Yini eyaziwa ngocwaningo:
Iziphetho ezivela kwisayensi yemvelo, yezengqondo neyenhlalo

UDkt Paul McHugh, MD - Inhloko yoMnyango Wezengqondo eYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins, udokotela wezengqondo ovelele wamashumi eminyaka asanda kwedlula, umcwaningi, uprofesa kanye nothisha.
 UDkt Lawrence Meyer, MB, MS, Ph.D. - Usosayensi eMnyangweni Wezengqondo eYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins, uprofesa e-Arizona State University, isazi sezibalo, uchwepheshe wezentuthuko, isazi kwezentuthuko, ukuhlaziya kanye nokutolika imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlola nokubona emkhakheni wezempilo nowokwelapha.

Isifinyezo

Ngo-2016, ososayensi ababili abahamba phambili abavela eJohns Hopkins Research University bashicilela iphepha elalifingqa lonke ucwaningo olutholakalayo lwezinto eziphilayo, ezengqondo nezenhlalo emkhakheni wezobulili kanye nobunikazi bobulili. Ababhali, abasekela ngokuqinile ukulingana futhi baphikisana nokucwaswa kwe-LGBT, bathemba ukuthi imininingwane enikeziwe inganika amandla odokotela, ososayensi kanye nezakhamizi - sonke - ukubhekana nezinkinga zezempilo ezibhekene nabantu be-LGBT emphakathini wethu. 

Okunye okutholiwe kombiko:

ISIQEPHU I. ISIQINISEKISO SESIQINISO 

• Ukuqonda ukuthambekela kobulili njengento eyenzeka ngaphakathi, echazwa ngokwasemthethweni nangomqondo oqondile - umbono wokuthi abantu "bazalwe ngale ndlela" - abutholi ukuqinisekiswa kwesayensi. 

• Ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi izici zemvelo ezinjengezakhi zofuzo nama-hormone zihlobene nokuziphatha kocansi kanye nesifiso, akunangcaciso eqinisekisayo yezimbangela zemvelo zokuya ocansini komuntu. Ngaphandle kokwehluka okungasho lutho ekwakhiweni kobuchopho nomsebenzi phakathi kwabobungqingili kanye nabobulili obuhlukile obuhlonziwe njengomphumela wokucwaninga, imininingwane enjalo ye-neurobiological ayikhombisi ukuthi ngabe umehluko lo ungaphakathi yini noma ungumphumela wezici zemvelo nezengqondo. 

• Izifundo ze-longitudinal zentsha zisikisela ukuthi ukuthambekela ocansini kungahluka kakhulu empilweni yabanye abantu; njengoba ucwaningo olulodwa luveze, cishe i-80% yezinsizwa ezibike ngemigwaqo yobungqingili efanayo ayizange ikuphinde lokhu lapho iba badala. 

• Uma kuqhathaniswa nabobulili obuhlukile, abobulili obuhlukile abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abathandanayo kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi bahlukunyezwe ngokocansi ezinganeni kabili.

ISAHLUKO II ISEXUALity, IMPILO YENGQONDO NOKUQINQA KWAMANDLA 

• Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo sabantu bonke, izihlokwana ezingewona awobungqingili zisengozini ekhulayo yemiphumela ehlukahlukene esusayo kwimpilo ejwayelekile nengokwengqondo. 

• Ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka emalungwini enabantu abangalingani nobulili obuhlukile kulinganiselwa ukuthi iphindwe cishe izikhathi ze-1,5 kunasemalungwini abantu abathandanayo nabobulili obuhlukile; ubungozi bokukhula komoya odabukisayo imayelana nezikhathi ze-2, ubungozi bokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa izikhathi ze-1,5 futhi ingozi yokuzibulala cishe iyizikhathi ze-2,5. 

• Amalungu omphakathi we-transgender nawo asengozini enkulu yezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zempilo yengqondo kunamalungu esintu esingewona ama-transgender. Idatha ethusayo ikakhulukazi yatholakala ezingeni lokuzama ukuzibulala kuyo yonke impilo yabantu be-transgender bayo yonke iminyaka, okuyi-41% uma kuqhathaniswa nengaphansi kwe-5% yabantu base-US. 

• Ngokusho kokutholakalayo, okulinganiselwe, ubufakazi, izingcindezi zenhlalo, kufaka phakathi ukucwaswa kanye nokubandlululwa, kukhulisa ubungozi bemiphumela emibi yezempilo yengqondo phakathi kwabantu abangahlukani nabobulili obuhlukile nabangama-transgender. Kudingeka olunye ucwaningo lwe-longitudinal lwekhwalithi ephezulu ukwenza "imodeli yengcindezi yomphakathi" ithuluzi eliqondakalayo lokuqonda izinkinga zezempilo zomphakathi.

ISAHLUKO III ISIVIVINYO SESIFAZANE 

• I-hypothesis yokuthi ubunikazi bobulili buyimvelo yokuzalwa komuntu, engahlali kuye ngocansi lwendalo (ukuthi umuntu angaba "yindoda ebambeke emzimbeni womuntu wesifazane" noma "umfazi abambeke emzimbeni womuntu") ayinabo ubufakazi besayensi. 

• Ngokusho kokuqagelwa kwakamuva, cishe i-0,6% yabantu abadala base-US bakhomba ubulili obungahambisani ubulili babo bokuzala. 

• Izifundo eziqhathaniswayo zezakhi zobuchopho zabantu abasebenza ngama-transgender nabangewona ama-transgender bakhombise ukuhlangana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwesakhiwo sobuchopho nokukhonjwa kwe-cross-ubulili. Lokhu kuhlangana akukhombisi ukuthi ukukhonjwa kobulili obuhlukile kuya ngezinga elithile kuncike ezicini ze-neurobiological. 

• Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo esijwayelekile, abantu abadala abaye bahlinzwa ngokulungiswa kocansi basengozini enkulu yezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Njengoba ucwaningo oluthile luveze, kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, abantu abashintshe ubulili babenomkhuba wokuzama ukuzibulala cishe ngezikhathi ze-5, futhi amathuba wokufa ngenxa yokuzibulala ayecishe abe izikhathi ze-19. 

• Izingane ziyimeko ekhethekile esihlokweni sobulili. Imbalwa kuphela yezingane ezinobunikazi obucashile obuyohambisana nayo ebusheni nasebudaleni. 

• Kunobufakazi obuncane besayensi bokubaluleka kokuwelapha kokungenelela okunciphisa ukubeletha noma ukuguqula izimfanelo zesibili zocansi zentsha, yize ezinye izingane zingathuthukisa isimo sazo sokusebenza kwengqondo, uma nje zithola isikhuthazo nokusekelwa ekuhlonzeni ubulili bazo. Akunabufakazi bokuthi abantu abagudluza ngemicabango noma ngokuziphatha kobulili kufanele bakhuthazwe.

Isingeniso

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzoba nezihloko eziningi eziqhathaniswa nokuxakaniseka nokungahambisani nemibuzo ephathelene nokuya ocansini nobunikazi bomuntu. Le mibuzo ithinta imicabango nemizwa yethu eyimfihlo kakhulu futhi isiza ekuchazeni wonke umuntu njengomuntu nanjengelungu lomphakathi. Impikiswano ngezinkinga zokuziphatha ezihlobene nokuthanda ubulili kanye nobunikazi bobulili iyashisa, futhi ababambiqhaza babo bavame ukuba ngabomuntu uqobo, futhi izinkinga ezihambisanayo ezisezingeni lesifundazwe zibangela ukungaboni ngaso linye okukhulu. Abahlanganyeli bezingxoxo, izintatheli nabenzi bezomthetho bavame ukukhuluma ngobufakazi besayensi obugunyaziwe, futhi ezindabeni, kwabezindaba, nakwimibuthano ebanzi, sivame ukuzwa izitatimende ezithi "isayensi ithi" ngalokhu.

Leli phepha libonisa ukubuyekezwa okuhlanganiswe ngokucophelela kwencazelo yesimanje yenani elikhulu lemiphumela efanelekile yezifundo zebhayoloji zezesayensi, ezengqondo nezenhlalo maqondana nokuya ocansini kanye nobunikazi bobulili. Sibheka inani elikhulu lezincwadi zesayensi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Sizama ukubheka ukulinganiselwa kocwaningo futhi singafinyeleli esiphethweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi okungaholela ekuxhumaniseni imininingwane yedatha yesayensi. Ngenxa yobuningi bezincazelo eziphikisanayo nezingalungile ezincwadini, asihloli idatha yedatha kuphela, kodwa futhi sihlola nezinkinga ezikhona zomqondo. Lo mbiko, nokho, awubeki izingqinamba zokuziphatha nokuziphatha okuhle; sigxile kakhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi nakulokho abakhombisa noma abangakhombisi.

Engxenyeni yokuqala, siqala ngokuhlaziywa okubucayi kwemiqondo efana nobungqingili, ubungqingili, nobungqingili, futhi sibheke ukuthi zibonisa kangakanani izici zomuntu ngamunye, ezingashintshi, ezihlobene nokuphila komuntu. Kanye neminye imibuzo kule ngxenye, siphendukela kumqondo osakazekile othi "enjalo bayazalwa", ngokuya lapho umuntu enokuzibandakanya ocansini okungokwemvelo; Sihlaziya ukuqinisekiswa kwale hypothesis emagatsheni ahlukahlukene ezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Sihlola umsuka wokwakheka kwe-sex drive, izinga lapho i-sex drive ingaguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nobunzima obuhambisana nokufaka i-sex drive ngobunikazi bocansi. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yamawele nezinye izifundo, sihlaziya izakhi zofuzo, ezemvelo nezama-hormone. Siphinde sihlaziye okunye okutholwe yisayensi okuxhumanisa isayensi yobuchopho nokuya ocansini.

Incenye Yesibili inetfula luhlaziyo lwekucwanjwa kwetinkinga tetemphilo ekubukeni ngekwecansi kanye nekuba ngekwebulili. Phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabesilisa abayizitabane, izitabane, ama-bisexuals kanye nabantu be-transgender, kuhlale kunobungozi obuphakeme bezempilo ebuthaka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo uma kuqhathaniswa neningi labantu. Izinkinga ezinjalo zempilo zibandakanya ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa futhi, okuyingozi kakhulu, ukwandisa ingozi yokuzibulala. Isibonelo, e-United States, ama-41% wabantu be-transgender bazamile ukuzibulala, okuphindwe kayiphindwe kayishumi kunokweningi labantu. Thina - odokotela, othisha nososayensi - sikholelwa ukuthi zonke izingxoxo ezengeziwe kulo msebenzi kufanele ziqhutshwe ngokubheka izinkinga zezempilo zomphakathi.

Siphinde sihlaziye eminye yemibono ebekwa phambili ukuchaza lo mehluko wesimo sempilo, okubandakanya imodeli yokuxineka komphakathi. Le hypothesis, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izingcindezi ezinjengokubandlululwa nokucwaswa okuyizimbangela zokuhlupheka okukhona ngalezi zinto ezingezansi, akuchazi ngokuphelele umehluko emazingeni wobungozi.

Uma ingxenye ngiletha ukuhlaziywa komcabango wokuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kubangwa njalo ngenxa yezizathu zokuzalwa, enye yezingxenye zengxenye III ixoxa ngezinkinga ezifanayo maqondana nobunikazi bobulili. Ubulili bebhayiloji (imikhakha kanambambili yowesilisa nowesifazane) luyisici esizinzile sesimo somuntu, noma ngabe kucatshangelwa ukuthi abanye abantu abahlushwa ukuphazamiseka kokukhula kwezocansi babonisa izimfanelo zobulili ezimbili. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubunikazi bobulili ngumqondo wenhlalo-nangokwengqondo ongenayo nencazelo eqondile, futhi inani elincane nje ledatha yesayensi libonisa ukuthi lokhu kuyikhwalithi yofuzo engashintshi.

Ingxenye III ibuye ihlaziye ukulungiswa kobulili nedatha ekusebenzeni kwayo ukunciphisa izinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezithinta abantu abaningi abakhonjwe njengabantu be-transgender. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo esijwayelekile, abantu abane-transgender abaye baguqulwa ngocansi ngokuhlinzwa banengozi enkulu yokwehlisa impilo yengqondo.

Okukhathaza kakhulu udaba lokungenelela kwezokwelapha ukuze kubuyeleliswe kwabobulili phakathi kwabasha abangahambisani nobulili. Iziguli eziningi ngokwengeziwe zenza izinqubo ezizisiza zamukele ubulili obuzwayo, futhi ngisho nokwelashwa ngama-hormone nokuhlinzwa zisencane. Kodwa-ke, iningi lezingane okuthi ubunikazi bazo bobulili buhambisane nobulili bazo bokuzalwa zizoshintsha lobu ubunikazi njengoba bukhula. Sikhathazekile futhi sikhathazekile ngesihluku nokungalungiseki kokungenelela okuthile okuxoxwa ngakho obala emphakathini futhi kusebenza ezinganeni.

Isimo sobulili kanye nobunikazi bobulili akubolekisi encazelweni elula yethiyori. Kukhona igebe elikhulu phakathi kokuzithemba okusekelwa imibono mayelana nale miqondo, nokuthi yini evula indlela yesayensi ebukhali. Njengoba sibhekene nobunzima obunjalo nokungaqiniseki, kufanele sihlole ngesizotha lokho esikwaziyo nokuthi yini. Siyavuma ukuthi lo msebenzi akuyona ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwezinkinga ezikhuluma ngakho, futhi akusilo iqiniso eliphelele. Ayikho indlela isayensi eyiyo kuphela indlela yokuqonda lezi zinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezinobunzima obukhulu - kuneminye imithombo yobuhlakani nolwazi, kubandakanya ubuciko, inkolo, ifilosofi kanye nesipiliyoni sempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi oluningi lwesayensi kule ndawo alukakahlelwa. Ngaphandle kwakho konke, sethemba ukuthi lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zesayensi kuzosiza ekwakheni uhlaka olufanayo lwenkulumo enengqondo futhi ekhanyisiwe endaweni yezepolitiki, yobungcweti kanye nesayensi, futhi ukuthi ngosizo lwethu thina njengezakhamizi eziqondayo, singenza okuningi ukudambisa ukuhlupheka nokukhuthaza ezempilo kanye nokuchuma kwesintu.

INGXENYE I - Ukuya ocansini

Yize kunenkolelo egcwele kabanzi yokuthi ukuthambekela ocansini kuyindlela engaphakathi, engaguquki, futhi yemvelo yomuntu, yokuthi wonke umuntu - ongqingili, abongqingili, kanye nabesilisa abathobekileyo - "bazalwe benjalo," lesi sitatimende asisekelwa ubufakazi obanele besayensi. Eqinisweni, wona kanye umqondo wobuntu bokuya ocansini uneqisi ngokwedlulele; ingahlobana nezimpawu zokuziphatha, imizwa yokuhehwa kanye nomuzwa wokuzazi. Njengomphumela wezifundo zokuhlaselwa ngobudlova, ubudlelwane obungenakubaluleka kakhulu batholakala phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokushayela ngokobulili nokuziphatha, kodwa akukho datha obalulekile okutholakale izinhlobo ezithile zofuzo. Kukhona futhi nokufakazelwa kwamanye ama-hypotheses mayelana nezimbangela zemvelo zokuziphatha kobungqingili, ukuheha kanye nobunikazi, ngokwesibonelo, ngomthelela wama-hormone ekuthuthukisweni kwe-intrauterine, kepha le mininingwane ilinganiselwe. Njengomphumela wezifundo zobuchopho, umehluko othile phakathi kwabongqingili nabobulili obuhlukile abatholakala, kepha behluleka ukwengeza ubufakazi bokuthi lokhu kwehluka kungaphakathi, futhi akwenziwanga ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle zezemvelo ezimeni zengqondo nezengqondo. Ukuhlangana kutholakele phakathi kobungqingili be-hetero nobunye bezimpawu zangaphandle, okungukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwezingane, umphumela wazo ongabonakala ekuphakameni okuphezulu kwemiphumela yezempilo yengqondo ekulimazeni kwabantu abangafani nabobulili obuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa neningi labantu. Ngokuvamile, idatha etholakele iphakamisa izinga elithile lokuhlukahluka kumamodeli wesifiso nokuziphatha - uma kuqhathaniswa nombono wokuthi "bazalwa kanjena", okwenza kube lula ukwenzakala kobunzima bomuntu wobulili. 

funda Ingxenye I (I-PDF, amakhasi we-50)

ISAHLUKO II - Ubulili, Impilo Yengqondo Nengcindezi Yomphakathi

Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo sabantu bonke, amaqembu angenabo ubungqingili kanye nama-transgender anesilinganiso esandayo sezinkinga zempilo yengqondo njengokukhathazeka kwengqondo, ukudangala nokuzibulala, kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha nezenhlalo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa nodlame olubhekiswe kumlingani wezocansi. Ukuchazwa okuvame kakhulu kwalesi simo ezincwadini zesayensi kuyisibonelo sokuxineka kwezenhlalo, ngokusho kokuthi izingcindezi zenhlalo lapho amalungu alezi zinto ezingezansi ebekwa khona - ukubandlululwa nokubandlululwa - okuyimbangela yemiphumela engemihle yempilo yengqondo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi, ngaphandle kwethonya elicacile labacindezeli bezenhlalo ekwandeni kwengozi yokuthola ukugula ngengqondo kulezi zindawo, cishe abanasibopho ngokuphelele sokungalingani okunjalo.

funda INXENYE II  (I-PDF, amakhasi we-32)

ISAHLUKO III - Ubunikazi bobulili

Umqondo wobulili bemvelo uchazwe kahle ngesisekelo sezindima kanambambili zamadoda nabesifazane abasesimweni sokuzala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umqondo wobulili awunencazelo ecacile. Kusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuchaza isimilo kanye nezimpawu zengqondo ezivame ukubonakala ebulilini obuthile. Abanye abantu bakhonjwa ebulilini abangahambisani ubulili babo. Izizathu zalokhu kukhonjwa okwamanje aziqondakali kahle. Ukusebenza okuphenya ukuthi abantu be-transgender banezimfanelo ezithile zomzimba noma okuhlangenwe nakho okufana nobulili obuhlukile, njengesakhiwo sobuchopho noma imiphumela ye-Horin prenatal hormonal, okwamanje akuvumelani. I-dysphoria yobulili - umuzwa wokungaboni ngasolinye phakathi kobulili bemvelo nobuntu bakho, obuhambisana nokukhubazeka okukhulu komtholampilo noma ukuthikamezeka - kwesinye isikhathi kuyelashwa kubantu abadala abane-hormone noma ukuhlinzwa, kepha kunobufakazi obuncane besayensi bokuthi lokhu kungenelela kwezifo zokwelapha kunomthelela omuhle ngokomqondo. Njengoba isayensi ikhombisa, izinkinga zokuhlonza ubulili ezinganeni ngokuvamile aziqhubeki ebusheni nasebudaleni, futhi ubufakazi obuncane besayensi buqinisekisa izinzuzo zezokwelapha zokubambezeleka kokuthomba. Sikhathazekile ngokuthambekela okukhulayo kwezingane ezinezinkinga zobunikazi bobulili ukuze zishintshele ebulilini bazo obukhethiwe ngenqubo yokwelapha bese kulandela izinqubo zokuhlinzwa. Kunesidingo esicacile sokucwaninga okwengeziwe kule ndawo.

funda INXENYE III (I-PDF, amakhasi we-29)

ISIPHETHO

Imiphumela yocwaningo olunembile, oluhlelekile futhi olungathinta izinqumo zethu siqu nokuzazi futhi ngasikhathi sinye ikhuthaza inkulumo yenhlalo, kubandakanya izingxabano zamasiko nezepolitiki. Uma ucwaningo lubheka izihloko eziphikisanayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nomqondo osobala nowokhonkolo wokuthi yini ngempela etholwe yisayensi nokuthi yini engekho. Ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nohlobo lobulili babantu, kunokuvumelana okuhle kwesayensi kokuqala; okuningi kuhlala kungaziwa, ngoba ubulili buyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yempilo yomuntu, ephikisana nemizamo yethu yokuthola zonke izici zayo futhi sizifunde ngokunemba okukhulu.

Kodwa-ke, emibuzo okulula ukuyicwaninga ngamandla, ngokwesibonelo, ezingeni lemiphumela engemihle yezempilo yezengqondo ekufundeni okubonakalayo kobungozi bocansi, izifundo zisanikeza izimpendulo ezithile ezicacile: lezi zinto ezingezansi zibonisa izinga eliphakeme lokudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuzibulala kuqhathaniswa nabantu jikelele. I-hypothesis eyodwa - imodeli yokucindezelwa komphakathi - ithi ukubandlulula, ubandlululo, kanye nokubandlulula kuyimbangela eyinhloko yezinga elikhulayo lezinkinga zempilo yengqondo yalezi zinhlokwana, futhi zivame ukuboniswa njengendlela yokuchaza lo mehluko. Isibonelo, abantu abangahlukani nabobulili obuhlukile kanye nabantu abadlwengulile bavame ukuba ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokuhlalisana nokucwaswa, noma kunjalo, isayensi ayifakazanga ukuthi lezi zici zodwa zinquma ngokuphelele, noma, okungenani, umehluko wesimo sempilo phakathi kokukhuphuka kwabantu abangahlukani nabobulili obuhlukile kanye nababonke abantu. Kudingeka ucwaningo olunzulu kule ndawo ukuhlola i-hypothesis yengcindezi yezenhlalo nezinye izincazelo ezinokwenzeka zokungafani kwesimo sempilo, kanye nokuthola izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zezempilo kulezi zinto ezingezansi.

Ezinye zezinkolelo ezisabalele kakhulu mayelana nokuya ocansini, ngokwesibonelo, isichasiso "sizalwa ngaleyondlela," nje asisekelwa yisayensi. Emisebenzini kulesi sihloko, inani elincane lokwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwabangewona abesilisa nabesifazane abathandanayo nabesilisa nabesifazane abachazwa ngokwesini kuchazwe ngempela, kepha lokhu kungafani kokwebhayoloji akwanele ukubikezela ukuthambekela kocansi, okuyisivivinyo sokugcina kwanoma yimuphi umphumela wesayensi. Ezinchazelweni zokuya ocansini okuhlongozwe yisayensi, isitatimende esiqine kakhulu simi ngale ndlela: ezinye izici zezinto eziphilayo ngokwezinga elithile zibeka abanye abantu ekuthambeleni kobulili obuhlukile.

Umcabango wokuthi "laba bazalwe" kunzima ukwedlula ukusetshenziswa kobunikazi bobulili. Ngomqondo othile, iqiniso lokuthi sizalwa nobulili obuthile kuqinisekiswa ngokucophelela ngokuqondile: iningi labesilisa likhonjwa njengabesilisa, futhi iningi labesifazane njengabesifazane. Iqiniso lokuthi izingane (ngaphandle kwe-hermaphrodites) ezizalwa ngobulili besilisa noma besifazane alikhulunywa. Ubulili obuyimvelo budlala izindima ezihambisanayo ekuzaleni kabusha, futhi kunokwehluka okuhlukahlukene ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo phakathi kobulili ngokwesilinganiso sabantu. Kodwa-ke, yize ubulili bebhayoloji buwuphawu lokuzalwa komuntu, ubunikazi bobulili ngumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Uma ucubungula izincwadi zesayensi, kuvela ukuthi cishe akukho lutho olwaqondakala ngokuphelele uma sizama ukuchaza kusuka endaweni yokubuka ye-biology izizathu eziholela kwabanye ekuphikiseni ukuthi ubunikazi babo bobulili abuhambelani nobulili babo bemvelo. Mayelana nemiphumela etholakele, izimangalo zivame ukwenziwa maqondana nazo lapho kuhlanganiswa isampula, ngaphezu kwalokho, azinaki izinguquko ngesikhathi futhi azinawo amandla achazayo. Kudingeka ucwaningo olungcono ukuthola ukuthi ungasiza kanjani ukwehlisa izinga lezinkinga zempilo yengqondo futhi ukhulise ukuqwashisa kwabahlanganyeli ezingxoxweni zezinto ezicashile kule ndawo.

Noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki kwesayensi, ukungenelela okungenamkhawulo kubekiwe futhi kwenzelwa iziguli ezizozazi noma ezikhonjwa njengezidluliselayo. Lokhu kukhathazeka kakhulu ezimweni lapho izingane ziba yiziguli ezinjalo. Embikweni osemthethweni, sithola imininingwane ngokungenelela okuhleliwe kwezokwelapha nokuhlinzwa kwezingane eziningi zobudala be-preubertal, ezinye zazo ezineminyaka eyisithupha kuphela ubudala, kanye nezinye izixazululo zokwelapha ezingane ezineminyaka emibili. Sikholwa ukuthi akekho onelungelo lokunquma ukuthi ungubani ubulili wengane eneminyaka emibili. Sinokungabaza ngokuthi ososayensi baqonda kahle kangakanani ukuthi umqondo othuthukile wobulili babo usho ukuthini enganeni, kodwa, ngaphandle kwalokhu, sikhathazeke kakhulu ukuthi le mishanguzo, izinqubo zokwelapha kanye nokuhlinzwa ihluke kakhulu kubukhulu bengcindezi, laba bantu abasha banamava, futhi, kunoma yikuphi, bafika ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngoba izingane eziningi ezihlonza ubulili bazo njengobunye bokuya ocansini lwabo lwendalo, ekubeni ngabantu abadala, ziyenqaba le nkomba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izifundo ezinganele ezingaqinisekile zemiphumela yesikhathi eside yalokho kungenelela. Sigqugquzela ukuqaphela kule ndaba.

Kulombiko, sizame ukwethula isethi yezifundo ngendlela yokuthi yaqondakala kubabukeli abaningi, kufaka phakathi ochwepheshe kanye nabafundi abajwayelekile. Bonke abantu - ososayensi nodokotela, abazali nothisha, izishayamthetho kanye nezishoshovu - banelungelo lokuthola imininingwane efanelekile mayelana nokuya ocansini kanye nokuthi bangobani ubulili. Ngaphandle kokungqubuzana okuningi kwesimo somphakathi wethu ngamalungu omphakathi we-LGBT, akukho mibono yezepolitiki noma yamasiko okufanele ivimbele ukutadisha nokuqonda kwezindaba ezifanele zezempilo nezomphakathi kanye nokunikezwa kosizo kubantu abanenkinga yezempilo yengqondo, ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yezocansi lwabo umazisi

Umsebenzi wethu uphakamisa izinkomba ezithile zocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ezengqondo nezenhlalo. Ucwaningo oluningi luyadingeka ukukhomba izimbangela zamazinga okwanda kwezinkinga zempilo yengqondo kuma-LGBT subpopulations. Imodeli yengcindezi yezenhlalo, esetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni ngalesi sihloko, idinga ukucolisiswa futhi, okungenzeka kakhulu, yengezwe eminye imibono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zokuthuthuka kanye nezinguquko ezinkanukweni zocansi kuyo yonke impilo, ingxenye enkulu, aziqondakali kahle. Ucwaningo lwezobuciko lungasisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono ubudlelwane, impilo yezocansi, nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo.

Ukugxekwa kanye nokuncintisana kwazo zombili lezi zingxenye zepharadesi “kuzalwa kanjalo” - zombili lezi zinkulumo maqondana nokuqinisekiswa okungokwemvelo nokulungiswa kokuya ocansini, kanye nesitatimende esihlobene nokuzimela kocansi olungaguquki kusuka ocansini lwendalo-- kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile maqondana nezocansi, indlela yokuziphatha kwezocansi, ubulili, kanye nomuntu nomuntu nomphakathi izinzuzo ngokubuka okusha. Ezinye zalezi zingqinamba zingaphezu kobubanzi balo msebenzi, kodwa lezo esike sazicubungula ziveza ukuthi kukhona igebe elikhulu phakathi kweningi lezingxoxo zomphakathi nalokho isayensi eye yakuthola.

Ukucwaninga okucatshangwayo kanye nokutolika okucacile kwemiphumela kungaqhubekisela phambili ukuqonda kwethu ubulili kanye nobunikazi bobulili. Kusenomsebenzi omningi nemibuzo ezingazitholi izimpendulo. Sizame ukwenza ngokwejwayelekile futhi sichaze isethi eyinkimbinkimbi yezifundo zesayensi kwezinye zalezi zihloko. Siyethemba ukuthi lo mbiko uzosiza ekuqhubekeni kwengxoxo evulekile maqondana nobulili nobuntu. Silindele ukuthi lo mbiko udale ukusabela okuhle, futhi siyawemukela.

Umthombo