Uninzi lwezixhobo ezingezantsi zipapashwa kwingxelo yohlalutyo. "Iintsomi ezenziwa ngabantu abathandana abathandanayo kwaye zibhengeza ukukhanya kwesayensi". ikhonkco:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

(1) Abantwana abakhuliswe ngabalingani besini esifanayo banomngcipheko okhulayo wokukhulisa ukuqhuba kwabantu besini esinye, ukungathobelani ngokwesini kunye nokuthatha indlela yokuphila yobungqingili- ezi ziphumo zaye zafunyanwa nakwizifundo ezenziwa ngababhali abathembekileyo kwi "LGBT +" intshukumo.
(2) Izifundo eziboniswe ngabaphembeleli be-LGBT + -intshukumo kunye nababambisene (ukukhusela ibango lokuba akukho mahluko phakathi kwabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho zemveli kunye nabantwana abakhuliswe ngabasetyhini abatshatileyo abathandanayo) baneziphene ezibalulekileyo. Phakathi kwazo: iisampulu ezincinci, indlela enomkhethe yokutsala abaphenduli, ixesha elifutshane lokujonga, ukungabikho kwamaqela olawulo kunye nokwakheka kakuhle kwamaqela olawulo.
(3) Uhlolisiso olwenziwe kunye neesampulu ezinkulu zokumela ezinexesha elide lokujonga libonisa ukuba, ukongeza kumngcipheko owandayo wokuthatha indlela yokuphila yobungqingili, abantwana abakhuliswe ngabazali abathandana nabo bangaphantsi kwabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho zemveli ngeendlela ezininzi.

Intshayelelo

Kunyaka we-2005, iAmerican Psychological Association (APA) ikhuphe ileta esemthethweni malunga nabantwana abavela “kwiintsapho” zesini esinye (Patterson et al. 2005). Emva kokuhlalutya izifundo ezahlukeneyo ze-59 zabantwana abanjalo, i-APA ayibonanga bungqina bubonisa ukuba abantwana kwiintsapho zesini esinye baphila kakubi kunesiko. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zidwelisiwe amaxesha amaninzi kwindawo ye-LGBT +-intshukumo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwiinkundla zamatyala zase-US- kubandakanya u-Obergefell v. I-Hodges ", isisombululo esilinganise ubudlelwane bokwabelana ngesondo kunye ne-26 yeminyaka kaJuni 2015.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingcali azoyiki ukuvumelana "nomgca weqela" kwaye zichaze inani elikhulu leempazamo zendlela kwizifundo ezichongiweyo yi-APA (Amanqaku 2012; Nx xnumx; I-Lerner 2001; Isc xmumx) Ngaphaya koko, kunye nabaphandi banamathela kwisibambiso malunga ne "LGBT +" - ukuhamba kwezikhundla¹bayanyanzelwa ukuba benze ugcino kwaye, nangona bedlulisa, bakhankanye iindlela ezimbalwa zokusilela kwendlela yezifundo ezinjalo (I-Biblartz xnumx; IPerrin 2002; Anderssen 2002; Umsebenzi 2005; Meezan 2005; Ukunciphisa i-xnumx).

Umphengululi uWalter Schumm ulumkisa ukuba zonke iinkcazo malunga nokungabikho kmahluko kukuba zibeke ngobumnene, ngaphambi kwexesha, kwaye kukho umngcipheko wokuba abafundi bangazithatha zixabise ubuso. Uxela ukuba uPatterson wayengabandakanyi izifundo ezifana neSarantakos (1996a, I-2000d) kunye nePuryear (1983), abaye bafumana umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantwana abathandanayo nabangatshatanga, ngokubhekisele ekusebenzeni kwimfundo, ukuthanda inkcubeko, ukusela utywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukuphambuka ngokwesini kunye nokwaziwa kwesini (Isc xmumx).

Nantsi into abhala ngayo oososayensi bezentlalo uRichwine noMarshall:

"... kuphando lwenzululwazi yezentlalo, ukungakwazi ukufumana ubungqina besiphumo esichaziweyo akuthethi ukuba isiphumo asikho. Umgangatho wophando olwenziweyo, ngakumbi malunga nobungakanani kunye nokumelwa kwesampulu yedatha, inceda izazi zezeNtlalontle ukuba zibone ukuba iziphumo ezikhoyo azikho ngokwenene okanye azifumaneki zisebenzisa izixhobo zezibalo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezifundo ezidlulileyo ethelekisa abantwana abungqingili kunye neentsapho ezingatshatanga aziboneleli thuba lokuzithemba ngaphandle kobukho bumehluko xa kuthelekiswa kwisampulu ebanzi yabemi.

Ngokukodwa, owona msebenzi uphambili wezi zifundo yayikukufumana nje inani elaneleyo labantwana bokuhlaziywa. Uninzi lweeseti zedatha ezikhoyo ezinedatha eneenkcukacha ezibonakalayo azinalo inani elaneleyo labazali abangabongqingili ukuze bahlaziywe ulwazi. Umzekelo, idathabheyisi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi "Yongeza Impilo" iqulethe malunga ne-50 kuphela yaba bantwana, ngaphandle kokuba inani elipheleleyo labathathi-nxaxheba li12105 yolutsha ... "(I-Richwine xnumx).

Umphandi uLauren Marx wenza uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwezifundo ze-59 i-APA ekubhekiselwe kuzo - siza kuqwalasela olu hlaziyo lungezantsi.

Ufundisiso lukaLauren Marx

Kwi-2012, iphephandaba loPhando ngezeSayensi yoLuntu lipapashe umsebenzi kaLauren Marx, ophinde wajonga idatha kunye nendlela yokusebenza kwezifundo ze-59, apho APA yayisekele iziphumo zayo (Amanqaku 2012) UMarx wafumanisa ukuba "iinkcazo eziqinisekileyo, kubandakanywa nezo zenziwa yi-APA, bezingaxhaswa kakuhle" kwaye "zazingasekelwanga kwisayensi," iisampulu zazingalingani; I-26 evela kwizifundo ze-59 yayingenalo iqela lokulawula ubungqingili babo bonke, ngelixa abanye, oomama abangatshatanga (!) Babedla ngokusetyenziswa njengeqela “lolawulo lobufanasini”. Ukongeza, akukho nalunye lophando olwalunamandla okwaneleyo eenkcukacha-manani ezifunekayo ezichonga iziphumo ezingafakwanga. Apha ngezantsi kukho iingxaki eziphambili zophando.², apho abaphembeleli bombutho we- "LGBT +" bathembela, bekhusela ingxabano malunga “nokungabikho mehluko” phakathi kwabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho zesiko kunye nakwabatshatileyo abathandanayo.

Iisampulu ezingameliyo

Ukuze idatha efunyenweyo yesayensi isetyenziswe eluntwini xa lilonke, iisampuli (amaqela afundwayo) apho idatha ifunyenwe kufuneka imele inani lilonke ngokuchanekileyo ngokusemandleni. Esona sichanekileyo sesifundo sesayensi sisampulu ye-probabilistic - isampulu kwinkqubo apho ilungu ngalinye labantu banethuba elilinganayo lokukhethwa kwisampula, kwaye ukhetho lukhona. Kwelinye icala, iisampulu ezingameliyo azikuvumeli ukwenza ubume obuqinisekileyo malunga noluntu luphela, kuba abalumameli. Umzekelo, uluvo lwabemi belizwe malunga nezenzo zikarhulumente alunakufundwa kwisiseko sophando sabaxhasi beqela elinye, kuhlalutyo oluchanekileyo, isampula ebandakanya abaxhasi bawo onke amaqela kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezifunekayo.

Ukukhetha ngokufanelekileyo

Iisampulu "ezilula" -nezibalo, iisampulu ezifanelekileyo zezi iisampulu azange zifunyanwe ngesampuli ezingahleliweyo xa kungekho datha yaneleyo yokwenza isampuli emele (umzekelo, amaza amancinci amancinci okwenzekileyo). Iisampulu ezinjalo ziyafumaneka kuhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani, kodwa musa ukubonakalisa iimpawu zabemi bonke. Umzekelo, indlela yokudala isampulu “efanelekileyo” yokufunda kubazali kubudlelwane besini esinye kunye nentengiso kumaphephandaba nakumaphephandaba abantu abathandana abathandanayo. Emva koko abaphandi babuza abantu abaphendula kwizibhengezo-ntengiso ukuba bacebise abanye abanokuthi bathande ukuthatha inxaxheba. Iseti elandelayo yabaphenduli iyacelwa ukuba ibonise abanye abanokuphendula, njl njl. Isampulu ikhula ngokomgaqo we "snowball".³.

Kulula ukubona ukuba iisampulu “ezilulutho” zinokungamelani xa kufundwa abantu ngokubanzi. Abantu abanamava amabi njengabazali basenokungabi lula ukuba bazinikele kolu vavanyo kunabantu abanamava amahle. Ukukhethwa kwebhola leqhwa kukwavelisa isampula engahambelani, kungoko abahlali abamhlophe nabazizityebi besixeko bephambili kwizifundo zangaphambili zabazali besini esifanayo.⁴. Ukufumana isampulu yenjongo yinto ebalulekileyo yophando kwicandelo lezenzululwazi yezentlalo ngokubanzi. Nokuba sithini na isifundo eso okanye abantu abafundayo, iisampulu ezinkulu nezinabameli ziyafuneka ukufikelela kwizigqibo eziqinisekileyo malunga neqela elithile.

Iisampulu ezincinci

Kwizifundo i-APA exhomekeke kuyo, inani labantwana abakhuliswe ngabalingani besini esifanayo yi-44- ngelixa inani labantwana kwisampulu lalimalunga ne-12; bekukho oomama abangamafanasini kwi18 kwisifundo, ngelixa bekukho oomama abangama-14 iwaka kumzekelo (UKim Xnumx) Inani eliqhelekileyo labantwana abakhuliswe ngabazali besini esifanayo bafundelwa kwizifundo ze-44 yayiyi39 ngokubanzi (UKim Xnumx).

Iziphumo ezingalunganga zobuxoki

Iisampulu ezincinci zandisa amathuba okufumana iziphumo ezingalunganga, oko kukuthi, isiphelo sokuba akukho mahluko ngexesha apho zibakhona ngokwenene. Abaphandi bahlala bezama kangangoko banako ukunciphisa amathuba okuba iziphumo ezibi-ezingezizo. Kuphononongo lwe2001 lonyaka (I-Lerner 2001) ifunyenwe ukuba ivela kwizifundo ze22⁵ (kubhekiswa kwi-LGBT + amatsha-ntliziyo), kwimeko enye kuphela apho ubungakanani beesampulu banele ngokwaneleyo ukunciphisa ukubakho kweziphumo ezibi ezingezizo kwi-25%. Kwisifundo sonke se-21, amathuba okuba iziphumo ezibi ezingezizo zabakho ukusuka kwi-77% ukuya kwi-92%.

Amaqela olawulo angahambelani okanye akukho kwaphela

Ukugqiba ukuba amaqela amabini ayahluka kuwo nawaphi na amanyathelo aphantsi kophando, kuyimfuneko ukuthelekisa iqela lokufunda (umzekelo, abantwana abakhuliswe ngabantu besini esifanayo) kunye neqela lokulawula okanye lokuthelekisa (umzekelo, abantwana kwiintsapho zendabuko). Kuphononongo olufanelekileyo, amaqela amabini-ufundo kunye nolawulo-kufuneka afane ngaphandle kweempawu ezinokuchaphazela imilinganiselo yeziphumo ezifundwayo. Kwimeko yokufunda abantwana kwizibini zesini esifanayo, oku luhlobo lomtsalane wesondo kunye nobudlelwane babazali. Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwezifundo ezingama-59 ezicatshulwe yi-APA kwingxelo yayo yowama-2005, ngama-33 kuphela ayenamaqela olawulo, kwaye kwezo zifundo ziyi-33, ezili-13 zasebenzisa abantwana abanoomama abangatshatanga abanesini esingafaniyo njengeqela labo lolawulo. Kwizifundo ze-20 eziseleyo, amaqela olawulo achazwa ngokubanzi ngokuthi "omama" okanye "izibini," kwaye kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo amaqela olawulo achazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba ngabantwana abanabazali abatshatileyo.

Ngokweli qela labaphandi kwiZiko lokuziphatha laseMelika

“… Eyona ngxaki inkulu [kwingxoxo yefuthe kubantwana abakhuliswe ngabantu abathandana besisini esinye] kukuba uninzi lwezifundo ezibonisa ukuba akukho mahluko lusekwe kuthelekiso loomama abangatshatanga kunye noomama abatshatileyo abatshatileyo. Ngamanye amagama, bathelekisa abantwana abasuka kwezinye iintsapho ezingenatata nabantwana abavela kwezinye iintsapho ezingenatata ... "(UMlondolozi 2006).

Eminye imiba yendlela

Abaphandi baqaphela ezinye zeengxaki zendlela yokufunda kwabantwana babantwana kubudlelwane besini esifanayo. Babandakanya izinto ezininzi ezinengxaki, ezinjengokuthenjwa okungathethekiyo kunye nokuchaneka kohlalutyo lwedatha, kunye neempendulo ezinokubakho zokuthathwa kwenxaxheba kwabathathi-nxaxheba (umz. Abazali abathandana abathandanayo) ngezizathu zentlalo (Meezah 2005; I-Lerner 2001) Ukongeza, kwizifundo ezininzi, bobabini abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nabaphandi bazisiwe ngohlobo lophononongo.⁶, kwaye le nyaniso inokukhokelela ekugqwethekeni kwinqanaba lokuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye nokulungiswa (UKim Xnumx) Ngaphezulu, ziimbalwa kuphela izifundo ezifundileyo zexesha elide, elide, ngelixa ezinye iziphumo zinokungabonwa kude kube sekufikeni kwexesha lokufikisa (IPerrin 2002; Ukunciphisa i-xnumx).

Uphando olwenziwe nguMark Regnerus

NgoJulayi 2012, inqaku kwiphephandaba elihlaziyiweyo labalingane elinolwimi lwesiNgesi I-Social Science Research lapapasha inqaku nguMark Regnerus, unjingalwazi kwezenzululwazi kwiYunivesithi yase-Austin (Regnerus 2012a) Eli nqaku lalinesihloko esithi "Bahluke kangakanani abantwana baBantu aBantu baBodwa baneSondo?" Iziphumo zoPhando zoLwakhiwo olutsha loSapho. " Xa uRegnerus wapapasha iziphumo zakhe, amaphulo enkululeko kunye namaziko axhasa abantu abathandana nabasetyhini aqala iphulo elikhulu lokuzukisa yena nophando. URegnerus waphefumlelwa⁷: amashumi amawaka iileta ezihlukumezayo ezathunyelwa nge-imeyile kunye nasendlwini yakhe, izityholo zokhetho, ukugxekwa kweendlela zakhe kunye neziphumo, ukubiza ibhodi yomhleli ukuba arhoxise ukupapashwa kwakhe, kunye nobunkokeli beDyunivesithi yase-Austin ukuba bamgxothe (USmith 2012, 2013).

Yintoni ebaluleke kangaka ngeRegnerus? URegnerus wavavanya abantu abadala abakhulela kwiintsapho zeentlobo ngeentlobo, ezinje: usapho lwamadoda nabafazi abatshatileyo; usapho abazali ababengabanefanasini; usapho lokukhulisa; usapho notata / umama wesibini; Usapho olunomzali omnye kunye nabanye.Uye wafumanisa ukuba ngokwezalathiso ezahlukeneyo zentlalo nezengqondo, abantwana ababazali babo babenobufanasini bahlukile kubo bobabini abantwana abakhulele kwintsapho eqhelekileyo, kwaye kubantwana abavela kwabanye, kumzali ongatshatanga okanye kwiintsapho ezikhulayo.

Iziphumo zeRegnerus

URegn kwinqaku ubonise ukuba ugxininiso kolu phononongo yayikukuthelekisa abantwana kwiintsapho ezazibaleka ngokupheleleyo kwiintsapho ezinabazali abanotyekelo lobufanasini. Xa kuthelekiswa nabaphenduli abakhulela kubazali bomtshato abatshatileyo, abantu abaphendulayo abanomama abathandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo babonisa umahluko obalulekileyo kwiiparameter ezilandelayo:

• Usapho olufumana izibonelelo zezezimali (i-17% (intengiso. Usapho) kuthelekiswa ne-69% (Umama kubufanasini.))
• Okwangoku kwisibonelelo semali (10% vs 38%)
• Kukho umsebenzi osisigxina (49% vs 26%)
• Okwangoku umsebenzi (8% vs 28%)
• Uzazisa njenge-100% heterosexual (90% vs 61%)
• Icebo lomtshato (13% vs 40%)
• Ukhe wahlaselwa sisifo i STD (8% vs 20%)
• Wakhe wafumana ukubanjwa ngokwesondo kwabazali (2% vs 23%)
• Wakhe wanyanzelwa ukuba ulale ngesondo ngokuchasene nentando (i-8% vs 31%)
• Isalathiso sokuPhunyelelwa kweMfundo (Umndilili weQela: 3,19 vs 2,39)
• Isalathiso soKhuseleko loSapho lwabazali (4,13 vs 3,12)
• Isalathiso somphumo olubi kwiNtsapho yomzali (2,30 vs 3,13)
• Isalathiso soxinzelelo (1,83 vs 2,20)
• Inqanaba lokuxhomekeka (2,82 vs 3,43)
• Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwentsangu (1,32 vs 1,84)
• Ukutshaya rhoqo (1,79 vs 2,76)
• I-TV Frequency (3,01 vs 3,70)
• Rhoqo kubanjwa kwamapolisa (1,18 vs 1,68)
• Inani lamaqabane esini ababhinqileyo (phakathi kwabaphenduli ababhinqileyo) (0,22 vs 1,04)
• Inani lamaqabane abesilisa abelana ngesondo (phakathi kwabaphenduli ababhinqileyo) (2,79 vs 4,02)
• Inani lamadoda abelana ngesondo (phakathi kwabaphenduli abesilisa) (0,20 vs 1,48)

Xa kuthelekiswa nabaphenduli abakhula benabazali abatshatileyo abatshatileyo, abantu abaphendulayo utata wabo engatshatanga babonisa umohluko obonakalayo kwezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• Usapho olufumana izibonelelo zezezimali (i-17% (intengiso. Usapho) kuthelekiswa ne-57% (utata onobufanasini.)
• Mva nje bekukho iingcinga zokuzibulala (5% vs 24%)
• Okwangoku kwisibonelelo (i-10% vs 38%)
• Uzazisa njenge-100% heterosexual (90% vs 71%)
• Ukhe wahlaselwa sisifo i STD (8% vs 25%)
• Wakhe wafumana ukubanjwa ngokwesondo kwabazali (2% vs 6%)
• Wakhe wanyanzelwa ukuba ulale ngesondo ngokuchasene nentando (i-8% vs 25%)
• Isalathiso sokuPhunyelelwa kweMfundo (Umndilili weQela: 3,19 vs 2,64)
• Isalathiso soKhuseleko loSapho lwabazali (4,13 vs 3,25)
• Isalathiso somphumo olubi kwiNtsapho yomzali (2,30 vs 2,90)
• Index ye-Biological Umama osondeleyo (4,17 vs 3,71)
• Isalathiso soxinzelelo (1,83 vs 2,18)
• Isalathiso soMgangatho woLwalamano lwangoku (4,11 vs 3,63)
• Isalathiso seNgxaki yoBudlelwane (2,04 vs 2,55)
• Ukutshaya rhoqo (1,79 vs 2,61)
• Rhoqo kubanjwa kwamapolisa (1,18 vs 1,75)
• Inani lamaqabane esini ababhinqileyo (phakathi kwabaphenduli ababhinqileyo) (0,22 vs 1,47)
• Inani lamaqabane abesilisa abelana ngesondo (phakathi kwabaphenduli ababhinqileyo) (2,79 vs 5,92)
• Inani lamadoda abelana ngesondo (phakathi kwabaphenduli abesilisa) (0,20 vs 1,47)

Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba izikhombisi zabaphenduli ezinabazali ababengabalingani bobungqingili zahluke kakhulu kungekuphela nje kubaphenduli abavela kwiintsapho zemveli ezigcweleyo, kodwa nakwabo baphendule abakhulele kolunye uhlobo lweentsapho (iintsapho ezikhulisayo, njl njl). Eyona nto ibangela umdla kukuba ubukho bomzali onotyekelo lobufanasini buchaphazela ukwakheka kwezesondo ebantwaneni.

Ukuxhatshazwa

Olu papasho lubangele isiphumo sebhombu eqhumayo kude ngaphaya koluntu lwenzululwazi olusebenza kwicandelo loluntu losapho. Oku kufunyaniswa kuphikisana nolona phawu luphambili, olwasungulwa ukusukela oko yaqala i-2000 kuluntu lwenzululwazi yaseMelika ekhululekileyo malunga nokungabikho kwempembelelo yabazali yokuzibandakanya kwezesondo kwabantwana kwaye yabangela ingqumbo yemibutho yoluntu engatshatanga. Kwangoko uRegnerus wabizwa ngokuba yi "Homophobia" kwaye watyholwa ngokuchasene nokusemthethweni “komtshato” wabantu abatshatileyo (ibali libekho ngaphambi kwesigqibo esaziwayo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMelika), nangona uRegnerus engakhange abeke phambili ezo ngxoxo nqaku. Imithombo yeendaba yenkululeko yada yabiza iRegnerus "indlovu kwivenkile ethengisa izinto zase China" (UFerguson 2012).

Isazi sezeNtlalontle uGary Gates, umlawuli weZiko lezeNtlalontle kunye neNkululeko, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, olilungu kwintsebenziswano yobungqingili, wakhokela iqela lamakhulu amabini oogqirha beFilosofi kunye noNyango athumele ileta kuJames Wright, umhleli oyintloko kwi-Social Science Research, efuna Chaza, "Eli nqaku liphononongwa njani ngokubanzi kwaye livunyelwe ukuba lipapashe" (Iigates xnumx) Umbhalo wale leta wapapashwa kwibhlog "Intshukumo yaMalungelo eNtu aMatsha", eyayikhokelwa ngumsebenzisi "Scott Rose" - le yinkcazo yomnye umtshutshisi we-LGBT + - intshukumo ye-Scott Rosenweig, echithe ixesha elininzi lomzabalazo ekushenxiseni iRegnerus.

URosenweig unyanzelise ukuba ubunkokheli beDyunivesithi yaseTexas e-Austin benze uphando ngezenzo zikaRegneruss ngokuthi "lulwaphulo-mthetho olufanelekileyo." Ubunkokeli beyunivesithi uxelele iRosenweig ukuba sele luqalisile uphicotho lokujonga ukuba ngaba imisebenzi kaRegnerus iqulethe “isidumbu” esidingekayo ukusungula uphando lwaseburhulumenteni. URosenweig wazibeka ngoko nangoko iindaba kwibhlog yakhe, eyibiza ngokuba "kukuphanda ngezenzo zikaRegnerus" (Scott Rose 2012a). Uphicotho-zincwadi alukhange lubonakalise ukungangqinelani kwizenzo zikaRegnerus kumgangatho wokuziphatha osayensi; Nangona kunjalo, ibali lalisekude.

Kwibloglog, imithombo yeendaba kunye neempapasho ezisemthethweni, intshutshiso kaRegnerus yaqala, kungekuphela nje kwindlela yokugxeka umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi (iindlela zokuhlalutya kunye nokulungiswa kwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani), kodwa nakwindlela yokuthuka umntu kunye nokusongela impilo kwanasebomini. Eli linge lokugqibela lifanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo njengesalathiso semozulu yeemvakalelo ezijikeleze eli bali. URegnerus uphendule ngokunzulu egxeka umsebenzi wakhe kwinqaku elalandelayo kuPhando lweSayensi yezeNtlalontle, epapashe kwiinyanga ezine emva kweyokuqala (IRegnerus 2012b).

Impendulo yokugxekwa

Inqaku lalineempendulo zezona ngongoma ziphambili abagxeki bakaRegenerus.

1. Ukusetyenziswa kwesifinyezo esithi "LM" ("umama ongatshatanga") kunye no "GF" ("utata ongcolileyo)". Uphononongo lukaRegneruso lwaluchaphazela kuphela abantwana abadala abaye baxela ukuba omnye wabazali banobudlelwane besini esinye, ke akazange afumane ithuba lokufumanisa ukuba lomzali uzichaza njengefanasini. Kwaye kwi-Westernology yesayensi yezentlalo kunye nesayensi yezentlalo, oku kubaluleke ngokubaluleka kwesigama, kuba, ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga kwabo, imvakalelo yangaphakathi ibaluleke ngakumbi kunokuthatha inxaxheba kwezesondo phakathi kwabantu abathandanayo. URegnerus wavumelana noku kugxeka kwaye wathi uza kulungisa isishwankathelo "LM" se "MLR" (umama kubudlelwane bezesini) kunye no "GF" ngo "FGR" (utata kubudlelwane bobungqingili) .Le nto ayitshintshi imeko yezigqibo zakhe kunye nokuchaneka kohlalutyo.

2. Thelekisa iintsapho zabaphenduli nabazali ababenobungqingili kunye neentsapho ezigqibeleleyo ezinabazali bemvelo abatshatileyo. Eyona nto igxekwayo kukuba kolu thelekiso, iintsapho ezinabazali ababenobungqingili bababandakanyeka kwiintsapho ezinomzali omnye, kwaye yayinotyekelo lokuzithelekisa neentsapho ezizinzileyo. URegnerus wasikhaba isityholo. Uye waphawula ukuba isifundo sakhe sibandakanya ukuthelekiswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zombutho wosapho, kubandakanya ukukhulisa nokungaphelelanga, nomzali omnye, apho, nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu besini esinye. Umahluko kwiintsapho ezinjalo wawungavumi ukuba nabazali babe nobufanasini. Uye waphawula ukuba inani eliphantsi kakhulu labantu abatshatileyo "elizinzileyo" ubudlelwane besini esifanayo babenza bangakwazi ukuthelekisa abantu abatshatileyo abathandanayo besini esinye kunye neentsapho ezizinzileyo zesini.

3. Ukukhethwa kweentsapho zabaphenduli nabazali ababenobungqingili, njengokwahlukahlukana okuzimeleyo. Olu hlaselo lolunye uhlobo lokungoneliseki ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzinza kwesibini kwisifundo sakhe. Kukho into yokuba (ukungabinakho) ukungazinzi kusapho lowesini esahlukileyo kungumbandela obeka inguquko kwamanye amadoda kunye nabasetyhini kubudlelwane bobungqingili, kwaye kule meko, ukungazinzi kusapho kufanele kube "kukuzimela okungafaniyo", kunokuba bubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu besini esinye. U-Regnerus ucebise ukuba ezi zinto zinokunxulumana ngandlela thile, kodwa ngokwendlela yokufunda yesayensi, kuyimpazamo ukushenxisa ukujonga ukusuka kwimeko echazwe ngokucacileyo (ubudlelwane befanasini) ukuya kwinkcazo engacacanga nengangqinelaniyo (ukungazinzi kosapho). Umzekelo, ukuze kuhlalutywe impumelelo yabadlali bebhola, kubalulekile ukuba uthathe inani leenjongo ezikhutshelweyo, hayi ubuhle bokubetha.

4. Gxila kubuhlobo bengqingili. Ngokutsho kwabagxeki bakhe, isizathu kukuba ubudlelwane obungazinzanga bobufanasini obabukho kwisampulu yeRegin yayiyinto "yangaphambili" xa ubudlelwane obunjalo babucekeceke, kwaye isampulu yanamhlanje ibonakalisa uzinzo ngakumbi kulwalamano olunjalo. URegnerus uphendule ngelithi akakhange enze sifundo sokuchonga abazali abanobudlelwane bezitabane ezingazinziyo. Uphando lujolise kubantwana abadala abakhuliswe ngexesha elithile phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, waphawula ubungqina bokuba umtshato o-gay eNorway nase-Sweden unobungozi obuphezulu boqhawulo-mtshato kunasemtshatweni wesini esinye (Andersson 2006, I-Biblartz xnumx), kunye nobungqina bamanqanaba aphezulu okwahlula kunye noqhawulo-mtshato phakathi kwabatshatileyo abatshatileyo abathandanayo eMelika (Hoff xnumx).

5. Inani elincinci labazinikazi ababhinqileyo “kwiintsapho” kwisampulu yakhe. Ukugxekwa kuyinxalenye yesityholo sokuba isampulu ye-NFSS ibingamameli. U-Regnerus akasifihli isibakala sokuba kwisampulu yakhe kukho abantu ababini kuphela abaphendulayo ababehlala nonina wendalo kunye neqabane lakhe elitshatileyo elineminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, uRegnerus waphinda wathi injongo yakhe yayikukuchonga impembelelo yabazali ababekobufanasini, nokungaxhomekeki ekuthandeni inkanuko yobungqingili kunye nokuzinza komdibaniso wosapho.

"... Abanye bathathe le nyani njengophawu lwesampulu yedatha ekrokrisayo nengabonakalisi mntu. Ndiya kuqaphela ukuba abagxeki kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo imeko zentlalo yexesha apho ubudlelwane bezesini obuzinzileyo nabantwana babungaqhelekanga ... Enye inyani, njengenkcazo yokuzinza, ethi banegalelo kulindelo olungenangqondo, ngakumbi emva kokupapashwa okuninzi kwezifundo ezisekwe kwiisampulu ezingacwangciswanga kunye nezithandwayo ... Umzekelo, kwizifundo zangaphambili zabantwana abanomama abathandana nabasetyhini, isampulu yayinqunyelwe kubafazi abamhlophe abazizityebi abanokukwazi ukuhlawulela inkqubo yokufaka amadlozi, ngelixa isampulu I-NFSS imele ngakumbi kwaye ibandakanya abantu abangamhlophe abangabasetyhini abakudidi olusezantsi (I-Rosenfeld 2010, iphe. 757) (...) Ngapha koko, kwizifundo zangaphambili zefuthe lokutyekelana kwabazali kubantwana, kuphela "ngabantwana abahlala nabazali bobabini ubuncinci iminyaka emihlanu" (I-Rosenfeld 2010). Ayithandabuzeki into yokuba isampulu enjalo iya kubonisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo kunesampulu enokubandakanya abantwana abangaphandle kwale meko ... "(IRegnerus 2012b).

6. Umahluko phakathi kwesampulu yeRegnerus kunye nedatha yobalo bantu eMelika. Ubalo bantu lubonise ipesenteji ephezulu yabantwana abakhulele kwizibini ezitshatileyo kunokuba ifunyenwe kwisampulu yeRegnerus. U-Regnerus uphendule ukuba akahlolisisi izibini, kodwa abantwana abadala; umbuzo ubuzwe malunga nolwalamano lwabantwana babo ngokwesondo, olwalungekho kubalo bantu; ubalo lubonakalisa eli xesha kwimbali yesibini, ngelixa uphando belugxile kwinkumbulo zobuntwana.

7. Ukunqongophala kohlalutyo lomtshato wabantu 'abanemikhwa ehlanganisiweyo'. Abanye abagxeki bathi abantu abadala okwenziwe udliwano-ndlebe nguRegnerus ngabantwana “abahlukeneyo”, kwaye le nyaniso ichaphazela iziphumo zayo, hayi ulwalamano lwabazali besini esifanayo. URegnerus uphendule wathi isifundo sakhe asizange sithethe nge "etiology yobufanasini" kunye nethiyori "yokuziqhelanisa," wayengenandlela yokwazi ukuba abazali abatshatileyo “banokuzimanyanisa”. Kwakhona, isifundo sakhe simiselwe kwidatha yabantwana abakhuliswe ngexesha elithile lokukhula kwabo ngumzali kubudlelwane besini esifanayo.

8. Ukunqongophala kohlalutyo lwezinto ezibandakanyekayo. Oku kugxekwa kukwahluka komhlathi odlulileyo: abanye abagxeki babonisa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi abazali babephakathi. URegnerus waphendula ngokunjalo. Ukongeza, nangona oku kungaziphikisi izigqibo zakhe, kuya kuba ngumdla ukuqwalasela lo mbandela.

9. Into yokuba amava wosapho lokukhulisa ayithathelwa ngqalelo. Abanye babagxeki baphawula ukuba ngexesha lokufundwa kukaRegnikis kwizikhumbuzo zabantu abaphendulileyo, abazali abathandana nabantu besini esinye babedla ngokuthatha abantwana babo kwikhaya leenkedama okanye bathumele abantwana babo ekhaya Naziphi na kwezi meko zinokuba negalelo kwiziphumo zophando ezibi. U-Regnerus waphinda wahlalutya idatha yakhe kwaye wafumanisa imeko ye-21 yabantwana abanamava okuhlala kwikhaya lokugcina abantwana. Kumatyala amathathu, abantwana basuka kusapho lokukhulisa abantwana baya kwisibini sikanina neqabane lakhe, emva kokuba bekwisapho lokukhulisa abantwana - oku kufanelekile kwimeko yokuqala echazwe ngabagxeki. Abane bathunyelwa kusapho lokukhulisa abantwana emva kokuhlala kwintsebenziswano efanayo - oku kulunga imeko yesibini. Kwaye idatha yokuphumla ayilungelanga iikhrayitheriya zayo nayiphi na imeko echaziweyo. Ngamanye amagama, inani eliphantsi labaphenduli elinamava afanayo aliyamkeli le thyori ebalulekileyo.

URegnerus ubaphendule abagxeki bakhe nangenye indlela ebalaseleyo. NgoNovemba 2012, wafaka idatha yeesampulu ze-NFSS kwi-ICPSR (i-Inter-University yezoPolitiko kunye noPhando loLuntu Consortium) yokugcina idatha yedyunivesithi yaseMichigan. Oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na inzululwazi enokufikelela kwiziko kwi-ICPSR inokujonga isampulu yakhe. Uhlalutyo lukaRegnerus luqinisekiswa ngokulula, kwaye uphando lwakho luvulekile- ukubalwa kunokuphinda kubhalwe. Sele kudlule iminyaka eliqela kufakiwe idatha, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho mntu uye waveza ukuba isampulu yeyomgangatho ombi okanye ukuba ubalo lweRegneruser beluphosakele.

Iinzame zokujongela phantsi inqaku likaRegnerus ekuqaleni belibangelwa kukungabaza ngeendlela zakhe, kodwa kukungakhathali okuneziphumo ezibi zophando. Abagxeki bakhe bazi kakuhle ukuba uvavanyo olwaneleyo lomsebenzi kaRegnerus ngesihloko esingalunganga soluntu lwaseNtshona sisuka kwinto yokuba inqaku lakhe lapapashwa kwijenali yokuphononongwa koontanga. Ke ngoko, kwasekuqaleni, iinzame zabaphembeleli abaninzi zokuguqula imeko yesiqhelo kunye nokuthanda ubungqingili zichithiwe, okokuqala, kukudelela isigqibo semagazini sokupapasha inqaku.

Unjingalwazi uDarren Sherkat weYunivesithi yaseMazantsi eIllinois, olilungu lebhodi yokuhlela yoPhando lwezeNzululwazi yezeNtlalontle, uye wazivolontiya ukuqhuba uphicotho lwangaphakathi lokupapashwa kukaRegerus kunye nokubhala uphononongo oluzimeleyo olwahlukileyo. Kwizenzo zakhe, uSherkat wayonwabela inkxaso yephulo lokudelela uRegnerus kwaye wahambelana noScos Rosenweig. NgoJulayi 2012, uSherkat uxelele uScot Rosenweig (umlobi obizwa ngokuba yi-Austin kwi-Austin ukuba aqalise uphando kwiRegnos ngokuthumela i-imeyile echaza ukuba "inkqubo yokujonga inqaku ayihambanga kakuhle". URosenweig wacaphula le leta kwibhlog yakhe phantsi kwesihloko esithi “Sense! Ukwaphula umthetho kufunyenwe kwinqaku elibonisa ukuba abantu basekhayaScott Rose 2012b) Abahleli boPhando lweSayensi yezeNtlalontle, phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu, babonelela ngohlobo lokuzivandlakanya kukaSherkat kwijenali ye-Chronicle yezeMfundo ePhakamileyo, eyapapashayo. Ukuzijonga kwakhona kukaSherkat, apho watyhola abahlaziyi kwinqaku likaRegneruss ngokuthi "ubuchwephesha oboneleyo" kwaye wathi "makarhoxiswe inqaku", awalibiza ngokuba "shitty" (Bartlett 2012), wafumana uphononongo lomjikelo kunye nokulamla kule bloglog. Nangona kunjalo, uluvo lwabucala lukaSherkat kunye neengcali zabelana ngeembono zakhe, azichaphazelanga ikamva lencwadi kaRegnerus.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uScot Rosenweig kamva wathumela umbhalo opheleleyo kwileta kaSherkat kwibhlog yakhe. Ezinye izicatshulwa ezivela kuyo:

“… URegnerus wenze uphando olugqwethekileyo nolungalunganga obekungafanelekanga ukuba lupapashwe kwiphephancwadi elikhulu kangaka, elidumileyo elinomdla jikelele… Uyasondela nje kwaye ulihenyukazi kwezopolitiko. Emva kwexesha, uya kuyibhatala ngokulahleka kwegama ... Ndifuna ukunibulela nabo bonke abanye abatshakazi ngokugcina esi sihloko siphambi kwabo ngamaxesha onke. Uphononongwe njani loontanga? Abavavanyi bangamaPhiko anelungelo! ... "(UScott Rose 2012c)

Nangona kunjalo, uhlaselo olwenziwa nguRegnerushi lwalungenabungqina buqobo bempazamo ebalulekileyo kwiindlela nasekuhlaziyweni kolu phando, ke abatshisekeli besini esinye kunye nabacebisi, abathathe iziphumo zophando njengezisongelo kwimibono yabo, kudala badlulela kwizithuko zobuqu kunye nophando lweenjongo ezimbi, iyelenqe kunye ukukopa. Ngapha koko, kufanele ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuze kusonjululwe umba wezityholo ngokuchaneka kwesifundo, abahleli beSocial Science Research bagqibe ekubeni, ukongeza kubaphengululi ngqo kwinqaku, ukongeza ukutsala iingcaphephe ezintathu ezibalaseleyo kwicandelo lezentlalo, ukuze wonke umntu abhale ingxelo malunga nenqaku. Regnerus. Zonke iingcali (ngandlela zonke “azinantsingiselo”), zibonisa amagqabantshintshi ngenkqubo ethile yopapasho lwezenzululwazi, azizange zithandabuze isimilo nendlela yokufunda yaze yaphawula ukubaluleka kwayo (Amato xnumx, I-eggebeen xnumx, I-Osborne 2012).

Ileta evulekileyo yapapashwa kwi-2012 exhasa isifundo seRegnerus, esayinwe ngoososayensi be27 kwicandelo lezentlalo nobalo (Ngu-Byron xnumx) Kule leta, iqela leengcali kunye neengcaphephe amanqaku:

"... Ngokwenyani, iimpawu zedemokhrasi yabantwana abazali besini esifanayo - esekwe kubuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga - basondelelene neempawu zabantwana ezifanayo kolunye uhlolisiso lwenzululwazi yezentlalo uMichael Rosenfeld (I-Rosenfeld 2010), yona, ngokwahlukileyo kwiRegnerushi, yamkelwa ngomdla kumajelo osasazo nakwizifundiswa. Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela into ethile kuba uMichael Rosenfeld kwisifundo sakhe wasebenzisa iinkonzo zombutho owaziwayo wophando "iiNethiwekhi zoNxibelelwano" ukuqokelela idatha yenqaku lakhe kwijenali egunyazisiweyo yejografi.I-Rosenfeld 2012), ngelixa uRegnerus wagxekwa kabukhali nguDarren Sherkat ngokufanayo kwinqaku lakhe. Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuqaphela ukuba olunye uphononongo olupapashwe kwiJenali yomtshato kunye neNtsapho lubonise iziphumo ezixhaphakileyo ngeRegnerus (Umbumbi xnumx). Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba "ukusebenza kwabantwana kwiintsapho ezinabazali besini esifanayo kwiindlela ezimbini kubi kakhulu kunontanga babo kwiintsapho zabazali abatshatileyo bezinto eziphilayo ... Ukufana phakathi kokufunyenwe kolu phando kunye nokufundwa kukaRegnerus kubuza ibango lokuba uRegnerus" wonakalise yonke into "... "(Ngu-Byron xnumx).

Uphando lukaPaul Sullins 

UPaul Sullins utsalele ingqalelo kwinto yokuba kwizifundo ezilishumi elinambini ezibanga ukuba "akukho mahluko", ziyi-4 kuphela ezinesampulu eyoneleyo yokwenza amabango anjalo. Abathathu kubo (Wainright noPatterson 3, 2004, 2006) basebenzise isampulu efanayo yabakwishumi elivisayo abangama-2008 ekuthiwa bakhuliswe kwizibini ezithandanayo. USullins, nangona kunjalo, wafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwabakwishumi elivisayo kule sampulu (44 ngaphandle kwe-27) bahlala nabazali besini esahlukileyo (!), Kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi aba babengabazali babo bokwenyama. Emva kokubakhuphela ngaphandle kwisampulu, abathathi-nxaxheba abaseleyo babonisa ukubonakaliswa kweempawu zengqondo ezixhalabisayo kunye nokuzimela kunontanga yabo abavela kwiintsapho ezithandanayo (nangona ukusebenza kwesikolo kwakungcono kancinci).

Uhlalutyo lukaSullivan lubonise ukuba "ukutshata" kwabantu besini esifanayo kuyaneziphumo ezenzakalisayo ebantwaneni, kwaye ixesha elide ukuba umntwana abe “nabazali” besini esinye, okukhona kwenzakala. Xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana babazali “abatshatanga” abangatshatanga, iimpawu ezixinzisayo zabantwana “abazali” babo ababekwi “mtshato” wesini esinye sonyuka ukusuka kwi-50% ukuya kwi-88%; uloyiko lwemihla ngemihla okanye ukulila luyonyuswa ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya kwi-32%; amanqaku aphakathi esikolweni anciphisa ukusuka kwi-3,6 ukuya kwi-3,4; kwaye ukuphathwa gadalala ngokwesini kwabazali kuyanda ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwi-38%.

"Ngaphandle kobu bungqina bukhula ngokuchaseneyo, i-APA iyaqhubeka isithi:" Akukho sifundo sifumanise ukuba abantwana babazali abathandana abatshatileyo baphantsi nangayiphi na indlela kubantwana abanabazali abangatshatanga. " Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba le ngxelo ayiyonyani. Kulabo babeqinisekile ukuba akukho mahluko, idatha evela kolu phando iya kuba yinto engalindelekanga kwaye inokwenzeka. Ezi datha, nokuba ziqinisekisiwe, zitshintshiwe okanye zaphononongwa kuphando lwexesha elizayo, zibonisa ukuba uninzi lolwazi malunga nolwalamano olunjalo luyimpazamo, kwaye sele siqalile ukuzama ukuqonda ukuba ngabazali ababini besini esifanayo babachaphazela njani abantwana ”(I-Sullins 2015c).

Uphononongo lwesine (i-Rosenfeld 2010), ethelekisa i-3 yabantwana babazali abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo, yayisekelwe kwisampulu ye-Census 174, apho ngaphezu kwe-2000% "yezibini ezithandana nabantu abathandana nabo" ngokwenene zazichanekile izibini ezithandana nesini esingafaniyo, ezikhokelela kucalucalulo olunzulu kwizinto ezifunyenweyo. Izazinzulu ezifumene le mpazamo ingaqhelekanga ziye zalumkisa oogxa ukuba uninzi lwezigqibo zezifundo ezixhomekeke kule sampuli azilunganga (Imnyama 2007). URosenfeld mhlawumbi wayengazi ngaloo nto, okanye wakhetha ukuyityeshela. UDouglas Allen, owayesebenzisa isampulu yaseCanada, akazange akwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo zikaRosenfeld kwaye wacela umngeni kwizigqibo zakhe:

Ithathiwe kunye, iziphumo zethu zahluke ngokumangalisayo kwezo zesifundo sokuqala. Abantwana abahlala kumakhaya abantu besini esinye bahlukile ngokwamanani kubantwana abakwiintsapho zesintu nakwimizi ethandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo. Ukubaluleka kokungafani kukhulu ngokwaneleyo kwingxoxo-nkqubo yangoku neyexesha elizayo, kwaye kubonisa isidingo sokwenyani sophando ...UAllen 2012)

U-Sullivan uxela ukuba kwizifundo ezininzi ezisebenzisa uvavanyo olulula olunemilinganiselo emibini, ukusilela kokubaluleka kuchazwe ngempazamo njengobungqina bokuba "ukungabikho mehluko", ngaphandle kokumahluko kuqikelelo kunye nokwahluka kubukhulu bempembelelo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ezi "zifundo", ezifihlayo emva koyilo olufana nesayensi, azilandeli ezenzululwazi, kodwa ngokucacileyo iinjongo ezithile zenkcubeko nezengcinga.

Ngaphaya koko, akukho namnye kubo ojonga kwiziphumo zexesha elide zokuba ngumzali wesini esifanayo. Emva kokujongana nalo mbandela kunye nokujonga ubomi babantwana abakhuliswe ngabantu abathandana besisini esinye kangangeminyaka eli-13, uSullins wafumanisa ukuba umngcipheko woxinzelelo xa sele emdala uphindwe kabini kunabantwana abakhuliswa yindoda nomfazi (51% vs 20%) , kwaye umngcipheko wokucinga ngokuzibulala uphindwe ka-5 (37% xa kuthelekiswa ne-7%). Abafundi bezibini ezitshatileyo babonisa ukwanda kwamazinga okutyeba: iipesenti ezingama-72 xa kuthelekiswa ne-37%, enokuthi inxulunyaniswe noxinzelelo (I-Sullins 2016).

Kwangoko, abakwaSallins bafumanisa ukuba abantwana “babazali abathandana abatshatileyo” baneengxaki ezingokweemvakalelo kabini ngokufuthi njengabantwana babazali abangatshatanga (I-Sullins 2015b).

Njengesiqhelo, ukuntywila koonobumba abacaphukisayo baqinisekisa ukuba eli nqaku lisetyenziselwe iingxoxo "zentiyo", kwaye umbhali, onesidima sobuKatolika, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayezibaxa iziphumo. Ukubhenela kwimfesane kunye nokuboniswa kweemeko zobuqu ezithi zimenze umntu abe nocalucalulo kunye nokunganyaniseki ziqhinga lokubetha. Iimpikiswano ezinjalo azichanekanga kwaye ziyimpazamo, kuba azichaphazeli umxholo wombandela kwaye zikhokelela kude kuvavanyo olunobunzulu bale meko, zibhekisa kumkhethe. Inyaniso yokuba umKatolika utyekele ekubekeni phambili ingxoxo ethile ayenzi ingxoxo ngokwayo ukusuka kwindawo enombono oqinisekileyo. UGqr Sallins wayechasene nesidima sokugxekwa, kwaye ke amatshantliziyo asilele ukuwuyeka uphando.

I-American Psychological Association (APA) ithi abantwana abakhuliswe kwizibini zesini esifanayo balingana okanye baphakamileyo kubantwana kwizibini zesini esahlukileyo malunga nophuhliso lwengqondo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.

Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uNjingalwazi uPaul Sullins wafumanisa, phantse zonke izifundo ezikhankanywe yi-APA zenziwa kwiisampuli ezincinci, ezingameliyo kwaye ngoko ke iziphumo zazo azithembekanga kakhulu. Ukuba asibandakanyi zonke izifundo ezingamelanga, kuphela izifundo ezili-10 ezihlala zisetyenziselwa iisampulu ezisebenzayo. Kwaba, ba-4 kuphela abafumananga monakalo kubantwana ekukhulisweni kwizibini zesini esifanayo, kwaye abanye abayi-6 bafumana ingozi.

Xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho zesini esahlukileyo, abantwana abakhathalelwa ngabantu besini esifanayo bangaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kumngcipheko weengxaki zeemvakalelo, kuquka ukudandatheka, ukuxhalaba, ukuziphatha kakubi, ukunxulumana koontanga kunye nokungakwazi ukuzikisa ingqondo. Sithetha ngomntwana ngamnye wesihlanu. Banokwenzeka ngokuphindwe kabini ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba banengxaki yophuhliso, ebandakanya, kodwa ingaphelelanga apho, ukukhubazeka kokufunda okanye ukunqongophala kwengqwalasela.

Kunyaka ophelileyo, abantwana abavela kwisini esifanayo babenethuba eliphindwe kabini lokubona ugqirha okanye bathathe amayeza kwiingxaki zengqondo. Banamathuba e-2 amathuba okuba babanjwe ngesondo ngabazali okanye abanye abantu abadala, kwaye amaxesha angama-10 amathuba okuba banyanzeliswe ngesondo ngokuchasene nentando yabo.

Kukho amathuba aphezulu okuba aba bantwana sele benamava okuqhawuka kobudlelwane bomzali omnye ngaphambi kokuba baqalise ukuhlala nabazali besini esifanayo. Kodwa basenokuphinda bafumane olunye uqhawulo-ntsapho baze badlulele kwisibini sesithathu, kuba abantu besini esifanayo baqhawula kaninzi kunabalingane besini esahlukileyo.

Inkcukacha enomdla kukuba abantwana abavela kwizibini zesini esifanayo banamathuba ama-3 ngaphantsi kokuphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, nangona banamabanga angaphezulu komndilili. UPaul Sullins uchaza le ntsomi ngokuthi ngexesha lokufunda, abantu abathandana besini esifanayo babesazi ukuba bajongwe, kwaye ke benza yonke imizamo yokubonisa elona cala labo lilungileyo ukuze baveze bobabini kunye nabesini esifanayo ngokubanzi ngendlela ethandekayo. . Ukongeza, amanqaku aphezulu afunyenwe kwiqela labantwana abakhuliswe ngabazali abathandana nabasetyhini ukususela ekuzalweni. Kukho amathuba aphezulu okuba aba bantwana bakhawulwe ngokufakwa kwidonor. Kwaye xa umama ekhetha amadlozi ukuba akhawule umntwana wakhe ongekazalwa, ukhangele umxhasi ongaphezu komyinge-ophethe isidanga sobugqirha okanye i-IQ ephezulu. Yaye ekubeni aba bantwana bekhethelwe ubukrelekrele, banokulindelwa ukuba babe nezakhono zengqondo ezingaqhelekanga kunomndilili wabemi.

Kodwa ngexesha lokufikisa, aba bantwana baya kuba lula ukuba nobudlelwane bothando okanye bazicingele kubudlelwane bexesha elizayo obuquka ukukhulelwa okanye umtshato.

Njengabantu abadala, abantwana babazali besini esifanayo banamathuba e-2 amathuba okuba bahlupheke ngokudakumba, amaxesha angama-4 amathuba okuba bacinge ngokuzibulala, kusenokwenzeka ukuba batshaye, basebenzise intsangu, kwaye banokubanjwa. Banamathuba ama-3 okukrexeza, amaxesha angama-3 amathuba okuba bangaphangeli kwaye bafumane izibonelelo.

Abasetyhini abakhuliswe ngamaqabane abathandana besini esifanayo basengozini enkulu yokuba batshate okanye babe nobudlelwane obuhlala ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu ngeminyaka engama-30, kwaye amathuba angaphantsi kathathu okuba ukhe wakhulelwa.

Ngezizathu ezingaziwayo, umonakalo ebantwaneni mkhulu ukuba abazali babo besini esifanayo batshatile. Okumangalisayo kukuba, umtshato phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo uzisa ebantwaneni eyona nto ichaseneyo nomtshato ophakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Abantwana abahlala nabazali abatshatileyo besini esahlukileyo badla ngokuqhuba kakuhle, ngoxa abantwana abahlala nabazali abatshatileyo besini esifanayo bethanda ukwenza izinto ezimbi ngakumbi. Umngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ukwanyuka ukuba abazali besini esifanayo batshatile.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukukhulisa abantwana besini esifanayo ngokucacileyo kubeka abantwana engxakini. Kwizibini zesini esifanayo, umntwana ngamnye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuhluthwa ukunyamekela omnye okanye ababini kubazali bakhe bemvelo, okuya kukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi ekuphuhliseni nasekuphileni kwakhe.

Abanye abantwana abaphuma kwiintsapho zesini esifanayo bachaza amava amanyumnyezi okuxhatshazwa nokungazinzi, kodwa esona sikhalazo sixhaphakileyo kukuba nangona benoomama abanothando, bebesoloko betsala nzima yaye beziva bengafaneleki ngaphandle kolwalamano noyise.

Abazali ababini bebhayoloji kumtshato ophantsi kongquzulwano lolona khetho lungcono kuphuhliso kunye nentlalontle yomntwana. Ubukho babazali bebhayoloji bobabini bobona bungqina bunamandla beziphumo ezilungileyo ebantwaneni.

UGqr. Sullins

Umngcipheko wokuqhutywa kwesini esifanayo

Ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kweentshukumo zentshukumo ye-LGBT + -intshukumo ethi izifundo azibonisi mahluko phakathi kwabantwana abakhuliswe ngabalingani besini esinye kunye nabantwana abaphuma kwiintsapho zemveli, ezi zifundo zinendlela efanelekileyo yokulinganisa. Ukongeza, ezi zifundo zifanayo zibonisa umahluko kwisazisi ngokwesini kunye nomtsalane wesini sabantwana abakhuliswa ngabasetyhini besini esifanayo kubantwana abaphuma kwiintsapho zesintu. Umphandi odumileyo wemfundo yabantwana uDiana Baumrind uqaphele ukuba:

"... Iya kumangalisa into yokuba ... ubuni besini babantwana abenziwa phantsi kwefuthe lesazisi sabazali babo ..." (IBaumrind 1995, iphe. 134).

UStacey noBiblarz baphawula ngokufanayo:

"... Ubuninzi bobungqina obuqokelelweyo kwicandelo lezifundo zesini kunye nokwabelana ngesondo abungqineli abaxhasi bethiyori yokuba ukuba ngumzali ngabantu abatshatileyo abodwa akunampembelelo kulwalamano lwabantwana ..." (I-Stacey xnumx, iphe. 177) Kuyamangalisa ukuba ... ubuni besini babantwana abenziwa phantsi kwefuthe lesazisi sabazali babo ... ”.

UStacey kunye neBiblarz baqhuba uhlalutyo lwezifundo ze21, abazikhethileyo ngokweekhrayitheriya zokuthobela imigangatho esisiseko yokubaluleka kweenkcukacha-manani kunye nokufumaneka kwedatha ngokubonwa kolwazelelo lwesimo sabantwana abatshatileyo abatshatileyo.I-Stacey xnumx, iphe. 159). UStacey noBiblarz bafumanisa ukuba uphando alungqinelani nesitetimenti esithi "akukho mahluko" xa kufikelelwa kukhetho lwesini kunye nesazisi kubantwana abancinci (I-Stacey xnumx, iphe. 176):

“… Ababhali bazo zonke izifundo ezingama-21 baphantse bavumelana ngazwi linye lokuba abafumani mahluko kwizalathi zophuhliso okanye kwintsebenzo yezifundo zabantwana. Ngokuchasene noko, uhlalutyo lwethu olucokisekileyo lweziphumo ezifunyenweyo lubonisa ukuba kwezinye izikhombisi-ngakumbi ngokunxulumene nesini kunye nokwabelana ngesondo-ulwalamano lwabazali lubaluleke kakhulu kubantwana babo kunokuba abaphandi bephikisile ... Abantwana abakhuliswe ngabazali abathandana nabantu abathandana nesini esinye bathambekele ngakumbi ekwenziweni kwehomoerotic ukukhetha, ukuzibandakanya kubudlelwane bobufanasini kunye nokukhokelela kubomi bobufanasini ... "(I-Stacey xnumx, iphe. 167, 170, 171).

I-Rekers kunye neKilgus zolu luvo olufanayo nolukaStacey kunye neBiblarz, echaza umohluko kwindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabatshati abatshatileyo kunye nabantwana kwiintsapho zemveli (Iirki 2001, iphe. 371-374, 379-380).

Kwisifundo se-Golombok kunye ne-Tasker e-1996, abantwana boomama abathandana nobungqingili bafundwe ixesha elide-okokuqala beneminyaka elishumi, emva koko baneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine (IGolombok 1996) Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ebudaleni, i-36% yabantwana boomama abathandana nabatshatileyo baxela ukuba nomtsalane wobungqingili obohlukeneyo, ngelixa phakathi kwabantwana boomama abathandanayo, yayikhona i-20%. Nangona kunjalo, kwinani elibonisiweyo labantwana, akukho namnye kubantwana boomama abathandana abatshatileyo ongene kubudlelwane bobungqingili, ngelixa phakathi kwabantwana boomama abathandana abatshatileyo u-67% wayenobudlelwane bobungqingili (IGolombok 1996, iphepha 7 - 8).

Uphononongo olwenziwe nguBailey kunye noogxa bakhe (1995) bavavanya abantwana abadala bootata abathandana nabo kwaye bafumanisa ukuba i-9% yoonyana babo banobungqingili kwaye bayathandana, nto leyo ephindaphindiweyo iphakamileyo kunokwanda kwabantu abathandana abathandanayo.I-Bailey 1995).

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhankanywa sisifundo seSarantakos (1996), ethelekisa iimpawu ezifunyenwe kootitshala babantwana abaziswa ngabatshati abathandanayo xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho zemveli.I-Sarantakos 1996).

“… Ngokutsho kootitshala, abanye abantwana abavela kubantu besini esifanayo babedidekile bubuni babo kunye nokuqonda kwinto eyayibonwa ichanekile kwaye ilindelwe kubo kwiimeko ezithile. Kuxelwe ukuba amantombazana aphuma kootata abathandana nesini esinye abonisa isimo sengqondo "nokuziphatha" kunamantombazana avela kubazali abathandanayo. Kwaxelwa ukuba uninzi lwamakhwenkwe oomama abathandana besisini esinye babengamakhosikazi ngokuziphatha nakwindlela ababephatha ngayo kunamakhwenkwe anabazali abathandanayo. Xa kuthelekiswa namakhwenkwe abazali abangafaniyo, babenomdla kakhulu kwiithoyi, kwimidlalo nakwimidlalo edla ngokukhethwa ngamantombazana; amaxesha amaninzi kunabafana abavela kwiintsapho zesintu babekhala kwiimeko ezifanayo zoxinzelelo kwaye bahlala befuna iingcebiso kootitshala ababhinqileyo ... "(I-Sarantakos 1996, iphe. 26).

URichard Redding kumsebenzi wakhe we-2008 walo nyaka uphawule:

"... Izifundo ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba abantwana abakhuliswa ngabantu abathandana abatshatileyo banethuba lokutsala umdla ongakhokelela kubudlelwane bobungqingili kunye nokungazithobi ngokwesini ..." (Ukunciphisa i-xnumx).

Kuluhlalutyo lukaTracy Hansen, olubandakanya ikakhulu izifundo ezisithoba ezipapashwe ngababhali abathembekileyo kwi-LGBT + intshukumo, eyayivavanya abantwana abadala kuneminyaka eyi-18, ikhuliswe ngabatshatileyo, yafunyanwa ukuba phakathi kwaba bantwana linani eliphezulu kakhulu abantu abangafanani nabobuni (UHansen xnumx) Idatha efanayo yafunyanwa kuhlalutyo lukaCameron, olwabandakanya izifundo zoonyana abangootata abathandana nabo (ICameron 2009) Idatha efanayo yafunyanwa kuhlalutyo lwe-meta nguWalter R. Schumm (2010) - xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho zemveli, kuba abantwana abakhuliswe ngabasetyhini besini esifanayo, amathuba okuthatha indlela yokuphila yobungqingili aphezulu kakhulu (Isc xmumx) Idatha efanayo yafunyanwa kufundo lwabantwana boomama abathandana nobungqingili obuqhutywa nguGartrell kunye noogxa (IGartrell xnumx).

Intatheli yesini esinye uMilo Yannupolos uthe angakuvuyela ukuba nabantwana, kodwa angafuni ukubakhulisa kumanyano lwabungqingili, kuba ukuthanda izinto zesondo ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kwimfundo nakwindawo esingqongileyo, kwaye ke ngenxa yoko akafuni kuthwala uxanduva lokuba abantwana bakhe abakwazi Ifumene ukhetho oluphezulu kakhulu kwaye ayibanga ngathandani.

Moira GreylandUzalelwe kusapho apho umama wayengumntu wesini kunye noyise ongatshatanga, uthetha nangakumbi malunga "nenkcubeko yesini":

"Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwenkcubeko yesini kunye nesini esahlukileyo yinkolelo yokuba isini sokuqala silungile kwaye siluncedo, kunye nolwazi oluqinisekileyo (ungakhohliswa umzuzwana ukuba abayazi le nto) ukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokudala omnye ubufanasini kukunika inkwenkwe amava ezesondo. NGAPHAMBI kokuba "abhujiswe" ngumtsalane kwintombazana ... Ezona nkolelo zabazali bam zezi: wonke umntu ulifanasini ngokwendalo, kodwa uluntu olungqingili luyabanciphisa kwaye ke lubathintele. Ukwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambi kwexesha kuvusa abantu umnqweno wokulala nomntu wonke, kwaye oku kuya kubanceda ukuba babe "ngokwabo", baphelise ubufanasini kwaye kukhokelele kuqalo lwe-utopia. Iyakutshabalalisa nosapho lwenyukliya oluthiyiweyo kunye notata wabo, isini, ukuthanda iminyaka (ewe, oku kubalulekile kubaxhaphazi) nazo zonke ezinye iisms. Ukuba abantwana aboneleyo banokwabelana ngesondo besebancinci, ubufanasini buza kuba yinto "yesiqhelo" kwaye yamkelwe, kwaye imibono yakudala yokunyaniseka iyakunyamalala. Kuba isondo liyinxalenye yendalo kwaye iyinxalenye yalo naluphi na ulwalamano, izithintelo phakathi kwabantu ziya kuthi shwaka kwaye i-utopia iza kufika, ngelixa ikamva leedinosaurs lilindele "inkcubeko yesini esahlukileyo". Njengoko umama wayedla ngokutsho, "Abantwana babethwa ngesando kwiintloko zabo ukuba abafuni ukwabelana ngesondo ... Bobabini abazali bafuna ukuba ndilifanasini kwaye bothuswa bubufazi bam. Umama wandixhaphaza ukususela kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kweli-12 ubudala. Inkumbulo yam yokuqala katata esenza into ebundlongondlongo kakhulu kum xa ndandineminyaka emihlanu ubudala. " (Ifani 2015).

Ubungqina babantu abakhulele “kwiintsapho” zesini esifanayo.

Ngo-Matshi 2015, abantu abathandathu abakhulele “kwiintsapho” zesini esinye bafaka isimangalo esisemthethweni malunga nokutshatiswa ngokusemthethweni komtshato “ongesini” kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Omnye wabo, uNjingalwazi we-State University of California eNorthridge kunye noMongameli weZiko leZizwe ngezoKhuselo lwaMalungelo abantwana, uRobert Lopez, ingxelo wabelana ngamava abo kunye namabali abanye. Uthetha ngokubandezeleka kwengqondo, imvakalelo yokungapheleli kunye nokulangazelela utata wakhe, ongenakukwazi ukumthabathela indawo inkosikazi kanina. Unjingalwazi ubanga ukuba imifanekiso yeentsapho zobufanasini kumajelo eendaba ziyilwe kwaye zilawulwa ngononophelo. Ama-Lesbians anokuzixakekisa ngempilo yabantwana babo ngokwesini, utshilo, njengoko iqinisekisiwe yintatheli uSally Cohn nqaku osihloko sithi "Ndilifanasini kwaye ndifuna umntwana wam ukuba abe lifanasini naye." Ngelixa abanye abantwana befunda iAdventures kaTom Sawyer kwaye babukele uOliver Twist, wanyanzelwa ukuba afunde uncwadi lwamafanasini kunye nokubukela imiboniso bhanya-bhanya yezesini. U-Lopez uzichaza njengo "bisexual," kwaye isini sakhe sokuqala esabelana ngesondo senzeka eneminyaka eyi-13 kunye namaqabane amabini amadala. 

Ukuba umntwana wesinye isibini esitshatileyo uqaphela ukuba unonina ongumama kunye nomzali wokuzalwa, kodwa engenayise, kwaye avakalise ukungoneliseki okanye umona wabantwana abavela kwiintsapho zesiko ngalo mbandela, utyholwa ngokuthetha "ngokuchaseneyo", "Kwaye ukusebenza kwayo" kubheja "uluntu lonke lwe-LGBT.

"Uphando" ngemvumelwano "malunga nokuba ngumzali wobungqingili kunye neempazamo ezinzulu. Eyona nto ingeloncedo kuyo yonke into kukucinga. Uluntu lubona njani ulonwabo, ukuba "ulungelelene kakuhle" okanye "umntwana ophumeleleyo"? Kwiiparameter ezinjalo, owona mnqweno osisiseko kamama notata, kwimvelaphi yabo nenkululeko kubungqina bobuxoki obumiselwe kwipolitiki ulahlekile.
Uninzi lwabantwana luzalwa kwaye lukhule ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa ngumthetho ukwanelisa imfuno yabantu abadala yokufumana imbuyekezo yocalulo lwangaphambili. Ngokungafaniyo nabo, abantwana babazali abatshatileyo banamaxabiso entloko. Ziyinto "yepropathi" yesibini esitshatileyo kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, luluntu olungungqingili. Ngaphandle kokuba bengengabo, bayazi ukuba uluntu lwezitabane luya kubajonga njengepropathi yabo nokuba sele bekhulile. Abantwana bamaqabane abathandana besini esinye badla ngokuba ziipropathi eziboniswa eluntwini ukungqina ukuba "iintsapho ezitabane" azifani nezobungqingili. Ndazazi iimeko xa abantu abadala behudula abantwana ukuba banike ubungqina bobuxoki abasemagunyeni kunye nenkundla.
Umgwebi uJeffrey Sutton wagweba ukuba abantu abathandana besini esifanayo abanakukhulisa abantwana ngaphandle kobungqingili. Uyazi njani loo nto? Ixesha elincinci lidlulile ukusukela ekuqinisekisweni komtshato wesini esifanayo. Akayazi into ebenqwenelwa ngabantwana, kwaye kumava am - ayilunganga ”(I-Lopez 2015).

Ewe, lindela ukuba ngumzali olinganayo kubantu belungu eliphawulwa ukungazinzi ubudlelwane kunye nokwanda iziyobisi ukuzibulala, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ubunxila, iziyobisi. ubundlobongela basekhaya и pedophilia -iyiyo, ukuyibeka ngobumnene, ingenabuchule. Ngapha koko, okungenani omnye wabazali kwisibini esitshatileyo ngumntu ongamaziyo.

Kukulungele ukuba umntwana akhuliswe ngunina noyise. Lo mthetho uqiniswa bubunzima obuninzi kunye neengxaki zengqondo nezengqondo abajamelana nazo abantwana abaninzi abaziinkedama okanye abakhuliswe kumzali ongatshatanga okanye kwiintsapho ezikhulisayo. kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, iziyobisi, intlupheko nokuzala abantwana ngaphandle komtshato. Ukuhamba usapho lwesiNtu kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo khange kuyiphucule intlalontle yomntwana, kwaye akukho bungqina ukuza kuthi ga ngoku obubonisa ukuba ukuba ngumzali wesini esifanayo kungaphezulu ngandlela ithile kunomzali omnye okanye kwiintsapho ezigcina abantwana (ngelixa kukho ubungqina bokuba bangaphantsi kubo). Ukumiselwa ngokusemthethweni "kwemitshato" yabantu besini esifanayo kuguqula imeko yokuhleleleka yabantwana kwiintsapho ezinjalo ibe "yinto yesiqhelo" ebekwe emthethweni kubo bonke abantwana abakhuliswa ngabantu abathandana besini esinye. Ubuhlakani bobufanasini abuzihoyi iimfuno zomntwana, benza izimvo ezigqwethekileyo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwabesini kwaye, ngokunokwenzeka, zinokufikelela kude, azikazifundiswa iziphumo eziya kuzibonakalisa kwikamva. Izifundo zakwangoko ngokuthelekisa abantwana kwiintsapho zabazali nabantwana abanabazali abaqhawule umtshato azifumananga mahluko de umothuko woqhawulo mtshato uzenze waziva ebudaleni.

Imeko yabantwana kwiintsapho ze-LGBT yaqala ukuwohloka ngokukhawuleza kwi-80s, xa iphulo "lamalungelo ama-gay" kunye nokugunyazwa ngokusemthethweni "komtshato we-gay" wangena kwisigaba esinobudlova. Abantwana abancinci be-LGBT baxelele uLopez ukuba iingcali zengqondo zibakhalimele njani ngokuziva bedakumbile ngokwendalo ngokungabikho komzali. Omnye umntwana, ozelwe ngumama ozala omnye kutata oyi-gay, wakhalaza kwingcali yengqondo ye-lesbian ukuba uziva ebuhlungu kakhulu ngoMhla woMama. Ngenxa yoku, isazi ngengqondo samtyhola “nge-homophobia” saza samnyanzela ukuba acele uxolo kuyise. Ngokutsho kukaLopez, abantwana beentsapho zesini esifanayo abakwazi ukuthetha inyaniso malunga nobuntwana babo nangona bekhula. Uninzi lwabo alunakuze luthethe esidlangalaleni ngenxa yemozulu yoloyiko kunye ne-BURITTING eye yadalwa liphulo lokumisela ngokusemthethweni “umtshato wezitabane”.

U-Lopez ngokwakhe watshutshiswa ngenxa yezambulo zakhe. Waye wabizwa ngokuba "lutshaba lokulingana", "anti-gay," "umhambisi wentiyo kunye neenqobo zokulwa zaseMelika." Ukupapashwa kwamaphiko amakhulu asekhohlo kunye neebhlogu kudibene nabanye ekutshatyalalisweni kwegama likaLopez: iHuffington Post, Right Wing Watch, Frontiers LA kunye nabanye. Iphulo elidibeneyo lemibutho ye-LGBT kunye nemithombo yeendaba yabo enobubele yabangela ukuba uLopez anqatshelwe izifundo. Wayehlaselwa ngokuhlaselwa ngokwasemzimbeni kweqela, uhlala enyamezele ukuthuka emsebenzini, kwiminyhadala eyahlukeneyo yezentlalo nakwiinkomfa zobungcali. Malunga nokuxhatshazwa okufanayo kwabatshutshisi basekhohlo kwabonwa ziintsapho ezintandathu zesini esinye esafaka isimangalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto abanye abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu bakhetha ukungaziwa.

Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo

Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zingafumaneka kule mithombo ilandelayo:

1. Dent gw Akukho mahluko?: Uhlalutyo lobuzali obuDala. Ave Maria Ukuhlaziywa komthetho. 2011.
2. UKim Impembelelo zokuKhulisa abantwana besini esifanayo kwabantwana: Ukuvavanywa kophando. Isiseko seLifa leMveli. Isishwankathelo No. I-3643 | NgoJuni 19, 2012.
3. Ngu-D. Umtshato weConjugal ufaka isandla impilo eyiyo yoLuntu kunye nophuhliso loLuntu. Ku: Yintoni ingozi?: Ngaba ukwenza umtshato osemthethweni wesini esifanayo kubaphatha gadalala abantu, iintsapho okanye uluntu? 16, 32 (Lynn D. Wardle ed., Lanham, Md.. University Press of America, 2008).
4. UAllen uhlala (2013). Amazinga okuphumelela kwisikolo esiphakamileyo phakathi kwabantwana ababhinqileyo. Uhlalutyo lwe-Economics yeNdlu, i-11 (4), 635-658.
5. I-Sullins D. Iingxaki zeemvakalelo phakathi kwabantwana abanabazali abaDala besini esinye: Umahluko ngokuchaza (ngoJanuwari 25, 2015). Ijenali yeBritish yezeMfundo, yoMbutho kunye neNzululwazi yeZimilo (7): 2-99, 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500537
6. UPhelan je Iinkumbulo zooTata Babo ngamadoda athandana nesini esifana nesini esingafaniyo nesini esingafaniyo. IiNgxelo zeeNgqondo zeNgqondo 79, ukukhutshwa kwe-3, iphe. 1027-1034.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.1027
7. Iskima esk Uphengululo kunye noPhononongo loPhando malunga nokuba ngumzali omnye kwabasetyhini kunye nokubaMkelwe. I-Psychol Rep. I-2016 Dec; 119 (3): 641-760. Epub 2016 Sep 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594
8. Cameron P, Cameron K, Landess T. Iimpazamo ezenziwa ngumbutho waseAmerican Psychiatric Association, iAmerican Psychological Association, kunye neZwelonke kwiZemfundo, uMbutho ekumeleni ubufanasini kwii-amicus ngamagqabantshintshi ngeLungiso 2 kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US. I-Psychol Rep. I-1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
9. UGlenn T. Stanton, UMlawuli, ukuFunda ngoFundo loSapho http://factsaboutyouth.com/posts/are-children-with-same-sex-parents-at-a-disadvantage/
10. UHeather barwick (2015) Uluntu oluGenayo oluGcweleyo: abantwana bakho bayonakala https://thefederalist.com/2015/03/17/dear-gay-community-your-kids-are-hurting/

Amanqaku

1. Ngamanye amaxesha, nkqu nokubizwa.
2. Ukuhlelwa ngokubanzi kweziphumo zohlalutyo lweMarx (2012) kunikwe umsebenzi: uKim CC Impembelelo zokuKhulisa abantwana besini esifanayo kwabantwana: Ukuvavanywa kophando. Isiseko seLifa leMveli. Isishwankathelo No. I-3643 | NgoJuni 19, 2012.
3. Umzekelo: UHelen Barrett noFiona Tasker, "bakhula benabazali abangama-Gay: Iimbono zootata be-101 Gay koonyana babo 'kunye namava amantombi abo," ufundo lwezeMpilo kunye nomntwana, Ps. 18, Hayi. I-1 (2001), iphe. I-62 - 77
4. Umzekelo: UGary J. Gates, "uLwakhiwo loSapho kunye nokukhulisa abantwana phakathi kwabalingani besini esinye," UkuJolisa kwiNtsapho, ebusika 2011, kwiBhunga leSizwe kubuNtsapho
5. Inani elipheleleyo lezifundo ze-49 zifundwe, kodwa kwiimeko ze27 kwakungekho maqela othelekiso kwaphela.
6. Oko kukuthi, ibingelilo “isifundo esingaboniyo” othintela ucalucalulo kunye nokuzenzela ekuvavanyeni iziphumo.
7. "Ukunyaniseka kwenkqubo yophando lwenzululwazi yezentlalo isoyikiswa kukungcungcuthekiswa luluntu kunye nokuhlaselwa kweendaba zosasazo esikubonile kule meko" yabona USmith 2012

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