V. Lysov
I-imeyili: science4truth@yandex.ru
Iningi lezinto ezilandelayo lishicilelwa kwiphephabhuku elibukezelwe ontanga kwezemfundo. Izifundo zanamuhla zezinkinga zenhlalo, i-2018; IVolumu 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Ukuqamba kanye nokuzenzisa kokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi" Homophobia "enkulumweni yesayensi neyomphakathi".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

(1) Isimo esibucayi maqondana nobungqingili asihlangabezani nenqubo yokuxilongwa kwe-phobia njengomqondo we-psychopathological. Awukho umqondo osabekayo wokuthi “Homophobia”, kuyigama lokuphikisana kwezepolitiki.
(2) Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “ukuhanjiswa kwabantu besifazane” emsebenzini wesayensi ukuveza wonke umkhawulo wesimo esibucayi emisebenzini yobulili obufanayo akulungile. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukubulala abantu abathandana nabo nabesifazane" kufaka umugqa phakathi kwesimo sengqondo sokuqonda ubungqingili ngokusekelwe kuzinkolelo zokuziphatha kanye nezindlela zokubonakalisa ulaka, kuguqula umbono wenhlangano obhekene nolaka.
(3) Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukubulala abantu besifazane" kuyindlela yokucindezela eqondiswe kulawo malungu omphakathi ongayemukeli ukuhlanganiswa kwendlela yokuphila yobungqingili emphakathini, kodwa ongazizwa enenzondo noma esaba okungenangqondo abantu abangongqingili.
(4) Ngaphezu kwezinkolelo zamasiko nezempucuko, isisekelo sesimo sengqondo esibucayi emisebenzini yobulili obufanayo, ngokusobala, izivikeli mzimba zokuziphatha - ukusabela kwemvelo amanyalaithuthukiswe ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo yomuntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanzeka nokuzala.

Amagama angukhiye: inganekwane, "ukunqotshwa kwabantu besifazane", ukwenyanya, ubungozi, amasosha omzimba wokuziphatha, ukukhohlisa

ISINGENISO

Phakathi kwengxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi, kunesimo sengqondo esibucayi maqondana nomsebenzi wobulili obufanayo, izinga lokubonisa kwalo liyahlukahluka kakhulu: ukusuka ekusekeleni ukuphikiswa okusemthethweni kwezomzamo wokushintsha isikhungo somshado ukuze kufakwe ukubambisana kobungqingili obufanayo kuya emacaleni odlame olubhekiswe kubantu ababonisa ukuthi bangamalungu omphakathi we- “LGBTKIAP +” (I-Kohut 2013; Grey 2013) Ngaphakathi kohlaka lomnyakazo we- "LGBTKIAP +", isimo esibucayi kangako, ngokungakhathaleli ukubonakaliswa kanye nezizathu, sakhiwe njengalokho okuthiwa. "I-Homophobia" (I-Adams xnumx) Ngokwe-Oxford English Dictionary, igama elithi “neochobia” livela egameni elithi “ubungqingili” nelithi “phobia” (Izichazamazwi EsiNgisi Oxford Living). Igama elithi "homophobia" lisetshenziswa kakhulu kwabezindaba namasiko athandwayo: umcwaningi uNungessor uqaphele ukuthi

"Ukuthandana kwabantu bobulili obubodwa nabathandana nabobulili obufanayo" sekuwumqondo ophusile wezepolitiki osetshenziselwa ukukhombisa noma yisiphi isimo sengqondo esingesihle ngabantu abangongqingili ... "(I-Nungessor xnumx, k. 162).

«I-Homophobia ”isetshenziswa ngisho nasenkambisweni yezombusazwe yobudlelwano bezikhathi zamanje (I-EPR 2006). Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "homophobia" ukuchaza isimo esibucayi maqondana nezindinganiso zenhlangano "LGBTQIAP +" kusekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili ezibalulekile: (1) kwakha ukuxhumana okuhlangene phakathi KWANOMA YISIPHI isimo sengqondo sokulahla ngobungqingili nesifo se-phobic, ne-psychopathology; (2) idlulisela izincazelo ezingezinhle futhi ibeke isigcwagcwa kubantu abamele umbono ohlukile kuleyo yenhlangano ye-LGBTQIAP +.

Njengoba udokotela wesayensi yezomthetho u-Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin kanye nababhali bebambisene nabo bebhala emsebenzini wabo:

"… Cishe noma iyiphi ingxoxo nabasakaza inkulumo-ze yobungqingili, lapho bengavumelani nabo, namuhla ifaka ukunamathela okuzenzakalelayo kwelebuli elihlaselayo elithi" homophobe ", ngaphandle kokubheka ingqikithi nesimo, izinga lokuqiniswa okuyiqiniso nangokomthetho kwalokhu kuhlolwa okubucayi kobungqingili. Emazweni amaningi, labo abazwakalisa isimo sokugxeka ubungqingili banqatshelwa inkululeko yombono nenkululeko yokukhuluma, hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi senkulumompikiswano yomphakathi, kepha ngokujwayelekile, kunoma imuphi umzamo wokuveza umbono wabo kwabezindaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezingcingo zomphakathi zokubandlulula abantu abanjalo: ukwenqaba ilungelo lokungena kwamanye amazwe, ukubabopha, njll. Ingxoxo enokwenzelela okunjalo kanye nokuchazwa okunjalo kwesimiso sokulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho nenkantolo kanye nomgomo wokubekezelelana akugcini nje ngokungahambisani ngokuphelele nemigomo namazinga entando yeningi, kepha futhi, kufanele kubangele ukuphendula ngokushesha okuvela kuhulumeni, ongenalo ilungelo lokuhlehla esimweni sezomthetho nezepolitiki samazwe omhlaba ngenxa yesimo sezepolitiki. umthethosisekelo nomthetho wokulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho nenkantolo. Amagama athi "homophobe", "homophobia" awalungile, amalebuli enziwe ngemibono ananyathiselwe kunoma ikuphi ukugxeka umbono wobungqingili (kungakhathalekile uhlobo nezinga lokuthethelelwa kwalokhu kugxekwa), kanye nanoma ngubani ophikisana nokubekwa ngenkani okungekho emthethweni kwemibono yobungqingili kubantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo (kufaka phakathi izingane). Lawa magama amalebula wokuhlola anombono wokuqukethwe okungekuhle futhi asetshenziswa njengesihlava esingenangqondo ngezinhloso zokukhohlisa ukuhlambalaza nokuhlambalaza abaphikisayo (...) Eqinisweni, abantu abangazamukeli izindlela zokuphila zobungqingili, imilutha nezinkolelo baphikisana nenkulumo-ze yomphakathi yobungqingili, akukho "phobias", okungukuthi, ukwesaba okubuhlungu, ngokweqile okwenza laba bantu besabe ongqingili. Abantu abangajwayelene negama elikhethekile lezokwelapha bangase bahlobanise incazelo yegama elithi "homophobe" nokungathandi umuntu nabantu ngokujwayelekile (kusuka ku-Latin homo - man). Ukunikezwa okungenangqondo kokuphambuka kwengqondo (ama-phobias) kubantu abangahlanganyeli izinkolelo zobungqingili akuyona nje inqubo engekho emthethweni, kepha futhi kuhloswe ngayo ukululaza isithunzi sabantu balabo bantu, sibanyundele ... ”(Ponkin 2011).

Uchaza kahle indlela yezicucu ngokumangalela uSorgei Khudiev ongumphikisi wobuntu bakhe "

“… Noma ngubani onesibindi sokungavumelani ngokuphelele nemibono yobungqingili ubhekana ngokushesha nokuhlanjalazwa nokuhlanjalazwa. Uma uthola ukuthi ubulili bobulili obufanayo yinto okungafanele ikhuthazwe ngokusemthethweni, uzomenyezelwa ngokushesha njengomuntu omubi, ongabekezeleli, okweqile, obuyela emuva futhi onobutha, ocwasa ngokwebala, onobuhlanga, eKu Klux Klan, eTaliban, njalo njalo njalo. Indlela elula kepha ephumelelayo yokukhohlisa ngokomzwelo isebenzisa amasu amaningi asobala. Isibonelo, unikezwa ukukhetha okungalungile - kungaba ukujezisa kanzima ubungqingili, noma ukubukhuthaze ngayo yonke indlela. Uma uphikisana nokubulawa kwabantu abanobulili obufanayo, kufanele ube nokwamukelwa kwezinyunyana zobulili obufanayo ngomshado. Enye indlela - “izigelekeqe ezithile ezisobala (ngokwesibonelo, amaNazi) zazimelene nobungqingili - nawe ubumelene nabo - ngakho-ke ungumNazi. Uma ungafuni ukuthathwa njengomNazi, vumelana nemibono yethu. ” Owesithathu udalula noma yibuphi ubugebengu obenziwa kwabangqingili - ngokwesibonelo, isimo lapho insizwa ebufebeni ibulawa khona yikhasimende layo - njengezimpawu zokuthi "azonda abathandana nobulili obufanayo", ithi noma ngubani ophikisayo "uyabazonda abathandana nabobulili obufanayo" futhi ngaleyo ndlela uhlukanisa noma ngubani ophikisayo njengezigebengu. Le ngcindezi engokomzwelo ibingathathwa njengokuboniswa kwezihlukumezi ezingafanele, kepha inkinga ukuthi iya ngokuya iphoqelelwe nguhulumeni; emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, ukungavumelani nemibono yabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kubhekwa “njengokuvusa inzondo” nobugebengu obungaquliswa icala. Kodwa-ke, okungenangqondo kwalolu hlobo lokumangalelwa kubonakala ngokushesha nje lapho sithatha inkathazo yokukucabanga okungenani imizuzu emihlanu. AmaTaliban ajezisa kanzima utshwala; Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngubani ongakwamukeli ukuphuza ngokweqile ungumTaliban futhi uhlose ukufaka umthetho weSharia emphakathini? Abantu (bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane) abahola imali ngokufeba bavame ukuba yizisulu zobugebengu - ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngubani oveza ukuthi le ndlela yokuhola imali ayilungile futhi iyingozi isekela izigebengu? Ngabe noma ngubani ongakwamukeli ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa angasolwa ngenzondo yakhe enzima yabadla izidakamizwa abampofu? ... "(I-Khudiev 2010).

INDLELA EYENZIWE NGAYO HOMOPHOBIA

Isazi sezengqondo saseMelika nesishoshovu "LGBTKIAP +" - ukunyakaza (I-Ayyar 2002; I-Grimes 2017) UGeorge Weinberg ubuke umsunguli wegama elithi "Homophobia" kanye nombhali we-hypothesis yesigatshana se-psychopathological sesimo esibucayi sokwenza ubungqingili (I-Herek 2004; Weinberg xnumx) Engxoxweni eshicilelwe kanye nokushicilelwa kobungqingili, uWeinberg akaze aphendule ngokucacile ukuthi kungani waba yingxenye yenhlangano yomphakathi ye-LGBTKIAP +, uthi:

“Noma bengingengobungqingili, bengikhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka emisebenzini yami yobungqingili, nakweminye imisebenzi engifisa ukungabhali ngayo” (I-Ayyar 2002).

UWeinberg uzibiza ngomuntu owabeka phambili umbono wokuthi umhawu nokwesaba kugxeka ubungqingili maphakathi nama-1960s, ngenkathi elungiselela inkulumo engqungqutheleni ye-East Coast Homophile Organisation (I-Ayyar 2002; I-Grimes 2017) Uhlanganyele imicabango yakhe nezishoshovu ze- "LGBTKIAP +", ukunyakaza uJack Nichols noLige Clark, abaqale basebenzisa igama elithi "Homophobia" esihlokweni semagazini yezithombe zocansi "Screw" (23 ngoMeyi 1969 wonyaka), obekusho ukwesaba amadoda angewona ama-gay ukuthi bangaba nephutha ngabantu abathandana nobungqingili - lokhu bekungokokuqala ukubizwa kwalesi sikhathi kusencwadini ebhaliwe (I-Grimes 2017; I-Herek 2004) Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, leli gama lasetshenziswa esihlokweni se-Times (I-Grimes 2017).

Ku-1971, uWeinberg yena ngokwakhe waqala wasebenzisa igama elithi “ukubulawa kwabantu besifazane” esihlokweni esithi “Amagama Wisiko Elisha” ku- "Gay" lamasonto onkeI-Grimes 2017). Ngemuva kokufunda le ndatshana, uzakwabo kaWeinberg uKenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, amakhasi 132, 136) ekupheleni kuka-1971 uqale wakhuluma ngegama elithi "homophobia" encwadini yesayensi lapho aphakamisa khona isilinganiso esikhethekile sokulinganisa ukusabela okungekuhle komuntu okubangelwa ukuxhumana nabantu abangongqingili (USmith 1971) Ekugcineni, ku-1972, uWeinberg wakhipha umqondo we-psychopathological hypothesis ye- "Homophobia" encwadini ethi "Society and the Healthy Homosexual" (Weinberg xnumx) Ngonyaka olandelayo, uWeinberg waba ngomunye wabaholi bemikhankaso yomphakathi ehlelwe yi-American LGBTKIAP + movement, okwaholela esinqumweni se-American Psychiatric Association sokungafaki ukuxilongwa kobungqingili kuluhlu lwe-static lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo e1973 (I-Grimes 2017) Yize iqiniso lokuthi igama elithi "Homophobia" lagxekwa kakhulu ngabasekeli kanye nabaphikisi benhlangano ye "LGBTKIAP +", uWeinberg uhlale eyisisekeli esinenkani sokukholelwa kwakhe impilo yakhe yonke futhi waphikelela nokuthi "i-Homophobia" ifakwe esigabeni sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (Weinberg xnumx).

INKINGA YOKUZISETYENZISA ISICELO

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusukela ekukhulunweni kokuqala emisebenzini yesayensi (i-1971 - 1972), incazelo yegama elithi "Homophobia" yahlukahluka ezimweni zobuntu obuthile (USmith 1971) nokwesaba okungenasisekelo kokuziphatha (Weinberg xnumx) kunoma yisiphi isimo sengqondo esibucayi (kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, ukungavumelani kokuvumela imibhangqwana yobungqingili eyodwa ukuba ithathe izingane) (ICosta 2013) UGeorge Weinberg emsebenzini wakhe wasebenzisa igama elithi “Homophobia” ngomqondo wesaba ukuthintana nabantu abathandana nobungqingili, futhi uma sikhuluma ngabongqingili ngokwabo, khona-ke elithi “Homophobia” lisho ukuzenyanya kwabo (Weinberg xnumx) Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uMorin noGarfinkle bachazwa ngokuthi “abantu abathandana nobungqingili” umuntu ongaboni impilo yobungqingili obulingana nendlela yokuphila yobungqingili (Morin xnumx).

Ngonyaka we-1983, uNungessor waphawula:

"..." ukuzondwa kwabantu abathandana nobulili obubodwa nabathandana nobulili obufanayo "sekuwumqondo ophusile wezepolitiki osetshenziselwa ukukhombisa noma yisiphi isimo sengqondo esingesihle ngabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ..." (I-Nungessor xnumx, k. 162).

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uFyfe ukhonjiswe yi- "Homophobia" isimo esingesihle kanye nokubandlulula kubungqingili (I-Fyfe xnumx) U-Hudson noRicketts baphawule ukuthi "igama" i-Homophobia "laqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ngabachwepheshe nabangewona ochwepheshe ukuchaza noma yibuphi ubutha kubantu abathandana nobungqingili kangangokuba balahlekelwe yincazelo yalo yasekuqaleni" (Hudson xnumx, k. 357). Ku-1991, iningi labaphenyi lichaze "i-homophobia" njenganoma yikuphi ukubandlulula nobandlululo obunobungqingili "(I-Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), futhi i-Reiter beyikhethe ngokuthi "ukubandlulula okunomphumela wenhlalo nomphakathi" (Reiter 1991) Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, u-Young-Bruehl waphawula ukuthi "ukubulala abanye abantu ngokungemthetho kuwukubandlulula okungaqondile abantu abathile, kepha kubhekiswe ezenzweni ezithile" (I-Young-Bruehl 1996, k. 143). UKranz noCusick ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bachaze "ukubulawa kwabantu abathandana nabantu besifazane" ngokuthi "ukwesaba okungenangqondo kwabobungqingili" (I-Kranz 2000) Ngonyaka we-2005, u-O'Donohue noCaselles baphawula ukuthi emashumini eminyaka adlule, igama elithi "ubungqingili" liye lafinyelela kunoma yisiphi isimo sengqondo esibi, ukukholelwa noma isenzo kubantu abathandana nobungqingili (O'Donohue ku- I-Wright xnumx, k. 68).

Ohlakeni lwesayensi yezengqondo yezifundo zakudala, i-phobia (phobic syndrome) ibhekisa ohlotsheni lwe-neurosis yokukhathazeka, umbandela omkhulu wokunquma ukuthi yikuphi ukwesaba okuzinzile okungenasisekelo (noma ukukhathazeka), okungalawuleki ngokungaphenduki nakwezinye izimo ezimeni ezithile (IKazakovtsev 2013, k. 230). Umuntu ophethwe yi-phobia uzama ngazo zonke izindlela ukugwema ukuxhumana nento noma isimo esibangela i-phobia futhi uhlushwa ukuthintana okunjalo nokucindezela okukhulu nokukhathazeka. Ukusekela iqiniso lokuthi isimo esibucayi esivamile sokwenza izinto zobungqingili akusona isiloba, uHaaga (1991) waqhathanisa ubandlululo kanye ne-phobias, ukusabela okuchazwe kwabezindaba njenge "Homophobia" kuhlangabezana nezindlela zobandlululo (bheka ithebula elingezansi) (Haaga xnumx).

Ithebula 1 Ukuqhathanisa Kobandlululo nePhobia ngokusho kwe-D.A.F. I-Haaga [30]

Thayipha	Ubandlululo (okuthiwa “luhlanga lwasekhaya”)	I-phobia yangempela (i-neurosis)
Ukusabela okungokomzwelo	ulaka, ukucasuka	ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba
Ukuphikisana ngemizwelo	ukuba khona kwezisusa	ukuntuleka kwencazelo, ukungabi namqondo
Isenzo sokuphendula	ulaka	ukugwema nganoma iyiphi indlela
I-ajenda yomphakathi	ukuphikiswa komphakathi	akukho
Ukugxila kwemizamo yokuqeda isimo esingakhululeki	into yobandlululo	ngokwethu

Kunemizamo ehlukahlukene ehlongozwayo ngandlela thile ukukala izinga lemibono emibi ngobungqingili - kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwengqondo (USmith 1971; Hudson xnumx; I-lumby xnumx; UMilham 1976; Logan 1996) Ucwaningo lukaGrey nozakwabo noCosta nozakwabo luveze izikali eziningi ezahlukahlukene eziphakanyisiwe ukukala isimo sabantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile kubantu ababonisa ukuziphatha kobungqingili (ICosta 2013; Grey 2013) Zonke izindlela zokuhlongoza eziphakanyisiwe zinokubuyisa okuyisisekelo esisodwa - ukuntuleka kweqembu lokuqhathanisa ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka kwazo: ukuqinisekiswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo eziphakanyisiwe kwakususelwa ekuqhathaniseni neqembu labaphendulile eliveze amanani aphezulu wepharamitha ahlobene kuphela nesimo sengqondo esingesihle ngobungqingili (ngokwesibonelo, inkolo, ukuvotela amaqembu ezombusazwe angakwesokudla). Ngokusho kuka-O'Donohue nozakwabo, leli phutha lingasuswa ngokuqhathaniswa neqembu labaphenduli abalahlwe yodlame lwabantu ababonisa ukuziphatha kobungqingili (O'Donohue e- I-Wright xnumx, k. 77). Ngakho-ke, uma unikezwe izinkinga eziningi ze-psychometric ngenye yezindlela zokuhlola ezihlongozwayo, ukubonwa neziphetho ezenziwe ngesisekelo salezi zindlela zokuhlola ziyangabaza (O'Donohue in I-Wright xnumx, k. 77). Ngokuvamile, akucaci ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yini. I-"Homophobia": ukuvumelana kwencazelo yegama elithi "Homophobia", elingabhekwa namuhla, kubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu, kuluhla lwemibono ehluke kakhulu, kusuka kokujwayelekile kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, negativism) kuya kokucacile kakhulu (O'Donohue ku I-Wright xnumx, k. 82).

Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi kwegama elithi “Homophobia” kuyinkinga okungenani ngenxa yezizathu ezine eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, ubufakazi obunamandla bukhombisa ukuthi ubutha obungqingili ku okuhlukile amacala empeleni angaba yinkinga yomqondo ngokomtholampilo, njenge-claustrophobia noma i-arachnophobia. Kodwa-ke, iningi labantu elinemibono enobutha yobudlelwano bobulili obufanayo alinazo izimpendulo zomzimba zesimo se-phobias (Izihlangu xnumx) Ukunyakaza okukhona manje, okudumile kwe- "LGBTKIAP +", ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Homophobia" akuhlukanisi ngandlela thile phakathi kwalezi zifundazwe ezimbili. Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Homophobia" ngokombono womqondo weWeinberg kuhlinzeka ukuthi lesi yisimo somtholampilo ngamunye, kodwa, izifundo azikuqinisekisi lokhu, kepha zibonisa ukuhlangana okucacile nokubukwa kweqembu lesiko nobudlelwano beqembu (I-Kohut 2013) Okwesithathu, i-phobia emqondo weklinikhi ihlotshaniswa nokusabela okungajabulisi kanye namava aphula imisebenzi ejwayelekile yezenhlalo yomuntu (Ithebula 1), kepha ubutha kubantu abathandana nobungqingili abuthinti umsebenzi ojwayelekile wokuhlalisana kwabantu (I-Herek 2000, 1990) Okwesine, ukusetshenziswa kwezombusazwe komqondo we- "Homophobia" kufanisa inzondo ebhekiswe kubantu abathandana nobungqingili ngezinto ezinjengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga noma ngokobulili (I-EPR 2006). Kodwa-ke, ukucwasa noma ukucwasana ngokobulili kuyinto ebhekiswe kubathwali bezici ezithile ezinqunyelwe izinto eziphilayo ezingancikile ekuziphatheni kwabaphethe (ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaswa kwabaseCaucasus noma abesilisa). Lokho okubizwa nge- "homophobia" ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenhlangano ye-LGBTKIAP + yisimo sengqondo esinobutha hhayi kubathwali bezici zebhayoloji, kepha ngezenzo (ukuziphatha), ngokunembile, ekubonakalisweni kokuziphatha okunjalo lapho ukuguqulwa kwendima ebekiwe yobulili kwenzeka emphakathini. Akukho ngisho ukuvumelana kwemibono ngokuthi ngubani othathwa njengongqingili - umuntu ojwayele ukwenza oxhumana nabo bobulili obufanayo noma ngokungavamile ngokweqile; ophoqeleka ukuba ahlanganyele ebudlelwaneni bobulili obufanayo noma owenza kanjalo ngokuzithandela, ozibiza "ngongqingili" noma cha, njll. umuntu ongakhombisi obala ukuziphatha kobungqingili futhi ongowomphakathi we- "LGBTKIAP +" akahlangabezani nanoma yimaphi amathonya amabi avela emphakathini, okungenzeki esimweni esinjengobandlululo.

UKUVUNYELWA KWESIQINISEKISO SEZINHLOSO ZAMAPOLISA

Njengoba igama elithi "phobia" linencazelo ecacile emtholampilo futhi lisho isimo sokwesaba okungenakulawulwa (ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha), ukubizwa kwesimo esibucayi sobungqingili njenge-phobia akunasizathu sosayensi. Isibonelo, isimo esibucayi sokwenza ubuciko besimanje kusuka ekubukweni kwezimilo zesayensi akunakubizwa ngokuthi "i-avant-garde phobia": isimo esinjalo sibonisa ukubuka okuhle komuntu. Amacala okonakaliswa maqondana nemisebenzi yobuciko ayinto engamukeleki futhi, ngesilinganiso esiphakeme kungenzeka, afakazela ukwephulwa okuthile kwengqondo kwezindlovu. Kodwa-ke, ukubaluleka okubabazekayo kwamacala anjalo okonakaliswa kokuhlola imisebenzi enjalo futhi, ikakhulukazi, bonke labo abangayithandi le misebenzi yobuciko, balingana no-zero.

Isikhundla esibucayi ezintweni ezihlobene nezinhlelo zomphakathi ze-LGBTKIAP + - ukunyakaza, akuhlukaniswa njengokuphula umthetho we-World Health Organisation noma i-American Psychiatric Association (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Ngenxa yezizathu ezikhonjiswe ngenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Homophobia" maqondana nomoya ongemuhle ngobungqingili kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu ngababhali abaningi (I-Herek 2004, Lapha ngaphakathi I-Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Izihlangu xnumx), futhi esikhundleni salokho, kwahlongozwa amagama amaningi: “ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ukubekezela, ubandlululo, ukulwa nobungqingili, i-effeminophobia, i-Speedophobia, inhlamba ngokocansi, ubandlululo ngokobulili” nabanye abaningi (O'Donohue ku- I-Wright xnumx; USears 1997).

Yize kunjalo, igama elithi "homophobia" liyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kwabezindaba, emasikweni athandwayo, nasezincwadini zesayensi ukukhombisa isimo esibucayi ngobungqingili. UConnie Ross, umhleli welinye lamaphephabhuku omphakathi wobungqingili, uthe ngeke ayeke ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "homophobia" ngenxa yokungalungi kwalo ngokwesayensi, ngoba ubheka umsebenzi omkhulu ukuthi "ulwela amalungelo abantu bobungqingili" (Taylor 2002).

USmithmyer (2011) ukhombise okulandelayo:

“… Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi 'homophobia' kuyindlela yengcindezelo ebhekiswe kulawo malungu omphakathi avikela incazelo yendabuko yomshado, kodwa angabazondi abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo (…) Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kuyacasula (…) futhi kwehlisa isithunzi (…) Igama elithi“ uHomophobe "iqhinga lezombusazwe elisetshenziswa emthethweni nasezinkantolo ..." (USmithmyer 2011, k. 805).

IHolland (2006) iphawule ukuthi:

"... Ngisho nengcaphuno elula yemininingwane yezibalo ngezehlakalo zengculazi phakathi kwamadoda athandana nabantu bobulili obufanayo iphakamisa izinsolo 'zokuzonda ongqingili' ..." (I-Holland xnumx, k. 397).

Cishe kungenzeka i-100%, lo mbiko uzobuye ukhonjiswe "yi-Homophobia" ngabasekeli benhlangano ye "LGBTKIAP +".

Ku-2009, owina umpetha we-Miss California ubuhle u-Kerry Prechan wabamba iqhaza kuma-famu we-Miss America. Ngemuva kokuba ephendule umbuzo ovela koyedwa wobungqingili ukuthi imishado yobungqingili kufanele ibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni yini eMelika, waxoshwa kulo mncintiswano futhiaphucwa isithunzi sakhe sikaMiss California.

Ukuphendula kukaKerry Preghan kudale ulaka lwayo yonke imithombo yezindaba "yasezombusazwe" eqondile, wasolwa ngokubandlulula, wathi ufuna ukubuyisa amagama akhe futhi wambiza esidlangalaleni ngokuthi "imbumbulu eyisidenge" (I-Prejean 2009) Ngani? U-Prezhan uthe uzofaka abobungqingili ejele?

Cha, nayi impendulo yakhe yesenzo:

“… Ngicabanga ukuthi kuhle ukuthi abaseMelika bangakhetha enye noma enye. Siphila ezweni lapho ungakhetha khona emshadweni wobulili obufanayo noma emshadweni wendabuko. Futhi uyazi ukuthi, esikweni lethu, emndenini wami, kubonakala kimi ukuthi ngikholelwa ukuthi umshado kufanele ube phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. Angifuni ukona muntu, kodwa le yindlela engakhuliswa ngayo ... ”(AP 2009).

Izishoshovu ze-LGBTKIA +, ukunyakaza kweKirk neMadsen, zaphikisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Homophobia" kwakusebenza kakhulu ezinhlelweni zezepolitiki zokuguqula isimo senhlalo yabantu abathandana nobungqingili:

“… Kunoma yimuphi umkhankaso wokuzwela ukuzwelana nomphakathi, izitabane kufanele zivezwe njengezisulu ezidinga ukuvikelwa, ukuze abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo banqotshwe isifiso esisheshayo sokuthatha indima yokuba ngabavikeli… Izitabane kufanele zivezwe njengezisulu zomphakathi… Kufanele zikhonjiswe: izithombe ezicacile zabesilisa abashaywa abayizitabane; idrama yokuntuleka komsebenzi nezindlu, ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokugcina izingane nokuthotshiswa emphakathini: uhlu luyaqhubeka ... Umkhankaso wethu akufanele ufune ukwesekwa okuqondile kwezenzo zobungqingili, kunalokho, kufanele sisungule ukulwa nobandlululo njengomsebenzi omkhulu ... "(IKirk 1987).

Encwadini ekhishwe eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uKirk noMadsen bagcizelela:

"... Yize igama elithi 'homophobia' linganemba kakhudlwana, igama elithi 'homophobia' lisebenza kangcono ngokungaqondakali ... okusho ukuthi kunesimo sasemtholampilo sokuthi imizwa elwa nobungqingili ihlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokungavikeleki kwabo okungahambi kahle ..." (IKirk 1989, k. 221).

IZIPHUMO ZEZOBUCHWEPHESHE

Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphikisana kwezimo ezibucayi zomsebenzi wobungqingili:USmith 1971), isimilo (O'Donohue in I-Wright xnumx), zokuziphatha (Grey 1991) thobekile (I-Bell xnumx), imodeli yokuqonda noma yokungazi (Lapha I-Gonsiorek xnumx), ukwesaba (IMacDonald 1973), amasiko (Reiter 1991) Ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu ekushicilelweni kwesayensi nokuthandwa kunikezwa amamodeli we-biology ekhombisa.

Ukuqashelwa okunamandla kusivumela ukuba sicabange ngezindlela ezingezona zenhlalo zokuziphatha okungathandeki kwezenzi zobungqingili. U-Ellis nozakwabo (2003) bafundele abafundi be-226 ubuchwepheshe bezengqondo abavela emanyuvesi amathathu aseBrithani, okuthi, besebenzisa izikali ezimbili ezihlukile, bahlole isimo sengqondo ngabantu abathandana nobungqingili nezimo ezinqubweni zenhlalo ezihambisana nomsebenzi wobulili obufanayo (udaba lokuvumela ukubhaliswa kobambiswano, ukwamukelwa kwezingane, njll. .) ()U-Ellis 2003) Yize abangaphezu kwengxenye yabaphenduli bekhombisa ukuthi bavumelana nezitatimende ezijwayelekile ezichaza ubungqingili njengento engokwemvelo kumuntu, inani elincane kakhulu labaphenduli lavumelana nezitatimende ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, "ubulili akumele bube nobunzima emshadweni, ongqingili bangasebenza ebuthweni, izingane kufanele zifundiswe umqondo wobunjalo bobungqingili ”, njll.) (U-Ellis 2003, ikhasi 129). USteffens (2005) wenza ucwaningo lwabafundi abangama-203 baseJalimane besebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile zokuhlola isimo sengqondo esivulekile nesifihlekile (esingaqulekile) maqondana nobungqingili (I-Steffens xnumx) Kulomsebenzi, kwafundwa isimo sengqondo sokuqaphela kusetshenziswa imibuzo yemibuzo ehlukahlukene yokuhlola, futhi kwafundwa isimo sengqondo sokungazi lutho kusetshenziswa isivivinyo senhlangano efihlekile.

Kwatholakala ukuthi ngenkathi isimo sengqondo sokuqonda ubungqingili sinhle kakhulu ekuqaleni kokuqala, isimo sengqondo sokungazi lutho saphenduka saba sibi kakhulu. Isimo esihle sengqondo ngobungqingili futhi sihlobana nokuzazisa kwabantu abathandana nabobungqingili. (I-Steffens xnumx, k. 50, 55). U-Inbar nozakwabo (2009) bakhombisile ukuthi ngisho nalabo bantu abazibheka njengeqembu labantu abathanda isenzo sobuhlobo obufanayo, ngokungazi bazizwa benengekile ngokubona kokuqabula abantu bobulili obufanayo (Inbar 2009).  

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abantu abane-drive yongqingili bayakuqonda ukuphambukela kwemvelo kobungqingili:

"... Ukungabuthandi ubungqingili kubantu kusezingeni lokulahlwa okungaqondakali ..." (I-Mironova 2013).

Isitatimende sokugcina sinencazelo yesayensi. Ababhali abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi phakathi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lokho okuthiwa. izivikeli mzimba zokuziphatha - okuyinkimbinkimbi yokusabela kokuqonda okungazi lutho, okwakhelwe ukuvikela emiphumeleni yamagciwane amasha kanye namagciwane (iScider in I-Forgas xnumx; I-Faulkner 2004; I-Park 2003; I-Filip-crawford xnumx).

Amasosha omzimba wokuziphatha asuselwa ekuzondweni okungenangqondo kokunengeka: abantu abangabamaqembu ezenhlalo angajwayelekile, futhi ikakhulukazi labo abenza izinto ezingezona ezemvelo maqondana nokudla, inhlanzeko nobulili, babe nengozi enkulu yokudlulisa okusha (futhi, ngakho-ke, kuyingozi kakhulu) izinto ezithathelwanayo. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthintana nabantu abanjalo, amasosha omzimba wokuziphatha ayasebenza, futhi ukunengeka okungokwemvelo (I-Filip-crawford xnumx, k. 333, 338; I-Curtis 2011a, I-2011b; I-Curtis 2001) Njengoba ukusebenza kobulili phakathi kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile noma kwezinhlobo ezihlukile zemvelo, kanye nokubandakanya izidumbu noma abantu abangakakhanyi, njll., Kufanekisela ukuzibandakanya kobulili, okungekhona okwemvelo kokuziphatha kocansi, ukusabela kwabantu abaningi ekubonisweni kwalokhu kuziphatha kuyindlela yokunqanda ukuthi kube yingozi futhi ukuthintana ngokocansi okungaphumeleli ngokomqondo nabantu abanjalo. Ubudlelwano bokunyanyeka nezimo ezingezinhle kokungazalisi, kufaka phakathi ubungqingili, imisebenzi yezocansi kukhonjisiwe ezifundweni eziningi (Mooijman 2016; Umbhishobhi xnumx; UTerrizzi 2010; I-Olatunji 2008; I-Cottrell xnumx;  I-Herek 2000; I-Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Imiphumela ehlukile nayo iyathakazelisa - umuzwa owenziwe ngokungeyikho wokunengeka uba kubi ezingeni lokungazi isimo sengqondo ngezithombe ezinengqikimba yobungqingili (I-Dasgupta xnumx).

I-Aversion uhlelo lokuzivumelanisa nolwenziwe ngenhloso yokuvuselela isimilo okuhloswe ngalo ukugwema ubungozi besifo (Schger in I-Forgas xnumx; I-Curtis 2004, I-2011b; Oaten xnumx; I-Tybur 2009; I-Fessler xnumx) Lolu hlelo olusebenzayo lwenziwe ezilwaneni ukwenza lula ukuqashelwa kwezinto kanye nezimo ezihambisana nobungozi bokutheleleka, futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, ukwakha inhlanzeko yokuziphatha, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ubungozi bokuxhumana nama-parasites amancane kanye nama-macro; esigabeni sokushintshwa komphakathi wesintu ukuya kufomu le-ultrasocial, imisebenzi yokululaza ibuye ithathe isimilo senhlalo, inikeze isisusa sokujezisa ukungaziphathi komphakathi nokugwema abephula imithetho yezenhlalo (I-Chapman 2009; I-Haidt 1997) UMiller (1997) ukholelwa ukuthi cishe ububi buhlala bubangela amanyala. Uphawula ukuthi izinhlamvu nezenzo ezimbi, ezinyanyekayo, ezimbi zigxekwa yindlela engokwemvelo yokuzenzisa yokwenyanya, ngaphandle kokuguqukela ekuziphatheni kwezinga eliphakeme (I-Curtis 2001) Indlela umuntu asabela ngayo ekuguqukeni iyahlukahluka kuye ngobuntu bomuntu nesipiliyoni sakhe, kanye namasiko endawo namasiko wokuziphatha (I-Curtis 2011b) I-Curtis (2011) inikezela ngohlu lwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangela ukusabela okuhlobene kokunyanyeka, kufaka phakathi ingculazi, i-syphilis, njll.I-Curtis 2011a) U-Grey nozakwabo baphawulwe ekubuyekezweni kwabo (Grey 2013, k. 347) ukuthi isimo esibucayi maqondana nobungqingili luhlangene nomqondo ongemuhle ngokutheleleka nge-HIV kanye nabantu abane-HIV / AIDS.

Kunokuqapheleka okuningi mayelana nokuxhumeka phakathi kwesinengiso nokungahluleli kokuziphatha okuhle (I-Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): Izenzo nabantu abaphula izinkambiso zomphakathi bavame ukubangela ukwenyanya (I-Curtis 2001), ukusabela okufanayo komzimba nokusebenza kwezifunda zobuchopho kuyabonakala ngokuziphikisa kwendalo nokuziphatha (kwezenhlalo) (I-Chapman 2009; I-Schaich xnumx) U-Olatunji uphawula ukuthi umuzwa oyisisekelo wokunyanyekelwa uhlotshaniswa nokuzonda ucansi ngenxa yokuphendula komzimba okujwayelekile, njengokuhlanza (I-Olatunji 2008, k. 1367). UFessler noNavarette bathi "kubonakala sengathi ukukhethwa kwemvelo kwakha indlela evikela umzimba kuma-pathogen kanye nasezinxekeni, futhi futhi kuqeda nokuziphatha kocansi okunciphisa impumelelo ye-biological" (I-Fessler xnumx, k. 414). U-Haidt nozakwabo baveza ukuthi ngenkathi ukwexwaya okuyisisekelo kunguhlelo lokuqeda ukudla okungenzeka kube yingozi, umphakathi wesintu udinga ukukhipha izinto eziningi, kubandakanya nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi nezenhlalo (I-Haidt 1997).

Imisebenzi ethile yezocansi noma abangahle bahlanganyele nabo ocansini nayo iyenyanya (I-Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) UTybur kanye nozakwabo bathi ngoba ukuthintana ngocansi kuthatha izingozi zokutheleleka okungenzeka kube khona ngamagciwane, ukuxhumana ngocansi okungalethi izinzuzo zokuzala noma kuthwala ubungozi bokuphazamiseka kwezakhi zofuzo (isb. Ukuxhumana nabantu bobulili obufanayo, izingane, noma abantu asebekhulile, izihlobo eziseduze), kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi lowo muntu usengozini yokutheleleka, ngasikhathi sinye angabi nalo ithuba lokuthuthuka kahle kokuzala kwakhe (I-Tybur 2013) Lokho wukuthi, ukuthintana ngokobulili obufanayo ngokobuchwepheshe akufaki amathuba okuzala, yingakho lona mbono wokuxhumana ngobungqingili ubangela amanyala wemvelo (I-Filip-crawford xnumx, k. 339; I-Curtis 2001).

Ukubonakala kokunyanyeka njengokusabela ebungqingweni kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nokuhlangana nosongo lokungcola okungokomfanekiso, ngale ndlela ukusebenza kusebenze ngokungazelele, ukuqondisa ukugwema ubungozi bokuthintana namagciwane nesifiso "sokuhlanza" (I-Golec de zavala xnumx, k. 2).

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