Lo mbhalo wembula inkinga yokuvikela izindinganiso zomndeni zendabuko ezweni lanamuhla. Amagugu omndeni nawomndeni ayisisekelo umphakathi owakhelwe phezu kwawo. Khonamanjalo, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuthambekela okuhlose ukubhujiswa komndeni wendabuko kusatshalaliswe ngamabomu kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuphela kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, impi entsha yaqala - eyabantu. Ngaphansi kwethonya lomqondo ophathelene nokugcwala kwabantu ngokweqile eMhlabeni, izindlela zokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa ezakhiwe ngababalo babantu zaqala ukwethulwa. Ngo-1994, kwabanjwa i-UN International Conference on Population and Development, lapho kwahlolwa khona izinyathelo ezathathwa eminyakeni engama-20 edlule ukuxazulula "izinkinga zabantu". Phakathi kwabo bekukhona "ukufundiswa ngocansi", ukukhipha isisu nokuvala inzalo, "ukulingana ngokobulili". Inqubomgomo yokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa elicatshangwe esihlokweni, ukugqugquzela okusebenzayo kokungabi nezingane kanye nezinhlobo ezingezona zendabuko zobudlelwano ziphikisana nezintshisekelo zeRussian Federation, isibalo sabantu esivele sehla ngokushesha. I-Russia, kubonakala sengathi kufanele imelane nokuthambekela okukhonjisiwe, ivikele umndeni wendabuko futhi yethule nezinyathelo zokuyixhasa ezingeni lomthetho. I-athikili iphakamisa izinqumo eziningi okufanele zenziwe kumngcele ongaphandle nangaphakathi wenqubomgomo yomphakathi ukuze kuvikelwe izindinganiso zomndeni zendabuko. Ngokusebenzisa lolu hlelo, iRussia inamathuba onke okuba ngumholi wenhlangano elwela umndeni emhlabeni.
Amagama angukhiye: amanani, ubukhosi, ukuchithwa kwabantu, ukuzala, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle, umndeni.
Izimiso zokomoya nezokuziphatha, esezikhohliwe emazweni amaningi, kunalokho, zisenze saqina. Futhi sizohlala sivikela futhi sivikela la magugu.
UMongameli uVladimir Putin
Ikheli kuFederal Assembly of the Russian Federation, 21.04.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX
Amagugu omndeni wendabuko nenhlalakahle yomphakathi
Amagugu omndeni nawomndeni ayisisekelo umphakathi owakhelwe phezu kwawo. Kuwo wonke amasiko amasiko, kungakhathalekile uhlobo lwenhlangano yezenhlalo, ukuzalwa nokukhuliswa kwezingane kwakuyisisekelo semantic lapho kwakhiwa khona izinkambiso, amanani kanye nobudlelwano bamalungu omphakathi.
Emjikelezweni womndeni, ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo kanye nemfundo yomuntu ngamunye kuyenzeka, ukwakheka kobunikazi bakhe bokuvuma izono. Phula lo mbuthano - abantu bazonyamalala, bahlukane babe ngabantu abahlukene abalawulwa abangadingi ukucabanga ngekusasa lezingane zabo. Kungumndeni oyisixhumanisi esiphakathi kwezizukulwane ezintathu noma ezine, ezinakekelanayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvikela umndeni nokuzala izingane, umphakathi uyazivikela, ukuchuma kwawo, ubukhosi kanye nobuqotho bendawo - ikusasa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuthambekela okuhlose ukubhujiswa komndeni wendabuko bekusakazeka ngamabomu ezweni laseNtshonalanga. Umsebenzi onenjongo waqala ukudicilela phansi ubuKrestu nezinye izinkolo zendabuko eziqinisa amagugu omndeni. Esikhundleni sezisekelo zokubuka umhlaba ezihlolwe isikhathi eside eziqinisekisa inhlalakahle yomuntu hhayi kuphela, kodwa wonke umphakathi wonkana, imibono ehlakaniphile yaphakanyiswa eqeda izinhloso zobuntu kanye nokubeka inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu ngaphezu kokuvamile. Njengoba yayilahlekelwe yiCold War, iRussia yalahlekelwa yi-Iron Curtain, ngenxa yalokho amathonya “aqhubekayo” aseNtshonalanga athululela esikhaleni esasivela eSoviet. Izithelo zabo ezibabayo - ngendlela yokudideka kwemibono, ukwehla kwezinga lokuzalwa, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemihlahlandlela yokomoya neyokuziphatha kanye nokuzilondoloza emphakathini - sivuna kuze kube namuhla.
Ngokwesimo sempi yeningi elwa nenani labantu emhlabeni, elenziwa ngabadlali bomhlaba wonke, amanani omndeni aba yithuluzi lezepolitiki namandla ezombusazwe aheha abantu abafuna ubulungiswa.
Izendlalelo zomlando zokucekelwa phansi kwamanani wendabuko
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuphela kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, impi entsha yaqala - eyabantu. Ngo-1944, uHugh Everett Moore, usihlalo wekomidi eliphezulu le-United States League of Nations Association, wasungula isikhwama sokuxhasa izinhlangano ezilawula abantu.
