Iningi lokuqukethwe ngezansi lishicilelwa embikweni wokuhlaziya. "I-rhetoric of theungqedi lobungqingili ngenxa yamaqiniso esayensi". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

(1) Kunesisekelo esikhulu sobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi ungumuntu onobungqingili noma onqabile.
(2) Isimo esibalulekile sokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa okuphindayo ukubamba iqhaza kwesiguli nolwazi nesifiso sokushintsha.
(3) Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhanga kobungqingili, okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthomba, kunyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo lapho umuntu esekhulile.

Isingeniso

Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kubantu abafuna ukususa ukuheha okungathandeki kobungqingili (NGV) kubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kabusha, i-SOCE.¹ noma ukwelashwa okubuyisanayo. Futhi, usizo olunjalo lubizwa ngokuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha, ukuguqulwa, ukwelashwa okuqinisa isandla noma ukuqinisa kabusha umzimba.

Njengoba amaqiniso emitholampilo mayelana nokulahlwa okuyimpumelelo kokuheha ubungqingili nokushintshela empilweni ejwayelekile yobungqingili kubeka phansi kabi inganekwane "yokuzalwa" kanye "nokungashintshi" kongqingili, okwakhela phezu kwazo zonke izingxoxo zezombusazwe zezishoshovu zobungqingili, ziveza imizamo eminingi yokudelela ukwelashwa okuphindayo. yena njengongenamsebenzi futhi oyingozi, futhi nakwabasebenza njengama-charlatans nabalandeli benkolo abakholelwa kakhulu. Enye yezinto ezihlala njalo zentshukumo ye "LGBT +" isisho esithi usizo lwabachwepheshe kuthiwa alukwazi ukuqeda i-GBV. Lesi sitatimende asilona iqiniso.

Ukuqedwa kwe-NVG ngokusebenzisana nochwepheshe

Ngonyaka we-1973, ngaphandle kwe-egosyntonic (i.e. eyamukelekayo yesiguli) ubungqingili ohlwini lwabakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, i-American Psychiatric Association eshicilelwe idokhumentiokungukuthi: 

"... Izindlela zanamuhla zokwelashwa zivumela ingxenye ebalulekile yabungqingili abafuna ukushintsha indlela abenza ngayo lokho ..." (I-Spitzer, i-1973).

Lesi sitatimende savunywa nguMkhandlu Wenhlangano, IKomidi Lezikhombo kanye neBhodi Yama-Trustee - umkhandlu owakhiwa ngabantu abancane abakhululiwe abavotayo ngamabomu ukuze kususwe ubungqingili. I-APA yaqondiswa Isimiso seLeona Tylerokusho ukuthi izitatimende zengqondo kufanele zisuselwe kuphela kudatha yesayensi kanye nolwazi lwangempela lochwepheshe. Njengoba uMongameli wangaphambilini we-American Psychological Association, uNicholas Cummings, efakaza, eduze kweminyaka ye-90, le nhlangano yashiya lo mgomo ukujabulisa ajenda yezepolitiki.

Ividiyo ngesiNgisi

Kodwa-ke, kwi-2009, i-American Psychological Association ishicilela imihlahlandlela yokuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwezifo zengqondo zanamuhla kubikiwe okulandelayo:

"Ubufakazi bamuva nje bokuthi umuntu angathandana nobungqingili bungashintshwa ngokwelashwa kumakhasimende agqugquzelekile, nokuthi imizamo yokuzama ukwakhiwa kabusha ayizilimazi ngokomoya." 
(I-Psychopathology ebalulekile kanye nokwelashwa kwayo (2009), 3d ed. k. 468, 

Kodwa-ke, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngokungahambi kahle okukhazimulayo, i-APA ishicilela isitatimende sokuthi ukwelashwa okubuyekelayo akuphumeleli (I-APA 2009) Kulesi sitatimende ukuthi izishoshovu ze-LGBT + zibhekisa - ukunyakaza ezingxoxweni zokuthi kungenzeka kube nomphumela owelapha ekuheheni ubungqingili. Iqembu lamalungu e-APA nawo angamalungu enhlangano esebenzela i-Alliance for Therapeutic Choice², ephendula isitatimende se-APA ngonyaka ofanayo ashicilele isibuyekezo sesitatimende se-APA, esasifaka kuhla lwamaphutha kumbiko we-APA njengokukhetha imithombo (UPhelan 2009a, k. 45), ukusetshenziswa kokuphikisana kwezindlela zokwelapha ezingemuva (UPhelan 2009a, k. 48), ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga aphindwe kabili (UPhelan 2009a, k. 49), nabanye.

Ngakho-ke, yini ngempela eboniswe esitatimendeni se-APA, uma uyihlaziya ngokucophelela? Isiphetho esijwayelekile kwakuwukulahlwa kwelashwa okwenzeka ngokunye futhi kungasebenzi futhi kulimaza. Kodwa-ke, uma ubheka amakhasi okugcina esiphetho, ungabona amaqiniso ababhali balo mbiko ophoqelelwe ukuba bawaphawule ukuze bagweme ukuqamba amanga, kepha abafaki lawa maqiniso emazwini abo nasezitatimendeni zabezindaba:

"... Sithole ukuthi izindlela ezingashintshashintshi nezindlela zanamuhla zokwelapha okubuyisanayo azikaphenywa kahle. Ngokukhishwa kwenani elilinganiselwe locwaningo olungethembekile, asikwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi izindlela zanamuhla zokwelapha ezivuselelayo ziyasebenza noma cha ... "(I-APA 2009, k. 43).

Yini ochwepheshe be-APA abakhuluma ngayo empeleni? Iqiniso lokuthi abatholanga bufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukwelashwa okubuyekelayo akuphumeleli. Amane nje akanayo idatha enembile ukuze afinyelele esiphethweni esinjalo, yize enze konke okusemandleni ukunciphisa, ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokuhlaziywa kwesayensi, ukubaluleka kwendlela yezifundo ezingahambelani nencazelo engemihle yokwelashwa okubuyelela emuva³. Ekugcineni, phakathi kwamaqiniso abhalwe kumbhalo ofanayo we-APA, kunobufakazi bokuthi ukwelashwa okubuyisanayo - ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okuyisisekelo saso isifiso sesiguli sokushintsha - siyasebenza. Izishoshovu ze-LGBT + - iminyakazo izama ukuxhuma ukuheha ubungqingili nobungqingili kanye ne-biology ne-genetics, iphikisana nokuthi ayikwazi ukuguquka, kepha lesi sikhundla siyaphikisana nemiphumela yezifundo ezahlukahlukene ezibhalwe kusitatimende se-APA.

Cabanga ngezingcaphuno ezivela kudokhumenti ye-APA:

“… U-HE Adams no-Sturgis (1977) bahlaziye izifundo eziyisikhombisa abazichaza njengezilawulwa ngendlela futhi bathola ukuthi u-34% wabantu abayi-179 wehlile ekukhangeni kwabantu bobungqingili…. Phakathi kwezifundo abazichaza njengezindlela ezingalawuleki, bathole ukuthi ama-50% wabantu abayi-124 abe nokwehla kokuhehwa kwabantu bobungqingili (ikhasi 36)

- UMcConaghy (1976) uthole ukuthi cishe isigamu samadoda enza uhlelo olulodwa lwamakhambi amane okuphatha abike ukwehla kwesifiso sobulili kubantu besilisa ngemuva kwezinyanga ze-6. Iningi lababambiqhaza laphawula ukwehla kwesifiso sobulili kubantu besilisa ngokushesha ngemuva kokwelashwa (iphe. 3)

- UMcConaghy noBarr (1973) bathole ukuthi cishe isigamu samadoda athola ukwelashwa abike ukwehla kokushayela ubungqingili (iphe. 38).

- I-Tanner (1975) ithole ukuthi ngenxa yokwelashwa, izinga le-reflex erection yongqingili lehle ngokuphendula isishukumiso esibonakalayo (iphe. 38).

- UBirk nozakwabo (1971) bathola ukuthi i-62% yamadoda aphathwayo akhombisa ukwehla kwe-drive yongqingili (iphe. 38).

- UMcConaghy nozakwabo (1981) babike ukuthi i-50% yabaphenduli abathole ukwelashwa kuthiwa banciphise isifiso sobulili ngemuva kwe1 ngonyaka (iphe. 38).

- Kokunye ukuhlola, i-HE Adams ne-Sturgis (1977) ibike ukuthi i-68% yabahlanganyeli be-47 ibike ukwehla kwe-drive yongqingili (iphe. 37).

- UMcConaghy (1976) uthole ukuthi unyaka ngemuva kokwelashwa, i-25% yamadoda yazimisa ngokuphelele izenzo zobungqingili, ku-50% yamadoda imvamisa yawo yehlile, kwathi i-25% yahlala ingaguquki (iphe. 38).

- Kokunye ukuhlola, uMcConaghy noBarr (1973) babike ukuthi i-25% yamadoda athola ukwelashwa anciphise imisebenzi yawo yobungqingili ngemuva kwe-1 ngonyaka (iphe. 38).

- I-Tanner (1975) ibike ukwehla okukhulu komshayeli wobungqingili ngenxa yokwelashwa (iphe. 38).

- I-Bancroft (1969) iphawule ukuthi amadoda we-4 we-10 aphathwa ngamadoda anciphisa ukusebenza kongqingili ngesikhathi sokulandela. UFreeman and Meyer (1975) babike ukuthi i-7 yamadoda ama-9 ocwaningweni lwawo agodla ezenzweni zobungqingili 18 ezinyangeni ngemuva kokwelashwa (iphe. 38).

- Ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi ezinamacala omtholampilo kanye nezifundo, kwenzeka ukwehla noma ukunyamalala kobungqingili kulabo abelashwa (Grey 1970; Huff 1970; B. James 1962, 1963; Kendrick & McCullough 1972; Larson 1970; LoPiccolo 1971; Segal & Sims 1972 (ikhasi 39) ... "(I-APA 2009).

Ngakho-ke, ngisho ne-APA ayisho esiphethweni sayo ukuthi ukwelashwa akuphumeleli. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-30 - i-50% ibaluleke ngokwanele nganoma iyiphi indlela yokucwaninga, uma nje kungafakwa uphawu lwendlela enje ngokuthi “okungenamsebenzi”.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-NARTH yashicilela umbiko wayo ngalowo nyaka, Yikuphi Ucwaningo Olukhombisa: Impendulo yeNARTH kwizimangalo ze-American Psychological Association's (APA) Ezimayelana Nobungqingili.UPhelan 2009b) Kulombiko, kubuyekezwe ukushicilelwa kokushicilelwa ngendlela yencazelo yamacala asemtholampilo avela emisebenzini, izivivinyo ezilawulwa nokuqashelwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.

Ukushicilelwa okungaphezulu kwe-100 yolimi lwesiNgisi okuchaza imiphumela ephumelelayo yokwelashwa kabusha kuyakhonjiswa kuthebula elingezansi.

