Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane yesayensi.

Umthombo ngesiNgisi: URobert L. Kinney III - Ubungqingili kanye nobufakazi besayensi: Kuma-anecdotes asolisayo, idatha yakudala, kanye nokwenza jikelele okubanzi.
ILinacre Quarterly 82 (4) 2015, 364 - 390
I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000002
Ukuhumusha Kweqembu Isayensi yeqiniso/ AT. I-Lysov, MD, i-Ph.D.

IZINDLELA EZIQINILE: Njengesizathu “sokwanda” kobungqingili, kuthiwa “ukuzivumelanisa” nokusebenza kwezenhlalo kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili kuyaqhathaniswa nobungqingili. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kanye nokusebenza komphakathi akuhlobene nokuthola ukuthi ukuphambuka kwezocansi kuphazamiseka kwengqondo futhi kuholele eziphethweni ezingezinhle zamanga. Akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ukuthi isimo sengqondo asiphambuki, ngoba isimo esinjalo asiholeli ku-"adaptation" ephazamisekile, ingcindezi noma umsebenzi wezenhlalo okhubazekile, ngaphandle kwalokho ukuphazamiseka okuningi kwengqondo kufanele kukhethwe ngokungafanele njengezimo ezijwayelekile. Iziphetho ezikhonjiwe ezincwadini ezicashunwe ngabaxhasi bokuthi ubungqingili abuwona yini ubufakazi besayensi, futhi izifundo ezingabazekayo azithathwa njengemithombo ethembekile.

ISINGENISO

Ngaphambi nje kokuba kubhalwe le ndatshana, unun ongumKatolika [owabhala i-athikili ebucayi ngobungqingili] wasolwa ngokusebenzisa "izindaba ezisolisayo, imininingwane yakudala kanye nokuhlangana okubanzi ukwenza amademoni nezitabane" (I-Funk 2014) Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, esinye isishoshovu sabhala ukuthi induna iphambukele “emkhakheni wezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye ne-anthropology”, “elingaphezu kwekhono lakhe” (Gallbraith xnumx). Akucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi kwakusho ukuthini ngempela, kepha ukusabela kule ndatshana kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingana ebalulekile. Inkokhelo yokusebenzisa idatha ephelelwe yisikhathi nokuphambukiswa endaweni engaphandle kokubukwa kwanoma ubani kufaka izinto ezimbili. Okokuqala, kusikisela ukuthi kunobunye ubufakazi obusha kunobunazaretha ngesihloko sobungqingili. Okwesibili, kusho ukuthi kukhona ochwepheshe abathembekile abanekhono lokuqagela ngobungqingili. Umbuzo ubuye uvele: empeleni, uthini ngobungqingili "obungaphelelwa yisikhathi", idatha yesimanje? Futhi, bathini ngobungqingili labo okuthiwa ochwepheshe abanegunya? Ukuseshwa okulula kwe-Intanethi kwembula ukuthi iningi lalabo okuthiwa ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo bathi kunobufakazi obuningi besayensi obusekela umbono wabo wokuthi ubungqingili abuyona inkinga yengqondo. Kulesi simo, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukubuyekezwa nokuhlaziywa kobufakazi okuthiwa besayensi bokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo.

Amaqembu amabili ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi “adume futhi athembekile njengochwepheshe ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo e-United States of America” yi-American Psychological Association (APA) ne-American Psychiatric Association. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala ngizonikeza isikhundla salezi zinhlangano maqondana nobungqingili, ngibe sengicubungula "ubufakazi besayensi" abathi basikhulumela leso sikhundla.

Ngizokhombisa ukuthi kunamaphutha abalulekile emithonjeni, anikezwe "njengobufakazi besayensi" ekusekeleni isisho esithi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Ikakhulu, ingxenye ebalulekile yezincwadi ezethulwe njengobufakazi besayensi ayisebenzi kusihloko sobungqingili nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngenxa yalokhu kushiyeka, ukuthembeka kwe-American Psychiatric Association ne-APA, okungenani maqondana nezitatimende zabo maqondana nezocansi kwabantu, kuyabuzwa.

UKUXHUMANA KWAMANDLA WESIZWE SE-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL kanye NOKUZIPHATHA KWAMANDLA WESIZWE SE-AMERICAN

Ngizoqala ngencazelo ye-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association, bese ngikhuluma ngemibono yabo ngobungqingili. I-APA ithi:

"... inhlangano enkulu yesayensi nephrofayili emele ukusebenza kwengqondo e-United States. I-APA yinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke yezengqondo nabacwaningi abacishe babe ngama-130 000, othisha, odokotela, abeluleki kanye nabafundi. " (I-American Psychological Association 2014)

Inhloso yakhe "Umthelela ekwakhiweni, ekuxhumaneni nasekusetshenzisweni kolwazi lwengqondo ngokwenzuzo yomphakathi kanye nokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu" (I-American Psychological Association 2014).

I-American Psychiatric Association (nayo esebenzisa i-APA yamagama):

"... yinhlangano enkulu kakhulu yezengqondo emhlabeni. Lo ngumphakathi okhethekile wezokwelapha omelela inani elikhulayo lamalungu, njengamanje angaphezu kwe-35 000 psychiatrists ... Amalungu alo asebenza ngokubambisana ekunakekelweni kokunakekelwa komuntu kanye nokwelashwa okusebenzayo kubo bonke abantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. I-APA yizwi nonembeza wezifo zengqondo zanamuhla ” (I-American Psychiatric Association 2014a).

I-American Psychiatric Association inyathelisa i-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo - iDSM, okuyi:

"... ireferensi esetshenziswa ochwepheshe bezempilo e-United States nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele njengoba igunya umhlahlandlela wokuxilongwa kwempilo yengqondo. I- “DSM” iqukethe izincazelo, izimpawu nezinye izindlela zokuthola ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Inika ubumbano bokuxhumana kodokotela abaxhumana nabo ngeziguli zabo futhi ichaza ukuxilongwa okungaguquki nokungathembeki okungasetshenziswa ocwaningweni lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Inika ubunye bokuxhumana abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole izindlela zokubuyekezwa okungaba khona esikhathini esizayo futhi basize ekwakheni izidakamizwa nokunye ukungenelela. ” (I-American Psychiatric Association 2014b, ukukhetha okungeziwe).

Imihlahlandlela yokuxilonga neyokubala yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ithathwa njengemihlahlandlela enegunya yokuhlonza izimo zempilo yengqondo. Kulandela ukuthi labo odokotela bengqondo abakha i-American Psychiatric Association, ikakhulukazi labo ababambe iqhaza ekuchazeni okuqukethwe kwe- “DSM,” bathathwa njengeziphathimandla nochwepheshe emkhakheni wezengqondo (kubantu abangayazi imininingwane yesayensi, ukutadisha kwengqondo kwehlukile ekufundweni kwezifo zengqondo, ngenxa yalokho kunezinhlangano ezimbili ezihlukene ezifunda ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo - ezengqondo nezengqondo).

Isimo sengqondo se-APA neAmerican Psychiatric Association mayelana nobungqingili sichazwe okungenani emibhalweni emibili ebalulekile. Owokuqala wale mibhalo yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi. Umfushane ka-Amici Curiae we-APA¹enikezwe ngesikhathi seCala Lenkantolo Ephakeme yase-US Lawrence v. Texas, okuholele ekuchithweni kwemithetho elwa nesodomy. Owesibili ngumbhalo we-APA onesihloko esithi "Target Group Report on Ther sahihi Therapeutic to Sexual Oriental"². Ababhali kulo mbiko "Senze ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwezincwadi zesayensi ezibukezwe ontanga ngemizamo yokushintsha ubulili" ukuhlinzeka "izincomo ezikhethekile kwabasebenza kwezempilo yengqondo abanamalayisense, umphakathi kanye nosopolitiki" (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 2) Womabili la madokhumenti aqukethe izingcaphuno ezivela ezintweni ezihanjiswa “njengobufakazi” bokuxhasa umbono wokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Ngizobheka ubufakazi besayensi obunikezwe emibhalweni futhi ngizohlaziya imithombo esethulwe njengobufakazi besayensi.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "iqembu elibhekiswe" elalilungiselela idokhumenti lesibili laholwa nguJudith M. Glassgold, ongudokotela wezifo zengqondo wabantu besifazane. Uhlala ebhodini le-Journal of Gay neLesbian Psychotherapy futhi ungusihlalo wangaphambilini woMnyango we-Gay no-Lesbi woMnyango we-APA (UNicolosi 2009) Amanye amalungu eqembu lomsebenzi kwakungu: uLee Bexted, uJack Drescher, uBeverly Green, uRobin Lyn Miller, uRoger L. Worsington noClinton W. Anderson. Ngokusho kukaJoseph Nicolosi, uBexted, uDrescher no-Anderson “bayisitabane,” uMiller “uphakathi kwamabili,” kanti noGreen ungowesitabane (UNicolosi 2009) Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufunda umbono wabo, umfundi kufanele abheke ukuthi abamele i-APA bangathathi hlangothi kulolu daba.

Ngizocaphuna kule mibhalo emibili. Lokhu kuzovumela ukudalulwa okubanzi kwesikhundla se-APA kanye ne-American Psychiatric Association.

UKWAKHIWA KWAMAHHALA AMABILI KWI-HOMOSEXUALISM

I-APA ibhala ngokuheha izifiso zobungqingili:

"... ukuheha ngokobulili obufanayo, ukuziphatha, kanye nokuzilolonga ngokwako kungokwehluka okujwayelekile futhi okuhle kocansi lwabantu - ngamanye amazwi, azikhombisi ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo noma ukukhula." (Glassgold et al. I-2009, 2).

Bachaza ukuthi “ngokwejwayelekile” basho "Kokubili ukungabikho kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuba khona komphumela omuhle nenempilo wokuthuthuka komuntu" (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 11) Ababhali be-APA Bacabangisisa Lezi Zitatimende "Ixhaswe yisisekelo esikhulu sokwenza amandla" (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 15).

Umbhalo we-APA Expertion Opinion usebenzisa izinkulumo ezifanayo:

"... amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo kanye nesipiliyoni somtholampilo kuholele kuzo zonke izinhlangano zezempilo kuleli ukuthi ziphendule ngokuthi ubungqingili yindlela ejwayelekile yocansi lwabantu." (Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2003, 1).

Ngakho-ke, isikhundla esiyinhloko se-APA kanye ne-American Psychiatric Association ukuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo, kepha kunendlela ejwayelekile yobungqingili babantu, futhi bathi isikhundla sabo sisuselwe ebufakazini besayensi obalulekile.

USigmund Freud

Yomibili le mibhalo iyaqhubeka nokubuyekezwa komlando wobungqingili kanye ne-psychoanalysis. Elinye iphepha liqala ngokucaphuna uSigmund Freud, ophakamise ukuthi ubungqingili "Akuyona into eyihlazo, ububi, kanye nokuwohloka, akunakubalwa njengesifo, kepha kuwukuhlukahluka kokwenza ucansi" (UFreud, 1960, 21, 423 - 4) Ababhali bayazi ukuthi uFreud uzame ukuguqula inkambiso yezocansi yowesifazane oyedwa, kepha, bengazange baphumelele, "UFreud uphethe ngokuthi imizamo yokushintsha ubulili bobungqingili kungenzeka ingaphumeleli." (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 21).

Kuyavela ukuthi incwadi ebhalwe ngu [Freud] ngonyaka we-1935 iphelelwe yisikhathi noma ayisasebenzi, kuya ngokukhethwa kwamagama. Isiphetho sikaFreud sokuthi ushintsho ekuqondisweni kobungqingili "mhlawumbe akuphumelelanga "ngemuva komzamo owodwa nje kufanele uthathwe njenge" ndaba esolisayo. " Ngakho-ke, idatha kaFreud kuleli cala ayanele; ngokususelwa encwadini yakhe, akunakwenzeka ukwenza isitatimende sokuthi ubungqingili buyehluka okujwayelekile esimweni sokuya ocansini komuntu. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ababhali bagwema ngamabomu ukukhipha ngokuphelele imibono kaFreud, ophakamise ukuthi ubungqingili "ukuhlukahluka emsebenzini wokuya ocansini okubangelwa ukumiswa okuthile entuthukweni yezocansi"(I-Herek 2012) Ukugwema ngokucaphuna lokhu kucaphuna emsebenzini kaFreud kuyadukisa. (Ngemininingwane engaphezulu kwalokho uFrud akubhalile ngobungqingili, kungafundwa emsebenzini kaNicolosi).

U-Alfred Kinsey

Umbhalo we-APA Task Force ube usubhekise ezincwadini ezimbili ezibhalwe u-Alfred Kinsey ku-1948 naku-1953 (Ukuziphatha Ngocansi kuNdoda Yabesilisa Nezocansi Ohlangothini Lwabesilisa):

"... ngasikhathi sinye lapho imibono yokwenziwa kobungqingili ku-American psychiatry kanye ne-psychology ibekwa khona, ubufakazi babuqongelela ukuthi lo mbono onesihluku awusekelwa kahle. Ukushicilelwa kwesihloko esithi “Ukuziphatha Kobulili Emuntwini Womuntu” nesithi “Ukuziphatha Kobulili Emuntwini Womuntu” kukhombise ukuthi ubungqingili buvame kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili, kukhombisa ukuthi lokho kuziphatha kuyingxenye yokuqhubeka kokuziphatha nobulili. ” (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Kule khotheshini, iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo yisibalo sobungqingili “nokuqhubeka okuvamile” kokuziphatha kobulili. Ngamanye amagama, i-APA isho okulandelayo ngokusekelwe ezincwadini zeKinsey:

1. Kubonakele ukuthi ubungqingili buvame kakhulu phakathi kwabantu kunokucabanga kwangaphambilini;
2. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukusabalalisa okujwayelekile (noma okujwayelekile "okuqhubekayo") kokuheha ubulili obuhlukile.

Izimpikiswano zikaKinsey (ezemukelwa yi-APA) aziphelele nje njengokuchazwa kwalokho okushiwo uFreud. I- "Continuum" "ukulandelana okuqhubekayo lapho izinto ezisondelene ziyehluka neze komunye nomunye, kepha okwedlulele kuhluke kakhulu" (I-New Oxford American Dictionary 2010, ukuqhubeka kwe-sv) Isibonelo sokuqhubeka kokufundwa kwezinga lokushisa - “kuyashisa” futhi “kubanda” kuhlukile kakhulu komunye nomunye, kepha kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-100 ° F ne-99 ° F. Kinsey echaza umbono wakhe wokuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo esimweni semvelo:

“Umhlaba awunakwahlukaniswa kuphela njengezimvu nezimbuzi. Akubona bonke abamnyama hhayi bonke abamhlophe. Isisekelo se-taxonomy ukuthi imvelo kuyaqabukela isebenza ngezigaba ezi-disc. Ingqondo yomuntu kuphela evimba izigaba futhi izama ukubeka onke amaqanda kubhasikidi. Izilwane zasendle ziyinto eqhubekayo kuzo zonke izici zalo.. Ngokushesha lapho sikuqonda lokhu maqondana nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokobulili, maduze nje singathola ukuqonda okufanele ngezinto ezingokoqobo zocansi. ” (IKinsey nePomeroy 1948, ukukhetha okungeziwe).

Ngokuphathelene nobungqingili, uKinsey (njengababhali be-APA) uphetha ngokuthi njengoba abanye abantu beheha ubulili babo, ngokuzenzekelayo kulandela ukuthi kunokuqhubeka okuvamile kwe-sex drive. Ukuze ubone ukusilela kwezincazelo ezinjalo zokuphikisana akudingi degree yesayensi. Ukuziphatha okujwayelekile akunqunywa nje ngokubonwa kokuziphatha okunjalo emphakathini. Lokhu kusebenza kuyo yonke isayensi yezokwelapha.

Ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda ubungozi bempikiswano enjalo, ngizokhipha isibonelo sokuziphatha okukodwa okuphawuleka okuphawuleka phakathi kwabantu. Abanye abantu banesifiso esikhulu sokususa izitho zabo zomzimba ezinempilo; phakathi kwabanye abantu kunesifiso sokufaka izibazi emzimbeni wabo, kanti abanye bafuna ukuzilimaza nangezinye izindlela. Bonke laba bantu abazibulalanga, abafuni ukufa, kepha bafuna nje ukususa izitho zabo ezinempilo noma ukulimaza imizimba yabo.

Isimo lapho umuntu ezwa isifiso sokususa ingxenye enempilo yomzimba yaziwa yisayensi ngokuthi yi- “apotemophilia”, “xenomelia”, noma i- “bodyqotho disorder syndrome”. I-Apothemophilia iyi "Isifiso somuntu ophile kahle sokukhumula isitho esinempilo futhi esisebenza ngokugcwele" (I-Brugger, i-Lenggenhager ne-Giummarra 2013, 1) Kwaphawulwa ukuthi "Iningi labantu abane-apotemophilia ngamadoda", lokho "Iningi lifuna ukunqamula umlenze"yize "Inani elikhulu labantu abane-apothemophilia bafuna ukususa imilenze yomibili" (UHilti et al., 2013, 319). Kokunye ukuhlola okwenziwe ngamadoda e-13, kwaphawulwa ukuthi zonke izifundo ezinama-apotemophilia zazibonela «isifiso esinamandla nqamula imilenze " (UHilti et al., 2013, 324, ukukhetha kufakiwe). Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi lesi simo sikhula ebuntwaneni, nokuthi singabakhona kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa (UBlom, uHennekam noDenys 2012, 1). Ngamanye amagama, abanye abantu bangazalwa benesifiso noma isifiso esiqhubekayo sokukhipha umlenze ophile kahle. Futhi, ocwaningweni phakathi kwabantu be-54, kutholakale ukuthi i-64,8% yabantu abane-xenomyelia banemfundo ephakeme (UBlom, uHennekam noDenys 2012, 2). Olunye ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi ukususa izitho ezinempilo kuholela "Ukuthuthuka okuhle ezingeni lempilo" (UBlom, uHennekam noDenys 2012, 3).

Ngakho-ke, ukufingqa: kunesimo sengqondo lapho abantu 'befisa' futhi 'bafune' ukususa imilenze yabo enempilo. Lesi sifiso singaba semuva, noma, ngamanye amazwi, abantu bangazalwa benesifiso sokususa izinyawo zabo ezinempilo. Le "sifiso" kanye "nesifiso" sifana "nokuthambekela" noma "ukuthanda". "Isifiso" noma "isifiso", empeleni, alifani ngqo nekhomishini yokuqunywa (isenzo), kepha ukukhetha, isifiso, isifiso, kanye nesifiso, kanye nesenzo sokususa uqobo kuthathwa njengokuphula umthetho (IHiltiet al., 2013, 324)³.

Ukususa izinyawo eziphilile umphumela we-pathological, futhi nesifiso sokususa izitho ezinempilo isifiso se-pathological noma ukuthambekela. Isifiso se-pathological sikhula ngesimo semicabango, njengasenkingeni yezifiso eziningi (uma kungenjalo) zonke. Ezimweni eziningi, le nkinga ibikhona kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ekugcineni, abantu abagcwalisa isifiso sabo futhi basuse umlenze ophile kahle bazizwa bengcono ngemuva kokunqunywa. Ngamanye amagama, labo abasebenza ngokwesifiso sabo sokulimala (imicabango ye-pathological) futhi benza isenzo se-pathological ukususa isitho esinempilo, bathola ukuphuculwa "kwempilo" noma bathole umuzwa wenjabulo ngemuva kokwenza isenzo se-pathological. (Umfundi kufanele aqaphele lapha ukufana phakathi kwesimo se-apotemophilia kanye nesimo sobungqingili.)

Isibonelo sesibili esinokuphazamiseka kwengqondo engikubalulile ngenhla yilokho okuthiwa. "Ukuzilimaza okungazibulali", noma "ukuzilimaza" (isifiso sokuzilimaza, izibazi). UDavid Klonsky uqaphele ukuthi:

"Ukuguqula okuzenzakalelayo okungazibulalanga kuchazwa njengokubhujiswa ngamabomu kwezicubu zomzimba wakhe (ngaphandle kwezinhloso zokuzibulala), ezingalawulwa ngemiyalo yomphakathi ... Izinhlobo ezivamile zokuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo kufaka phakathi ukusika nokukhahlela, ukuzilolonga, nokuphazamisa ukupholisa amanxeba. Ezinye izindlela zifaka ukubaza amagama noma izinhlamvu esikhunjeni, ukugoba izitho zomzimba. ” (I-Klonsky 2007, I-1039-40).

UKlonsky noMuehlenkamp babhala ukuthi:

“Abanye bangasebenzisa ukuzilimaza njengendlela yokujabulisa noma ukujabulela, kufana nokuxhuma iphazili noma ukugxuma kwe-bungee. Isibonelo, izinhloso ezisetshenziswa abanye abantu njengezinhloso ezizenzakalelayo zifaka "ngifuna ukuphakama", "ngicabanga ukuthi kungaba mnandi" nokuthi "kujabulise". Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo kungenzeka eqenjini labangane noma ontanga. ” (UKlonsky noMuehlenkamp 2007, 1050)

Ngokufanayo, uKlonsky uphawula lokho

"... ukwanda kokushintshwa kwezimoto ezenzakalelayo kubantu kuphakeme futhi kungenzeka kuphakeme phakathi kwentsha nentsha ... kuye kwaba sobala ukuthi i-automtipion ibonwa ngisho naseqenjini labantu abangenawo emtholampilo nabasebenza kakhulu, njengabafundi bezikole eziphakeme, abafundi basekolishi nabasebenzi bezempi ... Ukudlondlobala okwandayo kokushintshana okuzenzakalelayo uthi odokotela banethuba lokuhlangabezana nale ndlela yokuziphatha kunakuqala. ” (I-Klonsky 2007, 1040, ukukhetha kufakiwe).

I-American Psychiatric Association iphawula ukuthi ngokungazibandakanyi auto-mutation, ukulungiswa okuqondile "Imvamisa kusanda kwengezwa, futhi nomonakalo uqobo uzwakala umnandi, yize umuntu azi ukuthi uzilimaza" (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 806).

Ukufingqa, ukuzilimaza okungazibulalanga umphumela we-pathological kwandulelwa ngu isifiso se-pathological (noma "Ukugqugquzeleka") zilimaze. Labo abazilimaza bakwenza ngenxa "Thokozani". Ezinye iziguli ezinale nkinga "Kusebenza kakhulu" ngomqondo wokuthi bayakwazi ukuhlala, ukusebenza nokwenza izinto emphakathini, ngasikhathi sinye lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ekugcineni "Ukuxhaphaka kokushintshwa kwezimoto kuphezulu kakhulu futhi kungenzeka kuphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwentsha nentsha" (I-Klonsky 2007, 1040).

Manje emuva kunhloso yokuqala - ukubheka izibonelo ze-apotemophilia kanye nokuziguqula ngokuzenzakalela ohlakeni lwe-logic ye-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association. I-APA ithi okutholakele ocwaningweni luka-Alfred Kinsey sekuphikise ubungqingili njengezifo zengqondo. I-APA isekela lesi sitatimende ngocwaningo lukaKinsey "Uveze ukuthi ubungqingili buvame kakhulu kunendlela obekucatshangwa ngayo phambilini, okukhombisa ukuthi lokho kuziphatha kuyingxenye yokuqhubeka kokuziphatha nezocansi" (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Futhi, inguqulo efinqiwe yengxabano kaKinsey ibukeka kanjena:

1. Phakathi kwabantu, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ubungqingili buvame kakhulu kunokuba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili;
2. Ngakho-ke, kunokuhlukahluka okujwayelekile (noma “okuqhubekayo”) kwesifiso sobulili.

Faka esikhundleni ubungqingili ngezibonelo ze-apotemophilia kanye ne-auto-mutation, kulandela umbono weKinsey ne-APA, bese kuba khona ukuphikisana okulandelayo:

1. Kubonakele ukuthi abanye abantu bayalingwa futhi balangazelela ukuzilimaza futhi banqume izingxenye ezinempilo zemizimba yabo;
2. Kukhonjisiwe phakathi kwabantu ukuthi isifiso sokuzilimaza nokunquma izitho zomzimba ezinempilo sivame kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili;
3. Ngakho-ke, kunokuhluka okujwayelekile kwesifiso sokuzilimaza futhi unqume izitho zomzimba ezinempilo; kunokuqhubeka kokuhluka okujwayelekile maqondana nezimo zengqondo ngokuzilimaza.

Ngakho-ke, singabona ukuthi izimpikiswano zeKinsey ne-APA azinangqondo futhi azivumelani; ukubonwa kokuziphatha ukuthi kuvame kakhulu kunokucabanga kwangaphambilini akuholeli ngokuzenzakalelayo esiphethweni sokuthi kunokuqhubeka okuvamile kokuziphatha okunjalo. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi umuntu ngamunye obonile ukusebenza komuntu kumane nje kuyindlela eyodwa ejwayelekile “ekuqhubekeni” kokuziphatha komuntu; uma isifiso sokuzilimaza wena noma isifiso sokususa umlenze ophile kahle kubonakaliswa kuvame kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili, khona-ke (ngomqondo wabo) lokho kuziphatha kuzoba yingxenye yokuqhubeka kokuziphatha nezinhloso zokuzilimaza.

Kwesinye isiphetho se-Kinsey spectrum kuzoba nalabo abafuna ukuzibulala, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesibuko kuzoba nalabo abafuna impilo nokusebenza okujwayelekile kwemizimba yabo. Endaweni ethile phakathi kwabo, ngokomqondo kaKinsey, kuzoba nalabo abazizwa bezisika izandla zabo, futhi eceleni kwabo kuzoba nalabo abafuna ukusika lezi zandla ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuholela embuzweni: kungani zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha komuntu zingabhekwa njengezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha komuntu? Ingxabano yemakethe yaseKinsey, uma iyaqhubeka ngokunengqondo, isusa ngokuphelele noma yisiphi isidingo sokusebenza kwengqondo noma kwengqondo; UKinsey ubhale ukuthi "izwe eliphilayo liyinto eqhubekayo kuzo zonke izici zalo". Ukube bekunjalo, ngabe bekungekho into efana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (noma ukuphazamiseka ngokomzimba), futhi bekungeke kube nesidingo sayo yonke lezinhlangano namaqembu ahlonza futhi aphathe ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ukuheha ikhomishini yamacala obucayi kungaba, ngokombono kaKinsey, kungaba nje enye yezinketho ezijwayelekile ekuqhubekeni kwesimo ngempilo yomuntu.

Ngakho-ke, isimangalo se-APA sokuthi isifundo sikaKinsey "siyaphika" ubungqingili njengezazi zengqondo azanele futhi zinephutha. Imininingwane yezincwadi zesayensi ayisekeli isiphetho esinjalo, futhi isiphetho ngokwaso asinangqondo. (Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kanye nokuphikisana okungenangqondo, ucwaningo oluningi lukaKinsey lwachithwa (I-Browder xnumx; bona imininingwane inganekwane ye10%).

K. S. FORD NO-FRANK A. BEACH

Omunye umthombo obekwe njengobufakazi besayensi bokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo yisifundo esenziwe nguC. S. Ford noFrank A. Beach. I-APA ibhale:

“I-CS Ford neBeach (1951) ikhombisile ukuthi ukuziphatha kobungqingili nobungqingili kuyatholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane kanye namasiko abantu. Lokhu okutholwe kukhombisa ukuthi akukho lutho olungelona olwendalo ekuziphatheni kobulili obufanayo noma ekuthandeni ubungqingili."(UGlassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Lesi sicaphucaphu sithathwe encwadini ebizwa ngePhetheni yokuzibandakanya ocansini. Yabhalwa ngonyaka we-1951, futhi kuyo, ngemuva kokufunda idatha ye-anthropological, ababhali baphakamisa ukuthi isenzo sobungqingili savunyelwa ku-49 kusuka kumasiko esintu e-76 (OweZizwe kanye noMiller, 2009, 576). UFord noBeach baphinde futhi “bakhombisa ukuthi phakathi kwabokuqala abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganyela ezenzweni zobungqingili” (OweZizwe kanye noMiller, 2009) Ngakho-ke, ababhali be-APA bakholelwa ukuthi njengoba abacwaningi ababili be-1951 bethola ukuthi ubungqingili buqapheleka kubantu abathile nasezilwaneni, kuyalandela ukuthi akukho okungeyona okwemvelo ebungqingili (incazelo yokuthi "akukho okungeyona eyemvelo" kubonakala isho ukuthi ubungqingili "okujwayelekile"). Umongo wale ngxabano ungavezwa kanjena:

1. Noma yisiphi isenzo noma isenzo esibhekwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane namasiko esintu sibonisa ukuthi ayikho into engeyona eyemvelo kulokhu kuziphatha noma isenzo;
2. Ukuziphatha kobungqingili nobungqingili kuye kwabonwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane kanye namasiko abantu;
3. Ngenxa yalokho, akukho okungeyona okwemvelo ekuziphatheni kobulili obufanayo noma ekuthandeni ubungqingili.

Kulesi simo, sidingida futhi "umthombo ophelile" (ucwaningo lwe-1951 lonyaka), okubuye kube nesiphetho esingenangqondo. Ukuqashelwa kwanoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwabantu naphakathi kwezilwane akusona isimo esanele sokunquma ukuthi ayikho into engeyona eyemvelo yokuziphatha okunjalo (ngaphandle kokuthi i-APA ize nenye incazelo yegama elithi "imvelo" ukwamukela leli gama) . Ngamanye amagama, kunezenzo eziningi noma ukuziphatha okwenziwa ngabantu nezilwane, kepha lokhu akuhlali kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi "Ayikho into engeyona eyemvelo»Ezenzweni nasekuziphatheni okunjalo. Isibonelo, i-cannibalism iboniswe yande emasikweni abantu naphakathi kwezilwane (Petrinovich 2000, 92).

[Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, u-Beach wavuma ukuthi akasazi isibonelo esisodwa seqiniso sabesilisa noma abesifazane emhlabeni wezilwane abathanda umlingani wobungqingili: “Kukhona abesilisa abahlala kwamanye amadoda, kodwa ngaphandle kokungenelwa noma ukuvuthwa. Ungabona futhi ikheji phakathi kwabesifazane ... kepha ukububiza ngobungqingili kumqondo womuntu ukuhumusha, nokuhumusha kuyinkohliso ... Akungabazeki ukuthi ikheji uqobo lwalo lungabizwa ngokocansi ... " (Karlen 1971, 399) -  cishe. ngamunye.]

Ukufaka isicelo se-cannibalism ku-logic esetshenziswa yi-APA kuzoholela kulengxabano elandelayo:

1. Noma yisiphi isenzo noma isenzo esibhekwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane namasiko esintu sibonisa ukuthi ayikho into engeyona eyemvelo kulokhu kuziphatha noma isenzo;
2. Ukudla abantu bohlobo lwezinhlobo zabo kwabonwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane kanye namasiko abantu;
3. Ngenxa yalokho, akukho okungeyona okungokwemvelo ekudleni kwabantu kwezinhlobo zabo.

Kodwa-ke, awucabangi yini ukuthi kukhona okuthile "okungeyona okwemvelo" ku-cannibalism? Singafika kulesi siphetho ngesisekelo somqondo nje ojwayelekile (ngaphandle kokuba yi-anthropologist, isazi sezenhlalo, isazi sezengqondo noma isazi sezinto eziphilayo). Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwama-APA esiphetho esiyiphutha seFord neBear njengobu "bufakazi" bokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuphelelwe isikhathi futhi alwanele. Futhi, izincwadi zesayensi aziqinisekisi iziphetho zazo, futhi isiphetho ngokwaso asinangqondo; ukuxabana kwabo akuyona impikiswano yesayensi. (Lesi sibonelo singasetshenziselwa futhi ukucacisa ukunengqondo okungenangqondo kweKinsey ne-APA: kuzoba ne-veganism kwesinye isiphetho se-"frequency ejwayelekile yokuqondiswa kokudla" kanye ne-cannibalism kwenye).

U-Evelyn Hooker nabanye ku “Adaptability”

Le ngxabano elandelayo yababhali beqembu elihlosiwe le-APA liyinkomba yokushicilelwa kuka-Evelyn Hooker:

"Ucwaningo lwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Evelyn Hooker lwafaka umqondo wobungqingili njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ekuhlolweni kwesayensi. UHooker wafunda isampula elingelona elezokwelapha labesilisa abathandana nobungqingili futhi waliqhathanisa nesampula efanisiwe yabesilisa abathandanayo. UHooker uthole, phakathi kokunye, okuvela emiphumeleni yezivivinyo ezintathu (testical testercepts test, Tshela le ndaba ngokuhlolwa kwezithombe kanye nokuhlolwa kweRorschach) ukuthi amadoda angqingili aqhathaniswa neqembu elingafani nobungqingili ngezinga lokuvumelana nezimo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ochwepheshe abafunda imigomo yeRorschach behluleka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinqubo zeqembu elingungqingili neqembu elingathandani nobungqingili, okuholele ekutheni kube nokuphikisana okuningana nokuqonda okubanzi kobungqingili nezindlela zokuhlola ezenziwa ngaleso sikhathi. ” (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 22, ukukhetha kufakiwe).

Umbono wesazi we-APA ubuye ubhekise kuHooker njengoba "Ucwaningo oluphelele":

"... kokukodwa kokuqala ngokucophelela Ucwaningo ngeMpilo Yengqondo Kobungqingili UDkt. Evelyn Hooker usebenzise ibhethri yokuhlolwa kwengqondo okujwayelekile ukuze atadishe amadoda angongqingili nangqingili ayefaniswe ngobudala, i-IQ, kanye nemfundo... Ngokusuka kudatha yakhe, uphethe ngokuthi ubungqingili abuhlobene ngokwemvelo ne-psychopathology. nokuthi “ubungqingili abukho njengesimo somtholampilo.” (Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2003, I-10 - 11, ukukhetha kufakiwe)

Ngakho-ke, kwi-1957, u-Evelyn Hooker waqhathanisa amadoda athi angungqingili nabesilisa abathi bangabobulili obuhlukile. Wafunda izifundo esebenzisa izivivinyo ezintathu zokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo: ukuhlolwa kokuqonda okwamukelekayo, isivivinyo esithi "Tshela izindaba ezithombeni", nokuhlolwa kweRorschach. UHooker uphethe ngokuthi "ubungqingili njengesimo somtholampilo abukho" (Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2003, 11).

Ukuhlaziywa ngokuphelele nokugxekwa kocwaningo lweHooker kungaphezu kobubanzi balesi sihloko, kepha amaphuzu amaningi kufanele aqaphele.

Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zanoma yiluphi ucwaningo yilezi: (1) ipharamitha elinganisiwe (isiNgisi: "umphumela"; iphuzu lokugcina), kanye (2) ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi uthole isiphetho selitshe ngokulinganisa le pharamitha.

Esinye isici esibalulekile socwaningo ukuthi ngabe izilinganiso zilungile yini. Ucwaningo lukaHooker lubheke "ukulungiswa" kwabantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo nobungqingili njengepharamitha elinganiseka. U-Hooker uthe ukuguquguquka okulinganiswa kwabobungqingili nakwabobulili obufanayo kuyafana. Kodwa-ke ayinikezeli incazelo yegama elithi "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo". Okwamanje, umfundi kufanele akhumbule igama elithi "adaptability," engizobuyela kulo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi eminye imisebenzi eminingi ichaze ngokugxeka amaphutha endlela esifundweni seHooker (imisebenzi emibili ebhekana namaphutha ezindlela ezifundweni zeHooker inikezwe esigabeni sezinkomba - lezi Schumm (2012) и UCameron noCameron (2012)) Kulesi sihloko, ngizohlala kusisekelo esisetshenziswe nguHooker njengobufakazi besayensi esikhundleni sesitatimende mayelana "nokujwayelekile" kobungqingili: ukuvumelana nezimo.

Ngigxile kule pharamitha, ngoba ngonyaka we-2014, "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kuseyisisekelo esibonakaliswa izinhlangano eziphambili njengobufakazi besayensi, esivivaneni nesisho esithi ubungqingili "buhlukile kokwehluka kobuntu komuntu".

Ngemuva kokukhuluma ngocwaningo luka-Evelyn Hooker njengobufakazi besayensi, ababhali bebutho lomsebenzi le-APA bathi:

"Ocwaningweni lwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili, bathole imiphumela efanayo [nedatha evela ku-Evelyn Hooker] .... Eminyakeni elandelayo ngemuva kwezifundo ezenziwa nguHooker no-Armon, inani lezifundo ezazikhulunywa ngocansi kanye nezocansi lakhula. Imicimbi emibili ebalulekile iphawule ushintsho olukhulu ekufundweni kobungqingili. Okokuqala, belandela isibonelo sikaHooker, abacwaningi abaningi ngokwengeziwe baqala ukwenza ucwaningo ngamaqembu angewona awemitholampilo abesilisa nabesifazane abangongqingili. Izifundo zangesikhathi esedlule bezibandakanya iningi lababambe iqhaza ababecindezelekile noma beboshwe. Okwesibili, izindlela zokulinganisa zokuhlola ubuntu bomuntu (ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kobuntu be-Eysenck, uhlaka lwemibuzo le-Cattell, kanye nokuhlolwa kweMinnesota) kwenziwa futhi kwaba ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwe-psychometric phezu kwezindlela zangaphambilini, ezifana, isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kweRorschach. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngalezi zindlela zokuhlola ezisanda kwenziwa lwakhombisa ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili empeleni babefana nabesilisa nabesifazane abathandanayo ngokobana basebenzisane nalutho. ”(UGlassgold et al., 2009, 23, ukukhetha kufakiwe).

Lo mugqa wokugcina, engiwagcizelele, ubaluleke kakhulu; "izindlela ezintsha"Qhathaniswa"ukuzivumelanisa nezimo”Futhi amandla okusebenza emphakathini phakathi kwabongqingili nabobulili obuhlukile, okungukuthi, basebenzise ukuqhathanisa ukufakazela umbono wokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga. Kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kwakusetshenziswa ngokushintshashintshayo ngo "adaptability"Jahoda xnumx, I-60 - 63, Seaton ngaphakathi I-Lopez 2009, I-796 - 199). Ngenxa yalokho, i-APA iphinda futhi isho ukuthi njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili “befana” nabesilisa nabesifazane abasesimweni sokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokusebenza kwezenhlalo, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Leyo ngxabano efanayo ephakanyiswe ngu-Evelyn Hooker, ogcizelele isiphetho sakhe sokuthi ubungqingili akuyona indawo eyisisekelo enedatha ekhombisa ukufana phakathi kwabongqingili nabobungqingili ku "adaptability".

Ukubuyekezwa okwenziwe nguJohn C. Gonsiorek okunesihloko esithi "Empirical Basis for the Demise of Illness Model ofungqingili" kubuye kuvezwe yi-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association njengobufakazi bokuthi ubungqingili abuyona inkinga (UGlassgold et al., 2009, 23; Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Kulesi sihloko, uGonsiorek wenza izitatimende eziningana ezifanayo nezika-Evelyn Hooker. UGonsiorek uveze lokho

"... Ukuxilongwa ngokuxilongwa kwengqondo kuyindlela eyanele, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwayo kongqingili kuyiphutha futhi akulungile, ngoba akukho sizathu sokuvuma lokhu. Ngamanye amagama, ukuthola ubungqingili njengesifo kuyindlela embi yesayensi. Ngakho-ke, akunandaba ukuthi ukuthembeka kwesenzo sokuxilongwa kwamukelwa noma kwenqatshwa ekwelashweni kwengqondo, asikho isizathu sokubheka ubungqingili njengesifo noma njengesinkomba sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ”. (IGonsiorek, 1991, 115).

UGonsiorek usola labo abeseka isimangalo sokuthi ubungqingili ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa "indlela yesayensi emibi." Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGonsiorek uphakamisa lokho "Umbuzo ofanele kuphela ukuthi ngabe bukhona yini abobungqingili abavumelana kahle" (Gonsiorek 1991, 119 - 20) no

"... embuzweni wokuthi ubungqingili benziwa yini noma cha futhi buhlobene nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kulula ukuphendula .... Ucwaningo lwamaqembu ehlukene luveze ngokungaguquki ukuthi awukho umehluko phakathi ukuzivumelanisa kwengqondo phakathi kwabungqingili nabobulili obuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi abanye abongqingili banokulimazeka, akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwengqondo kukodwa kuyaxhunyaniswa. ”. (IGonsiorek, 1991, 123 - 24, kuqokonyisiwe)

Ngakho-ke, emsebenzini kaGonsiorek, "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kusetshenziswa njengepharamitha elinganisiwe. Futhi, ubufakazi besayensi obukhishwe nguGonsiorek, obuchaza ukuthi "ubungqingili buyinto evamile", bususelwe ekulinganiseni “ekuvumelaneni” nobungqingili. UGonsiorek usho ukuthi uma ukuthambekela kobulili "kuhlotshaniswa" nokulungiswa kwengqondo, khona-ke singafunga ukuthi ongqingili ngabantu abanenkinga yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kodwa-ke, uma kungekho umehluko ekuvumelaneni kwezimo zabobulili obuhlukile nabobungqingili, khona-ke (ngokusho kukaGonsiorek) ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ukuphikisana kwakhe kucishe kufane nempikiswano ka-Evelyn Hooker, obekulandelayo:

1. Akukho mehluko olinganiselayo ekuvumelaneni ngokwengqondo phakathi kobungqingili nabobulili obuhlukile;
2. Ngakho-ke, ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo.

Umbono we-APA Isazi ku-Lawrence v. Texas uphinde waveza ukubukeza kweGonsiorek njengobufakazi besayensi obuxhasa isimangalo "Ubungqingili abuhlangene ne-psychopathology noma i-maladaptation social" (Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Umbono we-APA Isazi uphakamisa izikhombo eziningi ebufakazini besayensi obuxhasa lesi simangalo. Enye yezindatshana ezishiwo ucwaningo lokubuyekezwa lwe-1978 lonyaka, olubheka nezimo eziguqukayo "futhi" uphetha ngokuthi imiphumela esetholakele manje ayikhombisanga ukuthi umuntu ongungqingili akaguquki ngokomqondo ngokwedlula umlingani wakhe wobungqingili "(UHart et al., 1978, 604). I-American Psychiatric Association ne-APA nayo ikhombe izifundo zikaGonsiorek noHooker njengobufakazi besayensi ekuqhubekeni kwabo ne-US v. Windsor (Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2013, 8). Ngenxa yalokho, futhi, izindlela “zokuzivumelanisa nezimo” zisetshenziselwa ukusekela isimangalo sokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Ngakho-ke, kumele sithole ukuthi empeleni kuchazwa ukuthini ngokuthi “ukuzivumelanisa nezimo”, ngoba lokhu kuyisisekelo sobufakazi “besayensi” obokuthi ubungqingili abuyona inkinga yengqondo.

"UKULULA" ku-PSYCHOLOGY

Ngiphawulile ngenhla ukuthi “ukuzivumelanisa nezimo” yigama elisetshenziswe ngokushintshana nelithi “adaptation”. UMarie Jahoda wabhala e1958 (ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokushicilelwa kocwaningo luka-Evelyn Hooker) ukuthi

"Igama elithi" ukuzivumelanisa nezimo "empeleni lisetshenziswa kaningi kunokuvumelana nezimo, ikakhulukazi ezincwadini ezithandwayo kwezempilo yengqondo, kepha livame ukubabaza, okudala ukuqondisisa: kufanele kuvumelane nokuvumelana nezimo njengokuvuma okwamukelayo kwanoma yisiphi isimo sempilo (okungukuthi, njengezidingo zesimo zokwenelisa isimo) ukuzivumelanisa ". (Jahoda xnumx, 62).

Ucwaningo lukaHooker kanye nohlolo lweGonsiorek ziyizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo". Akekho umlobi ochaza leli gama ngqo, kepha uGonsiorek ubhekisela kulokho asho khona ngaleli gama lapho ekhuluma ngezifundo eziningi ezishicilelwe phakathi kweminyaka ye-1960 ne-1975 (umbhalo ogcwele okunzima ukuwuthola ngenxa yokuthi zazishicilelwe ngaphambi kokwethulwa kokugcina umlando kwedijithali):

“Abaphenyi abaningi basebenzise ukuhlolwa kwe-Adjective Check List (“ ACL ”). U-Chang no-Vimba, usebenzisa lolu vivinyo, katholanga umehluko kwisamba sonke ukuzivumelanisa nezimo phakathi kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili. U-Evans, esebenzisa isivivinyo esifanayo, uthole ukuthi ongqingili bakhombisa izinkinga eziningi ngokuzibona kunabesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, kodwa ukuthi yingxenye encane yabantu abathandana nobungqingili engabhekwa ayifanele kahle. UThompson, McCandless, noStrickland basebenzise i-ACL ukutadisha ezengqondo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane - ongqingili nabobulili obuhlukile, baphetha ngokuthi ukuthambekela ocansini akuhlotshaniswa nokuguquguquka komuntu ngamunye. UHasell noSmith basebenzise i-ACL ukuqhathanisa abesifazane abathandana nobungqingili futhi bathola isithombe esixubile sokungafani, kodwa ebangeni elijwayelekile, ngokusekelwe kulokhu singacabanga ukuthi kusampula yobungqingili ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kubi kakhulu. " (IGonsiorek, 1991, 130, ukukhetha kufakiwe).

Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaGonsiorek, okungenani eyodwa yezinkomba zokuguquguquka kwayo "ukuzibona". U-Lester D. Crow, encwadini eshicilelwe ngasikhathi sinye izifundo ezibuyekezwe nguGonsiorek, uphawula ukuthi

"Ukuvumelanisa ngokuphelele, okunempilo kungatholakaliswa uma umuntu ekhombisa izici ezithile. Uyazibona njengomuntu, ofanayo futhi ohlukile kwabanye abantu. Uyazethemba kuye, kepha ngokuqonda okungokoqobo ngamandla akhe nobuthakathaka bakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, angahlola amandla nobuthakathaka babanye futhi alungise isimo sakhe sengqondo kubo ngokwemigomo enhle ... Umuntu oguqulwe kahle uzizwa ephephile ekuqondeni kwakhe ikhono lakhe lokuletha ubudlelwane bakhe ezingeni elisebenzayo. Ukuzethemba kwakhe kanye nomuzwa wokuvikeleka komuntu kuyamsiza ukuthi aqondise imisebenzi yakhe ngendlela yokuthi kuhloswe ngayo ukuthi ihlolisise inhlala-kahle yakhe nabanye. Uyakwazi ukuxazulula ngokwanele izinkinga ezingathi sína noma ezingathí sina ahlangabezana nazo usuku nosuku. Ekugcineni, umuntu osezuze ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ophumelelayo kancane kancane uba nefilosofi yempilo kanye nohlelo lokumsebenzela kahle emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuzijwayeza - ukutadisha noma ukusebenza, kanye nobudlelwano nabo bonke abantu ahlangana nabo, abancane nabadala. ” (Isikhwehlela xnumx, I-20-21).

Umthombo wakamuva ku-The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology uphawula ukuthi

"Ekucwaningweni kwengqondo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kubhekisa kuyo yomibili imiphumela kanye nenqubo ... Ukuvumelana nezimo ngokwengqondo kuyindlela evamile yokuhlola imiphumela ocwaningweni lwengqondo, futhi izindlela ezinjengokuzithemba noma ukungabi namandla okuxineka, ukukhathazeka, noma ukucindezela kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezinkomba zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Abaphenyi futhi bangalinganisa izinga lomuntu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo noma inhlala-kahle ephendula uhlobo oluthile lomcimbi ocindezelayo, njengokuhlukanisa noma ukungaziphathi ngokuziphatha okufana notshwala noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. " (Seaton ku I-Lopez 2009, I-796-7).

Kokubili okucashunwe encwadini ye-1967 yonyaka kanye nokucaphuna okulandelayo okuvela ku-encyclopedia kuyahambisana nezincazelo ezivela ezifundweni ezishiwo uGonsiorek. UGonsiorek ubala izifundo eziningi lapho

“Kutholakale umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu abungqingili, abobulili obuhlukile nobungqingili, kepha hhayi ezingeni lelo le-psychopathology. Izindlela zazisetshenziselwa ukukala izinga lokudangala, ukuzethemba, izinkinga zobudlelwano nezinkinga empilweni yezocansi. ” (IGonsiorek, 1991, 131).

Ngokusobala, "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" komuntu kunqunywa (okungenani engxenyeni ethile) ngokulinganisa "ukudangala, ukuzithemba, izinkinga ebudlelwaneni nezinkinga empilweni yezocansi", ukucindezela nokukhathazeka. Ngemuva kwalokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi umuntu ongahlushwa yingcindezi noma yokudangala, azethembise kakhulu noma ajwayelekile, angagcina ubudlelwane nempilo yezocansi, uzothathwa njengonele ”noma“ ofanelekile ”. UGonsiorek uthi njengoba ongqingili befana nobungqingili maqondana nokudana, ukuzithemba, izinkinga zobudlelwano nezinkinga ezimpilweni zabo zocansi, kulandela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga, ngoba, njengoba uGonsiorek abeka: "Isiphetho esijwayelekile siyacaca: lezi zifundo ziphakamisa kakhulu ukuthi ubungqingili abuhlobene kangako ne-psychopathology noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwengqondo" (IGonsiorek, 1991, I-115 - 36). Nasi impikiswano eyenziwe lula yeGonsiorek:

1. Akukho mehluko olinganiselayo wokudangala, ukuzithemba, izinkinga zobudlelwano nezinkinga empilweni yezocansi phakathi kwabantu abangongqingili nabobulili obuhlukile;
2. Ngakho-ke, ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo.

Njengokuphetha kuka-Evelyn Hooker, isiphetho se-Gonsiorek asilandeli ngokuphelele kusuka kwimininingwane, ngombono wakhe, emsekela. Kunokuphazamiseka okuningi kwengqondo okungaholeli kumuntu obhekene nokukhathazeka nokucindezelwa noma ukuzithemba okuphansi; Ngamanye amagama, "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" akusona isilinganiso esifanele sokuzimisela ukuthola ubunjalo bezengqondo benqubo ngayinye yokucabanga nokuziphatha ehambisana nalezi zinqubo zengqondo. Ukudana, ukuzithemba, "ukungalingani kobudlelwano", "ukungaziphathi kahle ngokocansi", ukuhlupheka kanye nekhono lokwenza okuthile emphakathini akuhlobene nakho konke ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo; okungukuthi, hhayi konke ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuholela ekuphulweni kwe- "adaptability". Lo mbono kukhulunywe ngawo ku-The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Kuyaphawula ukuthi ukulinganisa ukuzethemba nentokozo yokunquma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyinkinga.

Lezi yizilinganiso ezilandelana, njengoba umbhali ephawula,

"... ezingaphansi kwesifiso senhlalo. Umuntu othile kungenzeka angazi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka angakwazi ukubika ukuphulwa kwakhe noma ukugula kwengqondo. Ngokufanayo, abantu abanezifo ezinzima zengqondo kungenzeka babike ukuthi bajabule futhi banelisekile ngezimpilo zabo. Ekugcineni, inhlala-kahle yomzimba kuncike esimweni esithile. ” (Seaton ku I-Lopez 2009, 798).

Ukukhombisa lokhu, cabanga ngezibonelo ezithile. Amanye ama-pedophiles athi awazitholi izinkinga 'ngokuthakazelela okukhulu kwezocansi' ezinganeni, futhi angasebenza ngokuphelele emphakathini. I-American Psychiatric Association ikhombisa nge-pedophilia ukuthi:

"... Uma abantu bebika nokuthi ukuheha kwabo ezocansi ezinganeni kubangela ubunzima bezengqondo, bangatholakala ukuthi bane-pedophilic disorder. Kodwa-ke, uma bebika ukuntuleka kwecala, amahloni noma ukukhathazeka ngokuhehayo okunjalo futhi abakhawulelwanga ukusebenza kokuthambekela kwabo (ngokusho kwengxelo yakho, ukuhlolwa kwenhloso, noma bobabili) ... khona-ke laba bantu bane ubudlelwane be-pedophilic, kepha hhayi i-pedophilic disorder ". (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 698, ukukhetha kufakiwe).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abahlushwa i-apotemophilia ne-auto-mutation bangasebenza ngokuphelele emphakathini; phambilini kwaphawuleka ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha ibonwa “kubantu abasebenza kakhulu, njengabafundi bezikole eziphakeme, abafundi basekolishi nabezempi” (I-Klonsky 2007, 1040). Bangasebenza emphakathini, njengoba nje abantu abadala “abanesifiso esikhulu sobulili” ezinganeni bengasebenza emphakathini futhi bangahlushwa yingcindezi. Amanye ama-anorexicics anga "qhubeka asebenziseka ekusebenzeni kwezenhlalo nobungcweti" (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, I-343), kanye nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezingezona okunempilo, okungezona ukudla (ezifana neplastiki) "akuvamile ukuthi kube yimbangela yokuphazamiseka kokusebenza komphakathi"; I-APA ayisho ukuthi ukudangala, ukuzithemba okuphansi, noma izinkinga ebudlelwaneni noma impilo yezocansi yisimo sokuxilonga isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo lapho abantu bedla khona izinto ezingezona ezinomsoco, okungezona ukudla ukuze bazijabulise (lokhu kuphambuka kwaziwa njenge-peak syndrome) (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 330 -1).

I-American Psychiatric Association iphinde futhi iveze ukuthi iTourette's (enye yezinkinga zomkhaza) ingenzeka ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokusebenza (futhi ngenxa yalokho ngaphandle kokuhlobene nezindlela “zokuvumelana nezimo”). Babhala lokho "Abantu abaningi abasebenza imikhaza ngokulingana noma ebukhali abanankinga ukusebenza, futhi kungenzeka bangazi nokuthi banamikhaza" (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 84). Ukuphazamiseka kwemikhaza ukuphazamiseka okubonakala njengezenzo ezingalawulwa ngokuzithandela (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, I-82) (okungukuthi, iziguli zithi azenzi ngamabomu ukwenza okusheshayo, okuphindaphindekayo, ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile noma ukukhuluma imisindo namagama (okuvame ukwenyanya), ezinye iziguli ngokuvamile zingathi "zazalwa ngale ndlela"). Ngokusho kwe-DSM - 5 handbook, ingcindezi noma umsebenzi wokuphazamiseka komphakathi awudingekile ukuze kutholakale ukuthi une-Tourette's syndrome, futhi ngenxa yalokho lesi ngesinye isibonelo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo lapho izindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zingasebenzi khona. Lokhu kungukuphazamiseka lapho ukuvumelana nezimo kungasetshenziswa khona njengobufakazi besayensi bokuthi ukuphazamiseka kukaTourette akuyona inkinga yengqondo.

Ekugcineni, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuhlobene “nokuvumelana nezimo” kungukuphamba okukhohlisayo. Abantu abanokuphamba okukhohlisayo banezinkolelo zamanga lokho

"... kuncike embonweni wamanga wangempela wangaphandle, obambelele ngokuqinile, yize iqiniso lokuthi umbono onjalo wenqatshwa abanye abantu, futhi nokuthi kukhona ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa nobusobala bokuphikisana nalokho." (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 819)

I-American Psychiatric Association iphawula ukuthi "ngaphandle kwethonya eliqondile le-delirium noma imiphumela yalo, ukusebenza komuntu akuwohlakali ngokubonakalayo, futhi nokuziphatha akuyona into emangazayo" (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 90). Ngaphezu kwalokho, "isimilo esivamile sabantu abanenkinga yokukhohlisa isimo esibonakalayo sokuziphatha kwabo kanye nokubukeka kwabo uma bangenzi ngokwemibono yabo yenkohliso" (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 93).

Abantu abanenkinga yokukhohlisa ababonakali bekhombisa izimpawu "zokuqina komzimba"; ngaphandle kwemibono yabo yokukhohlisa, babonakala bejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuphazamiseka kokukhohlisa kuyisibonelo esivelele sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okungahlobene nezinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa; ukufaneleka akuhlobene neze nokuphazamiseka kokukhohlisa. Kungashiwo ukuthi ongqingili, noma ngabe ukuziphatha kwabo kuyisibonakaliso sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, "babonakala bejwayelekile" kwezinye izici zempilo yabo, njengokusebenza komphakathi nezinye izindawo zokuphila lapho kungahle kwenzeke ukungalungi kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, kunezinkinga eziningi zengqondo lapho ukukalwa kokuqina komzimba akuhlangene nakancane nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Lokhu kuyiphutha elikhulu ezincwadini ezisetshenziswa njengobufakazi besayensi ukuxhasa isiphetho sokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo.

Lesi yisiphetho esibalulekile, yize ngingeyona eyokuqala ukusho inkinga yokuxilonga ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nge-prism yokuhlola ukucindezelwa, ukusebenza kwezenhlalo noma amapharamitha, afakiwe kumagama "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kanye "nokuzivumelanisa nezimo". Lolu daba luxoxwe esihlokweni esenziwe nguRobert L. Spitzer noJerome C. Wakefield ekuxilongweni kwezinkinga zengqondo ezisuselwa enkingeni ebonakalayo noma ukusebenza komphakathi okungenasici (le ndaba yabhalwa njengokugxekwa kwenguqulo yakudala ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, kepha izimpikiswano ezibucayi ziyasebenza engxoxweni yami) .

U-Spitzer no-Wakefield baphawula ukuthi kwezengqondo, ezinye izifo zengqondo azikhonjwanga kahle ngenxa yokuthi

"[Ekwelashweni kwengqondo], kuwumkhuba ukuthola ukuthi isimo singesokwendalo, ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuthi lesi simo sibangela ingcindezi noma ukuthikamezeka ekusebenzeni komphakathi noma komuntu ngamunye. Kuzo zonke ezinye izindawo zomuthi, lesi simo sithathwa njenge-pathological uma kunezimpawu zokungasebenzi emzimbeni (organised dysfunction). Ngokwehlukana, akukho kukhathazeka noma ukusebenza komphakathi okungenampilo okwanele ukuthola iningi lokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha, yize zombili lezi zici zivame ukuhambisana nezinhlobo ezinamandla zenkinga. Isibonelo, ukutholakala kokuqubuka kwezinduna, ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo, umdlavuza, noma okunye ukuphazamiseka kwemizimba eminingi kungenziwa yize kungekho ukucindezelwa okuyikho futhi nokusebenza ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi."(I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield, 1999, 1862).

Esinye isifo esingatholakala ngaphandle kwengcindezi noma umsebenzi wezenhlalo okhubazekile, okufanele kushiwo lapha, yi-HIV / AIDS. I-HIV inesikhathi eside esidlule, futhi abantu abaningi isikhathi eside abazi nokuthi banegciwane lengculazi. Ngokuqagela okuthile, abantu be-240 000 abazi ukuthi bane-HIV (I-CDC 2014).

I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield isho ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kwesinye isikhathi kungaba khona ngisho noma umuntu esebenza kahle emphakathini noma enamanani aphezulu we- "adaptability". Kwezinye izimo, umkhuba wokuhlola ukucindezelwa nokusebenza kwezenhlalo uholela emiphumeleni "emibi engamanga" lapho umuntu enokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kepha ukuphazamiseka okunjalo kungatholakali njengokuphula umthetho (I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield, 1999, 1856). I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield zinikeza izibonelo eziningi zezimo zengqondo lapho kuhlolwa okungamanga-khona okungenzeka uma kuphela izinga lokusebenza kwezenhlalo noma ukuba khona kwengcindezi kusetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhlonza. Bakuphawulile lokho

“Isikhathi esiningi kuba nezimo zabantu abaye bahluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa futhi ngenxa yalokho baba nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene (kubandakanya nezingozi zempilo). Kodwa-ke, abantu abanjalo abacindezelekile futhi bangakwazi ukufeza indima yomphakathi ngempumelelo. Isibonelo, cabanga ngendaba yomthengisi ophumelelayo owayengumlutha we-cocaine ngezinga elisongela impilo yakhe yomzimba, kepha ongazange abhekane nengcindezi futhi ongasebenzi imisebenzi yakhe yezenhlalo engaphazamiseki. Uma inqubo ye- "DSM - IV" ayisetshenziswanga kuleli cala, khona-ke isimo sokuncika kwezidakamizwa sitholakala ngokunembile kumuntu onjalo. Kusetshenziswa inqubo ye- “DSM - IV”, isimo salo muntu akuyona inkinga ” (I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield, 1999, 1861).

I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield zinikeza ezinye izibonelo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okungeke kutholakale njengokuphazamiseka uma sibheka kuphela ukuba khona kwengcindezi kanye nezinga lokusebenza komphakathi; phakathi kwazo kukhona paraphilia, isifo sikaTourette kanye nezinkinga zocansi (I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield, 1999, I-1860 - 1).

Abanye baphenya ingxoxo kaSpitzer noWakefield, bephawula ukuthi incazelo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okususelwa esilinganisweni sokuvumelana nezimo (“ukuba nengcindezi noma ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwezenhlalo”), kuyindilinga, okulandelayo:

"I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield (1999) bebengabanye babagxeki abaziwayo kakhulu bokufanelekela ukubizwa, ngokuthi ukubizwa kwabo ngokuthi" DSM - IV "" conceptual "(p. 1857) kunokuba kube ngumdlandla. Ukweqiwa nokuzenzakalelayo kwalesi sikhombisi kubhekwa njengokuyinkinga ikakhulukazi nokuholela kukho izimo zombuthano ezinobubi njengoba zisetshenzisiwe encazelweni: ukuphazamiseka kunqunywa phambi kokucindezelwa okukhulu ngokomtholampilo noma ukusebenza okulimazayo, uqobo kungukuphula umthetho, kubalulekile ngokwanele ukuthi kubhekwe njengokuphazamiseka… Ukusetshenziswa kwesijobelelo sokuvumelana nezimo akuhambelani ne-paradigm ejwayelekile yemithi ngokusho kokuxineka noma ukungasebenzi kahle emsebenzini akudingeki ukuthi kutholakale isifo. Impela, izimo eziningi ze-asymptomatic kwezokwelapha zitholakala njengezimpawu ezisuselwa kudatha ye-pathophysiological noma lapho kukhona ingozi eyandayo (ngokwesibonelo, isimila sokuqala sangasese noma ukutheleleka nge-HIV, i-arterial hypertension). Ukucabanga ukuthi ukuphazamiseka okunjalo akubikho kuze kube yilapho kubangela ukucindezeleka noma ukukhubazeka bekungacabangi. ” (UNarrow noKuhl ku Ukubhaliswa kwe-2011, I-152 - 3, 147 - 62)

Lesi sicaphuno esingenhla sisho “i-DSM - IV,” kepha ukuntuleka komnqophisi "wokuxineka noma ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwezenhlalo" kusasetshenziswa ukuphikisana nokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba lesilinganiso sisho kahle, incazelo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okususelwa "ekuxinaniseni noma ekuphazamisweni ekusebenzeni komphakathi" njengesiyingi siyindilinga. Izincazelo zombuthano onobubi ngamaphutha anengqondo; awasho lutho. Indlela yencazelo ye- "disorder mind", ngokusho kwe-American Psychiatric Association ne-APA isekela isimangalo sazo ngobungqingili, isuselwa kunqubo "yokuxineka noma yokulimazeka ekusebenzeni komphakathi". Ngakho-ke, isitatimende mayelana nobungqingili njengesiqhelo sisuselwa encazelweni engenanjongo (nesidala).

UDkt Irving Bieber, "Omunye wabahlanganyeli abaphambili kwingxoxo yomlando, okuphetha esinqumweni se-1973 sokukhipha ubungqingili emkhondweni wezifo zengqondo" (NARTH Institute), ulivumile leli phutha empikiswaneni (le ndaba efanayo ibhekwe esihlokweni ISocarides (Xnumx), 165, ngezansi). UBieber ukhombe izindlela eziyinkinga ze-American Psychiatric Association zokutholakala kwezinkinga zocansi. Ngokwesifinyezo sendatshana kaBieber, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi

"... I- [American] Psychiatric Association iveze ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu nobungcweti obuhle bokuhlalisana kwabantu abaningi abathandana nobungqingili njengobufakazi bokujwayelekile kobungqingili. Kepha ukuba khona kwalezi zinto akushiyi ngaphandle kokubakhona kwe-psychopathology. I-Psychopathology ayihlali ihambisana nezinkinga zokuvumelana nezimo; Ngakho-ke, ukuthola lezi zinkinga ezikhona ngokwengqondo, lezi zinqubo azenele. ” (NARTH Institute nd)

URobert L. Spitzer, udokotela wezifo zengqondo obambe iqhaza ekususeni ubungqingili enkombeni yezinkinga zengqondo, wakubona masinyane ukungalingani kokulinganisa "ukuguquguquka" ekutholeni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. URonald Bayer emsebenzini wakhe wafingqa imicimbi ehambisana nesinqumo se-American Psychiatric Association (1973), waphawula ukuthi

"... ngesikhathi sokuthatha isinqumo sokukhipha ubungqingili ohlwini lokuxolelwa, uSpitzer wenza incazelo enjalo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ebisuselwa kumaphoyinti amabili: (1) ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha yaqashelwa njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, lokho kuziphatha kufanele kuhambisane nokucindezelwa okuvamile kanye / noma" ukukhula okujwayelekile okujwayelekile ukusebenza komphakathi noma ukusebenza. ” (2) NgokukaSpitzer, ngaphandle kobungqingili kanye nobunye ubucansi obuthile, konke okunye ukuxilongwa kuDSM - II kube nokuchazwa okufanayo kokuphazamiseka. ” (I-Bayer, 1981, 127).

Kodwa-ke, njengoba iBayer iphawula, "phakathi nonyaka [uSpitzer] waphoqeleka ukuthi avume" ukungafaneleki kwezimpikiswano zakhe "(I-Bayer, 1981, 133). Ngamanye amagama, uSpitzer ukuvumile ukungafaneleki kokuhlola izinga "lokuxineka," "ukusebenza komphakathi," noma "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" ukuthola ukungenami kwengqondo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kwinqaku lakhe lakamuva elikhonjwe ngenhla (I-Spitzer ne-Wakefield, 1999).

Ngokusobala, okungenani ezinye zezinkinga zengqondo ezifakwe ngokusemthethweni kubhukwana leDSM azibangeli izinkinga “ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo” noma ukusebenza komphakathi. Abantu abazisika ngokwabo ngezinsingo zokuzijabulisa, kanye nalabo abanesifiso esikhulu sobulili nemicabango yezocansi ngezingane, ngokusobala banokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo; ama-anorexics nabantu abadla ipulasitiki babhekwa njengabantu abakhubazeke ngokomqondo ngokusho kwe-DSM - 5, futhi abantu abanenkinga yokukhohlisa futhi ngokusemthethweni babhekwa njengabagula ngokomqondo. Kodwa-ke, iningi lama-pedophiles angenhla, ama-automutilants, noma ama-anorexics abukeka evamile futhi "awazitholi izinkinga ekusebenzeni komphakathi." Ngamanye amagama, abantu abaningi abangajwayelekile ngokomqondo bangasebenza emphakathini futhi bangakhombisi zimpawu noma izimpawu “zokungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo”. Okunye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubukeka sengathi kunezikhathi noma izikhathi zokuxolelwa, lapho iziguli zikwazi ukusebenza emphakathini futhi zibonakale zivamile.

Abantu abanokuthambekela kobungqingili, abantu abanenkinga yokukhohlisa, ama-pedophiles, ama-auto-mummers, abadla upulasitiki kanye ne-anorexic, bangasebenza ngokujwayelekile emphakathini (futhi, okungenani isikhashana esithile), abazibonisi njalo izimpawu zokuguquguquka okungafanele . Ukuvumelana nezimo ngokwengqondo akuhlobene nokuphazamiseka okuthile kwengqondo; okungukuthi, izifundo ezibheka izindlela “zokuvumelana nezimo” njengepharamitha elinganiselayo azanele ukuthola ukuthi ukulingana kwezinqubo zengqondo zokucabanga nokuziphatha okuhambisana nakho. Ngakho-ke (okuphelelwe isikhathi) izifundo ezisebenzise ukuguquguquka kwengqondo njengepharamitha elinganiselayo zinamaphutha, futhi imininingwane yazo ayanele ukufakazela ukuthi ubungqingili abuyona inkinga yengqondo. Kulandela ukuthi isitatimende esenziwa yi-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association sokuthi ubungqingili akusiko ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo asekelwa imininingwane abayibhekisa kuyo. Ubufakazi ababuvezayo abuhambelani nesiphetho sabo. Lesi isiphetho esingenangqondo esivela emithonjeni engaqondile. (Ngaphezu kwalokho, maqondana neziphetho ezingekho emiphumeleni: Ukugomela kukaGonsiorek ukuthi akukho mehluko phakathi kobungqingili nabobulili obuhlukile ngokwesimo sokudangala nokuzithemba nakho kuphumela ekubeni iqiniso elingelona uqobo. Kubonisiwe ukuthi abantu abathandana nobungqingili bamakwe ngokwengeziwe. ephakeme kunabobulili obuhlukile, ingozi yokucindezeleka okukhulu, ukukhathazeka nokuzibulala, (I-Bailey 1999; ICollingwood xnumx; UFergusson et al., 1999; UHerrell et al., 1999; UPhelan et al., 2009; USandfort et al. I-Xnumx). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zibalo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukuthi ukubandlulula kuyimbangela yalokhu kwehluka kwengcindezi, ukukhathazeka nokuzibulala. Kepha lesi ngesinye isiphetho esingalandeli ngemuva kwesisekelo. Ngamanye amagama, akunakwenzeka ukwenza isiphetho esingaqondakali sokuthi ukucindezeleka, njll, kungumphumela wokucwaswa, hhayi ukubonakaliswa kwesifo. Lokhu kumele kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi. Mhlawumbe zombili ziyiqiniso: ukucindezelwa, njll., Kungokwesifo, futhi abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ababonwa njengokujwayelekile, nakho okwandisa ukukhathazeka kwabo bantu.

"UKUKHANGELWA KWABELULA" NOKUVIKELWA KWEMISEBENZI

Okulandelayo, ngifuna ukubheka imiphumela yokusebenzisa kuphela izindlela “zokuzivumelanisa nezimo” nokusebenza kwezenhlalo ukunquma ukuthi ingabe ukuziphatha kobulili nezinqubo zokucabanga ezihambisana nakho kungukuphambuka. Ngendlela, kufanele kuthiwe le ndlela iyakhetha futhi ayisebenzi kukho konke ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Umuntu uzibuza ukuthi kungani i-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association zibheka kuphela “ukuzivumelanisa nezimo” nezindlela zokusebenza kwezenhlalo ukwahlulela ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha (isibonelo, i-pedophilia noma ubungqingili), kepha hhayi kwabanye? Isibonelo, kungani lezi zinhlangano zingabheki ezinye izici zokuphamba (ukuhlanekezela kwezocansi) okukhombisa ngokusobala imvelo yazo? Kungani isimo lapho umuntu ephutha ukuya emgomeni, ecabanga ngokudala ukuhlupheka kwengqondo noma ngokomzimba komunye umuntu (usizi lokuya ocansini), kungabhekwa njengokuphambuka komqondo, kepha isimo umuntu abenaso sokuphambuka kubhekwa njenge-pathology?

Kukhona abantu abanesiqiniseko sokuthi izinambuzane noma izibungu zihlala ngaphansi kwesikhumba sabo, yize ukuhlolwa emtholampilo kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi abanaleli gciwane; abantu abanjalo batholakala benenkinga yokukhohlisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona abesilisa abakholelwa ukuthi bangabesifazane, yize ukuhlolwa emtholampilo kukhombisa ngokusobala okuhlukile - futhi, noma kunjalo, laba besilisa abatholakali benenkinga yokukhohlisa. Abantu abanezinye izinhlobo zepharaphilia yezocansi bakhombisa amanani afanayo wokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokuvumelana nezimo njengobungqingili. Ababukeli bangabantu abanezinhloso eziqinile zokukhombisa izitho zabo zangasese kwabanye abantu abangakulindelanga lokhu ukuze bathole ukuvuswa kocansi (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 689). Omunye umthombo uphawula lokho

“Ingxenye yesibili kuya kwezintathu yabakhombisi bangena emishadweni ejwayelekile, bafinyelela amazinga okugculisayo emishadweni nakubocansi. Ubuhlakani, izinga lemfundo kanye nezintshisakalo zobungcweti azibahlukanisi kubantu jikelele ... UBlair noLanyon baphawule ukuthi ezifundweni eziningi kwatholakala ukuthi ababukisi babhekana nemizwa yokuba ngaphansi futhi bazibheka njengamahloni, ongahlangene nomphakathi futhi abanezinkinga ezivezwa yinzondo yomphakathi. Kodwa kwezinye izifundo, kutholakale ukuthi ababukisi abanazo izinguquko eziphawuleka ngokusebenza komuntu ”. (I-Adams et al., 2004, ukukhetha okungeziwe).

Izinga eligculisayo lokusebenza komphakathi ngokuhlangana nezindlela zokuphambuka zesifiso sobulili lingaqashelwa futhi phakathi kwabadumisi. Ukudabukisa ngokocansi, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, "Ukuvuka kocansi okukhulu kusuka ekuhluphekeni okungokomzimba noma kwengqondo komunye umuntu, okuzibonakalisa emaphupheni, ekunxaneleni, noma ekuziphatheni" (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 695); i-masochism yezocansi "Ukuvuselela ngokocansi okwenzeka njalo futhi okujulile kusuka ekuhlaselweni isenzo sokululaza, ukushaya, ukungenisa amandla noma olunye uhlobo lokuhlupheka oluzivelela emaphupweni, ekuziphatheni noma ekuziphatheni"(I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 694). Ucwaningo olwenziwe eFinland lwathola ukuthi ama-sadomasochists "anezimo ezinhle" emphakathini (USandnabba et al., 1999, 273). Ababhali baphawulile ukuthi i-61% yabadabukisa ngenhlaziyi ihlolwe "Uthole isikhundla esiphambili emsebenzini, kanti i60,6% ibisebenza ngezinto zomphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, ibingamalunga amabhodi ezikole zasendaweni" (USandnabba et al., 1999, 275).

Ngakho-ke, bobabili abasizi be-sadomasochists kanye nabakhombisi abanazinkinga ngokusebenza kwezenhlalo nokuphazamiseka (futhi, amagama afakiwe igama lesambulela elithi "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo"). Abanye ababhali baphawule ukuthi "izici ezichazayo" zazo zonke ukuphambuka kwezocansi (okwaziwa nangokuthi i-paraphilia) "zingakhawulelwa ekuziphatheni kobulili komuntu ngamunye futhi zidale ukuwohloka okuncane kwezinye izindawo zokusebenza kwengqondo" (I-Adams et al., 2004)).

“Okwamanje, azikho izinqubo zomhlaba wonke nezinhloso zokuhlola ukubandakanyeka kokuziphatha kobulili nokuzibandakanya. Ngaphandle kokubulala ngokocansi, ayikho indlela yokuziphatha ebhekwe ocansiniwe njengengqondo yendawo yonke ... Umqondo wokukhipha ubungqingili esigabeni sokuphambuka kwezocansi ubonakala kungukuntuleka kobufakazi bokuthi ubungqingili uqobo bungumbhedo. Kodwa-ke, kuyamangaza ukuthi umugqa ofanayo wokubonisana awusebenzanga kwezinye iziphambeko, ezinjenge-fetishism kanye ne-concomus sadomasochism. "Sivumelana nabakwa-Laws no-O'Donohue ukuthi lezi zimo azihambelani nemvelo futhi ukufakwa kwabo kulesi sigaba kukhombisa ukungahambisani nalolu hlaka." (I-Adams et al., 2004)

Ngenxa yalokho, ababhali basikisela ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuziphatha ocansi "ebhekwa njengengasebenzi ndawo yonkana" (futhi ngenxa yalokho kuthathwa njengengqondo yengqondo) ukubulala ngokocansi. Baze bafika kulesi siphetho, okubonisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuziphatha kobulili nezinqubo ezihlobene zokucabanga ezingadali ukuwohloka kokusebenza komphakathi noma izindlela “zokuzivumelanisa nezimo” akuyona ukuphambuka kwezocansi. Njengoba ngichazile ngenhla, lokhu okunengqondo kunephutha, futhi kuholela eziphethweni eziyiphutha. Kuyacaca ukuthi akuzona zonke iziphambeko zocansi ezijwayelekile, kepha ukuthi ezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo nodokotela bezengqondo badukise umphakathi ngokubhekisa kwizinyathelo ezingenamsebenzi zokuhlola isimo sengqondo njengobufakazi bokuthi isimo sisejwayelekile. (Angisho ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa ngamabomu. Amaphutha amsuka angenziwa futhi.)

Imiphumela eyinhlekelele yendlela enjalo, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthola ukuthi idrayivu yocansi (yokuziphatha) iyindlela yokuphambuka noma ejwayelekile, isebenzisa izinyathelo ezingekho emthethweni zokuhlola "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kanye nokusebenza kwezenhlalo, ibonwa ezingxoxweni ze-DSM - i-5 incwajana ephathelene nokudabukisa ngokocansi kanye ne-pedophilia .

I-American Psychiatric Association ayisabheki ubudlova bocansi njengokuphambuka. I-American Psychiatric Association iyabhala:

“Abantu abavuma obala ukuthi banesithakazelo esijulile socansi ekuhluphekeni ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo kwabanye babizwa ngokuthi “abavumayo ngabanye.” Uma laba bantu futhi bebika ubunzima obungokwengqondo nenhlalakahle ngenxa yentshisekelo yabo yocansi, lapho-ke bangatholakala benesiyaluyalu socansi esidabukisayo. Ngokuphambene, uma "abantu abavunyiwe" bethi izifiso zabo ezidabukisayo azibangeli umuzwa wokwesaba, wecala noma amahloni, ukuthatheka, noma ukuphazamisa ikhono labo lokwenza eminye imisebenzi, futhi ukuzethemba kwabo kanye nomlando wabo wengqondo noma wezomthetho ukhombisa ukuthi lokho ababoni izifiso zabo, khona-ke abantu abanjalo kufanele babe nesithakazelo sobulili esidabukisayo, kodwa abantu abanjalo ngeke zihlangabezane nezindlela zokuphazanyiswa yisihlava sokuya ocansini. " (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 696, ukukhetha kwasekuqaleni)

Ngenxa yalokho, i-American Psychiatric Association ayikubheki lokho ngokwayo "Ukukhangwa ngocansi ukuhlupheka ngokomzimba noma kwengqondo" omunye umuntu ukugula kwengqondo. Ngamanye amagama, ukukhangana ngokocansi kanye nemicabango kwenzeka ngesimo semicabango, okungukuthi, imicabango yomuntu ocabanga ngokulimala ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo komunye umuntu ukuze azivuselele ku-orgasm, i-American Psychiatric Association ayithathwa njengeyokuphilisa.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-American Psychiatric Association nayo ayizibheki njenge-pedophilia ngokwayo njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngemuva kokuba beveze okufanayo ukuthi i-pedophile ingakuveza ukuthi kukhona "isifiso esikhulu sobulili ezinganeni," babhala:

"Uma abantu bekhombisa ukuthi ukuheha kwabo ubulili ezinganeni kubangela ubunzima bezengqondo, bangatholakala ukuthi bane-pedophilic disorder. Kodwa-ke, uma laba bantu bebika ukuntuleka kwecala, amahloni, noma ukukhathazeka ngalezi zinhloso, futhi abanamkhawulo ngokusetshenzisiwe kokuphamba kwabo (ngokusho kwengxelo yakho, ukuhlolwa kwenhloso, noma bobabili), kanye nokuzazisa kwabo kanye nomlando wezomthetho kukhombisa ukuthi abakaze basebenze ngokwezifiso zabo, khona-ke laba bantu banokuthambekela ocansini lwe-pedophilic, kepha hhayi isifo sokuphika ” (I-American Psychiatric Association 2013, 698).

Kuphinde kube nemibono yocansi kanye "nokukhangwa okunamandla kocansi" ngesimo somcabango, yingakho indoda eneminyaka eyi-54 "enesifiso esikhulu sobulili" ezinganeni, njalo icabanga ngocansi nezingane ukuze izivuselele ku-orgasm, ngokusho kwe-American Psychiatric Association, ayinakho ukuphambuka. U-Irving Bieber wenze ukubonwa okufanayo kuma-1980's, angafundwa ngokufingqiwe komsebenzi wakhe:

"Ingabe i-pedophile ejabule futhi ehlelwe kahle" ijwayelekile "? NgokukaDkt Bieber ... i-psychopathology ingaba yi-ego-syntonic - hhayi ukuthi idale ukuwohloka, nokusebenza kahle kwezenhlalo (okuwukuthi, amandla okugcina ubudlelwane obuhle bezenhlalo nokwenza umsebenzi owenziwe kahle) kungahlangana ne-psychopathology, kwezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-psychotic emvelweni ”. (NARTH Institute nd).

Kuyaphazamisa kakhulu ukuthi izinhloso ezidabukisayo noma ze-pedophilic zingathathwa njengokungahlangabezani nenqubo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. UMichael Woodworth et al. Donsela ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi

"... Amaphupho ezocansi achazwa njenganoma ikuphi ukuvusa inkanuko okubangela ukuvuswa kocansi komuntu. Okuqukethwe yimicabango yokuya ocansini kuyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu futhi kukholakala ukuthi kuncike kakhulu ekususeni kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, njengalokho abantu abakubonayo, abakuzwayo nabakuthola ngqo. ” (UWoodworth et al., 2013, 145).

Imicabango yokuya ocansini yizithombe noma imicabango eholela ekuvuseleleni, futhi la maphupho asetshenziswa ukukhuthaza i-orgasm ngesikhathi sokushaya indlwabu. Okuqukethwe yimicabango yokuya ocansini kuncike kulokho abantu abakubonayo, abakuzwayo nabakuthola ngqo. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukucabanga ukuthi i-pedophile, endaweni ehlala izingane ezihlala naye, izoba nemicabango yocansi nalezi zingane; futhi ngeke kusimangaze ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu odabukisayo uphupha ngokubanga ukuhlupheka kwengqondo noma ngokomzimba kumakhelwane wakhe. Kodwa-ke, uma umsizi noma i-pedophile ingezwa ukungajabuli noma ukusebenza kokuphazamiseka komphakathi (futhi, la magama afakwa ku-"gama lesambulela" "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo") noma uma engaboni imicabango yawo yezocansi, khona-ke awathathwa njenganokuphambuka kwengqondo. Imibono yocansi noma imicabango ephathelene nokulala nomuntu ocansini nengane eneminyaka engu-10 emiqondweni yengane eneminyaka emine yama-54 noma imicabango noma imicabango yomuntu odabukisayo ecabanga ngokubangela ukuhlupheka kwengqondo noma ngokomzimba kumakhelwane wakhe ayithathwa njenge-pathological uma ingacindezelekile, ingaphazamiseki ekusebenzeni komphakathi noma imbangela ukulimaza abanye.

Indlela enjalo ingumbango, ngesisekelo sokucabanga okuyiphutha, kunikezwe isiphetho esingenangqondo sokuthi noma iyiphi inqubo yokucabanga engabangeli ukwephulwa kokuguquguqukayo akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Uzobona ukuthi i-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association bazimbele umgodi ojulile onendlela efanayo yokuhlonza ukuphazamiseka kobulili. Kubukeka sengathi sebevele bakwenzile noma yikuphi ukuphambuka kwezocansi kanye nemikhuba lapho kukhona "imvume" yalabo ababamba iqhaza ezenzweni ezinjalo. Ukuze ihambisane nomqondo ofanayo osetshenziselwe ukuguqula ubungqingili, kufanele zenze zonke ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi ezivuselela i-orgasm ezingadaleki ukuwohloka “ekuzivumelaneni nezimo” noma eziholele ekusebenzeni komphakathi okungalunganga. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ngokuya ngalomqondo, ngisho nokuziphatha kocansi okulimaze omunye umuntu kuthathwa njengokuphambukayo - uma lowo muntu evuma. ISadomasochism yindlela yokuziphatha lapho umuntu noma omunye umuntu evuselelwa khona ukuba enze i-orgasm ngokubangela noma ukuthola ukuhlupheka, futhi, njengoba ngishilo ngenhla, lokhu kuziphatha kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile yi-American Psychiatric Association.

Abanye bangabiza lo mbhalo ngokuthi "impikiswano engaqinile," kepha lokho kungaba ngukungaqondi kahle engizama ukukusho: I-American Psychiatric Association isivele ijwayele ukwenza zonke izindlela zokuziphatha ezivusa inkanuko ngaphandle kwalezo ezidala izinkinga "zokulungisa" (ingcindezi, njll.) izinkinga ekusebenzeni komphakathi, ukulimaza impilo noma ingozi yokulimaza omunye umuntu. Esimweni sokugcina - "ukulimala noma ingozi yokulimala" - i-asterisk iyadingeka, ngoba le nqubo ivumela okuhlukile: uma kutholakala imvume yomunye nomunye, khona-ke ukuziphatha okuvuselela i-orgasm kuvunyelwe, okuholela ekulimaleni kwezempilo. Lokhu kubonakala ekwenziweni kwe-sadomasochism, futhi lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinhlangano zabanukubeza izingane ziphikelela ekwehliseni iminyaka yokuvuma (I-LaBarbera 2011).

Ngakho-ke, ukumangalelwa kokuthi le ndatshana kwenza izingxabano ezingekhohlakali akunasisekelo: konke lokhu kuphazamiseka kwengqondo sekuvele kuvunyelwe yi-American Psychiatric Association. Kuyamangaza ukuthi igunya lenhlangano lifaka noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuziphatha oluholela ku-orgasm, uma imvume itholakala ngokuziphatha okunjalo; ukuthi ukwenzeka okujwayelekile kungumphumela womqondo ongelona iqiniso wokuthi "noma ikuphi ukusebenza kwe-orgasm okuvuselelayo nezinqubo zengqondo ezihlobene ezingalethi ezinkingeni zokuguquguquka noma ukusebenza komphakathi akuyona inkinga yomqondo." Lokhu kungqubuzana okwanele. Yize okungenani kudingeka i-athikili eyodwa ukudalula ngokuphelele umgomo wokuthola ukuthi yini edala ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nocansi, ngizozama ukufingqa ezinye izindlela. Kukhonjiswe ngenhla ukuthi i-psychology yesimanjemanje "esezingeni eliphakeme" kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo inquma ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuziphatha kobulili (ngaphandle kokubulawa ngocansi) akuyona inkinga yengqondo. Sengishilo ukuthi ukuphazamiseka okuningi kwengqondo kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa okungahambi ngokomzimba womuntu uqobo - i-apotemophilia, ukuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo, isiqu kanye ne-anorexia nervosa. Okunye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kungashiwo lapha.

Ukuphazamiseka ngokomzimba kuvame ukutholakala ngokulinganisa ukusebenza kwezitho noma amasistimu womzimba. Noma yimuphi udokotela noma uchwepheshe othi ayikho into efana nokusebenza kwenhliziyo, amaphaphu, amehlo, izindlebe noma ezinye izinhlelo zezitho zomzimba bekungabizwa, kungcono, ukungazi okunganakekeli, uma kungengesona isigebengu esigqoke ingubo yokugqoka, kuye kufanele uthathe udokotela ngokushesha idiploma. Ngakho-ke, ukuphazamiseka ngokomzimba ngandlela thile kulula ukukuthola kunezehlakalo zengqondo, ngoba izinhlaka zomzimba zitholakala kalula ngokulinganisa inhloso: umfutho wegazi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kanye nezinga lokuphefumula, njll. Lezi zilinganiso zingasetshenziswa ukuthola isimo sempilo noma sokuphazamiseka. izitho ezithile nezinhlelo zezitho Ngakho-ke, emkhakheni wezokwelapha, umgomo oyisisekelo ukuthi kukhona umsebenzi ojwayelekile wezitho nezinhlelo. Lesi yisimiso somuthi esiyisisekelo futhi esibalulekile sokwelashwa okufanele samukelwe yinoma yimuphi udokotela, uma kungenjalo abanalutho oluhilelekile kwezokwelapha (bazoncishiswa babe “umuthi ngokusho kuka-Alfred Kinsey”, lapho kuso sonke isitho somzimba simane siqhubeke nokusebenza okujwayelekile).

Izitho ezihlobene ne-orgasm ziye (zanqunyelwa) ngaphandle kwalesi simiso somuthi esiyisisekelo. Ababhali abasezingeni eliphakeme babukela ngokunganaki iqiniso lokuthi izitho zangasese nazo zinezinga elifanele lokusebenza komzimba.

Ukuqina kwengqondo kokuziphatha kobulili kungaba (okungenani ngokwengxenye) kunqunywe yi-standardativeness engokomzimba yokuziphatha kobulili. Ngakho-ke, maqondana nabesilisa abalala nabesilisa, ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzimba okubangelwa ukuxabana ngokobulili ukwephulwa komzimba; ukuthintana kwezocansi cishe njalo kuholela ekuphazanyisweni ngokomzimba esifundeni esingenacala somhlanganyeli owamukelayo (futhi, mhlawumbe, endaweni yephenisi yomhlanganyeli osebenzayo):

"Impilo enhle ye-Anus idinga ubuqotho besikhumba, osebenza njengesivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuthelelekeni kwamagciwane angenayo izifo ... Ukwehla kwemisebenzi yokuvikela inhlanganisela ye-mucous ye-rectum kubonakala ngezifo ezahlukahlukene ezidluliselwa ngokuxhumana ngocansi. Ulwelwesi lwama-mucous lonakaliswa ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwe-anal.futhi amagciwane angena kalula kuma-crypts kanye namaseli we-columnar ... Imishini yokusebenza kocansi ye-anorecepts, uma uyiqhathanisa nokuya ocansini, isekwe ekuphuleni cishe ngokuphelele umsebenzi wokuvikela amaselula we-anus ne-rectum ” (Ungena ngaphakathi Beck xnumx, I-295 - 6, ukukhetha kufakiwe).

Kubukeka kimi sengathi imininingwane eyethulwa kwisilinganiso esedlule y iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe lesayensi; Kubukeka kimi ukuthi umcwaningi, udokotela wezokwelapha, udokotela wezifo zengqondo noma ophikisana nalokhu uyaphika lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-mbuliam engenandaba, uma kungesona isigebengu esigqoke izembatho okufanele athathe ngokushesha idiploma yezokwelapha.

Ngakho-ke, enye yezindlela zokuthi ingabe ukuzibandakanya kobulili yinto evamile noma echezukayo ingaba ukuthi ibangela ukulimala ngokomzimba. Kubonakala kusobala ukuthi ukuxhumana ngocansi kungukuphazamisa emzimbeni, kubangele ukulimala komzimba. Njengoba amadoda amaningi alala nabesilisa efuna ukwenza lezi zenzo zokuphambuka ngokomzimba, ngakho-ke, isifiso sokubamba iqhaza ezenzweni ezinjalo siyaphambuka. Njengoba izifiso zivela ezingeni “lengqondo” noma “ngengqondo”, kuyalandela ukuthi lezo zifiso zobungqingili ukuphambuka kwengqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba womuntu uqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamanzi. Lawa manzi "angokomzimba", anemisebenzi ngokomzimba ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile (futhi, lokhu kumane kunikezwe ngokomzimba - uketshezi emzimbeni womuntu lunemisebenzi ethile efanele). I-Saliva, i-plasma yegazi, uketshezi olungena ngaphakathi, uketshezi lwe-lacrimal - anemisebenzi efanele. Isibonelo, omunye wemisebenzi ye-plasma yegazi ukudlulisela amaseli wegazi nezakhi zomzimba kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba.

Isidoda singenye yamanzi omzimba wesilisa, futhi ngenxa yalokho (ngaphandle kokuthi kusetshenziswe indlela yokukhetha emkhakheni wezokwelapha), isidoda sibuye sibe nemisebenzi efanele yomzimba (noma imisebenzi ethile efanelekile). Isidoda, njengomthetho, siqukethe amaseli amaningi, abizwa ngokuthi isidoda, futhi la maseli anenhloso efanele lapho kufanele ahanjiswe - esifundeni sowesifazane wesibeletho. Ngakho-ke, ubulili bendoda obuyalwe ngokomzimba buzoba yilapho isidoda sisebenza ngokomzimba kahle. Ngakho-ke, enye inkambiso yokuziphatha okuvamile kobulili yisimo lapho isidoda sisebenza kahle, isidoda sidluliselwa embelethweni wesibeletho.

(Abanye bangase baphikise ukuthi amanye amadoda kungenzeka abe ne-azoospermia / i-aspermia (ukuntuleka kwesidoda kozalo), ngakho-ke angathi umsebenzi ojwayelekile wesidoda akuwona ukuletha isidoda esizalweni sowesifazane, noma bangasho ukuthi, ngokusho empikiswaneni yami, abantu abane-aspermia bangakhipha imvelo yabo nomaphi lapho bethanda. Noma kunjalo, i-azoospermia / i-aspermia iyingqayizivele kunesimo futhi umphumela walokho “wokwephulwa okukhulu kwenqubo yokwenziwa kwesidoda (ekhethekile) matogeneza) ngenxa zokugula we testes ... noma, ngokuvamile, esithweni sangasese ipheshana isimiso (isib ngenxa vasectomy, isipatsholo noma Isifo se-chlamydia) "(UMartin 2010, 68, sv azoospermia). Emzimbeni wesilisa ophile kahle, kukhiqizwa isidoda, kanti abesilisa abanokulimazeka kwezokwelapha kungenzeka babe nezimo lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukukala inani lesidoda esibelethweni. Uma kunemisebenzi ejwayelekile evamile yanoma yiziphi izingxenye zomzimba, khona-ke ukwephulwa noma ukungabikho kwengxenye eyodwa yomzimba akuholeli ekuguqukeni ekusebenzeni kwenye ingxenye yomzimba. Isitatimende esinjalo sizofana nesitatimende sokuthi umsebenzi ojwayelekile we-plasma yegazi ukungalethi amaseli egazi abomvu nezakhi emzimbeni wonke, njengoba abanye abantu benesifo sokuwa emzimbeni.

Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi umzimba unohlelo “lwenjabulo nobuhlungu” (olungabizwa nangokuthi “uhlelo lomvuzo nesijeziso”). Lolu hlelo lwenjabulo nobuhlungu, njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlelo nezitho zomzimba, lunomsebenzi ofanele. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukwenza njengomthumeli wesiginali emzimbeni. Uhlelo lwenjabulo nobuhlungu litshela umzimba ukuthi yini “enhle” ngalo nokuthi yini “embi” ngalo. Uhlelo lwenjabulo nobuhlungu, ngomqondo othile, lulawula indlela yokuziphatha komuntu. Ukudla, ukumbumbuluzwa komchamo nezindunduma, ukulala - lezi yizindlela zokuziphatha komuntu ezejwayelekile ezibandakanya ukujabulisa okuthile njengegqugquzeli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ubuhlungu nguphawu lokuziphatha komuntu okuchezukile emzimbeni, noma ukwephula isitho somzimba. Ubuhlungu obuhambisana nokuthinta ipuleti elishisayo buyakuvimbela ekuthinteni ukushiswa nasekushisweni, kuyilapho ukuchama kobuhlungu kuvame ukukhombisa inkinga ngesitho (i-bladder, prostate, noma i-urethra).

Umuntu one- "discgenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA)" akabuzwa ubuhlungu, ngakho-ke kungashiwo ukuthi uhlelo lobuhlungu lukhubazekile (kusetshenziswa amagama ajwayelekile angewona awokwelashwa). Lolu hlelo aluthumeli amasondo afanele ebuchosheni ukuze lilawule indlela yokuziphatha komzimba. Uhlelo lokuzijabulisa nalo lungakhubazeka, lokhu kuyabonakala kubantu abane- “pastvesia” abangakunambithanga ukudla.

I-Orgasm uhlobo olukhethekile lwenjabulo. Kuqhathaniswe nemiphumela yezidakamizwa ezinjenge-opiates (heroin) (I-pfaus xnumx, 1517). I-Orgasm, noma kunjalo, itholakala ngokujwayelekile kubantu abasebenza ngokujwayelekile izitho zangasese. Abanye (ngokusobala kufaka phakathi i-American Psychiatric Association) babamba ukuthi i-orgasm luhlobo lokuzijabulisa oluhle ngokwalo, ngaphandle kwezimo ezivumela ukuba ne-orgasm.

Futhi, enye indatshana iyadingeka ukusho konke ukushiyeka kwesitatimende esinjalo.

Kodwa-ke, ngamafuphi, uma iziphathimandla emkhakheni wezokwelapha ziguquguqukayo (futhi zingakhethi), kufanele zibone ukuthi injabulo ehambisana ne-orgasm isebenza njengesibonakaliso noma umyalezo oya ebuchosheni wokuthi kukhona okuthile okuhle okwenzekile emzimbeni. Le "nto enhle" ehambisana ne-orgasm ukukhuthaza i-penis kuze kufike ukuphuma kwesidoda embelethweni wesibeletho. Noma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokuvuselela i-orgasmic (ngokwesibonelo, noma uluphi uhlobo lokushaya indlwabu - kungaba ukuzikhuthaza, ukuthintana ngokobulili obufanayo, noma ukushaya indlwabu nabobulili obuhlukile - ukuhlukunyezwa kohlelo lokuzijabulisa. kuchazwe ngesibonelo sobunye ubumnandi bomzimba.Uma bekungenzeka lapho kuthinta inkinobho ukubangela umuzwa wokuthi "ukukhohlisa" kuhlotshaniswa nokudla, ke ukucindezela njalo kwenkinobho enjalo kungaba ukuhlukunyezwa ngo-s Uhlelo lwenjabulo. Isistimu yenjabulo izothumela izibonakaliso ezingamanga "ezingamanga" ebuchosheni. Uhlelo lokuzijabulisa luzokhuluma ngomqondo othile "ngamanga." Uma umzimba ubuzwile ubumnandi obuhambisana nokuphumula okuhle ebusuku, kepha empeleni ubungeke uphumule nakancane; ukuchama noma ukuwohloka, ngaphandle kokuchama kwangempela noma ukuwohloka, ekugcineni, ukuphazamiseka okuyingozi emzimbeni kuzokwenzeka emzimbeni.

Ngakho-ke, enye inkambiso yokunquma ukuthi ukuziphatha kobulili kuyinto ejwayelekile noma echezukisayo ukuthola ukuthi ukuziphatha kobulili kuholela ekuphazamisweni ekusebenzeni kohlelo lokujabulisa noma lobuhlungu emzimbeni.

Okokugcina, akusho ngaphandle kokuthi imvume (ngokufinyelelisa iminyaka edingekayo yemvume) iyisikhombisi okumele sihambisane nencazelo yokuphilile kusuka “ekuziphatheni” ngokocansi.

IMIPHUMELA

I-American Psychiatric Association ne-APA zikhomba lezi zifundo ezingenhla njengobufakazi besayensi bokuthi ubungqingili buhlukahlukene ngokuhluka kobuntu. I-APA yaphawula ukuthi ubungqingili obunjalo abuchazi ukuwohloka kokucabanga, ukuqina, ukuthembeka kanye nekhono lomphakathi nelobungcweti. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-APA ifuna bonke ochwepheshe bezempilo yezengqondo ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo sokulungisa lesi sihlava sokugula kwengqondo okuyisikhathi eside kuhlobene nobungqingili (UGlassgold et al., 2009, I-23 - 24).

Umbono wesazi se-APA uphinda isitatimende esifanayo, njengokucacisa kwalesi sitatimende kubhekiswa ezincwadini ezishiwo ngaphambili, ezikhuluma “ngokuvumelana nezimo” nokusebenza komphakathi (Isifinyezo se-Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Kodwa-ke, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokusebenza kwezenhlalo akuzange kuboniswe ukuthi kufanelekile ekunqumeni ukuthi ukuphambuka kwezocansi kuyinkinga yengqondo yini. Ngenxa yalokhu, izifundo zesayensi ezihlola kuphela izindlela zokuvumelana nezimo kanye nokusebenza kwezenhlalo kuholela eziphethweni eziyiphutha futhi zikhombisa imiphumela "emibi", njengoba kuphawuliwe nguSpitzer, Wakefield, Bieber nabanye. Ngeshwa, ukucabanga okuyiphutha okuyiphutha kube yisisekelo salokhu kusolwa “Ubufakazi obuqaphelayo nobukholisayo”okufihla isisho esithi ubungqingili akusona ukuphambuka kwengqondo.

Akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ngokuthi ukuziphatha okuthile komuntu kujwayelekile ngoba nje kudlange kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili (ngokusho kuka-Alfred Kinsey), ngaphandle kwalokho zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwabantu, kubandakanya nokubulawa kwabantu, kufanele kuthathwe njengokujwayelekile. Akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ngokuthi akukho "okungekhona okwemvelo" mayelana nokuziphatha okuthile ngoba nje kubonakala kubantu nasezilwaneni (ngokusho kukaC.S. Ford noFrank A. Beach), ngaphandle kwalokho ubuzimuzimu kufanele buthathwe njengobungokwemvelo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ngokuthi isimo sengqondo asiphambuki, ngoba isimo esinjalo asiholeli ekulungisweni okungafanele, ukucindezeleka, noma ukukhubazeka kokusebenza komphakathi (ngokusho kuka-Evelyn Hooker, uJohn C. Gonsiorek, i-APA, i-American Psychiatric Association nabanye), Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuningi kufanele kubhalwe ngephutha njengokujwayelekile. Iziphetho ezicashunwe ezincwadini ezicashunwe ngabasekeli be-normativity yobungqingili azilona iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe lesayensi, futhi izifundo ezingabazisayo azikwazi ukubhekwa njengemithombo ethembekile.

I-APA ne-American Psychiatric Association kungenzeka zenze amaphutha anengqondo enhlekeleleni ekukhetheni izincwadi, ezizibiza njengobufakazi bokusekela isimangalo sokuthi ubungqingili (kanye nokunye ukuphambuka kwezocansi) akuyona inkinga yengqondo; lesi simo kungenzeka. Noma kunjalo, umuntu akufanele abe ongenamqondo futhi angawanaki amathuba akhona ezinhlanganweni ezinamandla zokwenza isayensi yenkohliso. Kunokungafani okungathí sina eziphethweni ezinengqondo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okucashunwe kwezinqubo nemigomo yilabo abathathwa njenge- "Iziphathimandla" emkhakheni wezengqondo nezengqondo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezincwadi ezenziwe kule ndatshana, okubhekiselwa kuzo njengobufakazi “obunamandla” futhi “obuqinisekisayo”, kuveza amaphutha ayo aphambili - ukungabi nalutho, ubuwula, kanye nokuziphatha okubi ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke, ukuthembeka kwe-APA kanye ne-American Psychiatric Association mayelana nencazelo yokuphelelwa ngamandla kwezocansi kuyaphikiswa. Ekugcineni, izindaba ezisolisayo nedatha ephelelwe yisikhathi zisetshenziswa ngempela kwizimpikiswano ngesihloko sobungqingili, kepha izinhlangano ezivumayo azingabazi ukusebenzisa le ndlela.

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¹ Ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwase-Anglo-Saxon, kunesikhungo 'sabahlobo benkundla' (i-amici curiae) - sikhuluma ngabantu abazimele abasiza kuleli cala, benikeza umbono wabo onguchwepheshe ohambelana naleli cala, kanti “abangani benkantolo” uqobo abawona amaqembu ibhizinisi.

² Umbiko weTask Force on Izindlela Ezifanele Zokwelapha Ezimweni Zocansi.

³ I-American Psychiatric Association ayibheki njenge-apotemophilia ukwephula umthetho; I-DSM-5 ithi: “I-Apotemophilia (hhayi ukwephulwa ngokusho kwe-“ DSM-5 ”) ifaka phakathi isifiso sokususa umlenze ukuze kulungiswe ukungafani phakathi kokuzwa komzimba womuntu kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo yakhe. I-American Psychiatric Association 2014b, k. 246-7).

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