Ngo-1948, kwashicilelwa izincwadi ezagqugquzela impikiswano yaseMalthusian mayelana nokusolwa kwabantu ngokweqile nokubhujiswa koMhlaba: Iplanethi Yethu Ephangiwe nguFairfield Osborne nethi The Road to Survival kaWilliam Vogt. Ngokubambisana ne-Population Bomb ka-Hugh Moore Foundation (1954), eyanyusa usongo lokugcwala kwabantu futhi yamemezela isidingo sokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa, lezi zincwadi zaqala ukwethuka. Inkinga yokubalwa kwabantu yathathwa ngababalo bezezibalo zabantu, osopolitiki kanye ne-UN [1].
Ngo-1959, uMnyango Wezwe wase-United States wakhipha umbiko ngezindlela abantu abaphila ngazo emhlabeni wonke, owaphetha ngokuthi ukwanda kwabantu ngokushesha kusongela ukuzinza komhlaba wonke. Umbiko ugcizelele isidingo esiphuthumayo sokulawula ukwanda kwabantu. Imibono yeNeo-Malthusian yathatha izinhlaka zikahulumeni wase-US kangangoba zaqala ukuxhasa ukugomela kokuthi isintu sesiphenduka "umdlavuza womhlaba." "Eminyakeni yama-70s umhlaba uzobanjwa yindlala - izigidi zabantu zizobulawa yindlala, yize kunezinhlelo ezisheshayo ezisamukelwayo manje," kubhala uPaul no-Anne Ehrlich encwadini yabo ehehayo "i-Overpopulation Bomb" futhi bafuna ukuthi "basike ngokushesha" kukhishwe isimila sokukhula kwabantu "[2] ...
Ngo-1968, ummeli waseMelika u-Albert Blaustein wakhombisa ukuthi ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhula kwabantu, kwakudingeka ukuthi kubuyekezwe imithetho eminingi, okubandakanya leyo yomshado, ukwesekwa komndeni, iminyaka yokuvuma, nobungqingili [3].
UKingsley Davis, ongomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinqubomgomo zokulawulwa kokuzalwa, wagxeka abahleli bemindeni ngokushiya izindlela "zokuzithandela" ezinjalo zokulawula ukubeletha njengokugunyaza nokukhuthaza inzalo nokukhipha isisu, kanye "nezindlela ezingezona ezemvelo zocansi" [4]. Ngemuva kwalokho, wabona ukuhlelwa komndeni njengokudingekayo, kepha kunganele, ekhomba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo njengokuya ocansini okweqile, ukuthintana kobungqingili nokubulawa kwezinsana [5].
Ngo-1969, enkulumweni yakhe ayibhekise kwiCongress, uMongameli Nixon wabiza ukwanda kwabantu "njengenye yezinselelo ezinkulu kakhulu ekuphelelweni kwesintu" futhi wacela ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, iPhini likaMongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) uFrederic Jaffe wakhipha imemorandamu echaza izindlela zokulawula inzalo, ezibandakanya inzalo, ukukhipha isisu, ukuvimbela inzalo ngaphandle kwamakhompiyutha, ukunciphisa ukusekelwa komphakathi komama, nokukhuthaza ukukhula kobungqingili.
Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho kwaqubuka khona udlame lwaseStonewall, lapho ongqingili babika khona ukuthi izifo zengqondo ziyisitha sokuqala futhi, sebesungule inhlangano i "Homosexual Liberation Front", baqala udlame, bashisa kanye nezenzo zokucekela phansi impahla. Ingcindezi yeminyaka emithathu yobudlova kwiAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) yaqala, ihambisana nezenzo ezishaqisayo nokushushiswa kochwepheshe, futhi yaphela ngokudanjiswa kobungqingili [1]. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kuphela ngokukhipha ubungqingili ohlwini lwezifo zengqondo, kungenzeka ukuthi kuqalwe ukugqugquzela impilo yobungqingili njengokuziphatha okujwayelekile futhi okunempilo, okunconywe ngababalo ngamanani abantu ukunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa.
Ngo-1970, umbhali wemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwabantu, uFrank Knowstein, ekhuluma eNational War College phambi kwezikhulu eziphezulu, waphawula ukuthi "ubungqingili buvikelwe ngesisekelo sokuthi busiza ukunciphisa ukwanda kwabantu" [6]. Ezinye izazi zisola ngqo ubungqingili ngenkinga yokwanda kwabantu emhlabeni [7].
Ngo-1972, umbiko weLimits to Growth wakhishwa weClub of Rome, lapho zonke izimo ezivumayo zabantu ezazidinga ushintsho kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki, zabonakaliswa ngokulawulwa kokuzalwa okuqinile ezingeni lokwehla kwemvelo.
Kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha yekhulu elidlule, ukuncishiswa kwenani labantu emhlabeni kuye kwanxenxwa futhi kwaxhaswa ngezindlela ezibandakanya ukugqugquzela ubungqingili, ukungabi nabantwana, nokuhushula isisu. Umbiko weNational Security Council u-NSSM-200, obike ngesidingo sokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa, uncoma "ukufundiswa" kwesizukulwane esisha ngokufiswa ngumndeni omncane. Ngo-1975, i-oda likaMongameli Ford elithi “NSSM-200” laba umhlahlandlela wesenzo senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US.
Izindlela zokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa elithuthukiswe ngabadwebi bamanani abantu zaziswa njalo ngaphansi kweziqubulo ezicacile zokuvikela amalungelo abantu: amalungelo ezingane, amalungelo abesifazane okuzala, kanye nokuvikela abesifazane ebudloveni basekhaya (Istanbul Convention).