Umthombo	Uhlobo lokwelashwa	Umphumela
UCarl Jung ecashunwe ku FORDHAM 1935	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	uchaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwendoda yobungqingili
UGordon 1930	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwesiguli esingungqingili
IStekel 1930	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	uchaze ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kweziguli ezine zobungqingili
I-Persie xnumx	amasu we-hypnosis	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
I-London 1950	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwabesilisa abayizitabane
Allen 1952	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	uchaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwabongqingili ababili,  abesilisa nabesifazane
Inkondlo 1952	ukwelashwa ngokuhambisana nezimo	uchaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwendoda yobungqingili
ICaprio xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	uchaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwabesifazane abangqingili: "iningi leziguli zami zangaphambilini ezingangitsheli ukuthi ungalashwa zingitshele isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa ... ukuthi azisoze zabuya empilweni yobungqingili»(P. 299)
I-Eliasberg 1954	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili be-12, impumelelo itholakale kumacala we-5 (42%)
I-Bergler 1956	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kweziguli zobungqingili be-100, okwaba yi-33% yazo zonke izimo zokwelashwa
Eidelberg e I-Lorand xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kweziguli ze-2 kusuka ku-5 (40%)
U-Ellis 1956	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kweziguli ze-40 (18 ♂, 12 ♀)
I-Berg 1958	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kweziguli ze-Xnumx
Hadn xnumx	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili i-3, impumelelo itholakale ecaleni le-1 (33%)
IHadfield xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kweziguli ze-Xnumx
I-Ross 1958	inhlanganisela ye uchwepheshe	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
Robertiello 1959	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwesiguli esingungqingili
U-Ellis 1959	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	uchaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwendoda yobungqingili
I-Monroe 1960	i-psychodynamic therapy nge-free association inqubo	ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwamadoda angobungqingili be-xnumx
UFinny xnumx	inhlanganisela ye uchwepheshe	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
I-Glover 1960	ukwelashwa kwengqondo kuma-7 amacala ukwelashwa kwe-hormone	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-113, impumelelo etholwe ku-44%
Beukenkamp xnumx	ukwelashwa komuntu nomuntu ngokweqembu	uchaze ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwendoda yobungqingili
UStevenson xnumx	ukuqeqeshwa okuqinisekisayo	ichaze ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwamadoda ayizitabane ze-xnumx
Bieber xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-106, impumelelo etholwe ku-27%
Izingubo zika-1962	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-45; ukuphuculwa (ukunqanyulwa kokuziphatha kobungqingili) kutholakale kumacala we-7 (16%)
Ngo-1963	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwamadoda angongqingili be-xnumx
I-Buki xnumx	inhlanganisela kusuka kochwepheshe	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
I-Cappon 1965	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-150, impumelelo itholakale ku-30% yamadoda, i-50% yabesifazane, naphakathi kweziguli ezithandekayo - i-90%
UMayerson phakathi I-Marmor xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-19, impumelelo itholakale ku-47% yamacala
I-Mintz xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili be-10, impumelelo yaphawulwa ku-3 (30%)
Hlanganisa i-xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha futhi amasu okuphikisana	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-36, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-25 (69%)
Hadn xnumx	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-32, impumelelo etholwe ku-38%
Kaye xnumx, k. 633	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili i-15, impumelelo iyatholakala ku-8 (55%)
U-Alexander 1967	amasu we-hypnosis	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
Ukusebenza xnumx	amasu we-hypnosis	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
IMacCulloch 1967	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	impumelelo ekwelapheni amadoda e-xnumx
Ukuqamba xnumx	ukwelashwa kwe-psychodynamic futhi desensitization systemic	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
ISerban 1968	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo kwiziguli zobungqingili beXnumx
Miller 1968	inhlanganisela ye uchwepheshe	uphawule ukusebenza kwemikhuba ngokusekelwe kumkhuba
Ramsay xnumx	amasu okwedelela	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
UFreud 1968, k. 251	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	impumelelo ekwelapheni iziguli ze-2 kusuka ku-4 (50%)
UJacobi 1969	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-60, impumelelo yaphawulwa ku-6 (10%)
I-Fooke 1969	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze impumelelo ekwelapheni iziguli zobungqingili i60%
UMcConaghy 1969	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
I-Lamberd 1969	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo kwiziguli zobungqingili beXnumx
I-Bergin 1969	amasu okwedelela	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
Ngo-1969	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo ngamadoda ayizitabane ze-Xnumx
Wallace xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
I-Larson xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	uchaze ukusebenza kwale ndlela ngokuya ngomkhuba wabo, kepha akazange anikeze izinombolo eziqondile
I-Birk xnumx, k. 37	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-26, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-9 (35%)
I-Huff xnumx	amasu okwedelela	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
IBancroft in Ishisa i-xnumx	izindlela zokuqeda amandla	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-15, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-5 (33%)
Ukuqamba xnumx	ukwelashwa kwe-psychodynamic futhi desensitization systemic	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
UMcConaghy 1970	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
I-Mandel xnumx	amasu okwedelela	ichaze ukusebenza kwendlela esetshenziswayo esetshenziswayo
Hatterer xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-149, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-49 (34%)
ICautela 1971	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo ku-37% yamacala
Bieber phakathi I-Kaplan 1971	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze impumelelo ku-40% yamacala
I-Truax 1971	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ubone ukusebenza kwendlela ngokuqhathanisa neqembu lokulawula
Hadn xnumx	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze impumelelo ku-30% yamacala
I-Birk xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo ku-xnumx%
Pittman xnumx	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-6, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-2 (33%)
Feldman xnumx, k. 156	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili i-63, impumelelo itholakale ku-29% yamacala
UVan den Aardweg 1971	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-20, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-9 (42%)
I-Shealy xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
Kendrick xnumx	amasu okwedelela	ichaze ukusebenza kwendlela esetshenziswayo esetshenziswayo
I-Segal 1972	amasu okwedelela	ichaze ukusebenza kwendlela esetshenziswayo esetshenziswayo
UMcConaghy 1972	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
I-Barlow xnumx	ikhambi lokuziphatha, ikhambi lokwelapha	ichaze impumelelo ku-xnumx%
UMcConaghy 1973	ingqondo ochwepheshe	ichaze impumelelo ku-xnumx%
UMaletzky 1973	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili i-10, impumelelo itholakale ku-90% yamacala
I-Herman 1974	amasu ekhombisa	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili i-3, impumelelo itholakale ku-33% yamacala
I-Birk xnumx, k. 41	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-66, impumelelo itholakale ku-52% yamacala
I-Bancroft xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo ku-xnumx%
I-Cantón-Dutari 1974	amasu okuqeda amandla, ikhambi lokuphindisela	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-54, impumelelo izuzwe ezimweni ze-48 (89%)
U-Orwin 1974	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
I-Tanner xnumx	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze ukusebenza kwendlela emadodeni ayizitabane ze-8
Freeman xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze impumelelo ku-xnumx%
UMcConaghy 1975	Ukwelapha okuhlukile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
I-Cantón-Dutari 1976	amasu okuqeda amandla, ikhambi lokuphindisela	ichaze ukwelashwa okuphelele okuphumelelayo ku-11 yamacala we-22 wamadoda angongqingili (50%)
UCalla in I-Krumboltz 1976	amasu okwedelela	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
Phillips 1976	amasu e-desensitization ehlelekile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
ISocarides 1978, k. 406	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-44, impumelelo itholakale ku-20 (45%)
UJames 1978	amasu e-desensitization ehlelekile	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
Bieber xnumx, k. I-Xnumx	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli zobungqingili ezingaphezu kwe-1000; ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kusuka ku-30% kuya ku-50%
Birk phakathi I-Marmor xnumx	ukwelashwa kweqembu	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili be-14, impumelelo itholakale kumacala we-10 (71%)
I-Pradhan xnumx	ukwelashwa kokuziphatha	ichaze ukwelashwa kwamadoda angongqingili be-13, ukusebenza ngempumelelo okubonwe ku-8 (61%)
ICafiso 1983	amasu we-hypnosis	ichaze impumelelo nomuntu ongungqingili
UVan den Aardweg 1986a; I-1986b	Ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kweziguli ze-101, impumelelo yaphawulwa ku-30%, ukuthuthuka - ku-60%
I-Siegel 1988	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze ukwelashwa kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili i-12, impumelelo iyabonakala ku-50%
I-Berger 1994, k. 255	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ichaze impumelelo kwiziguli zobungqingili beXnumx
I-Consiglio 1993	ukunakekela okwenziwa ngabelusi	ichaze inguquko ephelele yomsebenzi wobungqingili e-85%
IMacIntosh 1994	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	Ukuhlaziywa kwamacala okwelashwa kwe-1215 ezigulini zobungqingili, impumelelo yabonwa ku-23%, futhi ku-84% imiphumela ebalulekile yokwelashwa yabonwa
I-Schaeffer xnumx	ukunakekela okwenziwa ngabelusi	ichaze ukuthi eqenjini lababambiqhaza be-140, ku-29% kwashintshwa inguquko ephelele yomsebenzi wobungqingili.
UNicolosi 2000	Ukwelashwa kwengqondo, ukunakekelwa kwakwelusi, ukuqeqeshwa	uchaze ukuthi eqenjini leziguli ze-882 (amadoda angama-689 nabesifazane be-193) ku-34,3% yamacala ukushintshwa okuphelele kokukodwa noma isenzo sobulili obuhlukile kuye kwaphawulwa. Ngaphambi kokwelashwa, i-67% ikhombise kuphela ukuheha ubungqingili; ngemuva kokwelashwa, i-12,8%.
I-Shidlo 2002	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ekuqaleni ababhali babeka umgomo wokufunda ukuthola ukulimala kwekhambi elibuhlungu. Isibonelo, izikhangiso zokuthola amalungu zifakwe kumamagazini wobungqingili ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Sisize Ukubhala Ubungozi! " Ababhali bachaze iqembu leziguli ze-202 (amadoda angama-182 nabesifazane be-20), lapho i-12,9% yabheka ukuthi ukushintshelwa emsebenzini wobulili obuhlukile kuphumelele.
I-Spitzer 2003	Ukwelashwa kwengqondo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwalusa	liphenye iqembu leziguli ze-200 (abesilisa be-143 kanye nabesifazane be-57) abathole ukwelashwa okubuyisa emuva futhi babheka ukuthi imiphumela yayo iyaphumelela. Bonke abaphendulayo baphawule ukuthi kukhona okuheha abobulili obuhlukile, ku-17% yamadoda kanye ne-54% yabesifazane lokhu kuheha kwakuhlukile. Ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwe-46,% yamadoda kanye ne-42% yabesifazane bakhombise ukuheha okungungqingili, ngemuva kokwelashwa - 0%.
Karten I-2006, ayishicilelwe emthonjeni obukezwe ontanga	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	liphenye iqembu labesilisa be-117 abathola i-reparative therapy. Ukwehla okukhulu kokuhehwa kwabungqingili kusuka ku-4,81 kuya ku-2,57 esikalini seKinsey kwaphawulwa
Cummings I-2007, ayishicilelwe emthonjeni obukezwe ontanga	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	ekhuluma engqungqutheleni EMHLABENI kubikwe ku-2005 ukuthi ku-1959 - 1979 Izitabane ze-18000 zaphendukela emtholampilo zinezinkinga ezahlukahlukene, zazo cishe i-1 600 zihlose ukuguqula isimo sabo sobulili. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, iziguli eziningi zathola ushintsho oluhle ku-psyche, ngenxa yalokho i-2400 yazo yathandana nobungqingili.
UJones 2007	ukunakekela okwenziwa ngabelusi	uchaze ukuthi eqenjini lababambiqhaza be-73 ku-15% ukwehla okukhulu kwe-drive yongqingili kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwe-heterosexual drive kwaphawulwa
UPhelan 2017	ukwelashwa kwengqondo	uchaze iqembu lamadoda i-30, okuthe ngawo unyaka ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokwelashwa, kwaphawuleka: ukukhangwa ngocansi kuphela kwabobulili obuhlukile - i-23% (0% ngaphambi kokwelashwa), ikakhulukazi kwabobulili obuhlukile - 17% (0% ngaphambi kokwelashwa), lapho lapho-ke isilinganiso esiya kwabobulili obuhlukile yi-10% (0% ngaphambi kokwelashwa).

Ukufingqa ubufakazi obukhona kuze kube manje, singasho ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu ebamba iqhaza ekwelashweni kwe-psychodynamic reparative ibika ngokunyamalala okuphelele kokuheha kwabungqingili kanye nokwakheka kokuhehwa kwabobulili obuhlukile, okwesithathu - ukuguquka okukhulu ekuheheni abobulili obuhlukile kanye nokwenza ngcono okuvamile enhlalakahleni yezengqondo futhi ukusebenza kwezenhlalo, nombiko wesithathu ukuntuleka kwemiphumela. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ekwelashweni okubuyisanayo okuyimpumelelo isifiso sesiguli, ukwazi kwezizathu zokuheha kwakhe ubulili bakhe kanye nezidingo ezingokomzwelo eziyisisekelo.

Izikhungo zezokwelapha zaseNtshonalanga eziphikisana nokwelashwa kokuheha abantu bobulili obufanayo ngenhloso yokuthi “kungalimaza” empeleni zikhohlisa umphakathi ngokungachazi ukuthi: 

(1) Zonke izinsizakalo zezengqondo zazo zonke izinkinga zomuntu nezabantu zingaba yingozi; 
(2) Isayensi ephendukayo ayikakakhombisi ukuthi ubungozi bokulimala ekwelashweni kwe-drive yobulili engathandeki bukhulu kakhulu, kuyafana, noma kungaphansi kwengozi yanoma iyiphi enye i-psychotherapy. (I-Sutton 2015

Ucwaningo bonisaukuthi cishe i-5 - i-10% yeziguli eziphathwa ngokwelashwa kwengqondo zingathola "imiphumela engemihle" - okusho ukwanda kwesimo sazo. Izici zokuphikisa zibandakanya ikhwalithi ephansi yobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, ukubekezelela okuphansi ekukhathazekeni, isisusa esiphansi, njll.

Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Sex drive kanye nenhlalakahle emadodeni

Ososayensi be-LGBT bazenza amanga kanjani iziphetho zocwaningo lokwelashwa kokulungisa

Ukuqedwa okuzenzakalelayo kokukhangwa ubungqingili

Emuva ngonyaka we-1916, uFreud esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Leon Leon da Vinci: Ucwaningo Lwengqondo Ngokuzithoba Kwezingane Ezingenasici" waphawula:

"... Ngokubheka amacala ngamanye, sikwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi owesilisa obonakala ephendula izisusa zabesilisa empeleni uphendula ngokuvuswa kwabesifazane, njenganoma yimuphi umuntu ojwayelekile, kepha isikhathi ngasinye lapho ebeka injabulo yakhe entweni yowesilisa ..." (UFreud 1916, I-III: 14).

Lokhu okubukwayo kusekelwa ngocwaningo lwanamuhla (Isiphepho 1980, I-Tolman neDayimane 2014)

Ngonyaka we-1992, uShechter wachaza icala lokushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kusuka ezenzweni zobungqingili kuye kwabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abathole inkambo yokwelashwa kwengqondo naye, kodwa hhayi mayelana ne-NGV, kodwa ngesinye isizathu (I-Shechter 1992) Le ndoda yamisa ubudlelwano nomlingani wayo wobungqingili, yamisa imisebenzi yobungqingili, yathuthukisa imicabango yobulili nabesifazane. Ngemuva kokuqala ubuhlobo bobulili nowesifazane, wachaza isimo sakhe ngala mazwi:

“… Angikwazi ukuzisusa kuye futhi uyayithanda! ... Ngabe umuntu onjengami, angavele athande abesilisa nabesifazane? ... "(I-Shechter 1992, k. 200).

Abaphenyi uMichael kanye nozakwabo ngonyaka we-1994, ngokususelwa emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kocwaningo olukhulu, bathola ukuthi kwabanye abantu, ukuheha ubungqingili kungahle, ngaphandle kokuguqukela ekwelashweni okubuyekelayo, kuguqulwe kube ngokobulili obuhlukile (UMichael 1994).

Umcwaningi wezengqondo zobudala, ilungu lekomidi lochwepheshe le-APA, uSolwazi Lisa Diamond, ongazifihli izinto azithandayo zobungqingili, wafingqa imiphumela yeminyaka yakhe eminingi yokusebenza engxoxweni neNew Scientist:

"Ezocansi ziyashintsha ... kumele samukele iqiniso lokuthi ezocansi zingashintsha" (I-Grossman xnumx)

Ku-athikili ku-The Journal of Sex Research, uDiamani wafingqa ucwaningo lwesayensi, ngokusho kwe-26 - 45% yamadoda kanye ne-46 - 64% yabesifazane babika ushintsho kwi-sex drive phakathi nesikhathi (kusuka ku-3 kuya eminyakeni ye-10), iningi lazo ukubika ushintsho, kubike uguquko olubhekiswe kobungqingili. (I-Diamond 2016).

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokungafani nezitatimende zabasakazi be-LGBT, uhlobo lwesifiso sobulili lungashintsha bobabili kanye nobungqingili. Amacala abantu abathandanayo abathandana nobungqingili ngenxa yokubaqisayo amanyala kanye nokwenama ngobudlelwano obujwayelekile bezocansi (I-Krafft-Ebing 1909), ngokungafinyeleleki isikhathi eside komlingani wobulili obuhlukile, kanye nomphumela wokuyenga (UMeijer 1993) Amaqiniso enhloso yemvelo akungabazeki ukuthi akhombisa ukuthi izidumbu zazo zonke izidalwa eziphila ngocansi zenzelwe ubudlelwane nobungqingili. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo eziphakeme, ezibandakanya abantu, zinamandla okwenza izinto zocansi ezimweni ezithile ezidlulela ngale kohlaka lwe-heteronormatiati yemvelo, hhayi kuphela ngobulili bazo, kepha futhi nezinye izinto zobulili ngokubanzi. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ubuningi namandla emicabango yomuntu wesithunzi kunquma ubukhulu bokuthanda kwakhe (Imali & Tucker 1975, Isiphepho 1980)

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuheha abesilisa nabungqingili kuzinza okungenani izikhathi ze-25 kunobungqingili. Abaphenyi uSavin-Williams noReam baqhube ukubonwa kwe-cohort okuhlala isikhathi eside kwentsha kusukela eminyakeni eyi-17 futhi bahlola ukuthi ziguquka kanjani izici zokuthuthuka kwezocansi. Bathole ukuthi ku-75% yentsha ekhombise intshisekelo yobungqingili yanoma iyiphi iminyaka engu-17-21, ngemuva kwalokho kwaheha ukuheha abobulili obuhlukile, kuyilapho i-98% yentsha ekhombisa ukuheha ubungqingili ihlala ikusasa (USavin-Williams 2007).

U-Whitehead no-Whitehead's (2007) baphothule ukubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe kwezifundo zikaSavin-Williams noReam (2007), uMichael kanye nozakwabo (1994), nabanye, baphetha ngokuthi kwezinye izimo izintshisekelo zobungqingili ziba ngabobulili obuhlukile ngaphandle komthelela (I-Whitehead 2007)

Ocwaningweni olwenziwe ngu-Ott kanye nozakwabo (2011) ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kweqembu lentsha engama-13 840, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-66% alabo abathi “abanasiqiniseko” sokuthandwa kwabo kwezocansi kamuva baba yibo bodwa (Ott xnumx).

Futhi, ukuhlaziywa kwamacala wokushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kusuka emsebenzini wobungqingili kuya emisebenzini yobungqingili, etholakala ezincwadini zobuntatheli, kwenziwa e-2007 eSorba (ISorba xnumx, amakhasi 61 - 73).

Ukwelapha ochwepheshe nezindaba zokwelapha okuphumelelayo kwe-NGV

I-1956 isazi sezengqondo esivelele sesikhathi sakhe Edmund Bergler ubhale okulandelayo:

"Eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule, okungcono kakhulu isayensi ebingakunikeza ukubuyisana kowesilisa ongqingili" nesiphetho "sakhe, ngamanye amazwi, ukuqedwa kwemizwa yokuzizwa unecala. Isipiliyoni sakamuva sezifo zengqondo kanye nocwaningo kufakazele ngokungangabazeki ukuthi isiphetho okuthiwa asinakulungiseka sobungqingili (kwesinye isikhathi size sibhekiswe ezimweni ezingekho zebhayoloji kanye namahomoni) empeleni ukuhlukaniswa okungaguquki ngokwelashwa kwe-neurosis. Ukuphelelwa yithemba kokwelashwa kwesikhathi esedlule kuyanyamalala kancane kancane: namuhla i-psychoanalytic psychotherapy ingabelapha ubungqingili ”... Singabelapha bonke ubungqingili? - Cha. Izimfuneko ezithile ziyadingeka, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, isifiso sobungqingili sokushintsha ...

Lapho ubheka kuqala, le nkinga yokuya ocansini ihlanganiswa njalo nokuzikhipha phansi ngokungathí sina, okuzibonakala ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nenhlaka yezocansi, ngoba ihlanganisa ubuntu bonke. Isitha sangempela sobungqingili akusona isimilo saso esibi, kepha ukungazi kwakhe ukuthi angasizwa, kanye nokubuka kwakhe ingqondo, okumenza agweme ukwelashwa. Lokhu kungazi kusekelwa ngabasoli abaholi bobungqingili ... "(I-Bergler 1956).

Uprofesa we-Psychiatry Nikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov (1907 - 1976), ongomunye wabasunguli be-Russian sexopathology, ukhombe izici ezintathu ezibalulekile zokwelashwa okuphumelelayo kokuheha ubungqingili: (i-1) isimo sengqondo sesiguli - ingabe siyamelana nokuhehwa, ukuthi iyakhathazeka ngokuheha kwayo, ingabe iyakwazi ukungafanele kwayo, Ngabe ilindela imiphumela yezenhlalo uma kwenzeka kuvuma ukuheha? (2) ukuba khona kwesiguli kokuhlangenwe nakho kobungqingili - lesi simo sithathwe nguN. V. Ivanov njengokuthatha isinqumo. Uma isiguli siyinsizwa noma intombazane, futhi ukuheha ubungqingili kusalokhu kuyiphupho nobungani besisa - kudinga usizo lwengqondo ngokuphuthumayo, oluyobe luthembisa kakhulu, luholele ekuhlelweni kabusha kokukhanga kokulingiswa kobungqingili; (3) iqembu lezinye izinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezinomthelela esigulini - ukuqaphela kwesiguli isikhathi sokweqiwa (ngokwesibonelo, umbono onamandla kakhulu wobulili ngaphandle kwezimfuneko zobungqingili ngaphambi kokuthomba, ngamanye amazwi ukulungiswa kobulili); uzwakalise ubunzima bengqondo yomuntu ophila ngokubumbana kobungqingili noma onesipiliyoni sobungqingili, ukuba khona kokuhehana ngasikhathi sinye kwabobulili obuhlukile, njll.Ivanov 1966, k. 134).

USolwazi Ivanov ubheka “umthetho-sisekelo” noma ukuhlanipha kokuziphatha njengezinto ezivimbela ukwelashwa okubuyela emuva (kepha lapha, ngokusho kwengqondo, asikho isidingo sokwenqaba ukwelashwa); ithemba "lepilisi" (ngesimangaliso); ukungabaza kwesiguli (okungukuthi, empeleni, ukungafuni ukusebenza).

Kuzona zonke lezi zimo, u-Ivanov uphakamisa ukuthi isiguli singakuthandi ukwelashwa okusobala, sithi iqiniso alinaso isidingo sangaphakathi sokuba sehlukile, liphakamisa ukuthi isiguli sibuyele kudokotela lapho impilo ngokwayo iphakama futhi iphakamisa umbuzo obuhlungu wokuthi ngeke kwenzeke okunye. ubekhona ngokuhlanekezelwa, lapho efuna ukusiqeda sonke lesi sifo ”(Ivanov 1966, k. 134).

Umfundi ka-Ivanov, uDkt Yan Genrikhovich Goland, usebenzise imibono yothisha ekwakhiweni kwendlela esebenzayo ephumelelayo yokwelapha ukukhanga abongqingili, abeseyisebenzisa ngempumelelo nanamuhla. Ukwelapha kuqukethe izinyathelo ezintathu:
I-1) ukudalwa kocwaningo lwezocansi nolwengqondo lapho kuthathwa khona isimo sokunganaki ngabantu bobulili babo;
I-2) ukwakheka kombono wobuntu obuhle nokuhenda kuye.
I-3) ubudlelwane obusondelene nowesifazane, ukuhlanganiswa kobuntu obuhlukile kobungqingili.
UGoland wamukela ukwelashwa kuphela labo abongqingili abakhombisa isifiso esiqotho sokususa izintshisekelo zabo zobungqingili, futhi uyazisa mayelana nempumelelo yokwelapha esondela kwi-100%.

Umcwaningi waseMelika uJeffrey Satinover uvumelana nale datha, ngokusho ukuthi, eqenjini elikhethwe ngokucophelela labantu abanezinhloso ezikhuthazekile, izinga lokwelashwa okuphumelelayo lisondele ku-100%, ngenkathi kusampula yokuphikisana, umphumela ophumelelayo umayelana ne-50% (I-Satinover xnumx, k. 51).

Isazi sezengqondo saseMelika UJoseph Nicolosi (I-1947 - 2017) yathuthukisa indlela ephumelelayo yokwelashwa okuvela emuva, ngokususelwa kumqondo wokuthi ukuheha ubungqingili kungumphumela walokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuntuleka kobunikazi bobulili" okubangelwa ukungafakwa ebulilini bomuntu oyedwa, ukuntuleka kokuxhaswa kwabazali nontanga ekwakhekeni kobunikazi bobulili, kanye nokukhuthaza okusebenzayo kocansi ukuhlolwa ngumphakathi (UNicolosi 1991, 1993, 2009) UNicolosi uphinde wanyathelisa inqwaba yamaphepha esayensi ezincwadini ezibuyekezwe ontanga.⁴.

Isazi sezengqondo saseSpain u-Elena Lorenzo Rego⁵ ukusiza ngempumelelo ongqingili abasha abafuna usizo. Kumkhuba wakhe, sekuvele kunenombolo enkulu yamacala okuqedwa kwendlela yokuphila yobungqingili nokushintshela ebudlelwaneni nabobulili obuhlukile (I-Portaluz 2014).

Omunye wochwepheshe abavelele abakhuluma isiRussia ekwelashweni kwe-NGV eMpumalanga Yurophu udokotela wezifo zengqondo waseKenya nodokotela wobulili uSolwazi Garnik Surenovich Kocharyan.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, izambulo zabantu abaningi abaye bayishiya ngempumelelo indlela yabo yokuphila yobungqingili futhi benza okukhanga ngabobulili obuhlukile kushicilelwe. Isibonelo, uW. Aaron wabhala esehlokweni sakhe se-autobiographical:

"... Iminyaka engama-20 bengingungqingili (...) namuhla, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva (...) ngihola impilo yobungqingili futhi ngiyayithokozela ..." (Aaron 1972, k. 14).

Ezinye izibonelo ezinye zivezwa emisebenzini. Ama-Rekers (1995), I-Worthen (1984), I-Konrad (1987), I-Comiskey (1988), UJudkins (1993). I-Breedlove (1994), Strong (1994), UDavies (1993), IGoldberg (2008), I-Pabon (2015), I-Baley (xnumx), I-Glatze (2007). Cishe izibonelo ze-100 ze-autobiographical zitsanzo zokwenqaba okuphumelelayo zobungqingili zinikezwe encwadini i-Voices of Hope: Izinsuku zokugcina ze-Saint Perspecadors on Same-Gender Attraction - An Anthology of Gospelfundiso and Real Essays (2011) (Mansfield xnumx).

Ubufakazi obuningi kanye nezambulo kuqoqwe kumasayithi emiphakathi ahlanganisa abantu abaphumelela ekuqedeni ukuheha ubungqingili kanye nendlela yokuphila yobungqingili, ngokwesibonelo, "Kushintshiwe","Amazwi Wokushintsha","Imisindo yeThemba"Futhi"Izwi labangenamazwi".

Izinganekwane nge-Aversive Therapy

Ku- "LGBT +" - i-rhetoric okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlanza ukwelashwa kabusha, inganekwane yokuthi, ekuqaleni, kuze kube yilapho ama-1970s, ongqingili baphathwa kuphela ngokudlulisela amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho, inendawo evelele. Imvamisa ungezwa ukushayisana nozwela okuhlose ukuveza ububele phakathi kwezakhamizi ezingenalwazi zomlando, njengoba ngaphambi kokuthi abantu abanesifiso sobungqingili baphonswe ngenkani cishe esihlalweni sikagesi.

Lokhu kungamanga. Yenzelwe ukusabisa nokusabalalisa phansi labo bantu abathandana nobungqingili abazama ukuthola ithuba lokuqeda i-NGV. Umbiko ongenhla (UPhelan 2009b) kukhombisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane abanesifiso sokuqeda i-NVH bayifeze ngempumelelo inhloso yabo ngaphandle kokuthi “kudlule ugesi ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho”. Kuma-1970's, leli bekuyiqiniso elaziwayo lesayensi, abezindaba abaloba ngokukhululekile ngalo.

Isibonelo, indatshana ephephandabeni i-New York Times evela ngonyaka we-1971 enesihloko esithi "Abongqingili abaningi basizwa ukuba bobungqingili" ikhuluma ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelapha - ama-psychodynamics, ukwelashwa kweqembu, indlela ehlangene, njll.

“… Besebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezingokwengqondo, abelaphi bathole ukuthi ongqingili abasha abazimisele ngokushintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo kwezocansi banethuba elihle kakhulu lokuphumelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abelaphi babika ukuthi basize ama-25-50% eziguli zabo ezingongqingili ukufeza ukulungiswa kobungqingili, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zineminyaka emingaki noma inkuthazo yokuqala (...) Izindlela zokwelashwa zisukela ekwelashweni kwendabuko kwe-psychoanalytic kuya ekuqondisweni kwengqondo okuqondisiwe, ukwelashwa kweqembu, ukwelashwa kokuziphatha, nanoma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu. (…) [UDkt. Lawrence] UHatterer uzama ukusiza iziguli zakhe ukuthi ziqonde umsuka wokuziphatha kwazo kobungqingili ngokuhlola ubudlelwane bomndeni kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kobuntwana. Ngasikhathi sinye, uzama ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu bobulili obufanayo ngokusebenzisana neziguli zakhe ukukhomba nokugwema izici zempilo ezicasula iziqephu zobungqingili, futhi esikhundleni sazo afake ezobungqingili nobudlelwano. Isibonelo, angahle aphakamise ukuthi isiguli siyeke ukuvakashela imigoqo yezitabane futhi siye ezindaweni ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni salokho, noma sishintshe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili obufanayo nezithombe zabesilisa ngezithombe zabesifazane.

Udokotela wathi esinye isiguli esineminyaka engu-30 senza ukulungiswa ngokuphelele kobungqingili ezinyangeni ezintathu zokwelashwa. Owesilisa ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhlobo obuhlukile kobungqingili waqala ukwelashwa esesimweni sokuzibulala, wahlukana nale ndoda ahlala nayo iminyaka emibili. "Ngemuva kwamaminithi we-45 ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela kanye ne-27 elalele okurekhodiwe, umsolwa ubelokhu ethandana futhi egcina ubudlelwane bempilo yakhe nobuphumelelo nomphathi wakhe amahlandla amaningi ngesonto," kusho uDkt Hatterer.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokwelashwa ukwazisa isiguli ukuthi kunethuba lokusiza inkinga yakhe ngandlela thile.

E-Institute of Behahlangual Therapy e-Temple University, uDkt Joseph Walp kanye nozakwabo bazama ukwelapha abathandana nobungqingili kuphela ngokuguqula imizwa yabo besebenzisa izindlela zokuziphatha.

"Ukuhlasela kwabo ngezindlela ezintathu" kuthinta ukwesaba kobungqingili bokuthintana nabesifazane ngokomzimba, ukuheha kwabo amadoda, kanye nokwesaba kwabo okujwayelekile phakathi kwabantu. Isibonelo, ukuqeda ukwesaba ngabesifazane, isiguli singena esimweni sokuphumula okujulile bese sethula abesifazane. Ukuze kusulwe intshisekelo yabo yezocansi emadodeni, iziguli nazo zibhekana nezingcindezi "eziphikisayo" njengokushaqeka kukagesi okuncane ngenkathi kukhonjiswa izithombe zamadoda anqunu ... "(Broody xnumx).

Ngakho-ke, nakhu - ukukhulunywa ngogesi wamanje! Kwenzekani ngempela?

Ezokwelapha, ikhona ngempela indlela yokwelashwa efana nokudlulisela igesi kagesi ngengqondo yesiguli ye-0.1 kumasekhondi e-1 - ibizwa ngokuthi yi-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Le ndlela iphakanyisiwe ku-1938 yokwelashwa kwezifo ezinzima ze-schizophrenic (UWilson 2017) I-ECT isasetshenziswa nanamuhla ekwelapheni izifo zengqondo ezahlukahlukene lapho ezinye izinhlobo zokwelapha zingenamphumela oyifunayo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe kusibuyekezo kumagazini obukezwe wontanga i-Clinical Psychopharmacology ne-Neuroscience:

"Ukwelashwa nge-Electroconvulsive kuyindlela esetshenziswa isikhathi eside yokwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene zengqondo. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, indlela ye-ECT ithole ukuthuthuka okuningana. Naphezu kokugxekwa okuningi, i-ECT isasetshenziswa njalo ekunakekelweni kwemitholampilo ... "(USingh noKumar Kann 2017).

Njengamanje, cishe iziguli ezingama-1 ezigidigidi ngonyaka ziphendukela ekwelashweni kwe-electroconvulsive ekwelashweni kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zezifo zengqondo nezomqondo, imizwa yokudangala okukhulu, i-catatonia ne-manic syndrome. Njengoba i-BBC Psychology ibhala:

"... Ukwelashwa nge-Electroconvulsive kusiza iziguli emacaleni angama-80% - kepha ukucwaswa okuhambisana nale ndlela kusikisela ukuthi i-ECT ayisizi bonke abantu ukuthi ingasiza ..." (I-Riley 2018)

Vele, kukhona mpikiswano evuthayo ngokusebenza ngempumelelo, ukuphepha nezindinganiso ze-ECT. Kepha asihambelani nesihloko - I-ECT ayikaze isetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni ekwelashweni kongqingili.

Izithombe ezesabekayo zokuphoxeka okuxakile kwabantu abashaya ukungasebenzi kukagesi nezinkomba zesimo sikaJack Nicholson osuka ku-movie ethi "Ukundiza phezu kweCuckoo's Nest" yonyaka we-1975, obegcwele izinsiza ze "LGBT +" - ukunyakaza esihlokweni sokwelashwa - akuhambisani nodaba.

Ukushaqeka okukhanyayo kukagesi okuchazwe esihlokweni esingenhla kwiThe New York Times kuhlobene nendlela yokuthola ukwelashwa ngokungemthetho. Ukwelashwa okuhlukile akulona ikhambi le-electroconvulsive. Ngokuselapha okuphambukayo, igesi kagesi ayidluliswa ngengqondo yesiguli.

Ukwelashwa okuningana, okususelwa esimweni seklasikhi yakamuva kaPavlov, kubandakanyeke ekwakhekeni kokuphikisayo kuya kukhuthazo olungadingekile ezingeni lokukhalaza okunesimo. Le ndlela isetshenziselwe ukususa ngokuzithandela umlutha, i-phobias, ulaka, ukuphazamiseka kocansi kanye nama-spasms (McGuire and Vallance 1964) Lokhu kutholakala ngokuhlobanisa isithukuthezi esingafuneki (ugwayi, imicabango yocansi, izithombe zocansi, njll.) Nemizwa engemnandi (izinhlungu, isicanucanu, ukwesaba, njll.). Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa yi-apparatus egijima ebhethri le-9-volt, lapho isiguli uqobo sibeka khona isilinganiso sokukhululwa esivumelana naye, esidluliselwa nge-cuff electrode iye endaweni ye-biceps noma endaweni ephansi yomlenze (ngaphandle kwendawo yofuzo).

Kwakuyindlela le yokwelapha ehlukile futhi eyayisetshenziswa ngemvume yeziguli ukuqeda i-HBV. Ngeminyaka ye-70, ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwase kudumile, futhi kwakudayiswa izibhamu eziyimfihlo ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya.

Ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, i-aversive therapy ngosizo lwamanje kagesi ayisetshenziswa namuhla ekwelapheni i-NGV ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okuningi okuhambisana nokuqina komphumela. Ukwelapha nge-Aversive kubhekisa ekwelashweni kokuziphatha, okuthi, njengoba negama lakhe lisho, kusebenza kuphela ngokuziphatha - i.e. Izimpawu zangaphandle zenkinga. Lapho ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisekelwe ezimweni ezingokwengqondo eziyisisekelo (njengobungqingili), ukusebenza kwawo akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube isikhathi eside, ngoba umsebenzi awuhloselwe ukuqeda imbangela eyisisekelo, kepha ukucindezela ukubonakaliswa kwayo okubonakalayo. Izikhaliphazi ezinemibandela zivela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi zinyamalale lapho zingekho. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulondolozwe isimo sokuphambuka njalo esimweni sokuvuselela okuthile, ukuqiniswa kwangaphambilini kwalokhu kuyadingeka. Uma kungekho ukuqiniswa okuhleliwe, ukuqothulwa kwesimo se-Reflex kungabikezelwa. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwe-1968 lonyaka lubonise ukuthi njengomphumela wokuphathwa okuphambukayo kokuphambuka ngokocansi, ukuthuthuka kwenzeka ku-23 yamacala we-40 (57%), kodwa lapho kuhlolwa unyaka kamuva kwavela ukuthi impumelelo ephelele yagcinwa kuphela emacaleni we-6 (15%) (I-Bancroft nama-1968 amamaki) Izinga lokuthuthuka kwabathengi, ama-fetishists, nama-sadomasochists laliphezulu, imiphumela yayingathandeki kubantu abathandana nobungqingili, futhi iphansi kakhulu kubantu be-transgender. Ukuqhathanisa, iziguli ezaqedela izifundo zokwelashwa kwe-pshododynamic zahlala zodwa ngokobudala kanye nangamashumi amabili eminyaka (UBieber noBieber 1979, k. I-416).

Ukwelashwa okungejwayelekile kuyingxenye yezindinganiso zokwelashwa zeFederal futhi kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinkinga eziningi. Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa okweqile kungenzeka futhi kwesinye isikhathi kudingekile, kepha ukuze kufinyelelwe imiphumela emihle kakhulu futhi ezinzile, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi yenziwe kanye nezinye izindlela zokwenza ingqondo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izishoshovu zenhlangano ye- "LGBT +", ezifuna ukuvimbela zonke izindlela zokwelapha ukuheha ubungqingili obungafuneki, zibhekise “ekusabeni nasekuhlushweni” okusolwa ukuthi kuhlukunyezwe abantu abathi bathola ukwelashwa okunjalo. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kwecala lokwenqatshelwa kokuphindiselwa ukwelashwa kabusha enkantolo yase-US e-2013, ubufakazi bukaBriel Goldani (owesilisa obesebenzisa inqubo yezokwelapha nangokomthetho yokuguqukela kowesifazane) buzwakele. Ngokwalobu bufakazi, eneminyaka engu-13 (unyaka we-1997), abazali bakhe bamphoqa ukuthi bamthumele “ekhempini yokulungiswa kobungqingili bobuKristu” ebizwa ngokuthi “Izikhombisi-ndlela Zangempela” e-Ohio, lapho izingane zaphoqelelwa ukuya ezinkonzweni zesonto ezinenzondo futhi zishaya indlwabu ezithombeni zobungqingili. , banikezwa amalungiselelo e-emetic e-intravenous futhi ama-electrodes anamuhla asetshenziswa ezandleni zabo amahora amabili. Kuzwakala kubabaza futhi kushaqise kakhulu: "Ikamu lama-gay lamaKristu."

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuhlolwa ngokuphelele, abukho ubufakazi obusekela uGoldani okuthiwa utholakele, azikho kulezi ezinye izingane okusolwa ukuthi zathola ukwelashwa ekamu ezavela, isheke lomshushisi alizange likuqinisekise ukuba khona kwekamu elinjalo. Ukuphela kwendawo lapho kwakukhona khona "ikamu lokubuyiselwa kwezitabane" elibizwa ngokuthi "Izikhombisi-ndlela Zangempela" kwaba ... ifilimu yaseHollywood yango-1999, eyayiqondiswa ngumqondisi wezingqingili, eyayilingisa owesilisa odumile owesilisa owesilisa nowesifazane uRuPaul (I-Doyle 2013; I-Sprigg 2014) Njengokulindelekile, akukho cala elenziwa ngecala likaGoldany.

Esinye isibonelo esifana naleso sihlobene nomlingani onguSamuel Brinton, owasola abazali bakhe ngokuthi "bamshaye ngobungqingili" esengumntwana, futhi wamthumela ekamu "elifanayo" nelinye, lapho wafakwa khona inaliti ezacile ngaphansi kwamazipho akhe, sidlulise igezi kagesi, ifake iqhwa nokushisa okushisa emalungeni ngenkathi ibuka izithombe zobungqingili. " Ukunikeza (okukhokhelwayo) izingxoxo zezingxoxo, uBrinton waya ngokuya ekhanya futhi imininingwane yokuhlukunyezwa ngobuntu yaba yimbi kakhulu futhi. Noma kunjalo, isheke lamagama akhe, noma livela kwezinye izishoshovu ze- "LGBT +", alizange liveze lutho olungaqinisekisa ukuthi uthini - kunalokho, amaqiniso amaningi aphikisanayo futhi angamanga atholakala (I-Sprigg 2014).

Lawa manga angenamqondo enzelwe ukwesabisa nokusabalalisa labo bantu abathandana nobungqingili abaqala ukubheka izindlela zokususa ukukhanga kwabo bobulili obufanayo, okubavimbela ekuholeni impilo egcwele (futhi kukhona abaningi). Lawa manga angabulala: cishe bonke ababengongqingili bokuqala babika ukuthi imicabango yabo yokuzibulala ayiveli ekuzondeni kwemvelo, kodwa ekuzikhohliseni nakwimizwa yabo ukuphelelwa yithembangoba babeqinisekile ukuthi abanandlela yokushintsha.

Iqiniso lokuthi abantu abagqugquzelekile bayakwazi ukuhlukana ngokuphelele nobungqingili futhi babe yinqaba yodwa libukela phansi umnyombo wokuqanjwa kwezitabane, abathi ubungqingili buyimpahla yangaphakathi neguqukayo, njengobuhlanga, ngakho-ke izishoshovu ze-LGBT azideleli ngisho nezinganekwane ezingenangqondo.

---

Amanothi

I-1 i-English: "imizamo yokushintsha ubulili" - "imizamo yokushintsha isimo sokwenza ucansi"

I-2 Yangaphambili Yenhlangano Yezwe Yezokucwaninga Nezokwelapha Ubungqingili (i-NARTH)

Isibonelo i-3, sebenzisa izindlela eziqinile kakhulu zokwenza kahle, ungazinaki izimo zomuntu ngamunye zokwelashwa ezisebenzayo, kepha zibheke amacala afanayo emphumela ongemuhle, njll.

4 https://www.josephnicolosi.com/published-papers/

Xnumx Elena Lorenzo Rego

---

Imininingwane eyengeziwe

Imininingwane eyengeziwe nemininingwane kungatholwa emithonjeni elandelayo:

1. https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#WitnessesUPhelan JE, et al. Okukhonjiswayo Ngocwaningo: Impendulo yeNARTH Kwizimangalo ze-APA Zobungqingili Umbiko Wekomidi Leseluleki Lesayensi ka-tyena National Association for Research and Therapy of Ubungqingili. Ijenali Yobulili Buntu. I-2009b; Ivolumu 1.
2. Ngo-Byrd AD, uPhelan JE Amaqiniso nezinganekwane Zamasu Okuqala Aversion ekwelashweni Kwezothando ezingathandeki zobungqingili. I-Alliance for Therapeutic Choice kanye Nobuhlakani KweSayensi, i-2005.
3. Isayithi labelaphi be-heteroaffirmative: https://iftcc.org/
4. Isayithi labantu abakhanga bobulili obufanayo, abakwazile ukufeza izinguquko: https://changedmovement.com/
5. Ubufakazi bezinguquko: https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#Witnesses

---

Imithombo yeBhayibheli

1. Goland Ya. G. On the stepwise ukwakhiwa kwengqondo yokwelashwa kobungqingili besilisa // Izinkinga ze-sexopathology zesimanje (ukuqoqwa kwemisebenzi). - M: Isikhungo Sokucwaninga saseMoscow saseMosical Psychis, 1972. - I-509 sec. - S. 473 - 486.
2. Goland Ya. G. Izigaba eziphambili zenqubo yokwelashwa kwengqondo kwezokuhlanekezelwa kwezocansi // Izimpawu zemibiko yengqungquthela mayelana nodokotela abelulekwa ngokwengqondo. Phendula. ed. I-Banshchikov V.M., Rozhnov V.E. - M: 1973. - I-204 sec. - S. 181 - 184.
3. Ivanov N.V. Izinkinga ze-psychotherapy zokuphazamiseka kwezemizwa okusebenzayo. - M: Ukushicilela indlu "Imithi", 1966. - I-152 sec.
4. U-Aaron, W. (1972). Iqonde: Umuntu okhuluma ngobungqingili ngaye ngomlando wakhe wobungqingili. I-Garden City, NY: Ngokungabaza.
5. Alexander, L. (1967). I-Psychotherapy yokuphambuka kwezocansi ngosizo lwe-hypnosis. I-American Journal ye-Clinical Hypnosis, i-9 (3), 181 - 183
6. Allen, C. (1952). Ezokwelashwa kobungqingili II. I-International Journal ye-Sexology, 5, 139 - 141.
7. APA (2009). I-American Psychological Association Task Force. Umbiko weTask Force on Izindlela Ezifanele Zokwelapha Ezimweni Zocansi. IWashington, DC: I-American Psychological Association
8. UBancroft, J. (1970). Ucwaningo lwenzondo nokuqhathanisa ukukhubazeka ekwelapheni ubungqingili. Ku-LE Burns & JL Worsley (Eds.), Therapy Behaviour ngawo-1970: Iqoqo lamaphepha okuqala (amakhasi 34-56). I-Oxford, eNgilandi: UJohn Wright & Sons.
9. IBancroft J, Amamaki I. Ukwelashwa kukagesi kagesi okuphambukayo. I-Proc. roy. Umphakathi UMedi. IVolumu 61, Agasti 1968. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1902433/pdf/procrsmed00153-0074.pdf
10. IBancroft, J. (1974). Ukuziphatha kocansi okuhlanekezelayo: Ukuguqulwa nokuhlolwa. I-Oxford, eNgilandi: IClarendon Press.
11. Barlow, DH (1973). Ukwandisa ukusabela kobungqingili ekwelashweni kokuphambuka kwezocansi: Ukubuyekezwa kobufakazi bemitholampilo nokuhlolwa. I-Behahlangu Therapy, 4, 655 - 671.
12. UBerg, C., no-Allen, C. (1958). Inkinga yobungqingili. ENew York: ICitadel Press.
13. Berger, J. (1994). Ukwelashwa ngokwengqondo kobungqingili besilisa. I-American Journal of Psychotherapy, 48, 251 - 261.
14. I-Bergin, AE (1969). Indlela yokuzithiba yokuphazamiseka kokulawula okungathinti. I-Psychotherapy: Ithiyori, uCwaningo, kanye nokuSebenza, 6, 113 - 118
15. Bergler, E. (1956). Ubungqingili: Isifo noma indlela yokuphila? ENew York: Izincwadi zeColfer.
16. Beukenkamp, ​​C. (1960). I-Phantom patricide. Izingobo zomlando ze-General Psychiatry, 3, 282 - 288.
17. I-Bieber, I., neBieber, i-TB (1979). Ubungqingili besilisa. ICanada Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 409-419.
18. Bieber, I., Bieber, TB, Dain, HJ, Dince, PR, Drellich, MG, Grand, HG, Grundlach, RH, Kremer, MW, Rilkin, AH, & Wilbur, CB (1962). Ubungqingili: Ucwaningo lwe-psychoanalytic. ENew York: Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo
19. I-Bieber, i-TB (1971). Ukwelashwa kweqembu nabungqingili. Ku-HI Kaplan & BJ Sadock (Eds.), I-Comprehensive group psychotherapy (amakhasi 518-533). IBaltimore: Williams noWilkins
20. I-Birk, L. (1974). I-psychotherapy yeqembu lamadoda angongqingili. I-Journal ye-Sex and Marital Therapy, i-1, i-29 - 52.
21. I-Birk, L. (1980). Inganekwane yobungqingili basendulo: Ukubukwa kwengqondo kwezokuziphatha. KuJ. Marmor (Ed.), Ukuziphatha kobungqingili (iphe. 376 - 390). ENew York: Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo.
22. UBirk, L., Huddleston, W., Miller, E., & Cohler, B. (1971). Isimo sokugwema ubungqingili. Izinqolobane zeGeneral Psychiatry, 25, 314-323.
23. UBirk, L., Miller, E., & Cohler, B. (1970). Ukwelashwa kwengqondo kweqembu labesilisa abathandana nobungqingili. I-Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 218, 1-33.
24. UBreedlove, J., Plechash, V., noDavis, D. (1994, Mashi). Kanye gay, njalo gay? Gxila Emndenini, 2-5.
25. Broody JE Abongqingili abaningi basizwa ukuba babe ngungqingili. I-New York Times. " NgoFebhuwari 28, 1971
26. I-Buki, RA (1964). Uhlelo lokwelashwa kwabongqingili. Izifo ze-Nervous System, 25 (5), 304 - 307
27. UCafiso, R. (1983). Ubungqingili: Izinzuzo ze-hypnotherapy njengokwelashwa. I-International Journal ye-Clinical and Testnental Hypnosis, i-24 (1), 49 - 55.
28. ICallahan, EJ, Krumboltz, JD, neThoresen, CE (Eds.) (1976). Izindlela zokwelulekwa. ENew York: UHolt, uRinehart noWinston.
29. UCantón-Dutari, A. (1974). Ukungenelela okuhlanganisiwe okulawula okungafuneki kwezocansi. Izingobo zomlando Zokuziphatha Kocansi, i-3 (4), 367 - 371.
30. UCantón-Dutari, A. (1976). Ukungenelela okuhlanganisiwe okulawula okungafuneki kwezocansi: Ukulandelwa okwandisiwe. Izingobo zomlando Zokuziphatha Kocansi, i-5 (4), 323 - 325.
31. UCappon, D. (1965). Kubhekwe ekuqondeni ubungqingili. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: I-Prentice-Hall
32. ICaprio, FS (1954). Ubungqingili besifazane: Ucwaningo lwe-psychodynamic lwe-lesbianism. ENew York: ICitadel Press.
33. UCautela, J., noWisocki, P. (1971). Guqula ukukhuthaza ukwelashwa kokuphambuka kwezocansi. Irekhodi Lengqondo, 21, 37-48
34. Ama-coates, S. (1962). Ubungqingili kanye nokuhlolwa kweRorschach. Ijenali yaseBrithani ye-Medical Psychology, 35, 177 - 190
35. I-Comiskey, A. (1988). Ukuphishekela impilo yonke yezocansi. I-Los Angeles: Ugwadule Lwamanzi Ogwadule
36. Consiglio, W. (1993). Ubungqingili akusekho: Inkonzo nokwelashwa kokuthola ongqingili. Umsebenzi Wezenhlalo NobuKristu: Ijenali Yezizwe Zonke, i-20 (1), 46 - 59.
37. Cummings, N. (2007). Owayengumongameli we-APA uDkt. UNicholas Cummings uchaza umsebenzi wakhe namakhasimende e-SSA. Ibuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 2, 2007, kusukela ku-http: //www.narth.com/docs/cummings.html
38. UDavies, B., noRentzel, L. (1993). Ukuphuma ebungqingili: Inkululeko entsha yabesilisa nabesifazane. IDowners Grove, IL: I-InterVarsity Press.
39. UDean Baley Baklinski P. Mon Oct 20, 2014 https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/ex-gay-homosexuality-is- ukulungisa-another-human-brokenness
40. IDayimane, i-LM, ne-Rosky, C. (2016). Ukubhekisisa ukungaguquguquki: Ucwaningo ngokuthambekela kwezocansi kanye nendima yalo ekumeleleni ngokomthetho e-US kwamalungelo abancane bezocansi. Ijenali yocwaningo lwezocansi. Phambili ukushicilelwa online. i-doi: 10: 1080 / 00224499.2016.1139665
41. U-Doyle C. Transgender “owesifazane” uqamba amanga ngokwelashwa “kokuhlushwa”. WND.com. Mashi 21, 2013. https://www.wnd.com/2013/03/transgendered-woman-lies-about-therapy-torture/
42. U-Eidelberg, L. (1956). Ukuhlaziywa kwecala lowesilisa oyisitabane. Ku S. Lorand & B. Balint (Eds.), Ukuhlanekezelwa: I-Psychodynamic kanye nokwelashwa (amakhasi 279-289). ENew York: Indlu engahleliwe.
43. I-Eliasberg, WG (1954). Ukwelashwa kweqembu labantu abathandana nobungqingili onion. I-Psychotherapy yeQembu, 7, 218 - 226.
44. U-Ellis, A. (1956). Ukusebenza kokusebenza kwengqondo nabantu abanezinkinga ezinzima zobungqingili. Ijenali ye-Consulting Psychology, 20 (3), 191.
45. U-Ellis, A. (1959). Umuntu ongqingili uphathwa ngokwelashwa okunengqondo. I-Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15 (3), 338 - 343.
46. UFeldman, MP, MacCulloch, MJ, & Orford, JF (1971). Iziphetho nokucabangela. Ku-MP Feldman, & MJ MacCulloch (Eds.), Ukuziphatha kobungqingili: Ukwelapha nokuhlola (amakhasi 156-188). ENew York: IPergamon Press.
47. UFinny, JC (1960). Ubungqingili baphathwa yi-psychotherapy ehlanganisiwe. Ijenali Yezokwelapha Komphakathi, i-6 (1), 27 - 34.
48. Izithobu, BH (1969). Okunye okuhlangenwe nakho ekusebenziseni ukwelashwa okungekuhle ngobungqingili besilisa, umbukiso, kanye ne-fetishism-transvestism. Ijenali yaseBrithani ye-Psychiatry, 115, 339 - 341
49. UFordham, F. (1935). Isingeniso ku-psychology kaJung. ENew York: Izincwadi Harmondsworth / Penguin
50. UFreeman, WM, noMeyer, RG (1975). Ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kokuthandwa ngokocansi kowesilisa. Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha, 6, 206-212.
51. UFreud S. Leonardo da Vinci. Isifundo Sobungqingili Sokukhumbula Izingane. Kuhunyushwe yi-AA Brill. ENew York: Moffat, Yard & Co, 1916. ENew York: Bartleby.Com, 2010.http: //www.bartleby.com/277/3.html
52. UFreud, A. (1968). Izifundo ku-passivity (1952 [1949 - 1951]): Ingxenye 1 amanothi ngobungqingili. Embhalweni ka-Anna Freud: Umq. I-4. Izinkomba zokuhlaziywa kwezingane namanye amaphepha (iphe. 245 - 256). ENew York: Amanyuvesi Wezizwe Zonke. (Umsebenzi woqobo oshicilelwe ku1952.)
53. Glatze, uMichael (Julayi 3, 2007), "Indlela 'umholi wamalungelo ezitabane' aqonde ngayo," WorldNetDaily, https://web.archive.org/web/20080918193441/http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/ article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56487
54. I-Glover, i-E (1960). Izimpande zobugebengu: Amaphepha akhethiwe ku-psychoanalysis: Vol. I-2. ENew York: Amanyuvesi Wezizwe Zonke.
55. IGoldberg, A. (2008). Kukhanyise engubeni: I-Torah, ubungqingili, namandla okuguqula. I-Los Angeles: I-Red Heiph Press.
56. UGordon, A. (1930). Umlando wobungqingili: Ubunzima bakhe nokunqoba kwakhe. I-Medical Journal neRekhodi, i-131, 152 - 156.
57. I-Grossman L. Ubulili bungamanzi - sekuyisikhathi sokudlula 'ukuzalwa ngale ndlela'. Isayensi entsha. I-22.07.2015. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22730310-100-sexourse-is-fluid-its- time-to-get-past-born-this-way/
58. Had Had, SB (1958). Ukwelashwa kobungqingili yi-psychotherapy yomuntu ngamunye neqembu. I-American Journal ye-Psychiatry, 114, 810 - 815.
59. Had Had, SB (1966). Ukwelashwa kobungqingili besilisa ngamaqembu. I-International Journal ye-Group Psychotherapy, 16 (1), 13 - 22
60. Had Had, SB (1971). Ukwelashwa kweqembu labungqingili. Izici Zokwelashwa Kwezocansi Kwabantu, i-5 (1), 116 - 127.
61. IHadfield, JA (1958). Ukwelashwa kobungqingili. IBritish Medical Journal, i-1 (2), 1323 - 1326.
62. Hatterer, LJ (1970). Ukushintsha ubungqingili kowesilisa: Ukwelashwa kwabesilisa abahlushwa ubungqingili. ENew York: McGraw-Hill
63. I-Herman, SH, Barlow, DH, Agras, WS (1974). Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola isimo se-classical njengendlela yokwandisa ukuvuswa kobungqingili kwabobungqingili. I-Behahlangu Therapy, 5, 33 - 47.
64. Huff, F. (1970). Ukudelwa komuntu wobungqingili. I-Behahlangual Research Therapy, 8, 99 - 102
65. UJacobi, J. (1969). Icala lobungqingili. Ijenali ye-Analytical Psychology, 14, 48 - 64
66. UJames, S. (1978). Ukwelashwa kobungqingili II. Ukuphakama kokudelwa / ukuvuselelwa njengoba kuqhathaniswa nesimo sokugwemeka okulindelekile: Imiphumela yesivivinyo esilawulwayo. I-Behahlangual Therapy, 9, 28 - 36.
67. UJones, SL, kanye neYarhouse, MA (2007). Izitabane zangaphambili? Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside ngoshintsho olwenziwe ngokwenkolo ekuziphatheni ngokocansi. I-Downer's Grove, IL: I-InterVarsity Press
68. Judkins, LR (1993). Othile ongamshwabadela. I-Alliance Life: I-Journal of Christian Life and Missions, 128 (16), 8 - 12.
69. Karten, E. (2006). Imizamo yokuvuselela abanye ngokocansi abesilisa abangagculiseki ngabobulili obufanayo yaheha abesilisa: Yini ngempela edinga ukuguqulwa? Ukushicilelwa kukaDokotela ongashicilelwanga, iFordham University, eNew York
70. UKaye, HE, Berl, S., Clare, J., Eleston, MR, Gershwin, BS, Gershwin, P., Kogan, LS, Torda, C., & Wilbur, CB (1967). Ubungqingili kwabesifazane. Izinqolobane Ezijwayelekile ze-Psychiatry, 17 (5), 626-634
71. UKendrick, S., noMcCullough, J. (1972). Izigaba ezilandelanayo zokuqiniswa kokufihla nokuzwela ekusithekeni ekwelapheni ubungqingili. Ijenali Yokwelashwa Kokuziphatha kanye Ne-Psychiatry Yokuhlola, 3, 229-231
72. UKonrad, J. (1987). Akumele ube yisitabane. I-Newport Beach, CA: Indlu Yokushicilela EPacific.
73. I-Kraft, T. (1967). Icala lobungqingili liphathwa yi-desensitizationization ehlelekile. I-American Journal ye-Psychotherapy, i-21 (4), i-815 - 821
74. I-Kraft, T. (1970). Desensitization ehlelekile ekwelashweni kongqingili. Ucwaningo lwe-Behahlangu and Therapy, i-8, i-319.
75. I-Lamberd, WG (1971). Imibono: Yimuphi umphumela ongalindelwa ekwelashweni kwezengqondo kwabongqingili? Izici Zokwelashwa Kwezocansi Kwabantu, i-5 (12), 90 - 105
76. Larson, D. (1970). Ukushintshwa kwendlela Feldman and MacCulloch ekwelashweni kongqingili ngokusebenzisa imfundiso yokufunda yokugwema okulindelekile. Ucwaningo lwe-Behahlangual and Therapy, i-8, i-209 - i-210.
77. ILondon, LS, neCaprio, FS (1950). Ukuphambuka ngokocansi: Indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo. IWashington, DC: ILinacre Press.
78. IMacCulloch, MJ, neFeldman, MP (1967). Ukwelashwa okuphambene nokuphathwa kongqingili abangama-43. IBritish Medical Journal, 2, 594-597
79. IMacIntosh, H. (1994). Izimo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwengqondo ngokuhlaziya iziguli zobungqingili. Ijenali ye-American Psychoanalytic Association, 42, 1183 - 1207.
80. Maletzky, BM, & George, FS (1973). Ukwelashwa kobungqingili ngokuzwela okufihlekile "okusizwayo". Ijenali yocwaningo nokuziphatha, i-11 (4), 655-657
81. I-Mandel, K. (1970). Umbiko wokuqala wensiza entsha yokuphikisa abongqingili besilisa. Ucwaningo lwe-Behahlangual and Therapy, i-8, i-93 - i-95
82. Mansfield T., comp. Ama-Voices of Ithemba: Izinsuku Zokugcina Ezihlangene Zokukholwa Ngobuntu obufanayo — I-Anthology ye-Izimfundiso zeVangeli nama-Essays Omuntu. Inkampani ye-Deseret Book 2011.
83. IMather, NJ (1966). Ukwelashwa kongqingili ngokwelashwa kokuphambuka. Imithi, Isayensi, kanye noMthetho, i-6 (4), 200 - 205
84. UMayerson, P., noLief, H. (1965). I-Psychotherapy yongqingili: Ucwaningo olulandelayo. KuJ. Marmor (Umhl.), Ukuguqulwa kocansi: Izimpande eziningi zobungqingili (amakhasi 302-344). ENew York: Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo
85. McConaghy, N. (1969). Izimpendulo ezilandelwayo nezisobala zokuphendula ngokulandela ukukhuluphisa kanye ne-apomorphine toversion therapy ngezifiso zobungqingili. Ijenali yaseBrithani ye-Psychiatry, 115, 723 - 730.
86. McConaghy, N. (1970). Izimpendulo ze-subjential kanye ne-penile plethysmograph ekwelashweni kokweqiwa kobungqingili: Ucwaningo lokulandela. Ijenali yaseBrithani ye-Psychiatry, 117, 555 - 560.
87. McConaghy, N. (1975). Ukuhlanekezelwa kanye nezimo zokwelashwa ezinempilo zobungqingili. Ucwaningo lwe-Behahlangual and Therapy, i-13, i-309 - i-319.
88. UMcConaghy, N., noBarr, RE (1973). Ukwelashwa kwakudala, ukugwema, nokubuyela emuva kobungqingili. IBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 151-162.
89. UMcConaghy, N., Proctor, D., & Barr, R. (1972). Izimpendulo ezizimele neze-penile plethysmography ekwelashweni kokuphamba kobungqingili: Ukuphindaphinda okuyingxenye. Izinqolobane Zokuziphatha Ngocansi, 2, 65-78.
90. McGuire RJ, Vallance M. Aversion Therapy by Electric Shock: A Simple Technique. I-British Medical Journal. 18 January 1964, pp. 151 – 153. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1812608/pdf/brmedj02611-0043.pdf
91. UMichael, RT, Gagnon, JH, Laumann, EO, noKolata, G. (1994). Ucansi eMelika: Ucwaningo olucacile.UBoston: Mncane, uBrown.
92. UMiller, PM, Bradley, JB, Gross, RS, & Wood, G. (1968). Ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo lobungqingili (1960-1966) neminye imiphumela yokwelashwa. I-Psychotherapy: Ithiyori, Ucwaningo, kanye Nokuzijwayeza, 5, 3-6
93. Mintz, E. (1966). Pheqa ubungqingili besilisa eqenjini elihlangene nokwelashwa komuntu ngamunye. Ijenali ye-Consulting Psychology, 30, 193 - 198
94. IMonroe, RR, ne-Enelow, RG (1960). Isisusa sokwelashwa kobungqingili besilisa. Ijenali yaseMelika yePsychotherapy, 14, 474-490.
95. UNicolosi, J., Byrd, AD, & Potts, RW (2000b). Imibiko yokuziphendulela eyenzeka emuva yezinguquko zobungqingili: Inhlolovo yabathengi yamakhasimende okwelashwa okuguqula Imibiko Yezengqondo, 86, 1071-1088
96. UNicolosi, uJoseph (1991). I-Reparative Therapy Yobungqingili Besilisa: Indlela Entsha Yeklinikhi. UJason aronson, inc
97. UNicolosi, uJoseph (1993). Ukuphulukisa Ubungqingili: Izindaba Zase-Reparative Therapy. UJason Aronson, Inc.
98. UNicolosi, uJoseph (2009). Ukulahleka Kwehlazo Nokunamathiselwe: Umsebenzi Owusizo Wokwelapha Ngokuphindaphindayo. I-InterVarsity Press
99. U-Orwin, A., James, SR, & Turner, RK (1974). Ukungajwayelekile kwe-chromosome yezocansi, ubungqingili, nokwelashwa kwengqondo. IBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 293-295
100. I-Ott, MQ, Corliss, HL, et. al. (I-2011), Ukuqina Noshintsho Kumazisi Wokuzibandakanya Kuzocansi Kubantu Abasha: Ukusetshenziswa Kwamamayela Okuhambahamba, Izingobo Zokugcina Ukuziphatha Ngocansi, ngoJuni; I-40 (30): 519-532. Ishicilelwe online 2010 Disemba 2. doi: 10.1007 / s10508-010-9691-3
101. Ovesey, L. (1969). Ubungqingili nobungqingili. ENew York: ISayensi House
102. U-Ovesey, L., Gaylin, W., noHendin, H. (1963). I-Psychotherapy yobungqingili besilisa: Ukwakhiwa kwePsychodynamic. Izingobo zomlando zeGeneral Psychiatry, 9, 19-31
103. Pabon Luis. Okwenza Angisakufuni Ukuba Izitabane. I-ThoughtCatalog. NgoFebhuwari 23rd 2015. https://thoughtcatalog.com/luis-pabon/2015/02/why-i-still-dont-want-to-be-gay-anymore/
104. UPhelan JE, et al. Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile Kombiko We-Task Force Ngezimpendulo Ezifanele Zokulapha Kwezocansi, Izixazululo, Nokukhishwa Kwabezindaba. I-2009a. Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yocwaningo Nokwelapha Ubungqingili. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55efa8b5e4b0c21dd4f4d8ee/t/56f1f6535559863ea9a5c1bb/1458697818646/A+Critical+Evaluation+-+Journal+of+Human+Sexuality+vol.+4+%282%29.pdf
105. UPhelan JE, et al. Okukhonjiswa Ngocwaningo: Impendulo yeNARTH Kwizimangalo ze-APA Zobungqingili Umbiko weKomidi Leseluleki Lesayensi yeNhlangano Yezizwe Yocwaningo Nokwelapha Ubungqingili. Ijenali Yobuntu Bezocansi. I-2009b; Ivolumu 1. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/ec16e9_04d4fd5fb7e044289cc8e47dbaf13632.pdf
106. UPhillips, D., Fischer, SC, Groves, GA, & Singh, R. (1976). Ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zokwelashwa kobungqingili. Izinqolobane Zokuziphatha Ngocansi, 5, 223-228.
107. UPittman, FS, III, noDeYoung, iCD (1971). Ukwelashwa kongqingili emaqenjini abesilisa nabesifazane. Ijenali Yomhlaba Wonke Yeqembu Psychotherapy, 21, 62-73.
108. Poe, JS (1952). Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo komuntu ongungqingili oneminyaka engu-40 osuselwe ekubukeni kokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kocansi. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Psychoanalytic, 39, 23 - 33.
109. Portaluz. "I-homosexualidad ayivunyelwe." U-Elena Lorenzo y su terapia de cambio. 20.06.2014/642/XNUMX. https://www.portaluz.org/la-homosexualidad-no-es-una-enfermedad-elena-lorenzo-y-su-terapia-XNUMX.htm
110. I-Pradhan, i-PV, i-Ayyar, i-KS, ne-Bagadia, i-VN (1982). Ubungqingili: Ukwelashwa ngokuguqulwa kokuziphatha. Ijenali YaseNdiya Yezengqondo, 24, 80-83.
111. URamsay, RW, noVan Velzen, V. (1968). Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kokuhlanekezelwa kwezocansi. Ucwaningo Lokuziphatha Nokwelapha, 6, 233
112. I-Persie, i-FI (1949). Ukuhlaziywa kobungqingili. I-Psychiatric Quarterly, 23, 548 - 566.
113. Ama-Rekers, GA (1995). Incwajana yezinkinga zocansi ezinganeni kanye nezobusha. ENew York: Izincwadi Lexington.
114. URiley A. Izinzuzo ezimangazayo zokwelashwa kwe-electroconvulsive. I-BBC Psychology. Kwangathi 3, 2018. www.bbc.com/future/story/20180502-the-surprising-benefits-of-electroshock-therapy-or-ect
115. Robertiello, RC (1959). Voyage from Lesbos: The psychoanalysis of aungqingili besifazane. ENew York: ICitadel Press.
116. Roper, P. (1967). Imiphumela ye-hypnotherapy ebungqingili. ICanadaan Medical Association Journal, i-96 (6), 319 - 327
117. URoss, MW, noMendelsohn, F. (1958). Ubungqingili ekolishi: Umbiko wokuqala wemininingwane etholwe kubafundi be-143 obonwe esikhungweni sezempilo sabafundi baseyunivesithi kanye nokubuyekezwa kwemibhalo efanelekile. I-American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 80, 253-263.
118. Satinover J. Ubungqingili kanye nepolitiki yeqiniso. I-Grand Rapids, uMich. : Izincwadi ze-Baker, i-1996
119. USavin-Williams, RC kanye noReam, u-GL (2007), ukuvalwa kokuqina kanye nokuqina kwezingxenye zezinto zocansi ngesikhathi sokukhula nobusha obusha, izingobo zokugcina umlando zokuziphatha kwezocansi, i-36, i-385-394.
120. ISchaeffer, KW, Nottebaum, L., Smith, P., Dech, K., & Krawczyk, J. (1999). Ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha ngokocansi okugqugquzelwa ngokwenkolo: Ucwaningo olulandelayo. Ijenali yePsychology neTheology, 27 (4), 329-337.
121. USegal, B., noSims, J. (1972). Covert sensitization nge-homosexual: Ukuphindaphinda okulawulwayo. Ijenali Yokubonisana Ne-Clinical Psychology, 39, 259-263
122. ISerban, G. (1968). Indlela yokwelapha ekhona yobungqingili. I-American Journal ye-Psychotherapy, i-22 (3), i-491 - 501
123. IShealy, AE (1972). Kuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo ekwelapheni ubungqingili. I-Psychotherapy: Ithiyori, uCwaningo, kanye nokuSebenza, 9, 221 - 222
124. I-Shechter, RA (1992). Imingcele yokwelashwa kanye noshintsho oluhlelekile: Ukucabanga ngokwelashwa kwengqondo kongqingili besilisa. Iforamu yamazwe omhlaba ye-Psychoanalysis, 1, 197 - 201.
125. USidloya, A., noSchroeder, M. (2002). Ukushintsha isimo sezocansi: Umbiko womthengi. I-Professional Psychology: Ucwaningo Nokuzijwayeza, 33 (3), 249-259.
126. USiegel, K., Bauman, LJ, Christ, G. H, & Krown, S. (1988). Amaphethini wezinguquko ekuziphatheni ngokocansi phakathi kwamadoda angama-gay eNew York City. Izinqolobane Zokuziphatha Kocansi 17 (6), 481-497.
127. Singh A, Kar SK. Ngabe I-Electroconvulsive Therapy Isebenza Kanjani?: Ukuqonda ama-Neurobiological Mechanisms. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. I-2017; 15 (3): 210-221. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2017.15.3.210
128. ISocarides, CW (1978). Ubungqingili: Ukwelashwa kwe-Psychoanalytic. ENew York: UJason Aronson
129. ISorba R. I-"Born Gay" Hoax. UWilmington DE, 2007.
130. I-Spitzer, RL (2003). Ngabe amanye amadoda ayizitabane nabantu abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesifazane abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesifazane abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandanayo ukuba bashintshe indlela abathanda ngayo ukuya ocansini? Ababambiqhaza be-200 babika ushintsho kusuka kokungqalwa kobungqingili kuya ekunakekelweni kobungqingili. Izingobo zomlando Zokuziphatha Kocansi, i-32, i-403 - 417.
131. Sprigg P. Ex-Gay Therapy Impikiswano: Amaqiniso Eqiniso. Iposi LamaKhristu. Agasti 27, 2014. https://www.christianpost.com/news/ex-gay-therapy-debate-the-truth-matters-125479/
132. IStekel, W. (1930). Ngabe ubungqingili buyelapheka? Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Psychoanalytic, 17, 443 - 451.
133. UStevenson, I., noWolpe, J. (1960). Ukubuyiselwa ekuphambukeni ngokocansi ngokunqoba izimpendulo zabesilisa nabesifazane. Ijenali yaseMelika Yezokwelapha, 116, 737-742.
134. Unamandla, G. (1994). Ngake ngaba yisitabane nokuthi ngenzeni ukuguqula. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezobulungiswa Kwezenhlalo, i-85 (5-6), 75 - 76.
135. I-Tanner, BA (1974). Ukuqhathanisa kwesimo sokuzenzisa sokuzenzakalelayo nokulawulwa kohlu lokulinda ekushintsheni kokuziphatha kongqingili kwabesilisa. I-Behahlangu Therapy, 5, 29 - 32.
136. ITruax, RA, & Tourney, G. (1971). Ongqingili besilisa ekwelashweni kweqembu: Isifundo esilawulwayo. Izifo Zesistimu Yezinzwa, 32 (10), 707-711
137. van den Aardweg, GJM (1971). Umbono omfushane wobungqingili. I-American Journal ye-Psychotherapy, 26, 52 - 68.
138. van den Aardweg, GJM (1986a). Ubungqingili nethemba: Isazi sezengqondo sikhuluma ngokwelashwa nangoshintsho. U-Ann Arbor, MI: Izincwadi Zezisebenzi.
139. van den Aardweg, GJM (1986b). Kwimvelaphi nokwelashwa kobungqingili: Ukuchazwa kabusha kwengqondo. ENew York: UPraeger.
140. Wallace, L. (1969). Psychotherapy wobungqingili besilisa. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Psychoanalytic, 56, 346 - 364
141. I-Whitehead, NE, ne-Whitehead, i-BK (2007).) Izakhi zofuzo zami zangenza ngakwenza! Ukubheka ngokwesayensi kokuya ocansini (2nd ed.) [Incwadi yeWebhu]. Kubuyiswe ngoFebhuwari 5, 2009, kusuka ku-http. / / W /mymy.co.nz
142. I-Wilson R. Electroconvulsive therapy isasetshenziswa nanamuhla - ngemiphumela exubile. I-Independent. NgoDisemba 4, 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/electroconvulsive-therapy-is-back-but-is-it-worth-the-risk-a8084631.html
143. Worthen, F. (1984). Izinyathelo ukuphuma kobungqingili. ISan Rafael, CA: LIA

Funda futhi

• Incazelo eningilizayo yendlela yokwelashwa kwengqondo uJ. G. Goland kuwebhusayithi yakhe: goland.su

• U-Edmund Bergler: Ukwelashwa kobungqingili

• "Abongqingili abaningi bakwazile ukuba nobungqingili" - Isihloko esivela ku-New York Times

• UJoseph Nicolosi: Isimo Esihlukumezayo sobungqingili besilisa

• Ukwelashwa kabusha - Indlela yakamuva yokususa ukukhanga okungafuneki kwabungqingili.

• Kwakheka kanjani ukukhanga ubungqingili? (ividiyo)

• Owayengungqingili usho ukuthi kufanele ashintshe kanjani (ividiyo)

• Gerard Aardweg: umhlahlandlela wokuzilapha ngobungqingili

• Abongqingili e-US baqala ukuyeka ingxabano ethi "wazalwa kangaka"

• Umlando wokukhishwa kobungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo