Izinkumbulo zezinsuku esidlule
ngaphezu khuluma okwamanje
kunangesikhathi esedlule. 

Ungavamisile ukuzwa ngabaxolisi ngobudlelwano bobulili obufanayo ukuthi ubutabane kwakuyinto evamile emhlabeni wasendulo, ikakhulukazi eRoma lasendulo naseGrisi. Eqinisweni, inganekwane “yesimo sengqondo sobungqingili” eGreece yasendulo yaduma u-Oscar Wilde, owalahlwa yicala lokulala, futhi ubufakazi obuyizicucu obuye bafinyelela kithi ngendlela yemibhalo yasendulo nemisebenzi yobuciko bubonisa okuphambene nalokho. Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, ubungqingili, ikakhulukazi endimeni yokungenzi lutho, buye baba khona njengento eyihlazo futhi engavamile. Kuphela ezimpucukweni ezibolile, ngesikhathi sokuncipha kwazo, imikhuba yobulili obufanayo ingase ithole ukuthandwa okuthile, kodwa noma kunjalo, ukukhangwa kwamalungu obulili obufanayo, okunamandla kunabameleli bokuphikisana, kwakubhekwa ngaphezu kokujwayelekile. Akukho ndawo futhi okungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu lapho ubudlelwano bobungqingili phakathi kwabantu abadala bugunyazwe.

Ngenkathi ufunda lesi sihloko, kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ukujwayelekile kwegama lesimanje elithi "ubungqingili" ngokuphathelene nemikhuba yobulili phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo endulo, engenakuqhathaniswa neze nalokho okwenzeka emphakathini we-LGBT namuhla. Iqiniso liwukuthi izenzo zokungena ngomlomo noma zokungena ngemuva bezilokhu zibhekwa njengokululaza nokungcolisa umemukeli, ngakho angeke kube nokungabaza nganoma yimiphi imibhangqwana esemthethweni yobungqingili.

E-Athene, ongqingili badelelwa futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bamemezele ububi babo ecclesia, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho balahlekelwa yiyo yonke imiphakathi. Uma befihla ububi babo, babekhethiwe noma bebulawa. Kubo, bekuyiziteketiso ezidelelayo njengokuthi ama-euryproktos (ububanzi bokuthi) chaunoproktos (i-gaping anus) ne lakkoproktos (i-anus efana nomgodi).

Enkulumweni yama-Aeschines ngokumelene neTimarch kuthiwa uma umuntu wase-Athene eyisithandwa somuntu, unqatshelwe:
I-1) ibe ngomunye wama-archon ayisishiyagalolunye,
I-Xnumx) ube ngumpristi,
I-3) ukuba ngummeli enkantolo,
I-4) yokubamba noma yisiphi isikhundla ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesifundazwe sase-Athene
I-5) ukusebenza njengommemezeli noma ukukhetha othunyelwayo,
I-6) ukungena ezindaweni ezingcwele zomphakathi, ubambe iqhaza ezitolo zenkolo ezinomgoqo ekhanda futhi ube kuleyo ngxenye yesikwele, enikezelwe ngokufafaza.
Umhlukumezi wemiyalo engenhla wajeziswa ngokufa.

Iningi labaphenyi liyavuma ukuthi eGrisi lasendulo, ukuxhumana kwabantu bobulili obufanayo phakathi kwamadoda amabili alinganayo kwakubhekwa njengokungeyona imvelo ngokujeziswa kakhulu. Ukuqoka owesilisa owathatha ngokuzithandela iqhaza lokuthintana nokuthintana kwezitho zangasese, kwakukhona umqondo okhethekile: κίναιδος - kineidos (uwe). Ukwamukela indima yokungenzi lutho, ama-kineido afana nesifebe futhi angakufanelekeli ukuba yindoda ekhululekile. Ngenxa yalokho, i-kineidos yaphucwa amalungelo ayo okuba yisakhamuzi. Kwakukholelwa futhi ukuthi umuntu ovunyelwe ukungena ngaphakathi wayecatshangwa ukuthi ujwayele ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala, ukudla, imali noma amandla. (Greenberg in roger I-1997, iphe. 181). 

Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa:

• Akunabufakazi bokuthi ubungqingili buqashelwa endaweni yonke ... AmaGreeks awakaze "asigunyaze" isenzo senyama se-sodomy ... Ngokuhlaziya okunemininingwane ethe xaxa, umkhuba osabalele wokuhleka usulu nowokuphinga ubungqingili uyabonakala. (UKarlen I-1977, iphe. 33, 35).