Ngo-1994, kwabanjwa i-UN International Conference on Population and Development, lapho kwahlolwa khona izinyathelo ezathathwa eminyakeni engama-20 edlule ukuxazulula "izinkinga zabantu". Phakathi kwalezi zinyathelo kubhekwe "njengemfundo yezocansi", ukukhipha isisu nokuvala inzalo, "ukulingana ngokobulili". Intuthuko iye yaphawulwa emazweni amaningi asezuze ukwehla kwezinga lokuzalwa [8].
Ngo-2000, iWorld Health Organisation (WHO) kanye ne-UNFPA (inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ebhekene "nezinkinga zabantu") bavumela umqulu we-IPPF futhi banxusa ongqongqoshe bezempilo ukuba babuyekeze imithetho, ikakhulukazi ephathelene nokuhushula isisu nobungqingili [9].
Ngo-2010, kwaqalwa amazinga e-WHO okufundisa ngezocansi eYurophu, agcizelela ukukhuthazwa kobudlelwano bobulili obufanayo ezinganeni nasekuqaleni kwezocansi kwezingane [10].
NgoMeyi 2011, uMkhandlu WaseYurophu Wokuvikela Nokulwa Udlame Olubhekiswe Kwabesifazane Nodlame Lwasekhaya (I-Convention yase-Istanbul) wavulelwa ukuba usayinwe e-Istanbul. ITurkey yaba yizwe lokuqala ukwamukela lesi Sivumelwano. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva, ngoMashi 2021, kwakhishwa isimemezelo sokuhoxa kuyo. "Ingqungquthela, ekuqaleni yayihlose ukuvikela amalungelo abesifazane, yabiwa yiqembu labantu ababezama ukwenza ubungqingili bujwayelekile, okungahambisani nezindinganiso zenhlalo nomndeni zaseTurkey," kusho isitatimende. [11]
Ngempela, umbiko waseSweden wokuqalisa ukusebenza kweSivumelwano sase-Istanbul ukhombisa ukuthi umthelela wezinhlelo zikahulumeni kwabesifazane nezingane ezisengcupheni yobudlova kunzima ukuwuhlola. Isibalo sobugebengu obubhekiswe kwabesifazane sinyukile sisuka ku-2013 saya ku-2018. Izinyathelo ezithathiwe ezihlobene nokucekelwa phansi kwezinkolelo zendabuko kanye "nemfundo yezocansi" ziyakhonjiswa: "isikole kumele siphikisane namamodeli wobulili bendabuko"; “Imfundo yezocansi ifakiwe ezinhlelweni eziningana zezifundo nezifundo ezikoleni eziphoqelekile neziphezulu zamabanga aphezulu, kanye nemfundo yabadala”; "Ngokuya ngezifundo zikazwelonke zesikole esiyimpoqo nesiphezulu, uthisha ubuye abe nesibopho esikhethekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bathola ulwazi ngocansi nangobudlelwano obuseduze" [12]. UProfesa G.S. Kocharian embikweni wakhe wePublic Chamber of the Russian Federation uveze izinhloso zalezo zifundo "zokufundisa ngocansi" - ukuphoqwa kobungqingili "[13].
NgoNovemba 29, 2019, i-Federation Council yashicilela izingxoxo zomphakathi umthetho osalungiswa othi "On the Prevention of Domestic Violence in the Russian Federation." IPatriarchal Commission on Family, Motherness and Childhood Protection yaphawula: “Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akumangazi ukuthi lo mthetho ohlongozwayo usekelwa ngenkuthalo yizinhlangano ezihambisana nemibono emikhulu yokulwa nemindeni (imibono ye-LGBT, ubufazi), kanye nenani elibalulekile yezinhlangano, ethola ngokusemthethweni uxhaso lwangaphandle. Eminye imithombo yezindaba kanye nezinhlaka zamazwe omhlaba nazo ziyamxhasa ngenkuthalo, azifihli isimo semisebenzi yabo elwa neRussia ”[14].
Isizinda samazwe omhlaba kanye nezibikezelo
Izinyathelo ezithathwe ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba zilethe ushintsho olungakaze lubonwe kwezenhlalo, kokuziphatha kanye nolwabantu. Uma sibheka imizamo yokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa lesitha sezombangazwe njengesenzo sezempi, lapho-ke kuyacaca ukuthi impi yamenyezelwa kithi kudala.
Ngo-2011, ngesimemezelo sikaBarack Obama, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo "abancane bezocansi" kwaba yinto ephambili yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika [15]. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ngo-2021, uMongameli uJoe Biden wasayina isinqumo "sokuvikela nokuqhakambisa amalungelo omphakathi we-LGBT emhlabeni jikelele" [16]. Ngemuva kwalokho, uHulumeni Wombuso waseJalimane wamukela umqondo wokufaka "Abesilisa abathandana nobulili obufanayo, abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane, abesilisa nabesifazane, abesilisa nabesifazane kanye nabesifazane" ("LGBTI") kunqubomgomo yawo yezangaphandle.
Umagazini owaziwayo i- "Lancet" ushicilele umsebenzi weqembu lochwepheshe abavela eNyuvesi yaseWashington, lapho kwakucatshangelwa khona izimo zokuzala, ukushona kwabantu, ukufuduka kwabantu kanye nokuhlala kwabantu emazweni ayi-195 kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2017 kuya kowama-2100. Umsebenzi waxhaswa nguMthethosivivinywa futhi Isisekelo seMelinda Gates. Imfundo yabesifazane kanye nokuthola izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo kukhonjwa njengezimbangela eziyinhloko zokwehla kokuzala kulokhu kuqagela. Ngo-2100, amazwe angama-23 kulindeleke ukuthi anciphise inani lawo ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-50%. E-China ngama-48%. Ngo-2098, i-United States izophinde ibe ngumnotho omkhulu kunayo yonke. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi amazwe anenzalo engezansi yokuzala azogcina inani labantu abasebenzayo ngokufuduka, futhi yibona kuphela abazohlala kahle. Amanani wenzalo angaphansi kwamazinga wokushintshwa emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi iChina neNdiya, azoba nomthelela kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, kwezemvelo nakwezomhlaba. Izinqubo zokuguga kwabantu kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu abahola impesheni kuzoholela ekuweni kohlelo lwempesheni, umshuwalense wezempilo kanye nokuvikeleka kwezenhlalo, ekwehleni kokukhula komnotho kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali [17].
Ngawo wonke ubuhle balo msebenzi, kukhona ukushiywa okusobala kuwo: ababhali kabazange bakunake ukukhula okucacile kwenani le- "LGBT" ne "ezingenazingane" esizukulwaneni esisha, abakhulele "emfundweni yezocansi" kanye nenkulumo-ze yokungabi nabantwana. Inani labantu be-LGBT libonakala ngokuthambekela okwandayo kokuzibulala kanye nezehlakalo zezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STIs), okuvame ukuholela ekungazali.
Ngenxa yenkulumo-ze ekhulayo minyaka yonke, inani labantu "be-LGBT" kanye nokwanda kwemikhuba yezocansi engeyona eyemvelo kuyanda. Izitatimende zokuthi iphesenti labantu “be-LGBT” emphakathini lihlala lingashintshiwe nokuthi “basanda kuyeka ukufihla ukuma kwabo” akunakubekeka. Ukukhula kwamanani kwe- "LGBT" akunakuchazwa kuphela ngokuvuleka kwabaphendulile ezindaweni zokuvota: kuqondana nokwanda kwezigameko zezifo zocansi ezitholakala kulesi sibalo [18]. Ngokombiko wakamuva ovela eGallup Institute of Public Opinion, u-5,6% wabantu abadala base-US bakhomba njengo- "LGBT" [19]. Futhi yize lesi silinganiso sibonakala singabalulekile, ngokweminyaka sithola amanani asongelayo. Uma esizukulwaneni “samasiko” esazalwa ngaphambi kuka-1946 kuphela ama-1,3% azibheka njenge- “LGBT”, lapho-ke esizukulwaneni Z (labo abazalwa ngemuva kuka-1999) sekuvele kukhona u-15,9% wabo - cishe njalo ngesithupha! Kuzokwenzekani esizukulwaneni esisha, esidlule kunkulumo-ze ye- "LGBT" enobudlova, lapho ifinyelela eminyakeni yokuzala?
Okukhathaza kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi iningi elikhulu leGeneration Z, eliziveza njengo- “LGBT” (72%), limemezela ukuthi “lingabesilisa nabesifazane” [19]. "Ama-Bisexual" athinteka kakhulu ezinkingeni zomzimba nezengqondo, ngisho nokuqhathaniswa nabangqingili nabangqingili [21]. Badlulisa ukutheleleka eqenjini eliyingozi (ongqingili) baye kubantu jikelele, okufaka isandla ekusakazekeni kwezifo zocansi, kufaka phakathi lezo ezingalapheki futhi ezibangela ukungabi nenzalo [22]. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwanda kwezifo nokuziphatha okuyingozi kubikezelwa phakathi "kwabesilisa nabesifazane" [23].
Phambi kwamehlo ethu, isizukulwane esisha siyakhula, sithambekele ekuzibulaleni nasezifweni; transsexualism (ukukhubazeka "ukwabiwa kabusha kobulili") kanye nezishoshovu ze-eco-activist ezikhuthazwa. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi izinkinga ezibikezelwe zabantu zizofika ngaphambi kwesikhathi, zibambe umphakathi wamazwe ungalindele.
Inkomba echaza inani labantu inani eliphelele lokuzala (TFR) - ngokwesilinganiso, owesifazane oyedwa ubeletha ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukugcina inani labantu lisezingeni lokufaka esikhundleni esilula, i-TFR = 2,1 iyadingeka. ERussia, njengasemazweni amaningi athuthukile, le nkomba ingaphansi kwezinga lokuzala futhi ezinye izinto ezithinta ukwenqaba noma ukungakwazi ukuzala izingane ngabesifazane kusondeza usuku lokunyamalala kwabantu esikhaleni somlando. Sekuvele kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kuGeneration Z oyedwa kwabayisithupha baseMelika uzibheka njenge-LGBT, kepha uma sibheka ubulili, kuyacaca ukuthi abesifazane bathambekele kakhulu emibonweni eyonakalisayo. Phakathi kwamantombazane asakhula e-United States ngo-2017, u-19,6% akazange azibheke njengabobulili obuhlukile [19]. Uma ubheka ukuthambekela, okungenani oyedwa kwabesifazane abahlanu abangena eminyakeni yokuzala akazibheki njengabobulili obuhlukile!
Kudingeka amagama amaningi ukuchaza ukwehla kokuziphatha komphakathi waseNtshonalanga, kepha izinombolo zizikhulumela kahle. Izigameko zezifo zocansi ezifana ne-chlamydia, i-gonorrhea ne-syphilis zikhuphukile eminyakeni yamuva nje e-United States nase-Europe.
