Ungase uzwe isimangalo esingamanga sokuthi uFreud kuthiwa ugunyaze ubungqingili futhi ukholelwa ukuthi bonke abantu "banobulili obubili kusukela ekuzalweni kwabo." Ake sikuthole.

Encwadini yakhe ethi Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, ehlaziya umbono wokuthambekela kokuphilayo kobungqingili (futhi ekugcineni ekumemezela ukuthi akunakubekezeleka), uFreud ukhuluma ngombono kaFliess "wobungqingili bomthethosisekelo" (okungukuthi, ubungqingili obuphilayo) babantu. Kodwa-ke, sikhuluma ngomzimba wabo, hhayi ukukhangwa ngokocansi. Lona ngumbono i-anatomicalkunokuba bisexeness kwengqondo. Bobabili ubulili banezimpawu zobudlova zobulili obuhlukile: izingono emadodeni, ama-clitoris kwabesifazane, womabili ama-hormone abesifazane nowesilisa akhiqizwa emzimbeni womabili, njalonjalo. UFreud wayekholelwa ukuthi lowo muntu "ukuhlangana kwama-halves amabili avumelanayo, elinye liyi-masculine, kanti elinye lingowesifazane," ngakho-ke wonke umuntu angabonisa izici noma izidingo zabesifazane noma zabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, ekhomba izici ezisobala ezingokwengqondo zobungqingili, uFreud uphethe ngokuphelele imfundiso yemvelo futhi uthi:

"Akunakwenzeka ukukhombisa ukuxhumana okusondelene phakathi kwe-hermaphroditism yokucabanga kwengqondo nokwakheka kwe-anatomical ... Asikho isidingo noma isizathu sokususa inkinga yezengqondo nge-anatomical ... Ukucabanga ukuthi imvelo, ekubeni sesimweni esithile esiyinqaba, idale 'ubulili besithathu' abumele buhlolisiswe."^[1]

Mayelana nokuhehwa ngokobulili, uFreud wayekholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni ayengasebenziseki. Izingane zazi kahle ngokwazi umehluko hhayi phakathi kocansi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nanoma yiziphi izinto zobulili ngokujwayelekile, futhi zinamathisela ukubaluleka okulinganayo kuzo (uFreud wayibiza ngokuthi "ukuphambuka kobuchopho"). Ngenkathi ukunganakwa ebulilini kungokwemvelo ezinganeni, kumuntu omdala ukuthambekela okunjalo okukhombisa ukungahambisani nokukhula kobungqingili, ngoba inhloso yakhe ekugcineni kungukungathandani nobungqingili. Njengoba uFreud abhala:

"Abongqingili abakwazanga ukuqeda izigaba zokukhula okujwayelekile kobulili."^[2]

UFreud ubhale ukuthi noma iyiphi inqubo yentuthuko ithwala ngaphakathi kuyo imbewu ye-pathology, engaziveza futhi iphazamise.

"Inqubo ephazamisekile yokuthuthuka kokusebenza kobulili, phakathi kokunye okungajwayelekile, ingaholela ekuphambukeni, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi wobungqingili, okuthi kwezinye izimo kungaqiniswa kakhulu kubungqingili obuhlukile."^[3]

Njengoba isipiliyoni esicebile somtholampilo kanye namandla sibonisa, umuntu ngenxa yezizathu eziningi angabanjwa esigabeni esiphakathi nendawo sokukhula ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa amandla akhe angafani nobuntu bakhe. Izizathu zalokhu zingafaka ukungezwani kwengqondo okungaxazululwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukwenqatshwa ontanga, amandla womndeni angavumelani, nobudlelwano obusondelene kakhulu nobunakekeli obugcinayo nobunakekela ngokweqile, nobaba obuthakathaka, ongenandaba noma ongekho. NgokukaFreud:

“Ukuba khona kukababa oqinile kuzonakekela indodana  okuyiyona ukukhetha kwento yocansi, okungukuthi, umuntu wobulili obuhlukile. ”^[4]

Kunezigaba ezintathu eziphambili zokuthuthuka kobungqingili:

1) I-narcissistic (izingane zigxile kuzo).

2) Ubulili obufanayo (izingane zithanda ubulili bazo - abafana badlala nabafana, amantombazane anamantombazane).

3) onobungqingili (isigaba sokugcina sentuthuko yomuntu ovuthiwe osenze ngempumelelo izigaba ezedlule).

Ubungqingili buyinto esezindabeni zokuqala zentuthuko, endaweni ethile phakathi kobungqingili obunobunyoninco nobungqingili ovuthiwe, kusondele kakhulu ku-narcissism, ngoba into ekhangayo ikhethiwe ukufana nayo. NgokukaFreud:

“Sithole ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile kwezobulili, njengabahlubuki nabongqingili, bakhetha izinto zothando lwabo ngokukhanga okungathandeki. Bazithatha njengemodeli. ”^[5]

Okusho ukuthi, ngokuthuthuka okungathandeki kwemicimbi, isigaba se-autoerotic sigcinwe ngokwengxenye, futhi inzalo engokwenkozi yezinto zangaphandle (into cathexis) yenzeka ezingeni le-narcissistic. Ngenxa yalokhu, owesilisa ufuna into yothando ezimele yena, okuthi njengaye, abophezelwe ukuba nobunikazi besitho sowesilisa. Ngakho-ke, umuntu oxhumene naye ngokocansi kanye nobuntu bakhe besitho sangasese ngenye indlela, ezifanekisela yena.

Imbangela ejwayelekile yobungqingili besilisa, ngokusho kukaFreud, ukulungiswa isikhathi eside okungajwayelekile futhi okukhulu kumama ngomqondo we-Oedipus tata. Lapho kuphela isikhathi sokuthomba sifika isikhathi sokuthatha indawo kanina ngenye into yezocansi, le nsizwa, esikhundleni sokusuka kude nonina, iziveza yona. Ngokwengqondo, yena ngokwakhe uyashintsha abe yilungu lakhe futhi aqale ukubheka izinto ezingabeka esikhundleni se-ego yakhe futhi anikeze uthando nokunakekelwa akuthola kunina.^[6]

Ngokuhlonza nomama, angazama ukudlala indima yakhe ngesenzo sokulalela. Uma ukuhlonza ubaba kunamandla, uzodalula amanye amadoda ukuthi azibambe iqhaza, ewaguqula abe abesifazane futhi ngasikhathi sinye azwakalise ubutha kubo njengamadoda. Ubungqingili, Ngakho-ke, buba ngenye yezindlela zokunqoba umbango nobaba futhi wanelise isifiso sobulili ngasikhathi sinye.

UFreud uthi ubungqingili buye Ukuhlanekezela^[7] (ukuphambuka), wasebenzisa futhi igama elithi - Inversion^[8] (buyisela emuva), bathi yi “Ukukhishwa”^[8] (ukuphambuka kokujwayelekile), ibizwa “Ukuphambuka okubulalayo”^[9] и "Iphutha ekukhetheni into yezocansi". Ubuye wathi ubungqingili buxhumene ne-paranoia.^[10] nolaka^[11].

Ngabe ukuvela kuphi kwavela kulolo bungqingili bakaFreud “obuvumile”?

Sikhuluma ngesilinganiso esilandelayo esingakapheleli:

“Ubungqingili ngokungangabazeki akusiyo inzuzo, kepha akusona isizathu sokujabha, noma ububi noma ukonakaliswa. Ngeke ihlukaniswe njengesifo. Sikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungukuhlukahluka kokwenza ucansi ... "

Ukuphazamisa lesi sitatimende shazi, izishoshovu ze-LGBT ziyilethela ukuzivikela kwabo, bathi, uFreud ngokwakhe wathi lokhu ukwehluka, akusona isifo. Lesi sicaphuni esingaphelele sisetshenziswe ngisho ne-APA kumthetho weLawrence v. Texas, okuholele ekuchithweni kwemithetho ye-sodomy ezifundweni ze14. Kodwa-ke, lonke ibinzana lizwakala kanjena:

“Sikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungukuhlukahluka kobucansi obudalwa okuthile ukuyeka ukukhula kocansi ”. 

Okusho ukuthi, le PATHOLOGY yokuphambuka kobuhlungu kusuka esimweni esejwayelekile noma kwinqubo yokuthuthuka.

Lesi sicaphuni asihlobene nomsebenzi kaFreud. Uthathwe encwadini yokuphendula ye-1935 yonyaka eya komunye umama owamcela ukuthi asindise indodana yakhe ebungqingweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, abasebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo bebengayazi indlela ephumelelayo yokwelapha ubungqingili, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokuntuleka okungcono, uFreud wakwenza lokho okwakumelwe ngabe kwenziwa yilowo omele umsebenzi wakhe - wanciphisa ukuhlupheka kukamama ongelona iqiniso, emqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olungahambi kahle ngendodana yakhe. Kodwa-ke, lokho akucabanga ngempela ngobungqingili kuyabonakala emibhalweni yakhe.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20, owalandela uFudud esikhundleni se-psychology u-Edmund Bergler wabhala lokhu okulandelayo:

"Eminyakeni engu-10 eyedlule, isayensi enhle kunazo zonke ongayinikeza kwakuwukubuyisana komuntu ongqingili" nesiphetho "sakhe, ngamanye amazwi, ukuqedwa kwecala elaziwayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva kwengqondo nokucwaninga kufakazele ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi isiphetho okuthiwa singeke siguqulwe sobungqingili (kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwe sibhekiswe esimweni esingatholakali semvelo kanye nama-hormonal) empeleni siyisigaba esishintshiwe sokwelashwa kwe-neurosis. I-pessimism yokwelapha yesikhathi esedlule inyamalala kancane kancane: namuhla i-psychoanalytic psychotherapy ingalapha ubungqingili. "^[12]

Ungafunda ngamakhulu wezibonelo zokwelapha. lapha.

Masiphinde sihlaziye lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-psychoanalytic hypothesis ye-homophobia", ngokusho okuthi "ubungqingili obufihlekile", okusho ukuthambekela kokucindezelwa kobungqingili bomuntu, kuguqulwa ngaphansi kwesenzo sokuvikela "ukwakheka okusebenzayo" ukungabathandi ongqingili. Ukubhalwa kwaleli qhinga akusilo elikaFreud, njengoba kukholakala ngephutha, kodwa kusazi sezifo ezihlinzeka ngemithambo-luvo saseBrithani, isazi sobugebengu kanye nobungqingili uDonald West, owasichaza okokuqala ngo-1977. Leliphupho alilona nje icebo lokukhuluma elenzelwe ukudida abaphikisi benhlangano yobungqingili.

Futhi yize ezimweni ngazinye, ubutha obuhlukumezayo ngabomuntu ongungqingili bungasetshenziselwa ukwakha i-alibi uqobo, sikhuluma ngamaqhinga aziwayo, ngenkathi "ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo" kwenzeka ngokungazi.

Umlobi wegama elithi “ubungqingili besimo esidlule”, uSigmund Freud, ngokwakhe waqonda ngaye ukuthi isici sobungqingili esingaguquki sobungqingili bomthetho sisekelo esivela kumuntu ngamunye, sangena engazi lutho ngesikhathi sokukhula okuvamile kobungqingili.

“Amandla amakhulu okucindezela wonke umuntu ngumzabalazo phakathi kwezinhlamvu ezimbili zocansi. Ubuhlobo obukhulu bomuntu obuthuthukiswe ngokwedlulele budlulisa ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo kocansi olungaphansi kokungazi. ”^[13]

Ngezansi isibonelo sesikhangiso sangempela senkonzo yomphakathi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-80s kusukela kwabezindaba baseMelika ngesihloko "sobungqingili obucashile":

E-1996, kwenziwa umzamo eNyuvesi yaseGeorgia yokunikeza isisekelo somqondo ophakeme we-West hypothesis, kodwa noma kunjalo ongazange uveze imiphumela ethandekayo futhi waphikiswa nguchungechunge lwezifundo ezalandela.

 

Umthombo	Isampula, inani lamadoda♂ nabesifazane♀	Isilinganiso se-Heteroabantu bocansi,%	Indlela yokuhlola inzalo efihlekile yobungqingili	Indlela yokuhlola izinga lesimo esibucayi emisebenzini yobulili obufanayo	Ingabe imiphumela ingakufakazela i-psychoanalysis? umqondo?
I-Adams xnumx	64♂	100	I-Plethysmography	Hudson xnumx	Yebo, kunesimo
Mahaffey 2005a	87♂   91♀	100	Blinking Acoustic Starting Reflex	Gentry xnumx	No
Mahaffey 2005b	49♂	100			No
Mahaffey 2011	104♂	100			Isihlukanisiimiphumela emihle
I-Steffens xnumx	32♂48♀	80	I-TSA	I-Herek 1994	No
Meier 2006	44♂	100	Ijubane lomsebenzi kanye nesikhathi sokubuka izithombe	Hudson xnumx	No
Weinstein xnumx	27♂62♀	94	I-TCA isebenzisa ama-primers afihlekile	I-Wright xnumx	Yebo, kunesimo
	68♂114♀	90			No
	35♂154♀	94			Imiphumela engqubuzanayo
	44♂140♀	akucacisiwe		I-LaMar 1998	Imiphumela engqubuzanayo
IMacInnis neHodson 2013	85♂152♀	90	I-TSA	I-Herek 1988	No
ILazarevic 2015	122♂155♀	100	I-TSA	I-Jankovic 2000, Živanoviс 2014	No
I-Cheval 2016a	38♂	100	Ijubane lomsebenzi kanye nesikhathi sokubuka izithombe	Morrison xnumx	Imiphumela engqubuzanayo
I-Cheval 2016b	36♂	100	Ukusabela kwabafundi	Morrison xnumx	No
Amarobhothi 2016	37♂	100	I-Plethysmography	I-Herek 1988, Morrison xnumx	No

 

Imithombo:

1-11,13. I-Freud - Imisebenzi ephelele ngo-Ivan Smith: 2000, 2007, 2010.

12 . Bergler, u-E. Ubungqingili: isifo noma indlela yokuphila? ENew York, NY, e-US: eHill & Wang.