Isibikezelo

Ngasekuqaleni kwe-1990, izishoshovu ezalungqingili e-US zazama ukwazisa ongqingili njengeqembu "elivikelwe" elikhethekile eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuze iqembu elithile labantu lithole isimo esivikelekile, kufanele kube okwangempela, okungelona iqiniso futhi kuhlale njalo (okungewona umphakathi wezitabane). Kulokhu, izishoshovu zezitabane zethule izinganekwane ezahlukahlukene ezazithathwa kalula futhi zisatshalaliswa ngabezindaba zenkululeko. Ngokuphikisana namaqiniso esayensi kanye nomqondo ojwayelekile, bekuthiwa okungenani umuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi ubungqingili, nokuthi ukuheha ebulilini bomuntu kuwuphawu lokuzalwa, njengomjaho, okubangelwa uhlobo olukhethekile futhi olungaguquki njengombala wesikhumba. Emzameni wokuzilinganisa ngokwabantu abambalwa abacindezelwe ngokobuhlanga, izishoshovu zaze zaqamba namazwi anjengokuthi "amancane" kanye "nabantu abayizitabane".

Njengoba amaqiniso emitholampilo mayelana nokulahlwa okuyimpumelelo kokuheha ubungqingili nokushintshela empilweni ejwayelekile yobungqingili kubeka phansi kabi inganekwane yokuthi "ukuzalwa" kanye "nokuguquguquka" kobungqingili, okwakha yonke inkohliso yezepolitiki yezishoshovu zobungqingili, ziveza imizamo eminingi yokudelela ukwelashwa kabusha. yena njengongenamsebenzi futhi oyingozi, futhi nakwabasebenza njengama-charlatans nabashisekeli benkolo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-American Psychological Association ngaphandle kwemibandela idlale izishoshovu ezitabane ekwenzeni okuthile, okuze kwaholela ekumangaleleni kwayo ngokuthi inkohliso yesayensi ezivela kwezinye izinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe. Iqiniso ngukuthi imibuzo ephathelene nezocansi nobulili ikhona ehhovisi APN 44eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- "Society for the Psychology yezezocansi kanye nezobulili obuhlukile", ecishe iqanjwe izishoshovu ze-LGBT kanye nabasekeli bazo.

Kuzo izincwadienzelwe umphakathi ojwayelekile, i-APA yakhetha ngokukhethekile izinto ezibonakalayo ukuthi ukwelashwa kabusha kungasebenzi futhi kungaba yingozi, kepha izincwadi zobungcwetienzelwe ongoti, i-APA ihlinzeka ngemininingwane eyengeziwe yenhloso:

“Okokugcina ubufakazi obunamandla khombisa ukuthi ukuthambekela kobungqingili kungashintshwa ngempela kumakhasimende agqugquzelwe, nokuthi imizamo yokwelapha ukuqondisa kabusha ayikhiqizi ukulimala ngokomzwelo."

Akukho okusha okusha kulokhu - emuva ku-1973, kuye idokhumentiI-APA ihlongoza ukukhipha ubungqingili ohlwini lwabakhubazekile ngokomqondo, kusho i-APA "Izindlela zokwelapha zesimanje zivumela ingxenye enkulu yabongqingili abafuna ukuguqula isimo sabo ukwenza kanjalo".

I-APA nayo ishicilelwe ku2009 bika sinikezelwe ngokuphelele ekwelashweni kabusha (i-SOCE). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngababhali be7 balo mbiko, abathi banikeze ngokungakhethi nempendulo eqonde embuzweni mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kushintshwe ukuthambekela okungathandeki kwesifiso sobulili, i-6 ayikufihli ukuthanda kwabo kobungqingili ... Noma kunjalo, ngemuva kokwenza ukubuyekeza okuningiliziwe kwezincwadi zesayensi, ababhali bavumile bengabaza ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe locwaningo olunokwethenjelwa ngokwendlela alusivumeli ukuba siphethe ngokuthi izindlela zanamuhla zokwelapha ezingezona izinto ezihlukahlukene engasebenzi.

Ngokusho sebenzisa I-2015 yonyaka:

“Izixwayiso eziqinile zokuthi ukwelashwa kokukhangwa abantu bobulili obufanayo ‘kunamandla okuba yingozi’ ziyadukisa futhi zilimaza umphakathi. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-APA kanye ne-WHO empeleni zikhohlisa umphakathi uma zixwayisa ngokuthi kungahle kube yingozi kodwa zehluleke ukuchaza ukuthi:
(1) Yonke imisebenzi yezengqondo yazo zonke izinkinga zomuntu nezabantu ingaba yingozi; 
(2) Isayensi enomthwalo wemfanelo ayikabonisi ukuthi ubungozi bokulimala ekwelapheni ukukhangwa abantu bobulili obufanayo bukhulu, buyafana, noma buncane kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokwelashwa kwengqondo.”