E-Germany, phakathi kuka-2010 no-2017, izehlakalo zegcunsula zande ngo-83% - zaya kumacala ayi-9,1 kubantu abangu-100 000 [24].
Phakathi kobungqingili eNgilandi, esikhathini esisukela ku-2015 kuya ku-2019, inani lokuxilongwa kwe-chlamydia lenyuke kakhulu - ngama-83%; i-gonorrhea - ngo-51%; ugcunsula - ngo-40%. Izehlakalo zezifo zocansi nazo ziyanda kubantu jikelele. Ngo-2019, kwakune-syphilis engu-10% ngaphezulu kanye ne-gonorrhea engu-26% ngaphezulu kunango-2018 [25]
INetherlands iphinde yabona ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezigameko zezifo zocansi [26].
IFinland inesilinganiso sonyaka esiphakeme kunazo zonke esake sabhalwa kuRejista Kazwelonke Yezifo Ezithathelwanayo. Ukusabalala kwezifo kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kubantu abasha: cishe ama-80% alabo abatholakala baphakathi kweminyaka eyi-15-29. Isimo se-gonorrhea ne-syphilis naso sikhuphukile [27].
E-United States, amazinga e-STI akhuphukile onyakeni wesithupha olandelanayo futhi afinyelele phezulu [28].
Ukushintshwa kwesibalo sabomdabu akushiywa ngaphandle. Ojenene abathathe umhlalaphansi, encwadini eyashicilelwa yiValeurs actuelles, baxwayisa uMongameli Emmanuel Macron ukuthi iFrance ibhekene "nengozi yokufa" ehambisana nokufuduka nokuwa kwezwe. [29]
Ukuxazulula inkinga yabantu ngokona kwamanye amazwe kuholela engxabanweni yezwe phakathi kwamazwe akhula ngokucekela abafuduki nalabo abazama ukulondoloza abantu bomdabu.
Abantu base-Europe kanye nase-United States sebefika ekuqondeni ngokushintshwa okuqhubekayo kwabantu abangahlanganisi abafudukayo emphakathini futhi sebeqala ukuxhasa osopolitiki abakulungele ukuphikisana nokubhujiswa kwabantu babo kule ndawo yokuncibilika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iRussia ikhombisa ukuxhasa izinga lokuzalwa futhi iqala ukuvikela izindinganiso zayo zendabuko, imemezele ngokusobala ukuthi ayivumi ukwehlisa inani labantu bayo, futhi yenqaba nezinyathelo zokuncipha kwabantu ezinconywe ngababalo babantu.
Inzalo eChina yehlele ezingeni layo eliphansi kakhulu selokhu kwasungulwa iPeople's Republic of China. IPeople's Bank of China yancoma ukuthi iBeijing iyeke ngokuphelele inqubomgomo yokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa ukuze ingalahlekelwa ngumnotho wayo phezu kwe-United States namanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga [30]. Mayelana nalokhu, amaqembu abesifazane afuna ukuyeka ubudlelwano nabesilisa avalwa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zaseChina. [31]
Inhloko yezobunhloli zaseBrithani i-MI6, uRichard Moore, utshele iSunday Times ukuthi umbuso waseRussia unengcindezi ngoba iRussia njengezwe liyancipha: ngenani labantu... "[32].
Imicimbi yamanje, kanye nenkulumo yabaholi bezepolitiki, kufanele ibukwe ngokubheka ukubhekana kwabantu kanye nezombusazwe, lapho inani elilinganiselwe labahlali bezwe kanye nokwakheka kweminyaka yabo kuzodlala indima enkulu ekulondolozeni abantu nezomnotho ukuzinza. Indlela efanayo kufanele isetshenziswe kosopolitiki eRussia, kufaka phakathi ama-NGO. Njengoba sikwazi ukubona, imisebenzi yabo ezinyathelweni ezibalulekile zokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa ("ukufundiswa ngocansi", ukuqaliswa kwe-Istanbul Convention (RLS), ukusekelwa kwe- "LGBT" nobufazi) kuyavumelana.
Isikhundla seRussian Federation
Ngaphandle kokuthi ezinye izinhlaka zombuso, ezinjengeRospotrebnadzor, zimemezela [33] isidingo "semfundo yezocansi", iRussia isiqala ukuyeka izindlela zokuchitha abantu, ifaka imibono yendabuko emthethweni nakumthethosisekelo. Kwireferendamu, abaseRussia baqinisekise iqiniso elijwayelekile lokuthi umshado ubumbano lwendoda nowesifazane. Kukhona osopolitiki abasivezela obala isidingo sokushiya imibono yaseNtshonalanga nokubambisana ne-WHO. Ukwesekwa komndeni, ukuba ngumama, izindinganiso zendabuko kuya ngokuya kukhula kakhulu enkulumweni yezepolitiki. Abezombusazwe bayakuqonda ukuthi iRussia yizwe elinezizwe eziningi, futhi ukwethulwa "kwemfundo yezocansi" nemithetho emelene nomndeni ngaphansi kwesizathu esizwakalayo "sokulwa nodlame lwasekhaya" kungaba nomthelela ekungazethembi iziphathimandla zombuso.
Ukubamba iqhaza ezivumelwaneni zamazwe omhlaba ezisetshenziswa izishoshovu ze-LGBT ukukhulumela imisebenzi yazo akuhambisani nezintshisekelo zeRussia. Inhlolovo iguqule indlela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo futhi yenza ukuthi kugwenywe izimfuno zobuhlanya. Isibonelo, iKomidi le-UN Lokuqedwa Kokucwaswa Kwabesifazane (i-CEDAW) lidinga ukuthi iRussia Federation ichithe imibono yendabuko mayelana neqhaza labesilisa nabesifazane, kubandakanya nabaholi bezenkolo, ukwethula "imfundo yezocansi", ukuqeda ukuvimbela ukukhipha izisu nokwenza ngokomthetho ukudayisa ngomzimba [34].
ERussia Federation, kunemithetho evikela izingane ekukhuthazeni ubungqingili (Isigaba 6.21 se-Administrative Offences Code of the Russian Federation) nemininingwane eyingozi eyingozi empilweni nasentuthukweni yabo (436-FZ). Lezi zihloko zihloselwe ukuvikela izingane "ekufundiseni ngocansi", ukubonisana nodokotela bezengqondo kanye nabasebenza ngocansi abasebenzisa indlela yokuvuma ubungqingili, kanye nasekukhuthazeni ubudlelwano bezocansi "obungajwayelekile" kwi-Intanethi.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, kufaka phakathi lezo ezingabasebenzeli bangaphandle, zifuna kuqedwe imithetho evikela izingane, le mithetho ayisebenzi. IRoskomnadzor ayizikhombisi ngokuzimela izinto eziphula umthetho. Ukuze ufaneleke ulwazi njengoba kuyingozi, ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe abakhokhelwayo kuyadingeka, futhi izicelo zabazali zokuvimba zivame ukunganakwa. Amaqembu avinjelwe namasayithi aqala kabusha umsebenzi wawo ngokushesha esebenzisa isixhumanisi esisha.
Umphakathi waseRussia uthukuthele yizinkulumo-ze ezikhula njalo zemibono elwa nomndeni kanye ne "LGBT", imisebenzi yama-blogger abhubhisayo, abaculi kanye nabezindaba. Kukhona ukugqugquzelwa kokunyakaza kwendabuko kanye nemindeni.
Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene nasematafuleni azungezile, osopolitiki kanye nezibalo zomphakathi bafuna ukuvimbela inkulumo-ze yokuthi hhayi ubungqingili kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-transsexualism, isisu, ukungabi nabantwana nokunye ukuziphatha okunciphisa amandla okuzala omphakathi.
Njengoba ukukhuthazwa kobudlelwano obungajwayelekile kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kobulili kungeke kuqale ngaphandle kwemvume yesayensi neyezokwelapha yalezi zinto njengokujwayelekile, eminye iminyango yezempilo yaseRussia isekele isikhalazo seqembu leSayensi yeQiniso kososayensi, izibalo zomphakathi kanye nezombusazwe [35]. Isikhalazo, esisayinwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu baseRussia, siphakamisa izinyathelo eziningana ezihlose ukuvikela izingane kwimininingwane eyingozi nokushiya imibono yaseNtshonalanga ngokujwayelekile kobungqingili.
Akekho ongabazayo ukuthi izinyathelo ezilandelayo zabameli baseRussia zizohambisana nemibhalo engagculisekile yezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu baseNtshonalanga naseRussia.
Amanani wendabuko njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle
Umqondisi wezesayensi weForamu yaseJalimane-Russian, u-Alexander Rahr, ekhuluma ohlelweni lwe-"Right to Know" esiteshini se-TVC, udlulisele amazwi osombusazwe ophakeme waseYurophu owaphendula umbuzo mayelana nembangela yokungqubuzana phakathi kweNtshonalanga. kanye neRussia: "Izwe laseNtshonalanga lilwa noPutin ngoba ulwa nongqingili." Yiqiniso, iRussia ayilwi nabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ikhawulela inkulumo-ze yobudlelwano obungeyona yendabuko ezinganeni.
Abezombusazwe baseNtshonalanga bayazi ngokwenqaba kweRussia ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa eliphakanyiswe ngababalo bezibalo zabantu, ezisetshenziswa emazweni abo. Ngokwesimo sezinqubo zesikhathi eside zokwehla kwenani labantu, izehlakalo zokufuduka kwabantu kanye nokuphikisana kwabantu, iziphathimandla zamanje zaseYurophu, ngaphansi kwethonya laseMelika, ngeke zikwazi ukuyeka ukubhekana neRussia. Ngemuva kwakho konke, siyalisekela inani lokuzalwa ezweni lethu, livimbela ukwethulwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezindlela ezehlisa izinga lokuzalwa, sizibeka esimweni esizuzisa ngokwengeziwe senani labantu. Umuntu angacabanga kuphela ngemizamo ekhulayo yokubukela phansi lesi simo, aguqule uhulumeni futhi aqhubeke nokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwamasiko aqala eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.
USergei Naryshkin, uMqondisi we-Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), usho lokhu emhlanganweni wamazwe omhlaba ophathelene nezindaba zokuphepha: “Ukuze kusheshiswe ukuguguleka komqondo wezindinganiso zobulili, imindeni kanye nemishado, kunezinhlelo ezenziwayo zokukhuthaza amalungelo umphakathi we-LGBT, usabalalisa imibono yabantu besifazane abanamandla ... Kuyacaca ukuthi abantu abanjalo bayizinto ezilungele ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi uma bephethe i-iPhone exhunywe kwinethiwekhi ”[36].
Impendulo ezinseleleni zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwaba ukugcwaliseka kwesihloko samanani wendabuko empilweni yomphakathi waseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Hhayi kuphela amandla alondolozayo, kepha nabakhululekile bafaka nokuvikelwa komndeni ezinkulumweni zabo, futhi inkinga yokufuduka iyimbangela yezinguquko ezinjalo [37].
Ngaphandle kokwehla kokubaluleka kokholo nenkolo kubantu baseYurophu, ingxenye enkulu yabo isazikhomba njengamaKristu. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yiPew Research Center, ama-64% amaFulentshi, ama-71% amaJalimane, ama-75% amaSwitzerland nama-80% ase-Austrian aphendule ngokuthi aziveza njengomKrestu. [38] Izinkolo zobuKristu, ngaphandle kwamaProthestani, azisekeli izindinganiso ezingezona ezesiko (umshado wobulili obufanayo, ukuvunywa kwesisu). AmaKatolika, ngokungafani namaProthestani aseJalimane, ahlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile ayadla ngoludala. Yize kunjalo, wonke amasonto ayaziphikisa kulabo abanenkani yokubeka phambili ababeka phambili izitatimende zabokufika, zokucwasa ngokobuhlanga nezimelene namaSemite, ezikhuthazwa yinqubomgomo yokufuduka kwabantu [37]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu kufanele acabangele ukukhula komphakathi wamaSulumane waseYurophu, okungabekezeleli ngisho nenkulumo-ze yokusatshalaliswa kwabantu.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, i-Central neMpumalanga Yurophu ibilokhu icabanga ngokwakha ubunikazi bayo, futhi udaba lokufuduka luyimbangela yalezi zinqubo. Isifunda saseMpumalanga Yurophu sakha ubunikazi baso ngokuzihlukanisa nabafuduki abanamasiko angajwayelekile ngisho nasemphakathini waseNtshonalanga Yurophu [39].
EHungary, sekuqale umthetho owenqabela ukukhuthazwa kobudlelwano bezocansi okungezona ezomdabu kanye nabantu abadlulisela ubulili phakathi kwabancane. [40] IHungary iphikisana ngokuqinile nokuqinisekiswa kwesiVumelwano sase-Istanbul. Ephendula ukugxekwa, uViktor Orban ubize isikhundla se-European Union sika-colonialist [40].
Inkantolo yaseBulgaria yathi iSivumelwano Sase-Istanbul asihambisani noMthethosisekelo waseBulgaria. Isitatimende senkantolo yaseBulgaria sishiya ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi i- "LGBT" kanye ne-Istanbul Convention kuxhunywe ngentambo eqinile. [41]
IPoland iyahoxa kulesi sivumelwano. UNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa ePoland uthe iSivumelwano Sase-Istanbul siyingozi njengoba sidinga izikole ukuthi zifundise izingane ngezinkinga zobulili. [42] Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iqembu elibusayo i-Law and Justice Party lihlotshaniswa neSonto lamaKhatholika futhi lizimisele ukukhuthaza izindinganiso zomdabu zomndeni. Ingxenye yesithathu yePoland imenyezelwe njengendawo engenama-LGBT, amadolobha ayisithupha azolahlekelwa ukwesekwa kwezezimali yi-European Union.
Lokhu kuyaphinda futhi kufakazela isambulo esivezwe ngu-Alexander Rahr futhi kukhombisa isimo se-European Union maqondana namazwe azama ukugcina amasiko, ubukhosi nobunikazi bawo, alungele amathonya ezezimali nezepolitiki maqondana nawo. Amanani wendabuko ayithuluzi lenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe, kepha a nhlangothi zombili.
Ukusetshenziswa okuvulelekile kwezindlela zokulwa impi yabantu okubhekiswe ekwehliseni izinga lokuzalwa lesitha sezwe, kanye nokufakwa "kwamanani angahambisani" nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle e-United States nakwamanye amazwe, kudinga ukuphikiswa ngamabomu.
Kusobala ukuthi ezweni lamanje elinamakholomu amaningi, abantu abalahlekelwe ubukhosi babo, kepha bayazi ngemizamo yezenhlalo enonya eyenziwe kubo, bazobheka iphuzu lokusekelwa kokuziphatha kanye nesibonelo. Iwindi lamathuba liyakhiwa lapho umuntu angakwazi khona ukwakha imodeli ekhangayo yohlaka lomphakathi olususelwa kuzindinganiso zokuziphatha, futhi, ngokusobala, iChina isivele iqale ukwakha imodeli enjalo, igcina amasiko.
Izigaba zokwakheka kwesithombe sekusasa laseRussia
Ukuze iRussia ibe yisibonelo kwamanye amazwe, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo eziningi kumugqa ongaphandle nangaphakathi wenqubomgomo yezwe. Kunesisekelo somqondo walezi zinyathelo, futhi kufakwe kuMthethosisekelo: uNkulunkulu, umndeni, izingane namasiko. Lokhu akuyona nje imiqondo, kepha kuyisisekelo sokulondolozwa kwesizwe. I-Russia kumele iwasakaze njalo ngaphandle futhi iwasebenzise ngaphakathi ezweni.
Ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele sidinga ukuhlaziya izivumelwano kanye nemibhalo ye-UN ne-WHO, ukuqaliswa kwayo kuhlose ukunciphisa inani labantu kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa. Buyekeza ukubamba iqhaza futhi ulahle izindatshana ezingahambisani noMthethosisekelo waseRussia kanye neQhinga Lezokuphepha Likazwelonke leRussian Federation.
Qalisa izivumelwano nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ezingafaki "isisombululo sezinkinga zabantu" ngezindlela zokucekela phansi imindeni nokuziphatha, ukuvikela impilo yomuntu kusukela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukuqinisekisa imfundo ehambisanayo nentuthuko yabantu ngokuya ngemigomo yokuziphatha. Isibonelo, iSivumelwano Sokuvikelwa Komndeni ezingeni leRussia-Belarus Union State nethuba lokuthi ezinye izifundazwe zijoyine. Dala amapulatifomu okuxoxa ngezindlela zokusebenzisa lezi zivumelwano nokusebenzisana kwamazwe omhlaba.
Ukuhoxa ekuphathweni kweNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (i-ECHR). NjengoMongameli waseRussia uV.V. Putin, ukuze "asebenze" umqondo wokwakha i-analog yaseRussia yale nkantolo [43].
Ukwamukela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke nezaseRussia ezisebenza nenkohliso yokulwa nenani labantu njengongathandeki. Sungula izindlela zokuhlonza kanye nokubeka umkhawulo emsebenzini wezinhlangano ezinjalo.
Ezingeni likahulumeni kuyadingeka ukuthi unikeze ukusekelwa okuphezulu emindenini enezingane, kuze kufike kwisisombululo esiphelele senkinga yezindlu.
Yamukela umthetho ngesimo sokulingana semindeni emikhulu nezinyathelo zokuyeseka.
Nikeza ukwelashwa kwamahhala okudingekayo ezinganeni ezinezifo ezinzima ezizalwa nazo Nikeza abantu abasha imfundo ephakeme yamahhala.
Nweba izifundo zasesikoleni ngezifundo zokufundwa kwamasiko amasiko nokwakheka kwesimo esifanele ngomndeni.
Yamukela umthetho "On Bioethics and Biosafety", osungula ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokuvikela impilo nempilo yomuntu kuzo zonke izigaba, kusukela ekukhulelweni kuze kube sekufeni.
Dala i- "Institute of the Family" - isikhungo sezesayensi esihlanganisa imikhakha ehlukene phakathi kwe-Academy of Sciences ekwakheni izisekelo ezisekela izindinganiso zomndeni nezempilo, ezizothuthukisa izindlela zokukhulisa, ukufundisa kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuntu obuhambisanayo.
Nikeza ososayensi baseRussia ithuba lokushicilela imisebenzi yesayensi ezincwadini ezibuyekezwa ngontanga ngaphandle kokwesaba imisebenzi kanye namaholo. Ingxenye yebhonasi yomholo wososayensi incike kulokho kushicilelwa. Ezimweni "zokunemba kwezepolitiki" kanye nokuvinjelwa, izincwadi zaseNtshonalanga nezaseRussia ezinomthelela omkhulu zigwema ukushicilela izindatshana eziphikisana nombono wokukhuthaza ubungqingili, transsexualism nokunye ukuphambuka kobungqingili, okubeka ingcindezi ekwethulweni kwamahhala kwesimo sesayensi.
Yethula imikhawulo ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kokuqukethwe okulimazayo ngamanethiwekhi omphakathi, umculo kanye namaphrojekthi wemidiya, ne-cinema. Dala indlela esebenzayo yokuvimba imininingwane ephula umthetho N 436-FZ "Ekuvikelweni Kwezingane Olwazini Oluyingozi Ezimpilweni NaseNtuthukweni Yazo." Ukuphoqa iRoskomnadzor ukulawula ukususwa okuzenzakalelayo kwemininingwane eyingozi ezinganeni ngendlela engaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
Ukuqinisa isijeziso sokwephula umthetho "Ekuvikelweni kwezingane kulwazi oluyingozi empilweni nasentuthukweni yazo." Yazi ukuzibandakanya kwimpilo yobungqingili kanye "nokwabiwa kabusha kobulili" njengokudala ukulimala okulingene ngaphansi kwe-Article 112 yeCriminal Code of the Russian Federation. Ukuqinisa isijeziso sokukhuthaza ubungqingili, transsexualism, ukukhipha isisu, ukungabi nezingane kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwabantu esimweni senhlekelele yamanje yabantu.
Ukwenza izindinganiso zomndeni zande ngokwethula ukuhleleka kombuso kokuqukethwe okwakhayo, okuhle.
Vikela umndeni ekuphazanyisweni okungenasisekelo, beka izithiyo ezinzima ekusetshenzisweni kwesivumelwano se-Istanbul noma imithetho efanayo.
Ngokubhekelela ukuqaliswa kwalezi ziphakamiso, kuzokwakhiwa isisekelo esiqinile sokusekelwa kombuso ngamanani omndeni nawomdabu, lapho iRussia inamathuba onke okuba ngumholi womhlaba wokunyakaza komndeni, ukusekelwa nokusekelwa lezo zithi zihlose ukuvikela ubukhosi bazo nelungelo lazo lokuzimela zinqume i-vector yemibono kanye nenani lenani lentuthuko eqhubekayo.
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Yumasheva Inga Albertovna,
Iphini likaHulumeni Duma weFederal Assembly of the Russian Federation, ilungu leKomidi Lemindeni, Abesifazane Nezingane (eMoscow), ilungu loMkhandlu WaseRussia Wezindaba Zamazwe Omhlaba (RIAC) kanye noMkhandlu Wezinqubomgomo Zangaphandle Nezokuvikela (SVOP) , ilungu lebhodi le-IPO "Union of Orthodox Women".