• Kulabo abangena othandweni, akekho umuntu owayenengekile kunesigaba sabaziphatha kabi ngokobulili abaziwa ngokuthi i-katapugons noma i-kinaidoi (Davidson I-1998, iphe. 167). 

• Isimo se-kineidos sasingalungile ngokuphelele ... (Clark xnumx, k. 22). 

• UKineidos wayethathwa njengomuntu oxolayo, oyisidambisi ngemibono yomphakathi nangokobulili (Inkosi ku-porter I-1994, iphe. 30). 

[AmaGrikhi asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi] ukungena kwe-anal-genital phakathi kwamadoda amadala bekungamukeleki ... kuhlotshaniswa nobunqunu nobunqunu (UKeuls I-1995, iphe. 291, 299).

• [AmaGrikhi asendulo akholelwa ukuthi] owesilisa osekhulile obambe iqhaza ekungeneleleni kwezitho zangasese ulahlekelwe yisimo sendoda futhi waba ngumlingiswa, ngaphansi kokulahlwa kanye nokudelelwa (IVanggard I-1972, iphe. 89). 

• [AmaGrikhi asendulo akholelwa ukuthi] owesilisa othanda ukungena ngakwenye indoda ngumuntu ophambukayo, ongumthombo wokuphazamiseka kwezenhlalo, futhi kufanele aphathwe njengowesifazane indima yakhe ayithathayo (Thorton I-1997, iphe. 105). 

• Indima engenziwanga ekungeneni kwezitho zangasese kwakuthathwa njengokululazayo futhi iyenyanyeka. Babizwa nge-euryproktoi - ngokwezwi nezwi "ingquza ebanzi" (Garrison I-2000, iphe. 161).

• Imibono yase-Athene kumuntu okhulile ozivumela ukuthi abe yingxenye yokungena kokungena kwabesilisa kwabesifazane abeyimbi impela. Umuntu onjalo wayethathwa njengesihloli esingahle sibe yisitha sombuso, ngoba wayevele wakhaphela imvelo yakhe futhi, ngakho-ke, wakwazi ukukhaphela wonke umphakathi ... " (I-Dover I-1978, iphe. 20).

ERoma, ubungqingili obungenangqondo babubhekwa njengecala lempi futhi isosha ebanjwa kulo lashaywa ngezinduku. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi indima eyamukelayo yenza amaRoma "abe ngumlingiswa", futhi njengoba elahlekelwe ubudoda bakhe, uba yize futhi alimaze umphakathi ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi nabezempi. UPlutarch uchaze indlela iSenate egwebe ngayo iCapitoline ethile inhlawulo enkulu "ngecala elibi" lendodana elisebenza naye, ngemuva kwalokho umthetho "we-Skantiniev" owenqabela "ukuzitika ngamanyala nabafana nabesilisa."

Abamele i-LGBT babuye bacaphune “uMkhosi” kaPlato, lapho athi ancoma uthando ngabafana nentsha, kepha imayelana nothando, hhayi ubuhlakani. Umqondo "wothando lukaPlato", ochaza imizwa engokomoya engaphansi kokwethamela okungokwenyama, uvelaphi kulo msebenzi, nokuthi uPlato ucabangani ngobungqingili angafundwa "emithethweni" yakhe:

“Imvelo ikhuthaza ubulili besifazane ukuthi buhlobene nobulili besilisa kusukela ekuzalweni, futhi kusobala ukuthi ubumnandi bunikezwa ngokuhambisana NOKUKHANYA, kuyilapho ukuxhumana phakathi kowesilisa nowesilisa, nowesifazane nowesifazane kungu-SELE NATURE. "Akekho umuntu okufanele axhumane nezicukuthwane noma ezikhululekile, ngaphandle komkakhe uqobo, futhi azivunyelwe nokusabalalisa imbewu engaphandle kwezancinza phakathi kwezancinza noma ukuxhumana nabantu besilisa, okuyinto engeyona eyemvelo, futhi kungcono ukwenqabe ngokuphelele ukuxhumana phakathi kwabesilisa."

Umfundi kaPlato, u-Aristotle, ekhuluma ngezimo zokulala nezilwane eNcwadini VII yeNicomachean Ethics, kanye ne-cannibalism, trichotillomania kanye ne-parorexia, futhi kukhulunywa ngobungqingili:

"Lawa ngamadepho ayisiyaluyalu (amanye awo avela ngobuhlanya, njengomuntu owahlaba futhi wadla umama wakhe, noma isigqila esidla isibindi somngani), futhi, ekugcineni, kukhona [imibandela] njengokungathi kubuhlungu noma kusuka [kubi ] imikhuba, njengomkhuba wokukhipha izinwele nezinzipho eziluma, kanye namalahle nomhlaba. Ngezelela kulokhu ukujabulisa abantu. ”

"Ukuhamba ngezinyawo"

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi yini eyayihlanganisa "i-pederasty evunyelwe" eGrisi lasendulo. Omunye wabacwaningi bokuqala be-sexopathology - u-Kraft-Ebing, esikhundleni sokuba nezincazelo zenkolo zegama elithi "sodomy", waqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "pederasty" njengegama lesayensi lokwethulwa kwepipi ku-anus. 

Ngasikhathi sinye, olimini lwesiGreki sasendulo, leli gama ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "uthando lwezingane": ama-pedos - ingane, ngomqondo wobusha (kusuka eminyakeni engu-7 kuya kwengu-15 ubudala), i-erastis - enothando. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi olimini lwesiGreki kunamagama amane ahlukile ngezincazelo - storge (στοργή), philia (φιλία), éros (ἔρως) no-agape (ἀγάπη), wonke ahunyushelwa olimini lwesiRussia ngokuthi “uthando” . Kusho uthando, ukuzidela, ukuphendula, ubungani, uthando, njll. EsiGrekini sanamuhla, esimpofu, amagama asuselwa “ezikhathini” abhekisa enkanukweni yezocansi, kepha ezikhathini zasendulo έρωτας yayisetshenziswa ngomqondo wobungane obuqinile. Lokhu yikho kanye okwenzakala phakathi kukaHercules kanye lecentaur ehlakaniphileyo iChiron, lapho owokuqala "okhungathwa luthando" wayahlala laye emhumeni. Vele, akukho mbuzo nganoma yisiphi isodomy lapha. Okufanayo kusebenza nakumaSpartan, ahlukaniswe ngemibhangqwana ethembekile ebingalala ngaphansi kwengubo efanayo futhi iqabulane ngaphambi kwempi. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi isijeziso sodomy phakathi kwabaseSpartans sasikushaya ngezinduku, ukuthunjwa okuyihlazo nokufa imbala. Ngokusho kombhali wasendulo waseRoma uClaudius Elian ku incwadi yesithathu "Izindaba ezimibalabala":

"Intsha yaseSpartan ihlala nalabo abathandana nabo, ngaphandle kokuziqhenya nokuzikhukhumeza, kunalokho, ukwelashwa kwabo kuphambene nokuziphatha okujwayelekile kwamadoda abukeka emuhle ezimweni ezinjalo - zona ngokwazo zibacela ukuthi" bakhuthazwe "ngabathandi ; ngokuhumusha, lokhu kusho ukuthi udinga ukuthanda abafana. Nokho, lolu thando aluqukethe lutho oluyihlazo. Uma umfana elokotha avume ukungabi nasizotha kuye, noma uma isithandwa sakhe sizama kuye, akuphephile ukuthi bahlale bobabili eSparta: bazogwetshwa ngokudingiswa, futhi kwezinye izimo kuze kube sekufeni.

Ukuqabulana ngaleyo nkathi kwakukhombisa imizwa yobuzali futhi ehlekisayo futhi bengingenayo ayikho incazelo yezocansi (ILombroso 1895). Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sakudala uXenophon, ubudlelwano beqhawe elivuthiwe nabafana nentsha bancishiswa baba ubungane besilisa obuhle, kanti ukuya ocansini kwakuthathwa njengokuhlanekezelwa okufana nokufana nokulala nomuntu.

EGrisi lasendulo, yonke insizwa eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, ngokugunyazwa nguyise, yakhetha oyisibonelo - esinye sezakhamizi noma izakhamizi eziningana. Lapha, lolu daba lwalungagcini ekulingiseni okulula, kepha lwalusekelwe ebudlelwaneni obuqinile, imvamisa luqina kakhulu kunalolo lomndeni. Ukuba yi- "erastis" bekuhlonipheka, kepha futhi bekubandakanya nezibopho: hhayi ukuzibeka phansi phambi komfundi, futhi okubi kakhulu - ukusolwa yizakhamizi ngokukhuliswa okungafanele komfundi. Ngakho-ke umeluleki angajeziswa ngenxa yezenzo ezimbi zomfundi wakhe, kanye nezimfuno ezinkulu noma imisebenzi enzima. Uma kwakumayelana nenkohlakalo engenzeka yomfundi (kufaka phakathi inkohlakalo yocansi), khona-ke isijeziso se-erastis kwakungukufa. “Izinkulumo Zama-Aeschines. Against Timarch ", isahl. 12:

"Uma umuntu wase-Athene ehlazisa, onakalisa noma engcolisa insizwa ekhululekile, khona-ke umzali wale nsizwa kufanele athumele isitatimende esibhalwe phansi kubashushisi futhi afune isijeziso sommangaleli. Uma inkantolo imthola enecala, kufanele akhashelwe kulabo ababodwa abayishumi nanye futhi abulawe ngalo lolo suku. "Nabo abenza izigqila babhekwa njengabanecala elifanayo."

Imvamisa, njengesibonelo sobudlelwano bezocansi abahamba ngezinyawo, kuvezwa inganekwane kaGanymede, lapho uZeus, owaphenduka ukhozi, ahamba nensizwa enhle aye e-Olimpiki, lapho emenza intandokazi yakhe nendebe yakhe, imnikeza ukungafi. Ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka, kwavela ukuthi uGanymede wayeyisancinza sikaZeus, kodwa uSocrates, uXenophon noPlato yenqaba ukuhumusha okunje. I-Xenophon, ekhomba ku-etymology yegama (Ganu med - zijabulele ingqondo), uthi uZeus wayeyithanda le nsizwa uthando olungelutho lwayo i-psyche - ingqondo nomphefumulo.

Izingcweti ezahlukahlukene ezinezithombe zobulili ezicacile zingezamaLupanarians (brothels), ezingakhombisi nakancane ukuthi isenzo esivezwe kuzo sasigcwele kusiko lamaGrikhi. Imvamisa, umuntu othola izinsizakalo zezifebe ukhokha into angayitholi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Ukwenza noma ikuphi ukuhlangana okusekwe kokutholakele kufana neqiniso lokuthi abavubukuli besikhathi esizayo bazokwambula iklabhu ye-BDSM futhi, ngokuya ngezinto ezitholakala lapho, bazofinyelela isiphetho mayelana nokwanda kwayo yonke impucuko.

Phezu kwalokhu, izithombe eziningi "zobungqingili basendulo" ezizungeza ku-inthanethi zingamanga nezithombe zesimanje, noma ukuhunyushwa okungalungile kobudlelwane bobulili obuhlukile.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi imininingwane mayelana ne-100000 vases yasendulo yamaGrikhi equkethe izithombe (Iphrojekthi ye-Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum).

Umcwaningi waseBrithani uKenneth Dover ubala cishe izitsha ezingama-600, imidwebo yakhe, ngokombono wakhe, "ebonisa ukuziphatha kobungqingili noma okuqukethe khona." Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwesitsha ngasinye esisohlwini lweDover, esenziwa yisazi esingumGreki u-Adonis Georgiades, kwembula ukuthi izihloko zobungqingili zigcinwa ngqo ezitsheni ezingama-30 kuphela, kanti izitsha ezingama-570 ezisele zibonisa amaqhawe, izimpi ngisho nezihloko zobungqingili (Ama-georgiade I-2004, iphe. 100)

Kumavidiyo we-30 akhonjisiwe, ungathola izithombe zamadoda ezelula isandla sakhe ezithweni zangasese zomfana ezingekho emthethweni (ezivame ukuvinjwa umfana), noma ukuzama ukunamathisela ipipi phakathi okhalweni lwayo ngaphambili. Akukho sithombe esisodwa sokuxhumana kobulili obuhlukile, ngoba ukubamba iqhaza nje esenzweni esinjalo kwakuhlazisa futhi kumcasule owesilisa. Kuboniswa kuphela ama-satires angcolisayo ekuxhumaneni kobungqingili ngqo noma nobuhlobo bobabili, kanye nezithombe zocansi nezilwane. Kungenzeka yini ukuphetha ngalesi sizathu sokuthi ukulala nezilwane (kanye ne-sodomy) kwamukelekile eGreece yasendulo ngakho-ke, kufanele kube njalo emphakathini wanamuhla?

USappho ovela esiqhingini saseLesbos

Izishoshovu ze-LGBT zisebenzisa isithombe senkondlo ebizwa ngokuthi uSappho esiqhingini saseLesbos njengophawu lobungqingili besifazane, ngoba, ngokubona kwabo, izifinyezo ezimfushane zezinye zezinkondlo zakhe ezisaphilayo kuze kube namuhla ziqukethe uhlobo oluthile lomcabango we-homoerotic. Ngokusho sebenzisa isazi-mlando embhalweni - isazi A.N. UVeselovsky, izinkondlo zikaSappho zinikezelwe ebuhleni babafana namantombazane, kanye nothando, oluvinjelwe ekujuleni kwenhliziyo ngokomzimba. IHellenic Psychiatric Association esanda kushicilelwa sebenzaokusho ukuthi, uthando oluphakathi kwabesifazane emavesini akwaSappho lubukeka lucacile futhi lufana nobudlelwano bukaSocrates nabafundi bakhe - okungukuthi, ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu obungenasici kwezocansi.

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi uSappho waziphonsa eweni ngenxa yothando olungafanele ngowesilisa, futhi kumahlaya asendulo ase-Athene uvezwa njengowesifazane oxekethile owayenezindaba eziningi namadoda, isimo sakhe esingokomfanekiso “esikweni lobungqingili” sanamuhla siyaxaka kakhulu. Ukucatshangelwa mayelana nokuthandwa kukaSappho kobungqingili kuwukuqagela nje kwabanye ababhali okwavela emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva ngemva kokufa kwakhe, futhi, ngokusho kwama-Hellenists amaningi kanye nezazi-mlando, ukunyundela okumsulwa.

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Lokhu iqiniso elingenakuphikwa lomlando lokuthi noma yimuphi umphakathi lapho ubuhlakani bezocansi busakazeka khona maduze buyeka ukuba khona. Bonke abathathe i-sodomy
abantu baye batshona kwalasha emakhulu eminyaka, futhi ababephila nabo, babekwa ukulinganiselwa ukubonakaliswa kocansi, kusekhona nanamuhla. Njengoba umlando ukhombisa, lapho umphakathi wawugunyaza ngokomthetho imikhuba yokuziphatha okubi nokuziphatha okubi (okwakuhambisana nokuwohloka kokuziphatha okuvamile), ngokushesha wakhungatheka yigagasi labantu abangomakhelwane, ababenempilo futhi namandla. Ngakho-ke iGrisi yasendulo yabola futhi yawa yahlukana, iRoma ebusayo yangena ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabadayisi. AmaHellenes asendulo, anekhala lawo elidumile eliqondile ngaphandle kwebhulo lekhala, akhathalelwa futhi kwathathelwa indawo abantu abangomakhelwane abavela e-Asia Minor, okubonisa iningi labantu abangamaGrikhi banamuhla. Uma kubhekwa okwenzekayo empucukweni yaseNtshonalanga, ikulindelwe okufanayo. Sivele sibona ukuthi abantu baseYurophu abamukele i-sodomy kanye nokunye ukuphambuka kushintshwa kanjani ngabantu base-Afrika, abaseTurkey kanye nama-Arabhu.

Ucwaningo olunemininingwane lungatholwa ekhasini le-477 embikweni wolwazi nowokuhlaziya. "I-rhetoric of theungqedi lobungqingili ngenxa yamaqiniso esayensi".
- doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9 

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¹ Isisho sesiHellenic "ἘάἘά τςς ςἈθν ρήσῃἑν, ρήσῃμὴἐξέσ ὐὐωῷ ῶῶῶῶ ἐἐἐ" ἀρχό elihunyushwe ngu-E.D. UFrolova uzwakala kanjena: "Uma noma yimuphi umuntu wase-Athene eba ngenisa, lapho-ke ngeke kuvunyelwe ukuthi aqokelwe ekolishi lamakhosi ayisishiyagalolunye ... "  Mangisho ukuthi ukuhumusha kwenziwa ngezikhathi zamaSoviet, futhi ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala kwakungeke kube khona ukukhuluma ngobungqingili ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhumusha ngokwezwi nezwi kungaba yile: “Uma noma yimuphi umuntu wase-Athene engu- 'eterisi' (ἑταιρήσῃ) - uzoba isithandwa sowesilisa... "

² Isisho esifanayo "ἌἌ τςςς νννν έέύθύθ ρ UFrolov uhumusha njengokuthi "Uma ekhona wase-Athene idala udlame ngaphezu komfana okhululekile ... " Ukuhumusha ngokoqobo kuzoba: "Uma abanye base-Athene bekhulula intsha" i-Ivrisi "(ὑβρίσῃ)" - ngokoqobo "ihlazo, okhohlakele, ongcolile".