Udokotela ohlonishwayo waseRussia, udokotela wezengqondo, owelapha ngocansi nodokotela wezifo zengqondo Yan Genrikhovich Goland Uyazibonela mathupha lokhu: kule minyaka eyi-60 yokusebenza kwakhe ngokwengqondo, usizile iziguli ze-78 zobungqingili kanye neziguli ze-8 transgender ukuqeda ukuheha okungafuneki kobulili obufanayo nezinkinga zobunikazi bobulili. Uthi: “Sebevele baba ngomkhulu, ogogo kanye nogogo nomkhulu.

Ubungqingili - ukubuyela emuva kwe-neurotic disorder

UJan Goland ubhekisisa ekwelashweni kwe-psychotherapeutic ye-neurosis, i-phobia, ukuphazamiseka kobuntu kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwezocansi, empeleni okungobungqingili kanye ne-transsexualism (ikhodi F66.x1 ne-F64.0 ku- ICD-10). Ukwanda kobungqingili kuhambisana ngokuphelele nokwamanye amaphutha we-neurotic. Ukuqhathanisa:
  • Abantu abane-neurosis ephoqelekile (OCD) bakha 2.3% Inani labantu base-US.
  • Abakwa-Lesbians, ongqingili kanye nama-bisexuals bakha 2.3% Inani labantu base-US.

Emuva ku-1956, udokotela wezengqondo odumile Edmund Bergler waphawula ukuthi ubungqingili "Iyunithi elenzelwa ukwelashwa kwe-neurosis elinokwelashwa okuqhamukayo okuyindlela enhle yokwelapha yokwelashwa esetshenziswa ngeminyaka ye-1 iye eminyakeni engu-2, uma nje isiguli sifuna ukuguquka".

Isipiliyoni sikaJan Goland sigcizelela ngokuphelele lokho okwashiwo uzakwabo waseMelika. “Ubungqingili bungalashwa uma umuntu efuna ukwelashwa,” kusho uJan Genrihovich. Uma kungekho sifiso esinjalo, awukho umphumela. Iziguli zami yilabo kuphela abangakwazi ukubekezelela ubungqingili babo futhi abanesisusa, isifiso kanye nesidingo sokungathandani. Ungacabangi ukuthi bonke ongqingili bayizishoshovu zezitabane eziyela kuma-parades nakuma-pics. Abaphethwe yilokhu bangaphezulu kakhulu kwalabo abaqoqana emakilabhini ayizitabane. ”

Abantu baba kanjani ubungqingili?

“Alukho ufuzo lobungqingili. Isazi sezakhi zofuzo saseMelika, okuthiwa sathola ufuzo lobungqingili, ngokushesha savuma ukuthi sasinephutha, kodwa abezindaba abasitshelanga lutho ngaso. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sazi sofuzo naye wayengungqingili. Uma, empeleni, "ukutholwa kwenkathi" okunjalo kwenziwa, ngicabanga ukuthi lesi sakhi sizoboniswa kwifulegi labantu abanobungqingili, kepha akukho okufana nalokho. Ongqingili abazalwa, baba. Ukuze ube ngungqingili, kufanele kuqondane nenqwaba yezici ezithile, ezithonya ukwakheka kocansi. Isibonelo: umfana wazalwa futhi wakhulunywa phakathi kwamantombazane, babedlala ngonodoli, amadodakazi-omama - amantombazane imidlalo. Wakha uhlobo lokuziphatha lwabesifazane. Noma, sithi, wayenobaba ohlukanisiwe, ongenandaba, ongenandaba nokukhuliswa, ohlale ematasa ngezindaba zakhe, futhi ingane yakhula yodwa. Ezikoleni ze-ballet, eSuvorov, ezikoleni ze-cadet, imvelo iyasiza ekuchumeni kobungqingili. Futhi-ke, ukufakwa - isipiliyoni esinamandla sobuntwana esihambisana nokwaneliseka ngokocansi. UKinsey uphinde waphawula ukuthi iningi labantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo bakhangwa ubulili babo, bezibandakanya nokushaya indlwabu ngemibono nemibono yobungqingili. Kunezici eziningi, zingabalwa ngokungapheli. Okubuhlungu wukuthi lapho eneminyaka eyi-16-17 ukukhula komuntu osemusha kuncike ekutheni uwela kuziphi izandla. Uma iwela ezandleni zowesifazane olungile - iba ngokobulili obuhlukile, iwele ezandleni zobungqingili - iba yisitabane. Kuyathakazelisa nokuthi izingane eziningi ezadlwengulwa ziyaqhubeka nokuthwala induku uqobo. Njengoba bekhula, baqala ukushushisa izingane, bakhulisa futhi bahlanganise ukuthambekela kwe-pedophilia.

Ukwelashwa kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani?

“Kimina, inkambo yokwelashwa kobungqingili ithatha kusuka ezinyangeni eziyishumi kuya onyakeni owodwa nohhafu kuye eminyakeni emibili, nakwowobulili obufanayo, kusuka eminyakeni emibili kuya kwengu-10. Konke kuncike olwazini nasekuhlangenwe nakho kokwelapha i-psychotherapist. Lapho udokotela wezifo zengqondo noma owelapha ngokusebenza kwengqondo enza lokhu, ngeke kube nomphumela omuhle. Odokotela bengqondo abaningi abasebasha manje abazi nokuthi ubungqingili buyelapheka uma isiguli sinesisusa. "

Yini ongayisho kulabo abathi ukwelashwa kongqingili kumane nje kuyindlela yokuthola inzuzo ngoba kusenzakala?

“Iningi leziguli zami lalashwa ngezikhathi zaseSoviet, futhi ukwelashwa e-USSR, njengoba uyazi, kwakukhululekile. Yiliphi iphuzu lokuhlukumeza isiguli sami unyaka owodwa nohhafu kuya kwemibili, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi wangemva kwamahora, ngaphandle kokuthola ipeni laso uma lingalapheki? Ngisebenzela umphumela. Ngihambise iziguli zami ezelashwa emihlanganweni ehlukahlukene kanye nasezingqungqutheleni ze-sexopathology, odokotela nosolwazi abadumile emhlabeni bakhuluma nabo, kubandakanya uG. S. Vasilchenko, P. B. Posvyansky, A. I. Belkin - bonke babona imiphumela yokwelashwa kwami. Ngaphezu kwalokho, odokotela abaphambili bezengqondo abadumile bebelokhu beziqhenya lapho behola isiguli sobungqingili empilweni yabobulili obuhlukile - u-Auguste Trout, uMilton Erickson, uWilliam Masters noVirginia Johnson nabanye abaningi. "

Kuyavela ukuthi unguchwepheshe wokuqala futhi ukuphela kweRussia, obambe iqhaza ngempumelelo ekwelashweni kongqingili?

"Uthisha wami - uprofesa uNikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov ngaphambi kwami ​​waba nemiphumela ye-2, kwathi uthisha wakhe - imiphumela ka-Igor Stepanovich Sumbaev - imiphumela ye-7. Mina. S. Sumbaev wayengowokuqala, owesibili kwaba nguN. V. Ivanov, owesithathu kwaba yimina. ”

Ungakwazi yini ukuphatha bonke ubungqingili?

“Cha. Umuntu angasizwa kuphela uma ehlushwa ukukhanga kwakhe, umbona njengobuhlungu futhi enesisusa esinamandla sokumsusa. Uma amukela ukuthambekela kwakhe, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, uyakujabulela, akusizi ngamphatha ukumphatha. Lokhu kungukuchitha isikhathi, okwethu nokwesiguli. ”

Mayelana nokuthi iyini inkambo yokwelashwa, yiluphi ubudlelwano i-cosmonaut u-Alexei Leonov anabo ngokwelashwa kobungqingili kanye nemininingwane eminingi ethokozisayo - kule vidiyo:

Ngaphezu kwalokho:

• Incazelo eningilizayo yendlela yokwelashwa kwengqondo uJ. G. Goland kuwebhusayithi yakhe: goland.su

• I-athikili kaJan Goland evela ekuqoqweni kwemisebenzi kweMosical Research Institute of Psychiatry: "Ekwakhiweni okuyisisekelo kokusebenza kwengqondo kobungqingili besilisa"

• Ukuxoxisana no-Ian Goland ovela kwi2014 yonyaka ngemininingwane ebusayo kuwebhusayithi “Iplanethi yaseRussia»

• USolwazi A. I. Belkin mayelana noJ. G. Goland

• U-Edmund Bergler: Ukwelashwa kobungqingili

• Inganekwane yokungavikeleki kokuthanda ukuya ocansini

• "Abongqingili abaningi bakwazile ukuba nobungqingili" - Isihloko esivela ku-New York Times

• UJoseph Nicolosi: Isimo Esihlukumezayo sobungqingili besilisa

• Ukwelashwa kabusha - Indlela yakamuva yokususa ukukhanga okungafuneki kwabungqingili.

• Kwakheka kanjani ukukhanga ubungqingili? (ividiyo)

• Owayengungqingili usho ukuthi kufanele ashintshe kanjani (ividiyo)

• Gerard Aardweg: umhlahlandlela wokuzilapha ngobungqingili

• Abongqingili e-US baqala ukuyeka ingxabano ethi "wazalwa kangaka"

• Umlando wokukhishwa kobungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo