzi kwaye unethemba lokufumana isiphumo esinjalo. Emva kokuba iqabane lakhe elalingungqingili, uRichard Sherry wasweleka ngenxa ye-AIDS, uLeVey waxinezeleka kangangexesha elithile (Newsweek xnumx, iphe. 49). Uxelele iintatheli emva kokupapasha kwakhe, esithi: "Ndivakalelwa kukuba xa ndingafumani nto, ndiza kuyishiya ngokupheleleyo inzululwazi" (Newsweek xnumx, iphe. 49).

Isifundo sikaLeVey sasineempazamo ezininzi, ekwakufuneka azichaze ngokwakhe, kodwa eendaba akazange azithobe. Yintoni efunyaniswe nguLeVey okanye akayifumana? Engafumenanga ngokungalingani kunxibelelwano phakathi kobukhulu be-INAH-3 kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo. Ukubuyela umva njenge1994, umphandi uWilliam Byne waseNew York wafakwa kuhlalutyo olunzulu lwengxelo malunga nesifo semfuzo yobungqingili (Ngu-Byne xnumx): okokuqala, le yingxaki yokukhetha izinto zophando. U-LeVey wayengazazi ncam ukuba ziziphi iindlela zesini abantu awayebafundisisa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuba kwizigulana ezinesifo sikaGawulayo esibulalayo, amanqanaba asezantsi e-testosterone aqwalaselwa bobabini ngenxa yempembelelo yesi sifo nangenxa yonyango.Iza i-2016) Ukusuka kwidatha yeLeVay, akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukubona ukuba inkulu kangakanani i-INAH-3 eyazalwa kwaye ingabandakanyi isibakala sokuba sinokwehla ebomini. Zonke izifundo ezichongiweyo nguLeVay njengaba "fanasini "zabulawa ziingxaki zikaGawulayo. I-LeVey ngokwakhe, kwinqaku elifanayo, yenza ukubhuka:

"... iziphumo azisivumeli ukuba sigqibe ekubeni ubungakanani be-INAH 3 ngunobangela okanye sisiphumo sokwabelana ngesondo komntu, okanye ubungakanani be-INAH 3 kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokwabelana ngesondo ngokuguqukayo phantsi kwempembelelo yolunye uguquko olungaziwayo lwesithathu ..." (I-LeVay 1991, iphe. 1036).

Okwesibini, akukho sizathu sokuthetha ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uLeVey wafumana nantoni na. Abaphandi uRuth Hubbard kunye no-Elijah Wald kwincwadi yabo ethi Ukutshabalalisa Intsomi Yobunjineli: INzululwazi, ooGqirha, abaQeshi, iiNkampani zeInshurensi, abaFundisi kunye nabaGwebi bamaLungelo oLuntu baxhaphaza uLwazi lweMfuzo, kodwa bangathandabuzi nje ukucaciswa kweziphumo zikaLeVey, kodwa kwanento yokuba nayiphi na ebalulekileyo umahluko (IHubbard xnumx, iphe. 95). Nangona uLeVey watsho ukuba kwiqela labantu awayebajonga njengefanasini, ubukhulu be-INAH-3 babuncinci kunobungakanani obuqhelekileyo be-INAH-3 kwiqela labantu awayebajonga njengabesilisa abathandanayo, kulandelwa iziphumo zakhe ukuba ubuninzi kunye nobuncinci bokusasaza amaxabiso ngokugqibeleleyo ngokufanayo kuwo omabini amaqela. Kukho umbono wokubala-umthetho wokuhanjiswa okuqhelekileyo. Kwenziwe lula, lo mthetho uxela ukuba lelona nani liphezulu labanini bolu phawu bane paramitha yolu phawu kuluhlu oluphakathi, kwaye linani elincinci labanini abaneparameter yexabiso eligqithileyo. Oko kukuthi, yabantu be-100, i-80 iya kuba ne-160 - ukukhula kwe-180, i-10 ingaphantsi kwe-160, i-10 ingaphezulu kwe-180 cm.

Ngokwemigaqo yokubala, ukubonakalisa umahluko ngokwezibalo phakathi kwala maqela mabini ezifundo akunakwenzeka ukuba uthelekise ipharamitha engenakho ukuhanjiswa okuqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba kwelinye lamaqela abantu ngezantsi kwe-160 cm akuyi kubakho i-10%, kodwa i-40% okanye i-50%. Kwisifundo sikaLeVay, i-INAH-3 yayilelona elincinci kwamanye amadoda abathandana abathandana nabantu abangatshatanga, kunye nesona silinganiselo siphezulu sobufanasini kunye nabona bantu banobungqingili. Ukulandela ukuba kumntu ngamnye ngamnye akunakwenzeka ukuba athethe nantoni na malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwesayizi ye-INAH-3 kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Nokuba ubukho bayo nakuphi na umahluko kubume bengqondo bubonakalisiwe, ngokuqinisekileyo ukubaluleka kwawo kuya kuba semthethweni kufumaneke ukuba izihlunu zeembaleki zikhulu kunabantu abaqhelekileyo. Sisiphi isigqibo esinokuthi sifikelele kwisiseko sale nyaniso? Ngaba umntu ukhula kwimisipha emikhulu ngelixa edlala ezemidlalo, okanye ngaba ulwazelelelo lwangaphakathi kwimisipha emikhulu luyamenza umntu abe yimbaleki?

Kwaye okwesithathu, uLeVey akazange athethe nto malunga nobudlelwane bokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye ne-INAH-3 kwabasetyhini.

Kudliwanondlebe lwe1994, uLeVey uthe:

“… Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba andibonisanga ukuba ubufanasini buzelwe kwaye khange ndibufumane unobangela wabo. Andibonisanga ukuba abantu abathandana nesini esinye "bazalwe benjalo" - yeyona mpazamo iqhelekileyo eyenziwa ngabantu xa betolika umsebenzi wam. Andikhange ndifumane "iziko lesini" kwingqondo ... asazi ukuba umahluko endiwufumene ngexesha lokuzalwa ukhona okanye uvele kamva. Umsebenzi wam awuphenduli kumbuzo wokuba ingaba inkcubeko yokwabelana ngesondo yasekwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa ...I-Nimmons xnumx).

Ukubhukishwa kukaLeVey kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba nayiphi na ingcali kwicandelo le-neuroscience iyazi into enje nge-neuroplasticity - ukubanakho kwezicubu zemithambo yokutshintsha ukusebenza kunye nobume ngexesha lobomi bomntu phantsi kwempembelelo yeendlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo.

Kwi-2000, iqela leenzululwazi zase-Bhritane zapapasha iziphumo zesifundo sobuchopho kubaqhubi beteksi baseLondon (UMaguire 2000) Kwavela ukuba kubaqhubi beteksi, indawo yobuchopho ejongene nolungelelwaniso lomhlaba yayinkulu kakhulu kunabantu abavela kwiqela lolawulo abangasebenzi njengabaqhubi beteksi, ukongeza, ubungakanani beli candelo lixhomekeke ngqo kwinani leminyaka echithwe ekusebenzeni kwiteksi (UMaguire 2000) Ukuba abaphandi bazilandele iinjongo zopolitiko, ngesele bethe into efana nale: "Abaqhubi beteksi kufuneka banikezwe idrive-drive yasekunene naphi na apho basebenza khona, kufanelekile ukutshintsha idrive-drive ekhohlo kwi-drive yangakwesokudla-kuba bazalwe ndinjalo!"

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isiseko sobungqina esiqinisekisiweyo siqokelelwe ukuxhasa iplasitiki yazo zombini izicubu zobuchopho ngokubanzi kunye ne-hypothalamus ngokukodwa (Ukufumana i-xnumx; Thengisa i-2014; I-Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Ubuchopho be-morphology butshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo yeempawu zokuziphatha (I-Kolb 1998) Ulwakhiwo lobuchopho, umzekelo, utshintsho emva ukukhulelwa (Hoekzema et al. 2016)ukuhlala kwisithuba (van Ombergen et al. I-Xnumx) nasemva komzimba oqhelekileyo (INokia et al. I-Xnumx).

Ke ngoko, ekuqinisekiseni amagama athethwe nguLeVey ngokwakhe emva konyaka we-1994, igalelo lesifundo sakhe sonyaka we-1991 kwi-hypothesis yemvelo yobungqingili buyi-zero.

Ukugxekwa ngakumbi komsebenzi weLeVay, kunye nezinye izichasiso ze-neuroanatomical, kunikwa kupapasho lokujonga kwakhona kwijenali ye-Science Science (IMbugua 2003).

Ukuphindaphinda ukwenziwa kophando lukaLevay

Akukho mntu ukwazile ukuphinda iziphumo zikaLeVey. Kupapasho lwe-2001 lonyaka, iqela labaphandi elivela eNew York laqhuba isifundo esifanayo - la macandelo e-hypothalamus athelekiswa njengakwisifundo seLeVay, kodwa ngolwazi oluninzi olugqibeleleyo kunye nokusasazwa okwaneleyo kofundileyo (Ngu-Byne xnumx). Abakhange bafumane kuxhomekeka kubungakanani be-INAH-3 kubufanasini. Ababhali baqukumbele ngelithi "... inkanuko yesini ayinakuqikelelwa ngokuthembekileyo ngokomthamo we-INAH 3 kuphela ..." (Ngu-Byne xnumx, iphe. 91).

Emva kwexesha, kwenziwa iinzame zokufumanisa ukuxhomekeka kweenkanuko zesini kwamanye amalungu engqondo. Kwi-2002, ugqirha wezengqondo ogama linguLalko kunye noogxa bakhe bapapashe uphononongo lwenye inxalenye yobuchopho - ingqokelela yangaphandle (I-Lasco 2002) Kwaboniswa ukuba kule ndawo akukho mahluko mkhulu kuxhomekeke kwisini okanye uhlobo lomnqweno wesini. Olunye uphononongo olujolise ekusekeni umahluko wobume okanye osebenzayo phakathi kwengqondo yabantu abaziingqondo kunye nobuchopho bobungqingili ngenxa yezimo zabo ezingapheliyo ziphantse zazingathandekiyo: kwi2008, iziphumo kwezinye zezi zifundo zashwankathelwa kwinqaku elalipapashwe kwijenali epapashwa kwijenali ye-US yeSizwe yezeSayensi (Swaab xnumx) Umzekelo, esinye isifundo sisebenzise imaging esebenzayo yomlinganiso ukulinganisa utshintsho olwenzeka kwingqondo xa izifundo zibonisa iifoto zamadoda nabasetyhini. Kwafunyanwa ukuba ukujonga ubuso basetyhini kuphucula umsebenzi kwi-thalamus kunye ne-orbitofrontal cortex yamadoda nabafazi abathandanayo, ngelixa kumadoda angatshatanga kunye nabasetyhini abathandanayo abatshatileyo ezi ndawo beziphendula ngakumbi ebusweni bendoda.I-Kranz 2006) Into yokuba ubuchopho babafazi abangafani okanye abesilisa nabungqingili bujongana ikakhulu nobuso bengamadoda, ngelixa ubuchopho bamadoda angatshatanga kunye nabasetyhini abathandana nobungqingili ingakumbi besabela kubuso babasetyhini, akukho nto ingafumanekiyo enkulu, njengoko kuthathelwa ingqalelo yokuba notyekelo lobufanasini. Ngokufanayo, olunye uphando lukhankanya iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kwi-pheromones kumadoda angengawo amafanasini nakumadoda angatshatanga (I-Savic 2005).

Ubude beminwe

Umyinge phakathi kobude bomnwe wesibini (isalathiso) kunye nomnwe wesine (umsesane) wezandla, oqhele ukubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiso "2D: 4D", wahlukile kwabesilisa nabasetyhini. Obunye ubungqina bucebisa ukuba lo mgangatho unokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba le-testosterone ye-intrauterine, okukhokelela kumadoda anenqanaba eliphezulu lokuvezwa kwe-testosterone, umnwe wesalathiso mfutshane ngakumbi kunomnwe wendandatho (i.e., umyinge ophantsi we-2D: 4D) kunye nokuphikisana (IHönekopp 2007) Ngokutsho kwabanye abaphandi, isalathiso se2D: isalathiso se4D sinxulunyaniswa nokuthanda ubungqingili. Imizamo yendlela ethile yokuhambelana nomyinge we-2D: i-4D kunye neendlela zesini azingqinelani kwaye ziyimpikiswano.

Ngokwe-hypothesis enye, abantu abathandana besini esinye banokuba nomlinganiselo ophakamileyo we-2D: i-4D (kufutshane nomyinge wabasetyhini kunomlinganiso wamadoda angamadoda), ngelixa enye hypothesis, ngokuchaseneyo, iphakamisa ukuba i-hypermasculinization nge-prenatal testosterone ingakhokelela kumlinganiselo ophantsi amafanasini kunamadoda angatshatanga. I-hypothesis yabekwa ngaphambili malunga nokuthambekela kobungqingili kwabasetyhini ngenxa ye-hypermasculinization (umlinganiselo ophantsi, inqanaba le-testosterone ephezulu).

Izifundo ezininzi ezithelekisa lo mkhwa kubasetyhini ababhinqileyo nabangatshatanga ababhinqileyo zivelise iziphumo ezixubeneyo. Uphononongo olupapashwe kwijenali yeNdalo kwi2000 lubonise ukuba kwisampulu ye-720 yabantu abadala baseCalifornians, umyinge we-2D: I-4D ngasekunene kwabasetyhini abanokhetho lobufanasini babedinga amadoda ngakumbi (oko kukuthi ezantsi) kunabesifazana abangatshatanga, kwaye kakhulu. khange ahluke kumlinganiso kumadoda angengawo amafanasini (Williams 2000) Olu fundo kwakhona aluzange lubonakalise umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwe-2D ephakathi: i-4D ratios phakathi kwamadoda athandana nabantu abathandanayo. Kwakuloo nyaka, olunye uphononongo olusebenzise isampulu encinci yamadoda athandana nabantu abathandana nabangamadoda athandana nobungqingili abavela eBritane lwabonisa ixabiso eliphantsi le-2D: i-4D (i.e.imadoda ngakumbi) phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo (URobinson 2000) Kunyaka we-2003, uphononongo lweesampulu zabantu baseMonti bafumanisa ukuba amafanasini anezinga eliphantsi le-2D: I-4D xa ithelekiswa namadoda angengawo amafanasini (URahman xnumx), ngelixa ezinye izifundo ezimbini zeesampulu ezivela eCalifornia naseTexas zibonisa amaxabiso aphezulu e-2D: 4D yamafanasini (I-Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Kwi-2003, kwenziwa uphando oluqhathanisayo lwenziwa ngababini ababhinqileyo abangamawele angama-monozygotic, kuzo zonke izibini enye yamawele yathandwa ngamadoda athandanayo, kunye neepere ezintlanu zamawele e-monozygotic apho bobabini oodade banokhetho lobufanasini.Iholo 2003) Kwizibini ezingamawele aneentlobo ezahlukileyo zomtsalane ngokwesondo, kubantu abazichaza njengabongqingili, umlinganiso 2D: I-4D yayisezantsi kakhulu kunamawele abo, ngelixa amawele e-concordant engafumananga mahluko. Ababhali bagqiba kwelokuba esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba "umyinge ophantsi we-2D: I-4D sisiphumo somahluko kubume bendalo." Kwaye ekugqibeleni, kunyaka we-2005, njengesiphumo sophononongo lomyinge we-2D: I-4D kwisampulu yase-Austrian yamadoda angamafanasini angama-95 kunye namadoda angama-79 angengawo awesini, kwafunyaniswa ukuba izikhombisi ze-2D: I-4D kumadoda angekho gay ayifani kwaphela.I-Voracek 2005) Emva kokuphononongwa kwezifundo ezininzi zolu phawu, ababhali bagqiba kwelokuba "idatha engaphezulu iyafuneka ukuze ukwazi ukugqiba ngokuzithemba ukuba ingaba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi komlinganiselo 2D: 4D kunye nemeko yesini emadodeni, ngokuxhomekeke kwiyantlukwano yobuzwe."

Ukuqwayiza ngamehlo

Kwi-2003, iqela labaphandi abangamaNgesi babhengeze ukuba bafumene "ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuba iminqweno yesini ibangelwa ziimpawu zobuchopho bomntu" (URahman xnumx) U-Katsi Rahman kunye nababhali-bali bathi bafumana umohluko kwisantya sokuphendula - ukuqhwanyaza kwamehlo - ukuphendula ingxolo enkulu. Ababhali bafumanise ukuba abantu basetyhini banezinto ezimbalwa "Inhibition pre-pulse inhibition" (PPI) - ukwehla kwempendulo yemoto yomzimba kwisishukumisi, phambi kobukho bovuselelo olungelulo olomeleleyo.¹⁰... Oko kukuthi, abasetyhini baqhwanyaza ngokukhawuleza kunamadoda, kwaye abafazi abathandana nabesini esifanayo bayacotha kancinci kunabafazi abangabufanasini. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, okokuqala, ababhali baqhuba isifundo kwiqela elincinci lezifundo, kwaye okwesibini, abafumananga mahluko phakathi kwamadoda athandana namanye kunye nabangatshatanga. Nokuba kunjalo, ababhali bagqibe kwelokuba iziphumo zabo zingqina ukuba ubufanasini yinto eyenzeka ngaphakathi kuthi. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi nangona kunjalo benza ukubhukisha okuninzi: baqaphela ukuba umbuzo wokuba umahluko ofunyenweyo ubangelwe kukutsala ngokukodwa kwezesondo okanye ziziphumo zokuziphatha okuthile ngokwesondo. Bachaze: "... umahluko we-neuroanatomical kunye ne-neurophysiological phakathi kwabantu besini esahlukileyo kunye nesini esinye sinokubangelwa zizinto zebhayoloji okanye ifuthe lokufunda ...". UGqr.Halstead Harrison weYunivesithi yaseWashington uhlalutye uphononongo kwaye waphawula ukusilela okubaluleke kangako njengobuncinci bamaqela ovavanyo (abasetyhini abayi-14 abalingqingili kunye nabasetyhini abali-15 abesilisa nabasetyhini, amadoda angama-15 angamafanasini kunye namadoda angama-15 ahlukeneyo ngokwesini). U-Harrison uqukumbele ngelithi: "URahman et al. Khange abonelele ngobungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuxhasa isigqibo sokuba abantu ababhinqileyo abathandanayo babonisa iiparameter ze-PPI ezifanayo nezamadoda."Harrison xnumx) UHarrison ukwathandabuze ukubonwa kwezi ndlela ngeendlela

Izifundo ezingamawele ezixutyushwe apha ngasentla zingasikhanyisela ubungakanani bempembelelo yehomoni zoomama, kuba ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwe-intrauterine, amawele afanayo nalinganayo afumana iziphumo zawo ngendlela efanayo. Iimpawu ezibuthathaka zeekhonkrithi kwizifundo ezingamawele zibonisa ukuba iihormoni zibeleko njengezakhi zofuzo azidlali indima ekuqulunqweni komnqweno wesini. Ezinye iinzame zokufumana izinto zehomoni ezichaphazela kakhulu umnqweno wesini nazo azibonakalanga, kwaye ukubaluleka kwazo iziphumo zazo azikaqondwa.

Iziphumo zoxinzelelo loomama

Kwi-1983, uGunther Dörner et al wenza isifundo sokumisela ikhonkco phakathi koxinzelelo loomama ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye nesazisi esilandelayo sabantwana babo. Benza udliwanondlebe nabantu abangamakhulu amabini malunga neziganeko ezinokubangela uxinzelelo koonina ngexesha lokukhulelwa - oko kukuthi, uphuhliso lwe-intrauterine lwabaphenduli ngokwabo (I-Dörner 1983) Uninzi lweziganeko zazinxulumene nemva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Kumadoda axele ukuba oonina abanamava aphakathi koxinzelelo olukhulu ngelixa bekhulelwe, i-65% yayingamadoda athandana nabantu abatshatileyo, i-25% yayingabantu abathandanayo, kwaye i-10% yayingabantu abathandanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwizifundo zamva, nokuba kuncinci okunxulumene okanye ukungabikho koqwalaselo olubalulekileyo kwaqwalaselwa (I-Ellis 1988) Kwi-2002, emva kokwenza uphononongo olunokwenzeka lobudlelwane phakathi kokuqhuba ngesondo kunye noxinzelelo ekukhulelweni ngexesha lesibini nelesithathu, u-Hines kunye noogxa bakhe bafumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo kumama ngexesha lokukhulelwa "lunxulumene kancinci" nokuziphatha kwamadoda kwiintombi zabo xa beneminyaka ye-42. kwaye akukho luhlobo nokuba loluphi na "kuhlobo oluqhelekileyo lobufazi lokuziphatha koonyana babo (Iintsimbi xnumx).

Icandelo lesithathu: ukungahambi kakuhle emzimbeni?

Isiphumo esikhulu seBandla

"Iziphumo zomzalwana osalupheleyo" (ESB) okanye "ifom yokuzalwa kokuzalwa kwabazalwana"¹¹ - eli gama laphakanyiswa ngabaphandi baseCanada nabaseMelika ogama linguRay Blanchard kunye no-Anthony Bogert -kukuba ngokokunye ukujonga, xa kuthelekiswa namadoda aqhelekileyo ngokwesini, oonongogo, amafanasini nabadlwenguli banabantakwabo abadala, kodwa hayi oodade abadala (IBlanchard 1996; I-Bogaert 1997; IBlanchard 1998; I-Lalumiere 1998; IBlanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; IMacCulloch 2004; IBlanchard 2018).

Okwangoku, kusekho ingxoxo evulelekileyo malunga nokuba (i-1) ingaba i-ESB ikhona ngokwenene, kunye (2) ukuba ikhona, nokuba ingaba inesizathu sendalo okanye yezentlalo (I-Zietsch 2018; Iincwadi zeVenkile 2017; I-Whitehead 2018).

Ngaphandle kweziphumo eziphikisanayo kwicandelo le-ESB kunye nezizathu zayo, abanye abaphandi kunye namanani oluntu, bezama ukufumana izizathu zebhayoloji zokuthandana kwabantu abathandana besini esinye, bavuma ngokucacileyo inkcazo yebhayoloji yeESB kangangokuba bayikhuphela ecaleni ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na enye ingcaciso enokwenzeka (impembelelo yokukhuliswa, njl. .).

.️2023 ukongeza:
Izazinzulu ezivela kwiSebe lezeNgqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna zenze izibalo zokucubungula idatha kwisiphumo esikhulu somzalwana. Bagqiba kwelokuba, xa behlalutywa ngokufanelekileyo, unxulumano olukhethekileyo phakathi kwenani labazalwana abakhulileyo kunye notyekelo lobufanasini luncinane, luyahlukahlukana ngobukhulu, yaye kuyabonakala ukuba alungqalelwanga ngamadoda. Ngaphezu koko, ubungqina obukhoyo benzululwazi ukubaxwa ngenxa yeziphumo zezifundo ezincinci.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. Isiphumo sokuzalwa kobuzalwana njengobugcisa beenkcukacha-manani: ubungqina obuguquguqukayo obuvela kwi-calculus enokwenzeka, idatha efanisiweyo, kunye nohlalutyo lwemeta ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ntanga J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Ukungancedi kwe-ESB hypothesis

I-ESB ayisiyo i-axiom enemeko, inyani yobukho bayo ingumxholo wengxoxo yesayensi eqhubekayo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi.

Okokuqala, lempembelelo ayifumaneki kuzo zonke izifundo. UBrendan P. Zietsch uqaphele ukuba abaxhasi be-hypothesis ye-ESB babandakanya kuhlalutyo kuphela iziphumo zesifundo esishicilelweyo esihambelana nezimvo zabo, kwaye basityeshela izifundo, iincwadana ezinemibuzo, ingxelo, iinkcazo kwiinkomfa apho i-ESB ingafunyanwanga khona (I-Zietsch 2018) Le ngxaki ibaluleke kakhulu, ekubeni isithandathu kwisithandathu iisampulu ezichanekileyo ezifanelekileyo, i-ESB ayizange iqinisekiswe (I-Bearman 2002; I-Bogaert 2005, 2010; UFrancis xnumx; UFrisch xnumx; I-Zietsch 2012) Isishoshovu se-LGBT +, esikhankanywe apha ngasentla, sentshukumo kaSimon LeVay, emsebenzini wakhe sinika isishwankathelo sezifundo apho i-ESB ibingafunyanwanga (I-LeVay 2016).

Okwesibini, ezo zifundo kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-ESB isekwe kwindlela yokuthatha isampulu. Abaxhasi be-hypothesis ye-ESB basebenzisa imigaqo enjalo yokuhlalutywa kwabemi ekhokelela kukhutshelo lwazo zonke iisampulu ze-probabilistic ezikhoyo (i.e., ezo sampuli zikhethwe ngokungenamkhethe ngokubhekisele kuthungelwano oluzimeleyo olufundileyo - umtsalane wesondo kwimeko). Oku kuthetha ukuba uhlalutyo lwe-meta lubandakanya kuphela ezo iisampulu apho umlinganiso wobungqingili ungafani nesabelo sobufanasini kuluntu ngokubanzi (umzekelo, iisampulu zohlalutyo lweBlanchard ye-2018 yonyaka iqulethe kwi-51 yeepesenti yamafanasini, ngelixa kuluntu ngokubanzi, ngokwemithombo eyahlukeneyo, ubuninzi yi-2 - 3%). Kwimeko yeesampulu ezingezizo ezo zandoda, umngcipheko wokukhetha amaqela abathandana abathandanayo kunye nabanobungqingili uyonyuka, okwahluka kungagcini ngokuguquguqukayo. Itheyibhile ye-Blanchard 1 i-2018 ibonisa ukuba uninzi lweesampulu ezibandakanyiweyo kwimeta-ukuhlaziywa zithathwa kwiindawo ezingamameli kakhulu: izaphuli-mthetho zesondo, abantu abathululayo, i-pedophiles, ii-psychopaths, njl. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akukho nanye kwezi ngxaki yokhetho lwesampula ekuxoxwe ngayo kwinqaku. Ngokuchasene noko, imigaqo yokufakwa kweBlanchard yasetyenziswa ngendlela engabandakanyi izifundo ezinkulu kunye neesampuli ezinokwenzeka (apho i-ESB ingazange iqinisekiswe). I-heterogeneity enkulu yesayizi yesiphumo phakathi kwezifundo ezizodwa kuhlaziyo lwe-meta lubonisa ukuba inyani indlela amaqela akhethwe ngayo kwisifundo inempembelelo enkulu kwi-ESB. Oku kunyusa amathuba okuba iimpawu zesampulu zenze i-ESB, ngakumbi ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba iisampulu ezinkulu ezinokubakho azibonisi i-ESB konke konke.

Okwesithathu, enye ingxaki yeendlela kukuba iindlela zohlalutyo zokufumana ii-ESB zibonakala zinomkhethe kwaye zijolise ekufumaneni isiphumo esifunayo. Umzekelo, abanye abaphandi basebenzise uvavanyo lwendlela eyodwa yokulinganisa isiphumo (o.k.t. I-Bogaert 2005; I-Poasa 2004; I-Purcell 2000) okanye utolike iziphumo zabanye abaphandi abangafumananga ukuba i-ESB ibalulekile, besithi uvavanyo lwendlela enye bekufanele ukuba lwalusetyenzisiwe (IBlanchard 2015)-nangona kuyaziwa ukuba iimvavanyo zendlela enye zinokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu ezingalungelanga iimeko zohlalutyo lwe-meta (I-Lombardi xnumx) Umphandi uBartlett ubhala oku kulandelayo:

“… Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamadoda athandana namanye kubemi, kunzima ukufumana amaqela alinganayo amadoda athandana namanye amadoda xa kufundwa. Isampulu yamafanasini kunye nesini esahlukileyo esivela kubemi abanobukhulu obahlukeneyo bosapho kubangela ingxaki ekulinganiseni i-ESB. Amathuba okuba isifundo sizakufumana isiphumo esibi kubo bonke abantakwethu, hayi abantakwenu abadala kuphela, siyonyuka ukuba kukhethwe abantu abathandana besisini esinye kwiintsapho ezinkulu, ngelixa isiphumo sinyamalala ukuba amadoda akrexezayo kwiintsapho ezinkulu akhethwe kwisampulu. ... "(I-Bartlett xnumx).

Okwesine, i-ESB isekwe kuphela kwiziphumo zohlalutyo. Ukuchongwa kolungelelwaniso ngqo kufana nokufunyanwa kwesizathu sokunxibelelana. Nakuphi na ukunxibelelana kukwafuna inkcazo yokwenza ngoomatshini kwinto engazalisekanga (Iincwadi zeVenkile 2017).

Okwesihlanu, i-ESB ayikho jikelele. I-ESB ayikwazi ukuchaza ubufanasini emadodeni angenabo abantakwabo abadala, kwaye ayikwazi nokuchaza ukusilela komtsalane wobungqingili kubantakwabo abancinci abanomntakwabo omdala wobungqingili, ayikwazi ukuchaza ukungafani phakathi kokukhetha ngokwesondo phakathi kwamawele¹². I-ESB ayenzeki emadodeni abathandanayo. Umtsalane weBisexual unokuqondwa njengomtsalane wesondo kubo bobabini abatshatileyo kunye nabesini esinye, ke ngoko, ngaphakathi komgaqo-nkqubo we-ESB paradigm, amadoda abesilisa nabesilisa abathandanayo kufuneka abenolwazelelelo lwe-ESB kunamadoda athandana namanye, kodwa ngaphezulu kunamadoda angafaniyo. Nangona kunjalo esifundweni IBogaert (2006) I-ESB yayikwanjalo kubantu abathandanayo nabungqingili. UMcConaghy kunye noogxa (2006) Uqhube uphando lwe-ESB “kubantu abathandana abathandanayo” (abantu abanomtsalane wesini esifanayo) xa kuthelekiswa neqela elilawulayo lamafanasini ahlukileyo. I-ESB iqatshelwe yamadoda nabafazi. Ukongeza, umphumo udade osele ekhulile wabonwa nakumadoda, nangona omelele kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwababhali, iziphumo zabo zibonisa ukuba izizathu zebhayoloji ze-ESB zincinci kunoluntu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-hypothesis ye-ESB ichaza kuphela i-17% yenani lilonke leemeko zokutsala amafanasini kunye nakumadoda kuphela (Cantor xnumx) I-ESB ayichazi ukhetho lwobufanasini kubafazi. Abaxhasi be-hypothesis ye-ESB bazame kaninzi ukufumana le mpembelelo kwabasetyhini abathandayo amafanasini, kodwa ngaphandle kweziphumo (IBlanchard 2004).

Okwesithandathu, i-ESB ayisebenzi kwimodeli yokuxelwa kwangaphambili yenkcubeko. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ubukho be-ESB, ngokweparadigm yayo, umntu unokuxela kwangaphambili (imodeli ngokuhambelana I-Bogaert 2004) ukuba ukwanda kwenani lamadoda abathandwa abathandana besini esinye kujongwa: (a) kwiintsapho zenkolo, apho amathuba okuba uninzi lwabantwana luphezulu; (c) Inkcubeko yaseMpuma neyamaSilamsi, eyahlulwa ngokwesintu ngokweentsapho ezinkulu; kunye nokwehla okuxhaphakileyo - kwiindawo zaseNtshona ezinomgangatho wokuphila ophakamileyo, apho izinga lokuzalwa liphantsi kakhulu kwimibutho yaseMpuma (UCaldwell 1997) Umkhwa ofanayo, ukubeka kancinci, awuhambelani nenyani.

Iimpawu ze-ESB

Kukho iingqikelelo ezininzi ezichaza i-ESB efumaneka kwezinye izifundo (James xnumx), phakathi kwazo zimbini eziphambili ezinokwahlulwa: (i-1) ukubonakaliswa kokukhula kwengqondo kokukhulelwa (kunye ne-2) yengqondo yasemva kokubeleka (ukubhengeza imeko yokusingqongileyo). Apha ngezantsi siza kuhlalutya zombini ezi mbono.

I-hypothesis yabafazi

UBlanchard no-Bogert, njengesiseko sebhayoloji se-ESB, babeka phambili i-hypothesis yempixano yokulwa izifo kumama, nto leyo ibisenza ukuba amajoni omzimba afumaneke ukuba anakho ukuvelisa ii-antibodies ezithile kwi "anti anti men" yesibeleko sendoda, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ii-antibodies ezifanayo ziyaqokelelana nokukhulelwa okulandelayo kwesibeleko sendoda. ukwandisa umngcipheko wokonakaliswa komzimba kwi-intrauterine kumfana ngamnye olandelayo (IBlanchard 1996) I-hypothesis yempikiswano yokulwa ukuzivikela komama xa bezama ukuchaza ukukhula kwenkwenkwe yakhe ukuba ikhethe ngokufana kunye nokukhulelwa kwimbambano (I-Bogaert 2011).

Ukukhulelwa kwe-Rhesus-yimeko yengqondo ebangelwa kukubakho kwisibeleko sohlobo olufaka iproteni ethile kwiiseli zegazi kunye nokungabikho kolusu olunjalo kumama (Oko kukuthi, umama ongumzekelo kulo mzekelo ngu-Rh-negative kwaye usana oluzelwe yi-Rh-positive). Ngexesha lokukhulelwa kokuqala kukamama one-Rh-positive onesibeleko se-Rh, iiseli ze-fetus zingena kwigazi likamama kwaye zibangele ukuphendula komzimba-ukwakheka kwee-antibodies kwiiseli zegazi. Kukhulelwa okulandelayo kulo mama onesibeleko esisebenza nge-Rh, i-antibodies ephuma kwigazi likamama iya kungena kwigazi lesibeleko kwaye itshabalalise iiseli zayo ezibomvu zegazi, ibangela ukuba i-hemolysis kunye ne-yellowness xa izalwa. Yiyo loo nto i-obstetrician-gynecologists ilawula imeko ye-Rh kamama okhulelweyo notata womntwana.

I-Blanchard kunye ne-Bogert hypothesis isekwe kwimigaqo efanayo nokukhulelwa kwe-Rh. Kule meko, into ebangela ukwakhiwa kwee-antibodies (Rh positivity kulo mzekelo ungasentla) bubukho be-chromosome yokudlala, Oko kukuthi, isini sesini sendoda. I-chromosome ifaka ukwenziwa kweeproteni kunye neehormoni ezikhoyo kwisibeleko sendoda (kodwa ingeyiyo eyasetyhini!) Kwinqanaba lokuqala le-umbungu. Ngokwe-hypothesis ekuthethwe ngayo, amasuntswana esibeleko aphethe "i-antigen eyindoda" angena egazini likanina aze abangele ukwasuswa kwee-antibodies, ekucingelwa ukuba, xa sele ekhulelwe umntwana wesibeleko, anqumle isithintelo seengqondo zegazi, ukungena kwengqondo yesibeleko aze ahlasele iiseli ezithile zemithambo-luvo ezibandakanya "i-antigen eyindoda" ", Ngokuthintela ukuthintela ukukhula kwengqondo ye-embryonic" ngohlobo lwendoda ", ngenxa yoko inkwenkwe izalwe" nengqondo yabasetyhini "kwaye kuthiwa ibafanasini okanye i-transgender. Ukugonyelwa kwabasetyhini kunyuka ngesisu ngasinye kwisibeleko sendoda, ngenxa yoko, amathuba okuba kuphambuke kuthiwe ayonyuka nomzalwana ngamnye okhulileyo.

Ngokwe-hypothesis yeBlanchard neBogert, isiqinisekiso somonakalo womzimba we-intrauterine ukwehla kobunzima bomzimba xa kuzalwa amadoda angatshatanga anabantakwabo abadala.

Ukungalunganga kwe-hypothesis yomama

UWilliam H. James (2004) ukuvavanya ngokunzulu imigaqo esisiseko ye-hypothesis yongquzulwano lomzabalazo kumama.

Okokuqala, ingcinga yokuba xa ukhulelwe umama ugonywe kuphela nge-antijeni ethile yesibeleko sendoda, kodwa ingeyiyo eyasetyhini- ukuyibeka kancinci, kuyathandabuza.. Oomama banokuhlaselwa sisiphumo sokungabikho komzimba kwisibeleko, kokubini oyindoda nowasetyhini, oko kukuthi, ayisi "anti anti male", kodwa abo bangqalileyo bootatomncinci baye baphinda bazinze kwakhona kwezi meko, kwaye izifundo ezinjalo zifundwe kakuhle (Iibhankini xnumx) Ezintathu iindlela zokuphendula ezinje zixhaphakileyo: (a) i-RCH esele ichazwe ngaphambili, apho kuchaphazeleka iiseli ezibomvu ze-fetus, ezineempawu ezintle kwi-Rh kumphezulu wazo, frequency 10 - 20%; (b) i-alloimmune thrombocytopenia yeentsana ezichaphazela iiplatelets, i-frequency 4% okanye i-12%, ukuba iifom ze-asymptomatic nazo zithathelwa ingqalelo (Turner 2005); I-neutropenia yabasanda kuzalwa, ichaphazela i-neutrophils, i-frequency 4% (I-Han 2006) Kuzo zonke ezi meko, ii-antijeni zizezomntu ozimeleyo umntu, hayi eyindoda eqhelekileyo. Bakhulisa abantwana abalandela naluphi na uhlobo lwesini kutata omnye. Zichaphazela izakhi zegazi (kwaye ingezizo izitho ezithile kunye nezicubu) ngexesha lokudibana kwegazi lesibeleko (intambo ye-umbilical, iplacenta, njl. Njl.) Kunye nenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela (ngenxa yomothuko kumalungu angasese esibeleko, umphezulu wangaphakathi wesibeleko, njlnjl.) Ngexesha lokuzala.

Ii-antibodies zoomama ze-alloimmune kuthiwe zingene kubisi lukamama, njengazo naziphi na ezinye ii-antibodies (I-gesiparoni xnumx), umzekelo, ii-alloimmune antibodies maternal to the Rh factor, ezingena kubisi lukamama, zingakhokelela kwisifo se-hemolytic somntwana osanda kuzalwa (Ubhiya 1975) Ngokufanayo, kunokucingelwa ukuba ubisi olunama-antibodies e-hypothetical nxamnye “nee-antijeni ezingamadoda” luya kunyamezelwa kakubi ngabazalwane kamva, oluya kukhokelela kwiingxaki zokuncancisa kunye nokuyeka kwalo kwangoko, kunye ne-allergic colitis. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphononongwa koncwadi lwezonyango kunika umfanekiso ochaseneyo: i-oda yokuzalwa ayihambelani nexesha lokuncancisa okanye ngokubanzi iyahambelana nayo (UMartin 2002) Ukuhamba rhoqo kwe-allergic colitis kumntwana osanda kuzalwa ukusuka kwi-0,01% ukuya kwi-7,5% (IHildebrand xnumx; I-Pumberger xnumx; I-Xanthakos 2005), ngelixa iintsana ezisanda kutshata zichaphazeleka. Okubandakanyiweyo kwezi zibalo kukuphendula kobisi lwenkomo.

Siyaphinda-phinda ukuba ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga umbono, ukuzibandakanya kwe-intrauterine immunogenicity yesibeleko sendoda akunangqondo kumama. I-phylogenesis yomntu njengemazi ihlala izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka. Kutheni ixesha elide kangaka emzimbeni womntu bengakhange basebenze neendlela ezisebenzayo zokuthintela iindleko ngexabiso lokuvela kwempendulo yokuzivikela komzimba? Iziphumo zomzimba zengqondo zomzimba obhinqileyo ngexesha lokuvela kwendalo nenkqubo engenakufikelelwa kumzimba wesetyhini onempilo njengokukhulelwa kwesibeleko sendoda, esithi i-50% yazo zonke izinto ezikhulelweyo, ingakhokelela ekungalingani ngokwesini kunye neengxaki zokuvela komzimba. IPhylogenesis ihlala ikhokelela ekukhetheni nasekugcinweni kweyona mikhwa ilungileyo. Umzekelo, bukhona ubungqina obubalulekileyo bokuba ukhetho lweqabane eliyindoda linxulunyaniswa nobunzima be-histocompatibility (GCS) (Isixhobo se-2008; I-Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), i.e., kwinqanaba le-phylogenetic, iinkqubo zeentlobo zezilwanyana zijolise ikakhulu ekwandiseni iyantlukwano ngesiseko se-GCS kunye nokwandisa amandla enzaloWilliams 2012; IGuleria 2007).

Ukuzithethelela ngethiyori yakhe, uBogert unika umzekelo wokuphendula ngokwasemzimbeni njengokukhulelwa kwimbambano (RCH) (I-Bogaert 2011), ekhokelela kwisifo se-hemolytic somntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa - kucingelwa ukuba le yinto (esemngciphekweni imalunga ne-15% yabemi (Izetbegovic 2013)) ayinyamalalanga ngexesha lokuvela kwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuba ubukho beFC ngaphambili kobuntu njengehlobo lwangaphantsi lwaluphantsi kakhulu. Okwangoku, into yokuzivelela enje ngokudideka koluntu iyajongwa, kungoko kubonakala ngathi kuyathandabuzeka ukuba iindlela zendalo zokuthintela ungquzulwano lweRhesus azikaphuhliswa. Ngokuphuhliswa kwe-transplantology, uluntu luye lwadibana nento enjalo eyayikade ingekho njengamandla okumelana nokuphendula komzimba (phantse i-100% yabamkeli), akumangalisi ukuba abantu abanakho indlela yendalo yokucinezela. Kwimeko ye-RCH kunye nokufuduswa kwendlela yokuphikiswa komntu njengohlobo, akukho xesha lininzi lidlulile lophuhliso lweendlela zembuyekezo¹³. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugcinwa okuzinzileyo kokungabikho komzimba koomama abane-50% yembewu yabo kuya kuba yinto yokumangalisa.

Ngokubanzi, kubonakala ngathi kuyathandabuza ukuba kukho izinto ezithile okanye izinto zesibeleko sendoda ezinempahla ye-antigenic ekhethekileyo kwindoda kuphela. I-testosterone yasimahla, i-globulin yesondo ebopha i-globulin okanye i-cell membrane androgen receptor, ayithinteleki emzimbeni ngenxa yokuba zonke zibakhona emzimbeni wabasetyhini.

Okwesibini, ingcinga yokuba ii-antibodies ezithile zoomama ngokukhethekileyo zonakalisa ingqondo yesibeleko sendoda (ekhokelela “kubufazi” bayo), kodwa kwangaxeshanye azephuli eminye imisebenzi yengqondo kwaye azichaphazeli ii-testicles (eziqukethe iimveliso ezininzi zohlobo lwe-Y-chromosome genes - - ukuyibeka ngobumnene, ukuphikisana.

Ukuba, enyanisweni, impendulo yokhuseleko lomzimba yenzeka ngokuchasene "ne-antijeni yamadoda", ke i-antibodies yoomama yovavanyo lwengqondo iya kuthi ikakhulu kwaye kwangaxeshanye ichaphazele uvavanyo, oluqulathe "i-antigen eyindoda" kunobuchopho. Iindidi ezininzi ezichaziweyo zamadoda ziyaziwa (i.e., zibekwe kwi-ch chososome) (Ginalksi xnumx) Ukubonakaliswa kwezi ntlobo zemfuza - oko kukuthi, ukufundwa kolwazi kunye nokwenziwa kweeproteni kunye nolwakhiwo - kwenzeka kungekuphela kwaye kungengangqondo zingako, kodwa ikakhulu kuvavanyo, ekufanele ukuba ibeyona njongo iphambili yohlaselo oluchasene nokuchasana nobudoda, hayi ubuchopho. (Ginalksi xnumx) Kwabesilisa abathandana nabantu besini esifanayo, ukwanda kwe-testicular pathologies kuya kuqatshelwa: i-hypospadias, i-cryptorchidism, umhlaza wamatyhalarha, njl., Nangona kunjalo, akukho nxibelelo yokuphazamiseka kwe testicular nobufanasini okanye i-ESB yafunyanwa (UPierik xnumx; UFlannery xnumx) Ngaphezu koko, kuy umdla ukuqaphela ukuba amadoda ane-hypospadias, nangona amaqondo asezantsi e-testosterone ngexesha lokukhula kwengqondo, anamanqanaba aphezulu aphezulu obudoda bengqondo (ISandberg 1995) Kuya kulindeleka ukuba kubantu abanomtsalane wobungqingili, ukwenzeka okufikisayo kuya kwenzeka kamva ngenxa yezilonda zokuvavanywa kokungazinzi komzimba, nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezinkulu azivelanga mahluko kubudala bokufikisa ngokuxhomekeke kukhetho lwesini.USavin-Williams 2006).

Ukongeza, ukungenelela kwe-antibodies ye-hypothetical maternal ngokusebenzisa igazi ukuya kwingqondo ye-fetus akunakwenzeka ngenxa yesithintelo segazi-ingqondo (BBB), esele senziwe kwiveki ye-4-th yokukhulelwa (I-Zusman 2004) Ezo antibodies ziya kukwazi ukohlula i-BBB kuphela nge-pathologies enobuzaza yokugqibela - ngokunyhashwa kwemisebenzi yokukhusela, engakhokelela kumonakalo omkhulu we-neurological kwingqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-BBB ye-fetus ikwimeko eqhelekileyo, ke ukophula inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ayikhokeleli kwimithambo-luvo yomzimba wosana olusanda kuzalwa - i-BBB iyathintela ii-antibodies Kwisifundo esikhulu esimalunga nesibini se17 283 yoomama nabantwana, akukho lwalamano lufunyenweyo phakathi kokukhula kwesisu kunye nokuqaqanjelwa sisifo sengqondo, ukubuyela kwengqondo, ukubanjwa, njl. Njl.UFlannery xnumx).

Kananjalo, uhanahaniso lokuba i-antibodies ye-hypothetical yonakalisa ubuchopho ngendlela yokuba ibangele ukuba buchase. Kwinqanaba le-embyogenesis, umahluko wesini somzimba kwingqondo uchazwa buthathaka, kwaye ukwakhiwa kokugqibela kwengqondo, ngokwezesondo, kwenzeka ngexesha lokufikisa, xa imeko ye-hypothetical immune system ingenakwenzeka.I-Lenroot 2007; I-Paus xnumx) Olona luvo lobukho bengqondo yobumbungu bombutho we-neural uphawu lomntu wesini esithile luyathandabuza kakhulu kwaye aluzange luboniswe ngokuqinisekileyo (I-Lauterbach 2001; I-Nunez 2003) Iskena se-MRI sibonisa kuphela ukubala okungabalulekanga kunee-dichotomous Umahluko wobume bobutsha, kunye nemidlalo ephakathi kwezesondo (I-Zanin xnumx; I-Mitter 2015).

Ngokwe-hypothesis, kufanelekile ukuba silindele ukuba abathandana abathandana nabadala, abanobuchopho "besetyhini", buzihlalele buyeyona nto buyeyona nto ibalulekileyo emntwini kunye nokuziphatha, kuba kucingelwa kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuba "demaskulinization" kwengqondo ichaphazela kuphela ukuthanda inkwenkwe ngokwesondo, kodwa iya kudlula enye into iimpawu zobudoda ezithile. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwezinye izifundo, umdla wesini esifanayo kubantu abadala ulungelelwaniso nolwakhiwo lobuchopho "ababhinqileyo", kodwa ukukhula kwengqondo, ngokobungakanani kunye nomsebenzi, kwenzeka ikakhulu emva kokuzalwa, kwaye ke ngoko ke, ezo zinto ngokwababhali ngokwazo, ziziphumo zangasemva kokubeleka. amava, hayi izinto zokukhulelwa. Uphando olwenziwe nguBogaert et al. (2003; 2005); Kishida et al. (2015); USemenyna et al. (2017) azivelanga unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-ESB kunye nobungqnqa beempawu zowesifazane emadodeni.

Okwesithathu, ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-hypothetical intrauterine lesion immune, inani labazalwana abadala, umdla wobungqingili kunye nokunciphisa umzimba ngexesha lokuzalwa, ukutsho nje okuncinci, okungathandekiyo.

Njengobungqina bokuhlaselwa komzimba ngokubanzi, abaxhasi be-hypothesis ye-ESB kunye nomonakalo womzimba uxela ukuba amadoda anabantakwabo abadala wayenobunzima obuphantsi bokuzala (IBlanchard 2001) Ukwehla kobunzima bomzimba xa kuzalwa amakhwenkwe anabantakwabo abadala, kwizifundo zaseBlanchard zazimalunga ne-170 gram (5% of weight body) (IBlanchard 2001) Ngokwe-hypothesis ephantsi kwengxoxo, ukwehla okufanayo kufanele kuqatshelwe kubafana abathandana nabanomdla onobungqingili abanabantakwabo abadala, kwaye akufuneki kujongwe kumantombazana amantombazana. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo - kwisifundo saseNorway esaphonononga ubudlelwane be-hypothetical yeempendulo zokungabikho komzimba kunye nokunciphisa umzimba ngexesha lokuzalwa, iimeko zokuzalwa ze-181 000 zafundwa, kunye nokulahleka kwesisindo ngexesha lokuzalwa kwaqwalaselwa kumantombazana nakumakhwenkwe (Magnus 1985) Ngaphaya koko, i-hypothetical "great big effect" yaphawulelwa ubulili kwaye isezantsi kakhulu - i-0,6%, ibonakaliswe ngumahluko we-20 ± 4,5 gram ngokubhekisele kubungakanani bomgangatho wokuzalwa kwiigram ze-3 500 (Magnus 1985).

Ngokwale datha, indima yezinto zomzimba ngokubanzi ekunciphiseni ubunzima bomzimba ibonakala ngathi iyathandabuza. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iMagnus kunye namaqabane asebenza nabo kwisifundo sabo baphinde bafunda iziphumo zentsholongwane kababa kumlinganiso wosana olusandul 'ukuzalwa - kule meko kucetyiswa ukuba xa ukunciphisa umzimba kubangelwa kukungabikho komzimba kumajoni asebusweni, kuyaphawuleka kumakhwenkwe nakumantombazana .. Oogxa bakhe bafunda imizimba yabantwana babo bobabini isini sokuzalwa koomama abangena kumtshato omtsha bazala abantwana abatsha- ukuba ukuncipha komzimba kubangelwe kukuphendula komzimba, ubunzima bokuzala kubantwana wenye indoda bekumele ukuba ukubuyela kwizalathi-nkqubela zokuqala, kuba omnye utata uphethe ii-antigen ezintsha kunye nenkqubo yokuzivikela eyomeleleyo iyimfuneko ekuqokeleleni amajoni omzimba (ukukhulelwa eliqela)Magnus 1985) Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima bomzimba xa kuzalwa abantwana komnye utata bahlala bucutyiwe, kwaye ababhali bagqiba kwelokuba ubudlelwane bazo naziphi na iinkqubo zokuzikhusela emzimbeni kunye nokwehla komzimba ekuzalweni akuqinisekiswa kwisampulu yabo (Magnus 1985).

Unobangela wokuthoba umzimba ngexesha lokuzalwa unokuba: (a) ukukhula kuqala; (b) ukunqongophala kwengqondo; (c) izifo zesifo se-autoimmune zoomama, umzekelo, inkqubo ye-lupus erythematosus (edityaniswe nenani leempawu zenzalo yokuzalwa xa kuzalwa); (d) Ubunzulu bepathologies enxibelelene nokuphazamiseka kovavanyo. Akukho nanye kwezi zingasentla eye yaphawuleka kumadoda athandana nabantu abathandanayo abanabadala.

Ubudlelwane bokuphulukana nobunzima bomzimba ngexesha lokuzalwa kunye neempendulo zokuzikhusela emzimbeni abukacaciswa kwaye ihlala ingumbandela othembisayo. Ngokutsho UJames (2006) Ukwehla kobunzima bomzimba ngexesha lokuzalwa kunokubangelwa yimpembelelo ye testosterone (IManikkam 2004) Ukongeza, amanqanaba anyukayo e-testosterone emzimbeni wabasetyhini adityaniswa nokuchaphazeleka kokuzala komfana (James xnumx; I-James 2004b) UBlanchard, ekuphuhliseni imvo yakhe esemgangathweni wobungqina obuxhasa, wabhekisa esifundweni I-Gualtieri kunye ne-Hick (1985)Othe wachaza ukuba icandelo lokulala kwabantwana elizelwe liguqukela kwisini sabasetyhini ngokuxhomekeke kwinani labantwana (ngamanye amagama, abantwana abaninzi bazalwa kusapho, mancinci amathuba okuba inkwenkwe izalwe). Nangona kunjalo, bekukho impazamo yokutolika kolu phononongo (jonga James xnumx, iphe. 52; James xnumx) Ngokwahlukileyo, izifundo ezibini ezinkulu: Uhlalutyo lwe-4 yezigidi zokuzalwa eFrance (James xnumx) kunye ne-150 yamawaka eminyaka yokuzalwa e-USA (Ben-porath xnumx) Utyhile ukuba amathuba okuzala inkwenkwe ayanda ngokunyuka kwenani labadala kwaye iyancipha ngokunyuka kwenani loodade abadala, elichasene ne-ESB. IBiggar et al. (1999) Ngokusekwe kule datha, senze uhlalutyo lwezibalo ze-1,4 zesigidi esinye kwaye safumanisa ukuba amathuba okuba inkwenkwe inyuke ngokunyuka kwenani labakhuluwa.

Okwesine, ingcinga yokuba inkwenkwe ezelwe yokuqala kusapho ayifanele ibe nokuthandana kwabantu abathandana besini esinye kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umngcipheko wokukhula kwabo unyuka ngokwanda kwenani labakhulu, kukuba ukubeka ngokucacileyo, ukuqikelela.

Ayinguye wonke umntu ongatshatanga onabantakwabo abadala, kwelinye icala, abanye abazalwana abadala okanye amakhwenkwe nje osapho angabungqingili. Abaxhasi bale ntelekelelo babeka ngaphambili into yokuba oomama abanjalo bayakhupha isisu ngokuzimeleyo ngaphambi kokuba bazalwe, nto leyo ibangele ukuba kugonywe. Ukuxhaphaka kwabantu abatshatileyo abakhupha izisu kungazalanga yi-1%; Malunga nesiqingatha sezi meko, isibeleko sinesifo esiqhelekileyo se-karyotype, oko kukuthi, kunokucingelwa ukuba isiqingatha sokuphuma kwesisu kubangelwa sisiphumo sokungabikho komzimba (Lee 2000) Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo kumlinganiso wesondo we-embryos esifa ngenxa yokuphuma kwesisu ngokubonakalayo lubonisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha yayingabasetyhini: umlinganiso oyindoda / wabasetyhini yi-0,76 (I-Eiben xnumx), 0,71 (I-Eiben xnumx), 1,03 (Yiba ngu-xnumx); 0,77 (USmith 1998), 0,77 (I-Evdokimova 2000), 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx), 0,35 (IHalder 2006), 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

Kwelinye icala, ngokwe-hypothesis yokhuseleko lomzimba, ingqondo yelungu ngalinye lesibeleko esibelekweni kufuneka ihlaselwe ngamandla okunyanga kuko konke ukukhulelwa, oko kukuthi, yenzeka ngakumbi nangokuthi "ubufazi", kodwa oku akunjalo. Ayingabo bonke abantakwabo abancinci bomntu onobungqingili abanokhetho lobufanasini. Into enomdla kukuba, abantakwabo abancinci bamadoda aphula umthetho wesini - abo bengqondo, ngokwe-Blanchard's hypothesis, kufuneka benze "ubufazi" - bakhule ngokwesiqhelo (Luhlaza xnumx).

Kwakhona, ngokwe-hypothesis, kuya kulindeleka ukuba abazalwana abazelwe kamva bahlupheke ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi zomzimba ngenxa yokwanda kohlaselo lwe-immunological oluvela kumama, nangona kunjalo, okuchasene noko kuyinyani: i-oda lokuzalwa kamva lihambelana ikakhulu nokuphuculwa kunokuba kubonakalise impilo (Juntunen xnumx; ICardwell xnumx; I-Sorenson 2005; URichiardi xnumx).

Ukuchaphazeleka kweMpembelelo yeNtlalontle echaza i-ESB

Ababhali be-hypothesis yogonyo lokubelekisa baphawula ngokwabo:

"… Kukho, ewe, ezinye iinkcazo ezinokubakho malunga nomphumo womzalwana omkhulu ngaphandle kwengcinga yempendulo yamajoni omama. Eyona nto ithandwayo ekhuphisanayo kukuba ukuhlangana ngokwesondo kunye namadoda amadala kwandisa amathuba okuba inkwenkwe iphuhlise umtsalane kubufanasini, kwaye namathuba okuba inkwenkwana ibandakanyeke kulwalamano inokwanda ngokulingana nenani kunye nenani labakhuluwa bayo ... ”(I-Ellis 2001).

Wellings kunye noogxa (1994, iphe. I-204 - 206) ifumanise ukuba amadoda afunda kwizikolo zokubhoda zabafana anethuba lokuxela naliphi na amava obufanasini ngexesha lobomi babo kunamadoda angazange aye kwizikolo ezinje, kodwa kwakungekho mahluko ungakanani abantu ababalisa ngamava obufanasini kamva ebomini. ” IBlanchard (I-Ellis 2001) kubhekiswe kupapasho Wellings kunye noogxa (1994) njengobungqina bokuba i-hypothesis yentlalo ayisebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, bayitolika le datha ngendlela engafaniyo. I-Wellings kwiphepha 206 ibonelela ngegrafu ebonisa ukuba malunga ne-1,5% yamadoda angama-7925 angafundanga kwisikolo sokubhoda anika ingxelo engaphezulu komnye umntu kwisitabane seminyaka ye-5, kunye ne-2% yamadoda angama-412 afunda esikolweni isikolo esisebhodi. Ngokucacileyo, ezi datha (ubukhulu bezinto ezingafaniyo) zamaqela athetha ngakumbi ngokuthandwa yicandelo lokuziphatha. Cinga ezinye izifundo ezinxulumene nethiyori yasekuhlaleni.

U-Blanchard ngokwakhe ubonise ukuba phakathi kwabafazi abangamadoda, malunga neepesenti ezingama-25 yayingabaxhaphazi besini esifanayo (IBlanchard 2000b). Oku kumalunga nokuphindaphindeka kalishumi inani lamafanasini phakathi kwamadoda anomdla wesini ojolise ngqo kubantu abadala. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba phakathi kwamadoda, ubufanasini kunye ne-pedophilia inesizathu esifanayo, kwaye esi sizathu ngamava ezesondo (okanye i-quasi-sex) amava esencinci (james 2004). Ngokwalo mbono, amava obufanasini kwasekuqaleni aya kuthintela ukwakheka komdla wesini kubantu besini esahlukileyo xa sele umdala. IsiRimafedi (1992) ifumanise ukuba kulutsha, ukungaqiniseki malunga nokukhetha kwabo ngokwesondo kuyancipha ngeminyaka: aba babhali bacebisa ukuba isazisi sikhula ngexesha lokufikisa kwaye siphenjelelwa ngamava ezesondo.

Ngaphezulu, iimeko ezixhaphakileyo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ebuntwaneni zijongwa phakathi kwamadoda athandana namanye kunamadoda angatshatanga (Paul 2001; I-Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); kwabakho umanyano olubalulekileyo phakathi kohlaselo lwesondo lwesilisa kunye nolwaphulo mthetho ngokwesondo (Iglasi ye-2001); ubukhulu obuphezulu kakhulu babantu abadala abathandana abesilisa abatshatileyo baxelwa ukuba bakhuthaziwe okanye benyanzelwa ukuba babelane ngesondo ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka ye-19 (ICunningham 1994); Xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula, amaqondo aphezulu okhetho lobufanasini ajongwa kumadoda aselula ahlupheka ngokwesini ebuntwaneni (UJohnson 1987; I-Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Ndingene IXesha xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; Iglasi ye-2001; Rung xnumx; I-Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; I-Laumann xnumx; Ukuthandana kwe-1997; Paul 2001; I-Tomeo 2001; Freund xnumx) Kunokugqitywa ukuba umdla wobungqingili, nokuba ungakanani ubudala bento enomdla, unobangela oqhelekileyo. Izifundo zeBlanchard zibonise ukuba i-SBE ikwabonwa phakathi kobungqingili kunye ne-pediseles ezinobungqingili, oko kukuthi, abantu abanjalo banabantakwabo abadala (I-Bogaert 1997).

U-Lee et al. (2002) wazama ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi izinto ezinobungozi - ukuphathwa gadalala ngokweemvakalelo zomntwana, iingxaki zokuziphatha, kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwabantwana - wayenxulunyaniswa noku kulandelayo: pedophilia, umboniso, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Ukuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo kwabantwana yayiyinto ethile ebeka umngcipheko kwi-pedophilia. Ezinye izinto ezinxulumene noko (ukuxhatshazwa ngokweemvakalelo kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha) zazingadibananga kangako ne-pedophilia. Ukongeza, xa unikwa unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi kobukho babantakwayo abalingane bosapho kunye nokulala nomntu ongatshatanga naye, inkosikazi kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengenye indlela enokuthi ichazwe ngayo. Xa omnye umzalwana (ngokufuthi lowo mdala) ebonisa utyekelo lobufanasini, abanye abazalwana babaleka emngciphekweni wokulukuhla okanye ukudlwengulwa, onokulungisa isenzo sabo sobufanasini (ICameron 1995) Ngokwezibalo zaseBritane, i38% yezehlo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kusapho zenzeka kwicala lika bhuti (UCawson xnumx) Ngokutsho komphandi IBartlett (2018), iingxoxo kwisayikholoji edumileyo malunga nokuba ubuntu bomntu omdala benziwe ngokuxhomekeka kumyalelo wokuzalwa kwakhe, ibali elide elinenani elikhulu loncwadi lwesayensi olugubungela amawaka emisebenzi epapashiweyo (Damian xnumxa; UPaulhus 2008; Isalmon xnumx) Kula mashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, uphando malunga nalo mbandela lwakhiwe kwimbono yokuba ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabantakwabo noodade malunga nobutyebi bononophelo lwabazali kukhokelela kwinto yokuba iodolo yokuzalwa kwabantwana kusapho ichaphazela iimpawu zabantwana. Kuba abantwana baziqhelanisa nokusetyenziswa kwee-niches ezahlukeneyo kusapho, njengomgaqo, abantwana abadala banamandla ngakumbi kwaye bathatha indawo yamandla abo obuzali, ngelixa kamva abantwana bezikhupha ngakumbi kwaye benobuhlobo (I-Sulloway 1996) Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusukela kosapho okwahlukileyo kunye nenqanaba lentlalontle ngokudibeneyo kunye neesampulu ezincinci zichaphazela kakhulu iziphumo zokubala, Izifundo apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba kufunyanwe okanye kufundwe ngokwaneleyo i-ESB xa ithelekiswa kufuneka ibe ne-30 yamawaka wabantwana xa uthelekisa. Izifundo ezithelekisa iisampulu ezifanayo kwiintsapho zithathwa njengezaneleyo ukusuka kwiintsapho ze500 (UPaulhus 2008) Nangona izifundo ezinesampulu ezincinci zibonisa idatha engqubanayo kwi-ESB, kwizifundo ezikhulu (o.k.t. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), impembelelo yomyalelo wokuzalwa kwiimpawu ezizodwa (Damian xnumxa) Ezibonisa ezi datha zomeleleyo zibonakalisa isiphumo esiliqili sokuzala apho izikhombisi zobukrelekrele zomntwana ngamnye olandelayo ziwela malunga neshumi lokuphambuka komgangatho ukuba umntwana uhlala ebudaleni (IKristensen 2007), ebonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba unobangela wesiphumo kukuhla kotyalo-mali lwabazali, hayi iinkqubo ze-intrauterine zebhayoloji. Izifundo ezikwizinga elikhulu zikwabonisa isiphumo somyalelo wokuzalwa kwiimpawu ezinjengokusebenza, kwiziko lezemali kunye nomngcipheko wokuzibulala (Bjørngaard 2013; Mnyama xnumx).

Ke, isiseko sebhayoloji somtsalane wesini esifanayo, esikhuthazwe kukucaphukiswa komyalelo wokuzalwa kwabazalwana, awunalo nofifi lwenkxaso, ngelixa kukho ubungqina obunamandla obuchasene noko.

Ubungqingqwa be-LGBT + Isimo sentshukumisa - iBlanchard Movement

Masithi i-ESB kunye nogonyo lokubeletha lwenzeka kwaye lubangela utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha. Kule meko, istaphuthi sikaBlanchard sidibanisa ubufanasini kunye nokudluliselwa kobungqingili (kunye ne-pedophilia engokobufanasini) - nakwintshukumo yanamhlanje ye "LGBT +" oku kunyelisa. Umzekelo, ngokutsho kweAmerican Psychological Association, umnqweno wesini kunye nesazisi ngesondo zizinto ezingahlobani ngokupheleleyo (APA 2011 / 2014) Ngokwe-Blotard's hypothesis, i-transsexualism yindlela ethile ebangelwa yi (1) ukubonakaliswa okuxhaphakileyo komtsalane wobungqingili, apho kuthiwa "ubufazi" bengqondo buchaziwe kangangokuba kuchaphazela ukuzazisa; okanye (2) ukuphambuka kwengqondo apho umtsalane wesini ungakhange ubhekiswe ngqo kwabesini esahlukileyo, kodwa kwisiqu sakho kwisini esahlukileyo (uBlanchard ubize imeko yokugqibela "autogynephilia"¹⁴(()IBlanchard 1989; I-Bailey 2003) I-Blanchard ngokungathandabuzekiyo ithathela ingqalelo ukwenzeka kwezinto ezininzi njengento eqhubekayo. Ukongeza kudliwanondlebe, uBlanchard uqaphele:

"... Ndingathi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, ukutyeshela yonke imbali yokukhutshelwa kwabantu abatshatileyo kwi-DSM, ukuba neentlobano zesini eqhelekileyo yinto yonke ehambelana nokuzala¹⁵... "(ICameron 2013).

Isikhundla esinamandla kangaka sibangela ukungoneliseki phakathi kwabameli be "LGBT +" - intshukumo, ngakumbi kwinxalenye yayo emele u "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; I-Troadsmap; Dreger 2008; ISerano 2010).

Amatshantliziyo ka "LGBT +" abhala malunga neBlanchard - intshukumo:

"… UBlanchard uhlala ecatshulwa ngamaqela alwa ne-LGBT (…) Kwaye kutheni? UBlanchard ukhule engumKatolika, unembono yesiko lokuba nayiphi na into yokwabelana ngesondo engabandakanyi ilungu lobudoda kunye nelungu lobufazi ayiqhelekanga (...) Ukuba uGqirha Blanchard beluhlobo oluthile lwe-nutcase ngaphandle kwesikhundla kunye negunya, unokuchazwa ngokulula. Kodwa oku akunjalo - ngokuchaseneyo, wayekwikomiti ye-JSM ejongene neparaphilias kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo (...) Ubaphikisa elubala abantu be-LGBT ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

Kwelinye icala, ukuqinisekiswa kwengqondo kaBlanchard kugxotha intandabuzo kwenye yeemfundiso ezisisiseko ze "LGBT +" - intshukumo - umxholo wokulinganisa ukwahluka komtsalane ngokwesondo ngokwesini sento. Ewe, kule meko, isizathu sokuba nomtsalane kubantu besini esinye siya kutyhilwa - INDAWO YOKUFUNDA impendulo yomzimba. Ngaphandle koko, iintshukumo zentshukumo ye "LGBT +" ziya kudinga ukugqwetha ukuqonda kwezamayeza kunye nebhayoloji ngendlela yokubala impendulo yokugomelela ebangela ukungahambi kakuhle, ukunciphisa umzimba, ukuncipha kwamathuba okuzala, utshintsho kwimeko yobukrelekrele yengqondo efuna iziyobisi zehormoni kunye nokungenelela kotyando, kunye Ukukhetha okukhethayo kunye nokuthanda ubundlobongela yinto eqhelekileyo.

Ukongeza, kuya kubakho amathemba okuthintela ukhetho lwobufanasini kubafana ngokusetyenziswa kwe-anti-Rhesus immunoglobulins ekukhulelweni kwengxabano kwi-Rh. Leliphi icandelo labazali bokamva, nkqu nabo bathembekileyo kwi "LGBT +" intshukumo, abaya kuthi ngesazela banqabe ithuba lokunciphisa umngcipheko wokutshatiswa kwabatshatileyo kumakhwenkwe abo? Ewe, ngeli xesha lanamhlanje, wonke umntu wasetyhini ucaciswa ngononophelo malunga nokwamkelwa kunye neendlela zokukhupha isisu. Ngaba ilungelo lomntu wasetyhini lokuba nefuthe kubomi besibeleko nalo liya kwandisa ilungelo lokuguqula indlela aziphethe ngayo ngokwesondo, okanye ngaba kuyakubakho isithintelo kunyulo kunye nokutshutshiswa kwabo baqeqeshiweyo abanokunika ithuba elinjalo?

Enye indlela okanye enye, okwangoku, le micimbi inokwenzeka.

Iingxaki zotoliko

Kukho ezinye izithintelo zangaphakathi ezibalulekileyo kwiziphumo zezifundo ezinomtsalane, ezifanayo nezo zixutyushwe kumacandelo angaphambili. Ukutyeshela le mida sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuguqulelwa gwenxa kophando kwindawo yoluntu. Kuyakulinga ukucinga ukuba, njengoko kubonisiwe ngumzekelo wobume bengqondo, ukuba iprofayli yendalo ethile inxulumene nokuziphatha okanye imeko yengqondo, ke iprofayile yendalo ingunobangela woku. Le ndlela yokucinga isekwe kwimpazamo.

Sibonisa ngokufutshane ezinye izinto ezisikelwe umda kule ndawo yophando kusetyenziswa lo mzekelo uhambisayo. Masithi kufuneka senze isifundo sokuthelekisa ubuchopho babafundisi beyoga kunye nabakhi bomzimba. Ukuba ukhangela ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo, ke ekugqibeleni kuya kuba numahluko obalulekileyo ngokwalo naliphi na icandelo lesakhiwo se-morphological okanye imisebenzi yobuchopho phakathi kwala maqela. Kodwa oku akunakuthetha ukuba umahluko onjalo ubeka uphawu lweempawu zobomi zomqeqeshi weyoga kunye nomakhi womzimba. Iimpawu zobuchopho zinokuba sisiphumo kunokuba zibangelwe kukuhluka kweendlela zokuziphatha kunye nezinto onomdla kuzo. Izifundo ze-neuroplasticity zibonisa ukuba ngaphandle kobukho bamaxesha obunzima bokuphuhliswa apho ingqondo itshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye yomelele (umzekelo, ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kolwimi lwabantwana abancinci), ingqondo iyaqhubeka ukutshintsha kubomi bonke, iphendula iiphatheni zokuziphatha (umzekelo, ukugungqa okanye ukudlala kwi isixhobo somculo), amava obomi, unyango lwengqondo, iziyobisi, uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nolwalamano. Ukufumana ukujonga okuphezulu kunye nokufikeleleka ngokubanzi kwizifundo ze-neuroplasticity, jonga kwiDidge 2007.

Ukuchonga ukuba into inesizathu sokuzalwa yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, kwaye kuchonge unxibelelwano oluthile lozalo ngumsebenzi onzima nangakumbi. Izifundo ezinikezela ngokunika ubungqina "ongenakuphikiswa" bokuba amafanasini "azalwe ngaloo ndlela" awangqinelani, kwaye iziphumo zawo zihambelana kakhulu kwindalo.

Ngamanye amaxesha, umzekelo, kwizifundo ezingamawele, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba izinto zokuqala zemo engqongileyo zinempembelelo enkulu ekwenzekeni kotyekelo lobufanasini. Ukudibana phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini akuthethi konke konke ukuba kukho ubudlelwane besohlwayo phakathi kwabo. Abadlali bebhola yebhasikiti bade-ukudlala i-basketball ngokuqinisekileyo kuyahambelana nokukhula okuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ayikho "i-basketball gene". Ngokucacileyo, ezinye iilungelelaniso ezinomdla zivezwa njengezinto ezinokubangela izizathu zezopolitiko kunye nokusasaza.

Okokugqibela, masicinge ukuba abanye abantu banokuphembelela kwimikhwa yobungqingili ngenxa yemfuza, ukukhulelwa, iimpembelelo zehomoni, okanye ezinye iimpawu zomzimba okanye zobuchopho. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ubufanasini yinto ezalwe ngayo? Ayiyi ndawo kwaphela ekuqondeni kwento ukuba imelwe njani yimithombo yeendaba kunye nenkcubeko eyaziwayo. Abafana abancinci abanamahloni nabanobugcisa ootata abangazange banikele ingqalelo ekukhulisweni, babengengomzekelo wohlobo olufanelekileyo lokuziphatha, banokuba semngciphekweni wokuhlakulela utyekelo lobufanasini. Oku akubangelwa “luhlobo” lobufanasini, kodwa kungenxa yenkqubo yengqondo ephazamisayo yokwenziwa kwesazisi ngokwesini. Amakhwenkwe anjalo anesidingo esingokweemvakalelo sokuziqinisekisa kunye nokunikwa ingqalelo kwamadoda. Umfanekiso ofanayo ubonwa kumantombazana angahambelaniyo neprofayile zesondo zakudala. Iingxaki kunye neemfuno zeemvakalelo zabantwana abanjalo zihlala zidlalwa ngokuziphatha okwangoku kwisimo sehlabathi ngokwesondo kunye nezesondo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa enye yeengxaki ezixhaphakileyo ezinokuthi zivele ngokutolikwa ngokubanzi kwezifundo ezinjalo - ingcinga yokuba iimeko ze-neurobiological zimisela imodeli ethile yokuziphatha.

Ukuba indalo ithembela umntu onomtsalane wesini esifanayo, kutheni le nto ingazithobi ngeempawu zomzimba eziyimfuneko ukuze ifezekiseke? Umzekelo, umaleko obumbeneyo kunye nobuninzi be-epithelial ye-rectum, ekwaziyo ukumelana nokuqhekeka okungapheliyo, kunye namadlala akhupha i-lubrication enobunkunkqele, ipenisi encinci yokungena ukungena kwi-rectum, njl. Ngoku, ukuba ezi mpawu zazikho phakathi kwabantu besini esinye, ke umntu unokuthetha ngokuzalwa. Ukuba, iseti eqhelekileyo yee-chromosomes kunye nenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuzala, batsaleleka kwinto ekunokwenzeka ukuba bangayisebenzisi ngenjongo ebekiweyo, ke intetho malunga nemeko yebhayoloji yale nto ibonakala iqikelela kakhulu.

Uluvo lwabanye abamele iqela le "LGBT +"

Umbutho weAmerican Psychological Association e2014 ukhuphe isikhokelo kwizifo zengqondo kunye nesayensi yezesondo. Nazi izicatshulwa ngqo kuyo:

"... Okwangoku, akukho geni ezichongiweyo ezinokunxulunyaniswa nobufanasini ..." (URosario kwi APA 2014, iphe. 579)

"... Inyaniso engenakuphikwa yeyokuba indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu ngokwesondo igqitywa kukudityaniswa kwezinto ezininzi: ibhayoloji, intlalo kunye nomba wokukhetha ..." (UKleinplatz in APA 2014, iphe. 256).

Umbhali wezahluko ezininzi ezivela kubunkokeli be-APA ulilungu lekomiti ye-APA yeengcali, uNjingalwazi Lisa Diamond, ongazifihliyo izinto azithandayo. Idayimani iyaphikisana ithiyori yemo yobume bobufanasini. Uqinisekile ukuba ubuni “bezitabane ezizalwe ngale ndlela kwaye ayinakutshintsha” buyimpazamo. Kunyaka we-2013, kwisifundo kwiDyunivesithi yaseCornell, iDayimane yathi:

"… Ndiyakholelwa ukuba uluntu olungamanga kufuneka luyeke ukuthi" sizalwe ngale ndlela kwaye asinakho ukutshintsha "kwaye sisebenzise isiqubulo kumzabalazo wethu… Ndicinga ukuba asisayidingi le ngxabano kwaye ibuhlungu, kuba namhlanje umthamo oqinisekileyo uqokelelwe idatha yenzululwazi yaziwa "kwelinye icala" ngokunjalo nakuthi ... "(Diamond 2013).

Umbhali weencwadi ezininzi zobugcisa kunye nentanda-bulumko, ongazifihli izinto azithandayo-ngokwesini, u-Camilla Paglia waseMelika, uthi:

“... Ubufanasini abuyonto iqhelekileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ngumceli mngeni kwinto yesiqhelo ... I-theorists yeQueer - eli qela lishwabeneyo labakhohlisi bezinto ezikhululekileyo - bazama ukuthatha ikhosi emva kolwakhiwo, besithi akukho nto iphambili, kuba yonke into ilungile kwaye ayinanto yakwenza nayo. Esi sisiphelo sokufa esisisiyatha apho abantu abathe phithi kukuwa ngamagama bawa xa bezizithulu, abazizidenge kwaye bengaboniyo kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Indalo ikhona, nokuba izazinzulu ziyayithanda okanye ayithandi, kodwa kwindalo ukuzala kuphela komgaqo ongenakuphikiswa. Yinto eqhelekileyo le. Imizimba yesini yenzelwe ukuvelisa kwakhona. Ilungu lobudoda lilingana nelungu lobufazi, kwaye akukho kungxakana okumangalisayo kwamagama kunokutshintsha le nyani yebhayoloji ... Akukho mntu uzalwa engungqingili. Uluvo ngokwalo alunangqondo ... Ubufanasini kukuziqhelanisa, hayi ipropati yangaphakathi ... "(IPaglia 1994, iphepha 70 - 76).

Elinye Igqwetha elivelele laseMelika, uCynthia Nixon, wahlaselwa yi-LGBT +, intshukumo yokubonisa ekuhleni umbono wokuba ukuqhutywa kwesini esifanayo kuqhutywa ngokuzikhethela, hayi ibhayoloji (I-Witchell 2012).

I-LGBT + i-activist yaseMelika- intatheli yombutho uBrandon Ambrosino ukwathe ukuba akazalwanga, kodwa ngesazela wakhetha indlela yobungqingili (IAmbrosino 2014), ekwabacaphukisa abanye boogxa bakhe kwi "LGBT +" intshukumo (Arana xnumx).

Umntu wasetyhini kunye ne-LGBT + Itshantliziyo-uKarl Mantilla Movement kwinqaku lakhe ubhala:

“… Kudala ndicinga ukuba isicwangciso-qhinga se-LGBT-intshukumo yokusebenzisa impikiswano malunga nokungaziphathi iyisiqhwala ngendlela emangalisayo… Ewe, olu lukhetho - ingaba kungenjalo kungenjalo? … Okwexeshana ndaye ndaya kwiqela lenkxaso labasetyhini abagqibe ekubeni babe ngamantombazana athandana namanye. Ngexesha elithile, ndabuza lo mbuzo: "Uqonde njani ukuba ningoobani? ' Elinye ibhinqa laphendula ngelithi alizange lizive lisondele emadodeni kwaye lihlala liqondwa ngcono ngabafazi. Omnye kwangoko wathi naye, uziva ukuba angakhululeka kuphela ngokwasemphefumlweni nabasetyhini. Abanye banqwala ngentloko bevuma. Yintoni eyayingalunganga kuloo meko? Phantse bonke abantu basetyhini baziva ngale ndlela! Wonke umfazi owabelana ngesondo nomntu owakhe wathandana naye waziva ekhululekile ukuthembela kubahlobo bakhe, ndaziva ndisondele kubo, ndiziva ndiqondwa ngcono kwaye ndivuleleke ngakumbi kwabasetyhini. Ukuba yile nto ithatha ukuba ubungqingili, ke bonke abantu basetyhini ngabantu abathandanayo. Le indala njengehlabathi ... izikhalazo zabafazi zokuba amadoda abo awathethi nabo, abaziqondi iimvakalelo zabo kwaye abanamdla kwinto abayithethayo. Amanye amanqaku aqhelekileyo kwiimagazini zabasetyhini yindlela yokwenza ukuba umyeni wakho avule kwaye athethe nawe ... imvakalelo yokusondela ngokweemvakalelo emntwini ayinasiseko sebhayiloji, kungenxa yeemvakalelo kunye neengqondo zomntu ... ekuhambeni kwexesha kuye kwacaca kum ukuba abafazi Eli qela lenkxaso livakalelwa kukuba linetyala elingathethekiyo ngokushiya abayeni babo ... Ke ngoko, uluvo lokuba abanakwenza nto malunga nokuba bangamafanasini, ukuba kukho isizathu sebhayoloji, babakhulula kwityala nakwimbopheleleko yezenzo zabo ... "(Mntilla xnumx).

Isishoshovu se-LGBT +, umbutho osekwe eCalifornia ogama linguGail Madwin, ude wenza nendawo yonke ephikisayo ethi ukuzibandakanya kwabantu abathandana ababhinqileyo asiyonto yakwenza oko kodwa kungenxa yokhetho olwaziyo (uQueer ngokukhetha). Owayesakuba lilungu le-LGBT +, intshukumo kaDavid Benkof ikwamisa inyani yokuba indlela yokuphila yobungqingili ayiqinisekiswa naziphi na izinto ezizezendalo (Benkof xnumx).

Amanqaku

1: Sazalwa sinje
I-2 Ngokubanzi ayihambelani
I-3 ngumgaqo "ongqongqo" wokuthambekela kubungqingili: I-2 okanye ngaphezulu ngalonto ibizwa ngokuba Isikali seKinsey.
IsiNgesi se4 I-GWAS, Izifundo zoMbutho weGenome-Wide
I-5 kuluntu lwenzululwazi yamkele isiko lokungenisa i-resumes kwiinkomfa-inqaku elifutshane, eliqhelekileyo i-150 - amagama e-250 ngobukhulu-elandelwa lupapasho lwenqaku elipheleleyo kwijenali.
I-6 IsiNgesi: mhlawumbi uzalwe enesihlava
I-7 Ngokumalunga noku, ukusasazwa kweziphumo umntu ngamnye kunokubakho umda
I-virilization ye-8-ligama lonyango lolwaphulo-mthetho apho iimpawu zesondo zabasetyhini zikhula zibe yindoda
I-9 i-English: "Intanethi ye-Interi ye-anterior hypothalamus (INAH)"
I-10 i-English: "Inhibiton prehibit ye-manger reaction (PPI)"
I-11 IsiNgesi: "Isiphumo soku-odolwa kwamalungelo okuzalwa (FBO)"
12 Jonga icandelo loPhando lweTwin
I-13 Ukongeza, ii-antigen kwimeko ye-PK kunye ne-grafical reaction reaction are directly (paternal kwimeko ye-PK), kodwa isimilo sendoda.
I-14 isuka kwisiGrike I-Autos - "self-", gini - "mfazi" kunye no filia- "uthando"; "Zithande njengomntu obhinqileyo"
I-15 Ndingathi ukuba umntu ungaqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, ungayinaki yonke imbali yokususa ubufanasini kwi-DSM, isondo eliqhelekileyo yiyo nayiphi na into ehambelana nokuzala

ulwazi olongezelelweyo

Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zingafumaneka kule mithombo ilandelayo:

1. I-Whitehead NE, i-Whitehead BK. Imfuza yam indenze ndayenza loo nto! Ubufanasini kunye nobungqina besayensi. Whitehead Associates. Ushicilelo lwe-5th 2018.
2. USodolophu uLS, McHugh PR. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye nesini: Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwiBiological, Psychological, kunye neSayensi yezeNtlalo. I-Atlantis eNtsha, Inombolo 50, Ukuwa kwe-2016.
3. Sprigg P., et al. Ukuyifumana ngqo: yintoni uphando oluyibonisa ngobufanasini. I-Washington: IBhunga loPhando loSapho (i-2004).
3. Harrub B, Thompson B, Miller D. “Nantsi Indlela Endenziwe NguThixo Ngayo” Uvavanyo lwezeNzululwazi lobufanasini kunye neGene Gene. Isizathu kunye neSityhilelo. Agasti ka-2004; I-24 (8): 73.
5. ISorba r. "Uzalelwe iGay" iHoax. Imbuyekezo Ryan Sorba Inc. Uhlobo lokuqala luka-2007.
6. I-Whitehead NE. Anti antiboy? Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwe-hypothesis yasesibelekweni somama. Ijenali yeSayensi ye-Biosocial 2007.
7. Knight r. Ngaba wazalwa okanye wabeleka? Inzululwazi ayixhasi ibango lokuba ubufanasini buyinzalelwane... Inkcubeko kunye neZiko loSapho. Abafazi abaxhalabileyo eMelika. Ngo-2004.
8. van den Aardweg G. Ubungqingili kunye nezinto zeBiological: Ubungqina bokwenyani- Akukho; Ukutolika okulahlekisayo: Kuninzi. Ishicilelwe kwakhona kwi-Bulletin ye-NARTH, ebusika 2005.
9. UHubbard R, uWald E. Ukuphanda iNtsomi ye-Gene: Indlela uLwazi lweMfuzo luveliswa kwaye luGxothwe ngoososayensi, amagqirha, abaqeshi, iinkampani zeinshurensi, abafundisi, kunye nabanyanzeli bomthetho. I-Beacon Press, iBoston; 1999.

Imithombo esebhayibhileni

1. IVasilchenko G.S. I-sexopathology: Incwadana yesandla / Ed. G.S. UVasilchenko. -M, 1990.
2. Yarygin V.N. (2003) // Biology. Kwincwadi ye2 Mhl. V.N. I-Yarygin / Yarygin V.N., Vasilieva V.I., Volkov I.N., Sinelshchikova V.V. I-5 ed., ISityhi. kwaye yongeza. -M: Isikolo esiphakamileyo, 2003. Incwadi 1-432s, Book 2 - 334s.
3. ASHG 2015. I-Epigenetic Algorithm ngokuchanekileyo I-Forecastts zeSini soLwazi seSondo soLuntu eziXelwe kwiNtlanganiso yoNyaka ye-ASHG 2015. Ukukhutshwa kwangoko ngolwesine, Okthobha 8, 2015 http://www.ashg.org/press/201510-sexual-oriorial.html
4. IAlbrecht ED, IPepe GJ. Ummiselo we-estrogen ye-angiogeneis enobuninzi kunye nophuhliso lwe-ovarian ngexesha lokukhulelwa okumangalisayo, "Ijenali yeHlabathi yeLizwe loPhuhliso lweBiology 54, no. I-2-3 (2010): 397 - 408, http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.082758ea
5. UAllen S. Ingxaki yokuHunt 'yeGay'. Irhamncwa lemihla ngemihla. 20.11.2014. I-https: //www.thedailybeast.com/the-problematic-hunt-for-a-gay-gene (01.12.2017 Iqinisekisiwe)
6. Ambrosino B. Andizalwanga Ngale Ndlela. Ndikhetha ukuba liGay. IRiphabhlikhi eNtsha. NgoJanuwari 28, 2014. https://newrepublic.com/article/116378/macklemores-same-love-sends-wrong-message-about-being-gay
7. APA Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika. Iimpendulo kwimibuzo yakho. Malunga nabantu be-transgender, inkcazo yesini kunye nesazisi ngokwesini. Ilungiswe yi-Ofisi yoBudlelwane boLuntu kunye naMalungu oMbutho. Iprintiweyo i-2011; ehlaziyiweyo ye04 / 2014.https: //www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/transgender-russian.pdf
8. U-Arana G. Ezra Klein weQueer entsha yokuQesha. Matshi 13, 2014. Ithemba laseMelika.
9. I-Arreola, i-SG, i-Neilands, i-TB, i-Pollack, i-LM, i-Paul, i-JP kunye ne-Catania, i-JA (2005) Ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwabantwana phakathi kwamadoda aseLatino abelana ngesondo namadoda kunamadoda angengawo amaLatino abelana ngesondo namadoda: idatha evela Isifundo seMpilo yaMadoda aseDolophini. Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye nokungahoywa 29, 285-290.
10. U-Bailey J. M, et al, "Uvavanyo lwe-The Maternal Stress Theory yoBuntu beSini soBuntu," OoVimba boMtshato kwi-20, no. I-3 (1991): 277 - 293, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541847
11. UBailey, uJ. Michael (2003). Indoda eya kuba yiKumkanikazi: Inzululwazi yokuBini ngokuBini kunye nokuTshintshela kwelinye ilizwe. UJoseph Henry Press
12. Bailey JM, et al. Ifuthe lemfuzo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimeko yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo kwisampulu yamawele ase-Australia. J Pers Soc Psychol. I-2000 Mar; 78 (3): 524-36.
13. I-Bins JS, Wamsteeker Cusulin JI, Inoue W. Uxinzelelo olunxulumene nokuxinana kwengqondo kwiplastic ye-hypothalamus Nat Rev Neurosci. I-2015 Jul; 16 (7): 377-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3881
14. I-Baron M. genetics kunye nokuzibandakanya kwabantu ngokwesini. Ingqondo yezebhayoloji. NgoJuni 1 - 15, 1993, uMqulu 33, Imiba 11-12, amaphepha 759-761.
15. I-Bartlett NT, i-Hurd PL.Izifiso zoMyalelo wokuzalwa kuMntu: Ngaba amabango afanelekileyo aya kufuna ubungqina obuNgummangaliso? U-Arch ngesondo Behav. I-2018 Jan; 47 (1): 21-25. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s10508-017-1109-z.
16. Yiba, G., Velasquez, P. & Youlton, R. (1997) Ukuqhomfa okuzenzekelayo: isifundo se cytogenetic samatyala angama-609. Uhlaziyo lweMedica de Chile 125, 317-322.
17. I-Bearman PS, i-Brückner H. Ichasene nayo - Amawele esondo kunye ne-Adolescent Same - Ukutsala kwesondo. Ijenali yaseMelika yeSociology 2002 107: 5, 1179-1205
18. I-Bearman, i-PS, kunye ne-Brückner, H. (2002). Amawele esini esahlukileyo kunye nokutsala kwabesini esifanayo. Ijenali yaseMelika yezoLuntu, i-107, i-1179-1205. ikhonkco: 10.1086 / 341906.
19. Ubhiya, i-AE kunye neBillingham, i-RE (1975) Izibonelelo ze-Immunologic kunye neengozi zobisi kubudlelwane phakathi koomama nabaphilayo. Oovimba abagcina amayeza angaphakathi 83, 865-871.
20. Beitchman, JH, Zucker, KJ, Hood, JE, Da Costa, GA & Akman, S. (1991) Uphengululo lweziphumo zexesha elifutshane zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo. Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana kunye nokungahoywa 15, 537-556.
21. UBenkof D. Akukho mntu 'uzalwe enjalo,' ababhali-mbali be-gay bathi. Umfowunelwa wemihla ngemihla. 19.03.2014. Dailycaller.com/2014/03/19/nobody-is- born-that-way-gay-historians-say/
22. UBen-Porath, Y., et al. (1976) Ngaba ukhetho lwezesondo lubalulekile? I-QJ Econ. I-90, 285 - 307.
23. IBerenbaum SA. Indlela iiHormones ezichaphazela ngayo ukuZiphatha kunye noPhuculo lweNoya: Intshayelelo kuMcimbi okhethekileyo kwi-'Gonadal Hormones and Umahluko wesini ekuziphatheni. Uphuhliso lwe-Neuropsychology 14 (1998): 175 - 196, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565649809540708
24. IBiggar, RJ, et al. (1999) Umlinganiso wesondo, ubungakanani bosapho kunye nomyalelo wokuzalwa. Ndingu. J. Epidemiol. I-150, 957 - 962.
25. Iibhilithi, Beckwith. Uphengululo lwetekhnoloji. KaJulayi 1993, iphe. 60.
26. Bjørngaard, JH, Bjerkeset, O., Vatten, L., Janszky, I., Gunnell, D., & Romundstad, P. (2013) Ubudala bokuzalwa komama ekuzalweni komntwana, ekuzalweni komntwana, kunye nokuzibulala esemncinci: A uthelekiso lwabantakwenu. Ijenali yaseMelika ye-Epidemiology, 177, 638-644. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt014.
27. Mnyama, SE, Devereux, PJ, kunye neeSalvanes, KG (2005) kokukhona ukudibana? Iziphumo zobungakanani bosapho kunye nocwangco lokuzalwa kwimfundo yabantwana. Ijenali yekota ye-Economics, 120, 669-700. https://doi.org/10.2307/25 098749.
28. UBlanchard R (Agasti 1989). "Ukuhlelwa kunye nokuleyibhelwa kwe-dysphorias yesini esifana nesini." IiNdawo ezigciniweyo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. 18 (4): 315–34. doi:10.1007/BF01541951
29. IBlanchard R, iBogaert AF. (1996) Ubufanasini emadodeni kunye nenani labadala. Ijenali yaseMelika ye-Psychiatry 153, 27 - 31.
30. IBlanchard R, iBogaert AF. Ubufanasini emadodeni kunye nenani labadala. Ijenali yaseMelika yoNyango; UJan 1996a; I-153, 1; Ithala lencwadi yophando, iphe. I-Xnumx
31. Blanchard R., et al. (2000) Umyalelo wokuzalwa kobhuti kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwii-pedophiles. I-Archs kwiZiko lokuziphatha ngokwesondo 29, 463 - 478.
32. IBlanchard, R. kunye neBogaert, AF (1996b) Ukuthelekiswa kweBiodemographic yamadoda athandana namanye kunye nabesini esahlukileyo kwidatha yodliwanondlebe yaseKinsey. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 25, 551-579.
33. UBlanchard, R. & Bogaert, AF (1998) Umyalelo wokuzalwa kubantu abathandana nabantu besini esinye xa kuthelekiswa naboni, abantu abaseburhulumenteni kunye nabantu abadala. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 27, 595-603.
34. UBlanchard, R. kunye no-Ellis, L. (2001) Ubunzima bokuzalwa, inkanuko yesini kunye nesini sabantwana basekhaya. J. biosoc. Inzululwazi. 33, 451-467.
35. IBlanchard, R. (2014). Ukukhangela kunye nokulungisa ukungafani kosayizi wosapho kufundisiso lokuziqhelanisa nesondo kunye nokuzalwa komtshato.Kugcinwa kweeNdawo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo, 43, 845 - 852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0245- 3.
36. I-Blanchard, R. I-Order yesiQalo sokuzalwa kwabaNtu, ubungakanani bosapho, kunye nokuthandana kwabantu abangamadoda: iMeta-Uhlalutyo lweZifundo Spanning 25 iminyaka. I-Arch Sex Behav (2018) 47: 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1007-4
37. IBlanchard, R., kunye neBogaert, AF (2004). Umyinge wamadoda athandana namanye athande ukuba neentlobano zesini kuhlobo lokuzalwa: Uqikelelo olusekwe kwisampulu zamazwe. AmericanJournalofHuman Biology, 16, 151-157.
38. IBlanchard, R., kunye neVanderLaan, DP (2015). Amagqabantshintshi ngeKishida kunye neRahman (2015), kubandakanya uhlalutyo lweemeta kwizifundo ezifanelekileyo malunga nocwangco lokuzalwa komntu kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesini emadodeni. Oovimba bokuziphatha okuhle, 44, 1503-1509. ikhonkco: 10.1007 / s10508-015-0555-8
39. UBlanchard, R., Barbaree, HE, Bogaert, AF, Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, ME & Zucker, KJ (2000) Umyalelo wokuzalwa komzali kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwi-pedophiles. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 29, 463-478.
40. Ibhloksi N, "Yindlela yokulahlekisa ubugqwetha malunga nobuhlanga," ukuqonda i-56, hayi. I-2 (1995): 103 - 104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(95)00678-R
41. IBogaert, AF (2003). Ukudibana kwabazalwana abadala kunye nokuchwetheza ngesondo ekubikezeleni malunga nokuya kwisini emadodeni. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo, i-32, i-129 - i-134.
42. IBogaert, AF (2004) .Ukuxhaphaka kobufanasini: Impembelelo yokuzalwa komntu kunye nokuhluka kobukhulu bosapho. Ijenali yethiyoloji ye-Biology, 230, 33 - 37.
43. IBogaert, AF (2005). Indima yesini / isazisi kunye nomlinganiso wesini sabantakwenu kubantu abathandanayo. I-JournalofSexandMaritalTherapy, 31,217 - 227. https: // doi. i-org / 10.1080 / 00926230590513438.
44. I-Bogaert, i-AF (2006) yebhayiloji ngokuthelekisa abantakwabo abadala kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwabesilisa. Ukuqhubeka kweZiko leSizwe leSayensi 103, 10771 - 10774.
45. Bogaert, AF, Bezeau, S., Kuban, M. & Blanchard, R. (1997) I-Pedophilia, ulwalamano ngokwesondo kunye nocwangco lokuzalwa. Ijenali yengqondo engaqhelekanga 106, 331-335.
46. IBogaert, AF, kunye neSkorska, M. (2011). Ukuziqhelanisa nokwabelana ngesondo, ulwalamano lokuzalwa, kunye ne-immune immune hypothesis: Areview. Imida kwi-Neuroendocrinology, 32, 247-254.
47. I-Bogaert, AF (2005) .ukubonelela ngomlinganiso wesini kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo kumadoda nabasetyhini: Uvavanyo olutsha kwiisampulu ezimbini zelizwe ezinokwenzeka.Izixhobo zokugcina umlando ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo, i-34, i-111 - 116. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s10508-005-1005-9.
48. I-Bogaert, AF (2010) .I -Physicaldevelopmentandsexualoriitinginmen kunye nabasetyhini: Uhlalutyo lweNATSAL-2000. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo, i-39, i-110 - i-116.doi: 10.1007 / s10508-008-9398-x.
49. I-Briggs WM. KwiSibonelelo esitsha esibonwe “iGay genes.” Okanye, ukubaluleka koBuchule beModeli. Ngo-Oktobha 13, 2015. wmbriggs.com/post/17053/
50. Ngu-Byne W, uTobet S, uMattiace LA, et al. I-nuclei ye-interstitial ye-human anterior hypothalamus: ukuphononongwa kokungafani ngesondo, ukulala ngesondo, kunye nemeko ye-HIV. IHome Behav. I-2001 Sep; 40 (2): 86-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2001.1680
51. Ngu-Byne W. Ubungqina bebhayoloji obuceliweyo. Isayensi yaseMelika, uMeyi 1994, iphe. 50 - 55.
52. UCaldwell, JC (1997). Ukufikelela kubemi obuzinzileyo behlabathi: Oko sikufundileyo, kunye noko kufuneka sikwenzile. Uphengululo lweenguqu kwezempilo, i-7, 37 - 42.
53. UCameron P, et al. Ngaba ubufanasini bubangela ubufanasini? Iingxelo zeengqondo, i-1995, i-76, i-611-621.
54. Cameron L. Njani ugqirha wezengqondo owabhala le ncwadi yesikhokelo malunga nesondo uthetha malunga ngesondo? Ibhodi yomama. I-Aprili 11 2013. https:// mamaboard.vice.com/en_us/article/ypp93m/heres-how-the-guy-who-wrote-the-manual-on-sex-talks-about-sex
55. I-Cantor, JM, Blanchard, R., Paterson, AD kunye neBogaert, AF (2002) Mangaphi amadoda athandana nesini anetyala lokuzibandakanya kwabo kwezokwabelana ngesondo? Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 31, 63-71.
56. ICardwell, CR, Carson, i-DJ kunye nePatterson, CC (2005) Ubudala bomzali ekuhambiseni, ukuzalwa komntwana, ubunzima bokuzalwa kunye nobudala bokukhulelwa kunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wobuntwana bohlobo lwe-1 yeswekile: isifundo sokubuyela kwiqela lase-UK. Unyango lweSwekile 22-200.
57. UCawson P, et al. Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana e-United Kingdom: Ufundisiso lwePrevalence of Abuse kunye nokungahoyi. Iziphumo zokuPhando zeNSPCC ngoNovemba 2000.
58. UChaix, R., Cao, C., kunye noDonnelly, P. (2008). Ngaba ukhetho lweqabane ebantwini luxhomekeke kwi-MHC? I-PLoS yemfuza, 4, e1000184.
59. I-Cohen-Kettenis PT, ukutshintsha kwesini kwi-46, abantu be-XY abane-5α-Reductase-2 Defence kunye ne-17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-3 Defence. Oovimba abakwiZenzo zokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 34, hayi. I-4 (2005): 399 - 410, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-4339-4
60. I-Collins FS uLwimi lukaThixo. ENew York, NY uSimon & Schuster, Inc. Ngo-2006.
61. I-Cote, K., Earls, i-CM kunye neLalumiere, ML (2002) Umyalelo wokuzalwa, ixesha lokuzalwa, kunye nokukhetha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabaphuli-mthetho ngokwesondo. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo: Ijenali yoPhando kunye noNyango 14, 67-81.
62. ICunningham, RN, et al. (1994) Unxibelelwano lokuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni kwi-HIV kunye nokuba mdala: Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana uNegl. I-18, 233 - 245.
63. UDamian, RI, kunye noRoberts, BW (2015a) Ukuseta ingxoxo mpikiswano ngokulandelelana kunye nobuntu. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences, 112, 14119-14120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519064112.
64. I-Damian, i-RI, kunye neRoberts, i-BW (2015b) .Imibutho yolawulo lokuzalwa enobuntu kunye nobukrelekrele kwisampulu yabameli besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo e-US.JournalofResearchinPersonality, 58,96-105. .10.1016.
65. Iidrank, MK, Roelen, D., Korfage, N., de Lange, P., Witvliet, M., Sandkuiil, I., Doxiadis, II kunye noClaas, FH (2003) Umahluko we-immunogenicity ye-antigen ye-HLA Class I antigens xa ukhulelwe abafazi. Ugonyo lomntu 64, 600-606.
66. UDavis N. Ababulali abazalelwe ngokwendalo: abantu bamiselwe ukubulala, uphando lubonisa. UMlondolozi. 28.09.2016. I-https: //www.theervian.com/science/2016/sep/28/natural-born-killer-humans-predisposed-to-study-suggests (01.12.2017 Verified)
67. UDawkins R. Umfundisi kaMtyholi: Ukucamngca ngeThemba, Ubuxoki, iSayensi kunye noThando. Ushicilelo lokuqala lweeNcwadi zeMariner 2004
68. IDayimane Lisa. Ngaba bohluke njani uZodwa kumaFazi kunye naBesini ngesini? 17.10.2013/2/43. IYunivesithi yaseCornell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m13rTHDOuUBw&feature=youtu.be&t=01.12.2017mXNUMXs (Ibuyisiwe XNUMX)
69. I-Doidge Norman, ubuchopho obuziguqula buqu: Amabali oNcedo lobuqu oluvela kwi-Frontiers of Brain Science (New York: Penguin, 2007)
70. UDörner Günter et al., "Iziganeko ezixinzelelekileyo kubomi boBuntwana bamadoda eBi- kunye namaDoda angatshatanga," Uvavanyo kunye ne-Clinical Endocrinology 81, no. I-1 (1983): 83 - 87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1210210
71. UDrabant EM et al., "Umbutho woFundo oluBanzi lweGenome-Wide woLwazi ngezeSondo kwiQela elikhulu, elisekwe kwiWebhu," i-23andMe, Inc. (Inombolo yeNkqubo: 2100W) Yenziwe kwiNtlanganiso yoNyaka yama-62 yeAmerican Society of Human Genetics, ngo-Novemba 7, 2012 eSan Francisco, California. http://abstracts.ashg.org/cgi-bin/2012/ashg12s?author=drabant&sort=ptimes&sbutton=Detail&absno=120123120&sid=320078
72. Dreger AD. Ukuphikiswa okungqonge uMntu owayeya kuba yiKumkanikazi: Ityala leMeko yezoPolitiko zeSayensi, ubuchwephesha, kunye nesini kwi-Intanethi ye-Intanethi. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo. I-2008; 37 (3): 366-421. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s10508-007-9301-1.
73. U-Ebstein Richard P. et al., "IGenetics yokuziPhatha koLuntu," uNeuron 65, hayi. I-6 (2010): 831- 844, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.020
74. U-Eiben, B., Bahr-Porsch, S., Borgman, S., Gatz, G., Gellert, G. & Goebel, R. (1990) Uhlalutyo lweCytogenetic lwezisu ezingama-750 ezizenzekelayo kunye nendlela yokulungiselela ngokuthe ngqo ye-chorionic villi kunye iimpembelelo zayo ekufundeni oonobangela bemfuzo yokukhulelwa. Ijenali yaseMelika yoLuntu lweMfuzo 47, 656-663.
75. U-Eiben, B., Borgman, S., Schubbe, I. noHansman, I. (1987) ulwalathiso lwesifundo se-cytogenic esivela kwi-chorionic villi ye-140 yokuzikhupha. Imfuza yoLuntu 77, 137-141.
76. U-Ellis L, uBlanchard R (2001) Umyalelo wokuzalwa, umlinganiso wesini sabantakwabo, kunye neziphene zokungahambi kakuhle kwabesilisa nabasetyhini. Okam umntu ngamnye. Iirhafu 30, 543 - 552.
77. U-Ellis Lee noCole-Harding Shirley, "Iziphumo zoxinzelelo lwangaphambi kokubeleka, kunye notywala ngaphambi kokubeleka kunye nokuvezwa kwe-nicotine, kukhetho lomntu ngokwesondo," iPhysology & Behaviour 74, hayi. I-1 (2001): 213-226, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00564-9
78. U-Ellis Lee et al., "Ukwabelana ngesondo kwenzalo yabantu kungatshintshwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu loomama ngexesha lokukhulelwa," Ijenali yoPhando ngezeSondo 25, no. I-2 (1988): 152 - 157, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551449
79. I-Ennis D. Iphulo lamaLungelo oluNtu liBeka iiJonga kwiJohns Hopkins Emva kwengxelo yeTrans. 2016. Iindaba ze-NBC.
80. I-Evdokimova, VN, Nikitina, TV, Lebedev, IN, Sulchanova, NN & Nazarenko, SA (2000) Umlinganiso wezesondo ekufeni kwasembindini kwindoda. I-Ontogenez 31, 251-257.
81. I-Fausto-Sterling A., uBalaban E. I-genetics kunye neNkcubeko yesini soDoda. Inzululwazi. I-1993; 261: 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8362239
82. UFinkelhor, D. (1979). Imithombo yeendaba yasimahla, eNew York.
83. UFinkelhor, D. (1984) Ukuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini kwabantwana: Ithiyori entsha kunye noPhando. Imithombo yeendaba yasimahla, eNew York.
84. UFinn R. Ukuzimisela kwebhayiloji yokuLukhulisa isondo njengokuya kwinqanaba lophando. Inzululwazi 10 [1]: Jan. I-08, 1996.
85. UFlannery, KA & Liderman, J. (1994) Uvavanyo lwethiyori yokungasebenzi kwemvelaphi yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwi-neurodevelopmental disorder kwinzala yabasetyhini abanesifo somzimba. ICortex 30, 635-645
86. UFrancis AM (2008). Ukuziqhelanisa nosapho kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezesondo: Ulungelelwaniso lwedemokhrasi losapho kubantu abatshatileyo.Intloko yoPhando ngezeSondo, i-45, i-371 - i-377. doi: 10.1080 / 00224490802398357.
87. UFreund, K. & Kuban, M. (1994) Isiseko sethiyori yokuxhatshazwa ye-pedophilia: enye inkcazo kwisifundo sangaphambili. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 23, 553-563.
88. UFrisch, M., noHviid, A. (2006) .Ulwalamano losapho lwabantwana abatshatileyo kunye nemitshato yabantu abathandana besisini esinye: Isifundo seqela lesizwe lama-Danes ezigidi ezibini.Olondolozo lwezoBuntu, 35,533-547.
89. UGarcia, J., Adams, J., Friedman, L. & East, P. (2002) Amakhonkco phakathi kokuxhatshazwa kwangaphambili, umbono wokuzibulala kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji zaseSan Diego. Ijenali yezeMpilo yaseKholeji yaseMelika 51, 9-14.
90. IGasparoni, A., Avanzini, A., Ravagni Probizer, F., Chirico, G., Rondini, G. & Severi, F. (1992) Iziqwengana ze-IgG ngokuthelekiswa ne-serum yoomama kunye nentambo kunye nobisi lwebele. Oovimba abagcina izifo eBusaneni 67 (1), uNombolo okhethekileyo, 41-43.
91. I-Gavrilets S, Friberg U, Ilayisi ye-WR. Ukuqonda ubufanasini: Ukuqhubekeka ukusuka kwiPateni ukuya kwi-Mechanisms. U-Arch ngesondo Behav. 2017. I-DoI 10.1007 / s10508-017-1092-4
92. Uhlaziyo lweGelman M. Gay gene tabloid hype uhlaziyo. Ukulinganisa imodeli, ukubandakanywa, kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo. Ngo-Oktobha 10, 2015. https://andrewgelman.com/2015/10/10/gay-gene-tabloid-hype-update/
93. I-Ginalksi, K., Rychlewski, L., Baker, D. & Grishin, NV (2004) Uqikelelo lweprotein yolwakhiwo lommandla othile we-chromosome yabantu. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy yeSayensi 101, 2305-2310
94. Iglasi, M., et al. (2001) Umjikelo wokuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo kwabantwana: amakhonkco phakathi kokuba lixhoba nokuba ngumenzi wobubi. Br. J. Psychiat. I-179, 482 - 494.
95. I-Gomes AR, Souteiro P, SIlva CG, et al. Ukudalwa kokusweleka kwe-testosterone kumadoda osulelwe yi-HIV phantsi kwonyango lwe-antiretroviral. I-BMC yosulela iDis. I-2016; I-16: 628. Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi ye-2016 u-Novemba 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1892-5
96. Ngokubanzi uJ. J. Isifundo esiguquliweyo se-epigenetics seveki (2). EpgntxEinstein. Ibhlog yeZiko le-Epigenomics kwiKholeji yezonyango iAlbert Einstein kwi-Bronx, kwisiXeko saseNew York.
97. Luhlaza, R. (2000) I-odolo yokuzalwa kunye nomyinge wobhuti kubadade kwii-transsexourse. Unyango lwe-Psychological 30, 789 - 795.
98. IGualteri, T. & Hicks, RE (1985) Ithiyori yokungakhuseleki ekukhetheni ukubandezeleka kwamadoda. I-Behav. Brain Sci. 8, 427-477.
99. UGuleria I, uSayegh MH. Ukwamkelwa koomama kwi-Fetus: Ukunyamezelana koqobo lomntu. J Immunol NgoMatshi 15, 2007, 178 (6) 3345-3351; I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3345
100. I-Haler, A. kunye neFauzdar, A. (2006) Umlinganiso wesini obuthathelweyo kunye ne-aneuploidy esezantsi ekuphindweni kwesisu kwangoko. Ijenali yaseIndiya yoPhando lwezoNyango 124, 9-10.
101. U-Hall Lynn S. kunye no-Craig T. othandekayo, "Iimpawu zobude beminwe kwi-Female Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Oriental Oriental," Oovimba beZesondo kwi-32, no. I-1 (2003): 23 - 28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021837211630
102. Hamer D, Copeland P. Inzululwazi ye-Desire: UkuKhangela iGene Gene kunye neBhayoloji yokuziphatha. USimon no Schuster 1994
103. Hamer D. I-Gene kaThixo: Indlela ukholo oluLukhuni ngayo kwiMfuza yethu. Uthandabuza xnumx
104. Hamer DH et al., "Ukunxibelelana phakathi kokumakishwa kweDNA kwi-chromosome ye-X kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwindoda," iSayensi 261, hayi. I-5119 (1993): 321 - 327, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8332896
105. I-Han, TH, i-Chey, i-MJ kunye ne-Han, i-KS (i-2006) i-Granulocyte antibodies kwii-neonates zaseKorea nge-neutropenia. Ijenali yoMbutho Wezonyango waseKorea 21, 627-632.
106. UHarrison Halstead, "Uluvo lobuchwephesha ephepheni, 'Ukwabelana ngesondo ngokuNxulumene nokuThintela ukuPhendula koLuntu,'" Indawo yeWebhusayithi yeWashington, 15 ngoDisemba 2003, http://www.atmos.washington.edu/ ~ harrison / iingxelo / rahman.pdf.
107. Hatton GI. Umsebenzi ohambelana nomsebenzi weplastiki kwi-hypothalamus. Annu Rev Neurosci. I-1997; 20: 375-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.375
108. Hoekzema E, et al. Ukukhulelwa kukhokelela kwiinguqu ezihlala ixesha elide kwisakhiwo sobuchopho bomntu. Ubungakanani be-Neuroscience yevolumu 20, amaphepha 287 - 296 (2017).
109. Heston, L.L., Shields, J., "Ubufanasini kumawele Isifundo soSapho kunye neSifundo soBhaliso" uArch Gen Psychiat. 1968;18:149
110. UHildebrand, H., Finkel, Y., Grahnquist, L., Lindholm, J., Ekbom, A. & Aksling, J. (2003) Ukutshintsha kwepateni yesifo sokukrala kwabantwana kumantla eStockholm 1990-2001. Isisu 52 1432- 1434.
111. I-Hines M. Prenatal endocrine inefuthe kwindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo nakwindlela eyahlukileyo yokuziphatha kwabantwana. Front Neuroendocrinol. I-2011 Aprili; I-32 (2): 170 - 182. doi: 10.1016 / j.yfrne.2011.02.006
112. U-Hines Melissa et al., "Uxinzelelo lwePrenatal kunye noKhathalelo lweSini kwiNtombazana naMakhwenkwe: Uphononongo olude, uPhando lwabantu," iiHormones kunye nokuziphatha kwi-42, hayi. I-2 (2002): 126 - 134, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2002.1814
113. I-Hönekopp J et al., "Inqanaba lesibini ukuya kwelesi-4 ubude (2D: 4D) kunye namanqanaba esini yabantu abadala ngesondo: Idatha entsha kunye nokuphononongwa kwe-meta-analytic," Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, hayi. I-4 (2007): 313 - 321, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007
114. NguHorgan, uJohn. (1995) "I-Gay gener, Ehlaziyiweyo." Inzululwazi yaseMelika, ivol. 273, hayi. I-5, 1995, iphe. I-26 - 26. I-JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24982058
115. Hubbard R., Wald E. Ukuqhekeza intsomi: Njani Ulwazi oluLungiselelwe iMfuza luveliswe kwaye luchatshazelwe ziNzululwazi, ooGqirha, abaQeshi, iiNkampani zeInshurensi, abaFundisi kunye nabaGcini bezoMthetho. 1999. Boston Cinezela. I-ISBN: 978-080700431-9, kwiphepha 95 - 96.
116. IHuffpost 2017. UDean Hamer noJoe Wilson. I-https: //www.huffingtonpost.com/author/qwavesjoe-855 (01.12.2017 Verified)
117. I-Hughes IA, et al., "Androgen insensitivity syndrome," iLancet 380, hayi. I-9851 (2012): 1419 - 1428, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736anuel2812unzi2960071-3
118. Izixhobo zoLuntu zeNzalo kwi-NCBI 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/human/
119. I-Izetbegovic S. Ukuvela kwe-ABO Nokungalingani kwe-RhD ngoomama abaneReg Negative. UMateria Socio-Medica. I-2013; 25 (4): 255-258. doi: 10.5455 / msm.2013.25.255-258.
120. James WH. Ii-Hypotheses ezibini kwizizathu zoBungqingili beSini kunye noPedophilia. J.biosoc.Sci, (2006) 38, 745 - 761, doi: 10.1017 / S0021932005027173
121. UJames, WH (1975) Umlinganiso wesondo kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kwabantwana abakhoyo. UAnn. hum. Uhlobo. I-38, 371 - 378.
122. UJames, WH (1985) Isiphumo esichasene nomzalwana kwisiphumo sesondo. Behav. Brain Sci. I-8, 453.
123. UJames, WH (1996) Ubungqina bokuba umlinganiso wesini somfazi xa uzalwa ulawulwa ngokwenqanaba ngamanqanaba ama-hormone omzali ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ijenali yeTheoretical Biology 180, 271 - 286.
124. UJames, WH (2004) Unobangela (s) wesiphumo sokuzalwa komntu kwifraternal kwi-sex females. Ijenali yeSayensi ye-Biosocial 36, 51 - 59, 61 - 62.
125. UJames, WH (2004b) Obunye ubungqina bokuba izilwanyana ezilingana ngesondo xa kuzalwa zilawulwa ngokwamanqanaba ama-hormone omzali ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ukuzala kwabantu 19, 1250 - 1256.
126. UJinich, S., Paul, JP, Stall, R., Acree, M., Kegeles, S., Hoff, C. & Coates, T. (1998) Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha okuthatha umngcipheko kwi-HIV phakathi kwabantu abathandanayo nabathandanayo. ... UGawulayo kunye nokuziphatha 2, 41-51.
127. UJohnson, RL & Shrier, DK (1987) Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngabantu basetyhini kwizigulana ezingamadoda kwiklinikhi yamayeza okufikisa. Ndingu. J. Psychiat. I-144, 650-652.
128. UJuntunen, KS, Laara, EM & Kauppila, AJ (1997) ubukhulu obuninzi kunye nobunzima bokuzalwa. I-Obstetrics kunye neGynecology 90, 495-499.
129. U-Kallmann, uFranz J., "ukuThelekiswa kweTwin Study malunga neNzalo yamaNtu amaSini amaNtu," Ijenali ye-Nervous and Mental Disease 115, no. I-4 (1952): 283 - 298
130. UKano, T., Mori, T., Furudono, M., Kanda, T., Maeda, Y., Tsubokura, S., Ushiroyama, T. & Ueki, M. (2004) Umahluko ngokwesondo wokukhupha isisu kunye neonates kwabasetyhini. ngokukhupha isisu okuphindaphindayo. Ukuzala iBiomedicine ekwi-Intanethi 9, 306-311.
131. UKendler KS et al., "Ukuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwisampulu yeSizwe yase-US yeTwin kunye neNontwin Sibling Pairs," Ijenali yaseMelika ye-Psychiatry 157, no. I-11 (2000): 1843 - 1846, http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1843
132. IKishida, M., kunye noRahman, Q (2015). Ulungelelwano lokuzalwa komntu kunye nokuthanda kakhulu njengabaxeli bezesondo kunye nokungahambelani ngokwesini emadodeni. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo, 44, 1493-1501. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s10508-014-0474-0.
133. I-Kleinplatz kunye neDayimani ka-2014, i-APA Handbook, uMqulu 1, iphepha 256-257
134. I-Kolb B, i-Whishaw IQ. Ubuchopho bePlanethi kunye nokuziphatha. Uphononongo lonyaka lweSayikholoji. Umqu. I-49: 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.43
135. UKranz F et al, "Imbono yoBuso iguqulwa ngokuKhetha uKwabelana ngeSondo," i-Biology 16 yangoku, hayi. I-1 (2006): 63 - 68, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.10.070
136. U-Kristensen, P., kunye no-Bjerkedal, T. (2007) Ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi komyalelo wokuzalwa kunye nobukrelekrele. Inzululwazi, 316, 1717. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.1141493.
137. ILalumiere, ML, Harris, GT, Quinsey, VL & Rice, ME (1998) Ukuphambuka kwezesondo kunye nenani labazalwana abadala phakathi kwabaphuli-mthetho ngokwesondo. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo: Ijenali yoPhando kunye noNyango 10, 5-15.
138. Långström Niklas et al., "Iziphumo zeMvelo kunye nezeMeko zokusiNgqongileyo kwabaziphethe besini esinye: Isifundo soBuninzi bamawele eSweden," OoVimba abakwiZenzo zokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 39, hayi. I-1 (2010): 75 - 80, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008- 9386-1.
139. I-Lasco MS, et al., "Ukungabikho kwe-dimorphism yesini okanye ukulala ngesondo kwinto engaphandle yomntu," uBrain Research 936, no. I-1 (2002): 95 - 98, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02590-8
140. I-Laumann, EO, Gagnon, JH, Michaels, S. & Michael, RT (1993) Ukubeka esweni uGawulayo kunye nezinye iziganeko ezinqabileyo zabemi: indlela yenethiwekhi. Ijenali yezeMpilo kunye neNtlalo yokuziPhatha 34, 7-22.
141. ILauterbach, MD, Raz, S. & Sander, CJ (2001) Umngcipheko we-neonatal hypoxic kwiintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kwexesha lokuzalwa: Impembelelo yesini kunye nobukrakra boxinzelelo lokuphefumla ekubuyiseni kwengqondo. I-Neuropsychology 15, 411-420.
142. U-Lee, JKP, et al. (2002) Izinto ezinokubangela umngcipheko wokukhula kwisondo. Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana uNegl. I-26, 73 - 92.
143. U-Lee, RM kunye nesilivere, i-RM (2000) ukulahleka kokukhulelwa okuphindaphindiweyo: isishwankathelo kunye neengcebiso zeklinikhi. Iisemina kwiyeza lokuZala 18, 433-440.
144. I-Lenderking, i-WR, i-Wold, i-C., i-Mayer, i-KH, i-Goldstein, i-R., i-Losina, i-E & i-Seage, i-GR (1997) yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini phakathi kwabesilisa abathandanayo. Ubuninzi kunye nokunxulumana ngesondo esingakhuselekanga. Ijenali yoNyango lwaNgaphakathi oluPhakathi 12, 250-253.
145. I-Lenroot RK, Gogtay N, Greenstein DK, et al. Isidima sokwabelana ngesondo kweeNgcinga zokuPhuhliswa kweBongo ngexesha lobuNcinci kunye nokuFikisa. I-NeuroImage I-2007; 36 (4): 1065-1073. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2007.03.053.
146. U-LeVay Simon, "Umahluko kwi-Hypothalamic Ulwakhiwo phakathi kwamadoda aMadoda nabaNtu," iSayensi 253, no. I-5023 (1991): 1034 - 1037, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1887219
147. I-LeVay, S. (2016) .I-Gay, ngqo, kunye nesizathu sokuba: Isayensi yokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo (2nd ed.). I-Oxford, e-UK: I-Oxford University Press.
148. I-Lippa Richard A., "Ngaba i-2D: I-4D Finger-Length Ratios inxulumene neeSini zeSini? Ewe kumadoda, hayi kubaFazi, ”iJenali yoBuntu kunye neNtlalontle yezeNtlalontle 85, hayi I-1 (2003): 179 - 188, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.179
149. ILombardi, i-CM, kunye neHurlbert, SH (2009). Ukubhalwa gwenxa kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kovavanyo olunomsila omnye. I-ecology yase-Austral, 34, 447-468.
150. ULykken, D.T., McGue, M., Tellegen, A., "I-Recruitment Bias kuPhando lweTwin: Umgaqo weZibini eziThathu ziqwalaselwe kwakhona" Ukuziphatha. Genet. 1987;17:343
151. IMacCulloch, i-SI, iGrey, i-NS, i-Phillips, i-HK, i-Taylor, i-J & i-MacCulloch, i-MJ (2004) i-odolo yokuzalwa ekhubekisayo ngokwesini kunye nabantu abonayo. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 33, 467-474.
152. UMagnus, P., Berg, K. & Bjerkedel, T. (1985) Umanyano lobungakanani kunye nobunzima bokuzalwa: kuvavanyo lwe-hypothesis yovuselelo. Ukuphuhliswa kwaBantu kwangoko 12, 49-54
153. UMaguire EA, uGadi waseDG, uJohnsrude IS, et al. Utshintsho olunxulumene nolwakhiwo olunxulumene nokuhamba kwindlela hippocampi yabaqhubi beteksi. Iinkqubela kwiZiko leSizwe leSayensi laseMelika laseMelika. I-2000; 97 (8): 4398-4403.
154. Mainardi M, et al. Imo engqongileyo, ubuNtu beLeptin, kunye nePypothalamic Plasticity. Ubume beplanethi. 2013. Umthamo i-2013 (2013), i-ID ye-438072 yeNqaku, amaphepha e-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/438072
155. IManikkam, M., Crespi, EJ, Doop, DD, Herkimer, C., Lee, JS, Yu, S., Brown, MB, Foster, DL kunye nePadmanabhan, V. (2004) Inkqubo ye-Fetal: i-testosterone yangaphambi kokubeleka ikhokelela Ukudodobala kokukhula kosana kunye nokukhula kokubeleka emva kokubeleka. I-Endocrinology 145-790.
156. Ukuhambisa iJT. (2001) Ulinganiso lweDigit: Isikhombi sokuChuma, ukuZiphatha kunye neMpilo. I-Rutgers University Press, eLondon.
157. UMantilla K. Biology, iesile lam. Siphume emva kwethu: ijenali yeendaba yabasetyhini, nge-5 kaJanuwari ka-2004
158. UMartin, RM, Smith, GD, Mangtani, P., Frankel, S. & Gunnell, D. (2002) Umbutho phakathi kokuncancisa kunye nokukhula: isifundo seqela le-Boyd-Orr. Oovimba abagulayo bezifo zobuntwana-uHlelo lweMveku kunye neNonatal 87, F193–201.
159. UMeya uLawrence S. kunye noMcHugh Paul R., uKwabelana ngesondo kunye nesini: Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwi-Biological, Psychological, kunye neSayensi yezeNtlalontle, i-Atlantis entsha, inombolo 50, ukuwa kwe-2016, iphe. 116. http://www.thenewatlantis.com/sexourseandgender
160. IMbugua K. Ukujongana nezesondo kunye nokwakheka kobuchopho: Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwophando lwakutshanje. Inzululwazi yangoku Vol. 84, Hayi. I-2 (25 Januwari 2003), iphe. I-173-178 (iphepha le-6). https://www.jstor.org/stable/24108095
161. UMcConaghy, N., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Stevens, C., Manicavasagar, V., Buhrich, N. kunye noVollmer-Conner, U. (2006) Umyalelo wokuzalwa kosapho kunye nomyinge weemvakalelo zesini esahlukileyo / ubufanasini kwabasetyhini nakumadoda ... Ijenali yobufanasini 51, 161-174.
162. UMcFadden Dennis kunye noShubel Erin, "ubude bexesha leminwe kunye neenzwane kumadoda kunye nabasetyhini," iiHormones kunye nokuziphatha kwe-42, hayi. I-4 (2002): 492 - 500, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833
163. IMilinski, M. (2006). Owona mqobo uphambili we-histocompatibility, ukhetho lwezesondo kunye nokukhethwa komlingane. Uvandlakanyo lonyaka lwe-ecology kunye ne-Systematics, 37, 159 - 186.
164. Mitter C, Jakab A, PC Brugger, et al. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-utero Tractography yoLuntu kwi-Fetal Commissural and Internal Capsule Fibers ene-Historic Ulwakhiwo lweTensor. Frontiers kwi-Neuroanatomy. I-2015; 9: 164. doi: 10.3389 / fnana.2015.00164.
165. UMorikawa, M., Yamada, H., Kato, EH, Shimada, S., Yamada, T. & Minakami, H. (2004) Ipateni yokulahleka kombungu ibaluleke kakhulu ekulahlekelweni sisisu esiqhelekileyo se-chromosome karyotype phakathi kwabafazi abanokuphuphuma kwesisu okuphindaphindiweyo. Ukuzaliswa kwabantu 19, 2644-2647.
166. Mukherjee, Siddhartha. IGene: Imbali obusondeleyo. USimon no Schuster, eNew York, 2016.
167. I-Mustanski BS, Dupree MG, Nievergelt CM, Bocklandt S, Schork NJ, Hamer DH. Iskena sokujonga ngokwesini samadoda. I-Hum genet I-2005 Mar; 116 (4): 272-8. Epub 2005 uJan 12.
168. I-New York Native, i-7-10-1995, Uphando lwe-Gay Gene 'alubambi phantsi kokukrokreleka, uChicago Tribune kaJohn Crewdson Uncovers unokwenzeka kwezeNzululwazi ngoPhando lwe-NCI.
169. Iindaba zeBeat (2015) Ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa kunye neNzululwazi uMichelle Obama Ngokwenene uyindoda ... NewsBeat Ent. 24.11.2015. iindababeat.co.ke/gossip/irrefutable-scientific-proof-michelle-obama-is-indeed-a-man/
170. Newsweek: NgoFebruwari 24, 1992 p.49
171. I-NIAAA (2012) Imbali yoSapho yoTywala. IZiko leSizwe ngokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala kunye notywala. https://pub.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/familyhistory/famhist.htm
172. Neimmons D. Ukwabelana ngesondo kunye noBongo. Fumanisa. 01.03.1994. Discovermagazine.com/1994/mar/sexandthebrain346
173. Ngun TC, Guo W, Ghahramani NM, Purkayastha K, Conn D, Sanchez FJ, Bocklandt S, Zhang M, Ramirez CM, Pellegrini M, Vilain E. Inqaku eliqikelelweyo lokubonisa ulwalamano ngokwesini kusetyenziswa uphawu lwe-epigenetic. Abstract: Uhlobo lwenoveli oluqikelelwayo lokuziqhelanisa nokwabelana ngesondo usebenzisa ii-epigenetic markers. Ibonakalisiwe kwi-American Society of Human Genetics 2015 Intlanganiso yoNyaka. IBaltimore, Md.
174. INokia MS et al. Ukuzivocavoca umzimba kwandisa i-hippocampal neurogeneis yamagundwane angamaduna ukuba i-aerobic kwaye igcinekile. J Physiol. I-2016 Aprili 1; 594 (7): 1855-73. doi: 10.1113 / JP271552. Epub 2016 Feb 24.
175. INorton R. Ngaba amafanasini afunyanwa njengelifa? Uphononongo lweNew York lweeNcwadi, (ngoJulayi, 1995). www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/genetics/nyreview.html
176. I-Nunez, JL kunye neMcCarthy, MM (2003) Umahluko ngokwesondo kunye neziphumo zehomoni kwimodeli yokulimala kwengqondo ngaphambi kokuzalwa kosana. Izibhengezo zeNew York Academy yeSayensi 1008, 281-284.
177. I-Paglia C. Vamps kunye neTramp: Iincoko ezintsha. Iincwadi zeVintage, 1994, kwiphepha lama-71-72
178. IParshley Lois. Ngaba Inzala Yakho Inokubulala? Isayensi edumileyo. 28.04.2016. https://www.popsci.com/can-your-genes-make-you-kill
179. Paul, JP, et al. (2001) Ukuqonda ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo njengomntu ochaza ingozi yokuthatha ingozi phakathi kwabantu abelana ngesondo namadoda: iSifundo seMpilo seSizwe sase-Urban. Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana uNegl. I-25, 557 - 584.
180. UPaulhus, DL (2008) .Birthorder.InM. Haith (Ed.), I-Encyclopedia yokukhulisa abantwana kunye nokubasa komntwana abancinci (Vol. 1, iphe. 204 - 211). ISan Diego, CA: I-AcademicPress. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3578.3687.
181. UPaus T. Ukwenza imephu yokuvuthwa kwengqondo kunye nophuhliso lwengqondo ngexesha lokufikisa. Imikhwa kwiNzululwazi yeNkcubeko. I-2005; I-9 (2): 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.008
182. UPierik, FH, Burdorf, A., Deddens, JA, Juttmann, RE, kunye noWeber, RFA (2004). Izinto ezinobungozi koomama noomama ngenxa ye-cryptorchidism kunye ne-hypospadias: Isifundo solawulo lwamatyala kubafana abasandul 'ukuzalwa. Iziphumo zokusiNgqongileyo kunye nezeMpilo, 112, 1570-1576
183. IPoasa, KH, iBlanchard, R., kunye neZucker, KJ (2004). Umyalelo wokuzalwa kumadoda agqithisileyo avela ePolynesia: Isifundo esilinganiselweyo seSamoa fa'-afafine. Ijenali yoNyango lwezeSondo kunye noMtshato, 30, 13-23. ikhonkco: 10.1080 / 00926230490247110.
184. Uhlalutyo lwenzululwazi yoPhuculo lwendalo. IArch Neurol. I-1999; 56 (6): 667 - 672. i-Doi: 10.1001 / archneur.56.6.667
185. UPumberger, W., Pomberger, G. & Geissler, W. (2001) Proctocolitis kwiintsana ezanyisayo: igalelo lokwahlulahlula isifo se-haematochezia ebuntwaneni. I-Postgraduate Journal yezoNyango 77, 252-254.
186. IPurcell, iDW, iBlanchard, R., kunye neZucker, KJ (2000). Umyalelo wokuzalwa kwisampulu yanamhlanje yamadoda athandana namanye. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo, 29, 349-356.
187. Queer ngokhetho. Gayle Madwin http://www.queerbychoice.com/
188. URahman Qazi kunye noWilson Glenn D., "Ukuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kunye ne-2nd ukuya kwi-4th ubude yeminwe: ubungqina bokucwangcisa kweziphumo zeholide zesini okanye ukungazinzi kophuhliso," Psychoneuroendocrinology 28, hayi. I-3 (2003): 288 - 303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00022-7
189. URainer, J. D., Mesnikoff, A., Kolb, L. C., Carr, A., "Ubungqingili kunye ne-Heterosexuality kwi-Identical Twins" (kubandakanywa nengxoxo nguF. J. Kallmann) I-Psychosom Med. 1960;22:251
190. I-Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA, Handunnetthi L, Rice GP, Ebers GC. Uluhlu olubanzi lokujonga ngokwesondo kwabesilisa. J Hum Genet. I-2010 Feb; 55 (2): 131-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.135
191. U-Remafedi G, et al. (1992) Idemokhrasi yomtsalane wesini kubantu abakwishumi elivisayo. Iipediatrics 89, 714 - 721.
192. Ilayisi G et al., "Ukulalana kwabantu besini esinye: Ukungabikho kweLinka kwiMicrosatellite Markers eXq28," Science 284, no. I-5414 (1999): 665 - 667, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5414.665
193. URichiardi, L., Akre, O., Lambe, M., Granath, F., Montgomery, SM & Ekbom, A. (2004) Umyalelo wokuzalwa, ubungakanani bobuzalwana, kunye nomngcipheko wesifo somhlaza wamaseli egciwane. I-Epidemiology 15, 323-329.
194. I-Rind, B. (2001) Ubungqingili kunye nolwalamano oluhle lwamakhwenkwe afikisayo ngokwesini kunye namadoda: uvavanyo olunamandla lokuhambelana kwengqondo kwisampuli ye-nonclinical. Oovimba abakwiZenzo zokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 30, 345 - 368.
195. Umngcipheko N, Ngamavili e-Wheeler E, iitshekhi BJ. Isini sobudoda kunye nobungqina bemfuzo. Inzululwazi. I-1993 Dec 24; 262 (5142): 2063-5. I-DoI: 10.1126 / isayensi.8266107
196. URobinson SJ kunye noManning John T., "Umyinge we-2nd ukuya kubude be-4th ubude kunye nobungqingili bendoda," Ukuziphendukela kwendalo kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu kwi-21, hayi. I-5 (2000): 333 - 345, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0
197. Rohrer, JM, Egloff, B., & Schmukle, SC (2015) Ukuvavanya iimpembelelo zokulandelelana kokuzalwa kubuntu. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Science, 112,14224-14229.Https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506451112.
198. IRosario kunye neScrimshaw 2014, iAAPA Handbook, Umqulu 1, iphe. 579
199. URosenthal, D., "Ithiyori yeGenetic kunye nokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga" ngo-1970, eNew York: McGrawHil
200. Thengisa A, et al. Ubume beNdawo kunye nokuDityaniswa kweBongo: Kujongwa kwi-Pharmacotherapy Yendalo. UPhononongo lwe-Psychologica 2014; Umqu. 94, Hayi. 1. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00036.2012
201. Salmon, C. (2012). Umyalelo wokuzalwa, ifuthe kubuntu, kunye nokuziphatha. Kwi-V. Ramachandran (Ed.), I-Encyclopedia yokuziphatha kwabantu (Umqu. 1, iphe. 353 - 359). ILondon: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-3750 00-6.00064-1.
202. ISandberg, i-DE, iMeyer-Bahlburg, i-HFL, i-Yager, i-TJ, i-Hensle, i-TW, i-Levitt, i-SB, i-Kogan, i-SJ kunye neReda, i-EF (1995) Ukuphuhliswa kwesini kumakhwenkwe azelwe ene-hypospadias. I-Psychoneuroendocrinology 20, 693-709
203. I-Sanders AR et al., "Iskena esibanzi seGenome sibonisa unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo ekubonisaneni ngokwesondo kwamadoda," Psychological Medicine 45, hayi. I-07 (2015): 1379 - 1388, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002451
204. I-sanders AR, et al. Umbutho woFundo lweeGenome-Wide zoFundo lweSini soSondo saBesilisa. Inzululwazi rep. I-2017; I-7: 16950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15736-4
205. USatinover J. Ubufanasini kunye nePolitiki yeNyaniso. Iincwadi zeRaker 1996.
206. U-Savic I, et al, "Impendulo yobuchopho kwii-pheromones ezichasayo kumadoda athandana nabantu abathandana nabo," Ukuqhubeka kweSizwe seSayensi yezeSayensi 102, hayi. I-20 (2005): 7356 - 7361, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407998102
207. USavin-Williams, uR. C & Ream, GL (2006) ukuqala kokubeleka kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokwabelana ngesondo kwisampulu yesizwe yokufikisa. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 35, 279-286.
208. IZiko leMithombo yezeNzululwazi (i-2015). Ukuphendula kwengcali kwinkomfa yenkomfa (umsebenzi ongashicilelwanga) kwii-epigenetics kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kwamadoda Ngo-Oktobha 8, 2015. http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-conference-presentation-unpublish-work-on-epigenetics-and-male-sexual-oriiting/
209. Semenyna, SW, Petterson, LJ, VanderLaan, DP, kunye neVasey, PL (2017). Thelekisa imveliso yokuzala phakathi kwezalamane zeSamoa kunye neafrophilic fa'afafine kunye ne-gynephilic yamadoda. Uvimba woLuntu, 46, 87-93.
210. USerano, J. M. (2010). "Ityala elichasene ne-Autogynephilia." Ijenali yeHlabathi yeTransgenderism. I-12 (3): 176–187. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.514223
211. USmith, MJ, Creary, MR, Clarke, A. kunye no-Upadhyaya, M. (1998) Umlinganiso wesini kunye nokungabikho kokungaziphathi kakuhle kwabazali ngokukhupha izisu okuzenzekelayo kunye nekaryotype eqhelekileyo. Iiklinikhi zemfuza 53, 258-261.
212. Sorensen, HT, Olsen, ML, Mellemkjaer, L., Lagiou, P., Olsen, JH & Olsen, J. (2005) Imvelaphi ye-intrauterine yomhlaza wamabele wesilisa; isifundo sokuzalwa eDenmark. Ijenali yaseYurophu yokuThintela umhlaza 14, 185-186.
213. Isithethi PW et al., "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Ngenxa yeSteroid 21-Hydroxylase Defence: An Endocrine Society Clinical Exercise Guideline," Ijenali yeClinical Endocrinology kunye neMetabolism 95, hayi. I-9 (2009): 4133 - 4160, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2631
214. Isithethi PW, PC emhlophe, "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia," iNew England Journal of Medicine 349, no. I-8 (2003): 776 - 788, http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021561
215. UStein, uEdward, Ukuziphatha gwenxa komnqweno: iSayensi, iThethi, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 145
216. I-Sulloway, FJ (1996). Uzalelwe ukuvukela: Umyalelo wokuzalwa, iintshukumo zosapho, kunye nobomi bokuyila. ENew York: Iincwadi zePantheon.
217. I-Swaab DF, "Ukuziqhelanisa nesondo kunye nokuseka kwayo kwingqondo nengqondo yokusebenza," ukuQhubeka kweSizwe seSizwe seSayensi 105, hayi. I-30 (2008): 10273 - 10274, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805542105
218. UTannehill B. INew Yorker ngeentloni ikhankanya 'uMphandi' olwa ne-LGBT. Iprojekthi yeBilerico. Nge-29 kaJulayi 2014. bilerico.lgbtqnation.com/2014/07/new_yorker_shamefully_cites_anti-lgbt_researcher.php
219. U-Taylor, u-Tim, "IziFundo eziMawele zobufanasini," i-Undergraduate Dissertation, iSebe le-Psychology yoMvavanyo, iYunivesithi yaseCambridge, ngo-1992.
220. I-New York Times (2004). Imitshato / imibhiyozo; UDean Hamer, uJoseph Wilson. Epreli 11, 2004. www.nytimes.com/2004/04/11/style/weddings-celebrations-dean-hamer-joseph-wilson.html (01.12.2017 Iqinisekisiwe)
221. Ilali yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo (2017). Isizathu sokuba isiselo esinxilisayo singabanjiswa. Ilali yokuBuyisa. I-https: //www.therecoveryvillage.com/alcohol-abuse/faq/alcoholism-not-chedicial/#gref
222. Theodosis DT, et al. Umsebenzi oxhomekeke kwi-neuronal-glial kunye neplaticicity proteinity yabantu abadala mammalian hypothalamus. I-Neuroscience Volume 57, Imagazini 3, uDisemba 1993, amaphepha 501-535. I-https: //doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90002-W
223. UTomeo, ME, Templer, DI, Anderson, S. & Kotler, D. (2001) Idatha yokuthelekisa yobuntwana kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kubantu abathandanayo nabesini esinye. Oovimba bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo 30, 535-541.
224. I-Tsroadsmap. Ngokwembali ngokungalunganga? I-Bailey-Blanchard-Lawrence clearinghousehttp: //www.tsroadmap.com/info/bailey-blanchard-lawrence.html
225. Turner, MC, Bessos, H., Fagge, T., Harkness, M., Rentoul, R., Seymour, J. et al. (2005) Ukuqhubela phambili isifundo se-epemogic yesiphumo kunye nokusebenza kweendleko zokuhlolwa kwesibeleko ukufumana i-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia ngenxa ye-ani-HPA-1a. Utshintshiselwano 45, 1945 - 1956.
226. URahman Q. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.1096
227. UVan Ombergen, A., Jillings, S., Jeurissen, B., Tomilovskaya, E., Rühl, RM, Rumshiskaya, A., ... Wuyts, FL (2018). I-Brain Tissue -Utshintsho lwevolumu kwiiCosmonauts. Ijenali eNew England yeZonyango, i-379 (17), 1678 - 1680. doi: 10.1056 / nejmc1809011
228. IVanderLaan, DP, Blanchard, R., Wood, H., Garzon, LC, kunye noZucker, KJ (2015). Ubunzima bokuzalwa kunye neentlobo ezimbini ezinokubakho zoxinzelelo kumanina kwisini sokuziqhelanisa nokwabelana ngesondo: Isifundo sonyango sabantwana nakwishumi elivisayo esijolise kwiNkonzo yesazisi. Uphuhliso lweengqondo, 57,25-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21254.
229. UVoracek Martin, uManning John T., kunye noPonocny Ivo, "Umyinge weDigit (2D: 4D) kubantu abathandana abathandana nabesilisa abatshatileyo nabangatshatanga baseOstriya," OoVimba boMtshato kwi-34, no. I-3 (2005): 335 - 340, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-3122-x
230. Wedekind, C., Seebeck, T., Bettens, F., & Paepke, AJ (1995). I-MHC exhomekeke kwiqabane ekukhetheni ebantwini. Iinkqubo zeSayensi yezeNdalo, 22, 245-249.
231. Wellings, K, et al. (1994) Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo eBritane: Uphononongo lweSizwe lweSimo seZesondo kunye neendlela zokuphila. Iincwadi zePenguin, eLondon
232. I-Whitehead NE. Anti antiboy? Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwe-hypothesis yasesibelekweni somama. J. biosoc. 2007. doi: 10.1017 / S0021932007001903
233. U-Williams TJ et al., "Imilinganiselo yobude beminwe kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo," iNdalo 404, hayi. I-6777 (2000): 455 - 456, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35006555
234. Williams, Zev (Sep 20, 2012). "Ukunyamezelwa koKukhulelwa." New England Journal of Medicine. 367:1159–1161. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr1207279. PMC 3644969
235. UWilson JD, et al. Ulawulo lweHormonal yoPhuculo lweSondo. Isayensi 211 (1981): 1278 - 1284, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7010602
236. UWitchel Alex. Udliwanondlebe noCynthia Nixon. Iphephandaba iThe New York Times. Ubomi emva "kwesondo". NgoJanuwari 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/magazine/cynthia-nixon-wit.html
237. Wyndzen, M. H. (2003). Autogynephilia kunye noRay Blanchard's mis-directed sex-drive model of transsexuality. Konke kuxutyiwe: Imbono kanjingalwazi wesayikholoji etshintshe isini ngobomi, ipsychology yesini, kunye “ne-“gender identity disorder”. Iyafumaneka: http://www.GenderPsychology.org/autogynpehilia/ray_blanchard/
238. Wyre, R. (1990) Kutheni amadoda ebaxhaphaza abantwana ngokwesondo? KuTate, T. (ed.) Iphonografi yomntwana. Methuen, London, iphe. I-281 - 288.
239. I-Xanthakos, SA, Schwimmer, JB, Aldana, HM, Rothenberg, ME, Witte, DP & Cohen, MB (2005) Ukubekwa phambili kunye nesiphumo se-colitis egulayo kwiintsana ezisempilweni ezinegazi eliphumayo. Ijenali yePastatric Gastroenterology kunye neZondlo 41, 16-22.
240. U-Yong E. Hayi, Iinzululwazi azifumananga i-'Gay Gene '. Imithombo yeendaba iphikisa uvavanyo olungakwenzi oko ikuthethayo. Inzululwazi. Ngo-Oktobha 10, 2015. I-https: //www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/10/no-sazizulu-have-not-found-the-gay-gene/410059/
241. UZanin E, uRanjeva JP, uConfort-Gouny S, et al. Umcimbi omhlophe wokuvuthwa kwengqondo eqhelekileyo yomntu. Isifundo seshumi le-vivo infusionor tractography. Ubuchopho kunye nokuziphatha. I-2011; 1 (2): 95-108. doi: 10.1002 / brb3.17.
242. I-Zietsch BP. Izizathu zokuLumkiswa malunga neZiphumo zoMyalelo wokuzalwa kwaBazala. U-Arch ngesondo Behav. 2018. I-DoI 10.1007 / s10508-017-1086-2
243. IZietsch, BP, Verweij, KJH, Heath, AC, Madden, PAF, Martin, NG, Nelson, EC, ... Lynskey, MT (2012). Ngaba izinto ezihlangeneyo ze-etiological zenza igalelo kubudlelwane phakathi kokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo kunye noxinzelelo? Imedical Psychological, 42,521 - 532. doi: 10.1017 / s0033291711001577
244. UZusman, I., Gurevich, P. & Ben-Hur, H. (2005) Amajoni amabini omzimba afihlakeleyo (i-mucosal kunye nomqobo) kuphuhliso lwangaphakathi lwabasetyhini, oluqhelekileyo kunye nonyango (Uhlaziyo). Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngamayeza eMolekyuli 16, 127-133.