Zipolowe za andale za LGBT zimakhazikitsidwa pazinthu zitatu zopanda maziko zomwe zimatsimikizira "zofunikira", "kubadwanso" komanso "kusowa" kwa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kuti amapereka ndalama zambiri komanso maphunziro ambiri, lingaliro ili silinalandire tanthauzo la sayansi. Voliyumu yowonjezera umboni wasayansi m'malo mwake chimawonetsera chosiyana: kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zopezeka kupatuka kuchokera ku boma kapena njira yachitukuko, yomwe imapereka chidwi ndi kutsimikiza kwa kasitomala, kumapereka mwayi wowongolera zamaganizidwe othandizira.

Popeza malingaliro onse a LGBT adamangidwa pazifukwa zabodza, ndizosatheka kutsimikizira izi moona mtima. Chifukwa chake, pofuna kuteteza malingaliro awo, otsogolera a LGBT amakakamizidwa kuti ayambe kulankhula zopanda pake, zonama, nthano, zonama komanso zonama zabodza, m'mawu - zamatsenga. Cholinga chawo pamtsutsowu si kupeza chowonadi, koma kupambana (kapena mawonekedwe ake) mumtsutsowu mwanjira iliyonse. Oimira ena a LGBT adatsutsa kale njira yongowonera mwachidule, powachenjeza kuti tsiku lina lidzawabwezera ngati boomerang, ndipo adalimbikitsa kuti aletse kufalikira kwa zikhulupiriro zotsutsana ndi sayansi, koma sizinatero.

Chotsatira, tikambirana machenjerero, miseru, ndi maupangiri wamba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochirikiza malingaliro a LGBT omwe amalowa mkangano.

AD HOMINEM
KULIMBITSA KWA AWA
Chinyengo
NKHANI YOPHUNZITSIRA
KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO BWINO
NKHANI YOPHUNZITSIRA
DZIWANI IZI
Kusintha kwa MISONKHANO
LEMBANI KULI Nambala
KUYENDA KWA NISSENSE
LEMBANI KWA WODZIPEREKA
LEMBANI KWA CHITSITSO
AD NAUSEAM
GATE KUPEMBEDZA 

AD HOMINEM (kondweretsani munthu)

Polephera kutsutsa zokambiranazo, demagogue imazunza amene akumusankha: umunthu wake, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe, zolinga zake, luso lake, ndi zina zambiri. Choyikacho chagona poyesa kunyoza munthuyo, kumuwonetsa pagulu ngati wosayenera kudalirika. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi machenjerero "poyizoni poyizoni»(Poison of the Well), pomwe demagogue asanakambirane akukangana mokhazikika pamayendedwe a Ad Hominem, kuyesera kuwononga gwero. Mwachitsanzo: "Magazini yomwe kafukufukuyu amafalitsidwira imakhala yotsika; iyi ndi "gulu la nyama yolusa" ya "Murzilka" ». Zowukira zoterezi sizikugwirizana ndi mtundu komanso chowonadi cha mfundo zomwezi. Uku ndikuyesa kuti tisokoneze chidwi kuchokera ku zoonadi, kuphimba mfundozo ndi malingaliro osalimbikitsa ndikupanga njira zoyambira zomaliza. Zachidziwikire, kupangidwa kwa malingaliro olakwika kuchokera ku gwero sikutanthauza kuti zotsutsana zomwezo zatsutsidwa kale.

Pali magawo atatu apamwamba a malingaliro a Ad Hominem:

1) Ad Adam (kusintha kwa umunthu) - kuwukira mwachindunji pamakhalidwe a mdani, nthawi zambiri amatukwana kapena kunyoza mawu osavomerezeka. Wina anazindikira kuti kufooka kwa mfundozo, kumakhala kolimba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo: "Wochiritsa uyu ndi wachinyengo, scoundrel, charlatan, ndipo dipuloma yake ndi yabodza.". Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mikhalidwe ya munthu, ngakhale yonyansa kwambiri, siyipangitsa kuti zonena zake zikhale zolakwika.

2) Ad Hominem Circstantiae (zanu) - Chizindikiro cha zochitika zomwe amati zimapatsa mwayi wotsutsana naye, zomwe zimatanthawuza kukondera kwake ndi kusakhulupirika. Mwachitsanzo: "Wasayansi uyu ndi wokhulupirira Katolika." Kutsutsana koteroko kulinso kolakwika, chifukwa choti wotsutsayo pazifukwa zina amakonda kuyambitsa molondola kutsutsana uku sikuchititsa kuti mkanganowu pawokha ukhale wosamveka bwino.

3) Ad Hominem tu quoque (wotero) - chisonyezo chakuti wotsutsa iyeye alibe uchimo. Mwachitsanzo: "Amuna ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagonana okhaokha." Apanso, kutsutsana koteroko ndikolakwitsa mwadala, chifukwa sikumatsutsa mkanganowo ndipo sikumapangitsa kukhala wowona pamalingaliro. Choonadi kapena zabodza zonena sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe munthu amene akukakamira amachita. Zakuti, kugonana kwa kumatako, kunena kwake, kumachitidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo sikunyoze zoyipa izi ndizosokoneza ndipo sizikufanana ndi kugonana kwachilengedwe.

KULIMBITSA KWA AWA (mbuliati elenchi)

Cholakwika chomveka komanso njira yodziwikiratu, yomwe imakhalapo kuti ikakumana ndi mawu olimba ndikuzindikira kuti zinthu zake sizabwino, wotsutsa poyankha kwake akupitiliza kukambirana mawu ena, mwina owona komanso ofanana ndi choyambirira, koma osagwirizana ndi tanthauzo la funsolo. Zoyimira zothandizirana pomaliza zimachotsedwa pamalingaliro, ndipo zotsutsana za china chake zimaperekedwa m'malo mwake. Phunziro ili, lomwe nthawi yomweyo limatsimikizika, silikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loyambirira. Njira imeneyi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni komanso kutsutsa. Mwachitsanzo:

Thesis: "Kulembeka kwa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Russia sikuchita mwanzeru, chifukwa kumatsutsana ndi malingaliro ambiri. ”
Yankho lakusintha kwa lingaliro: "Gulu lademokalase silingathe kusankhana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; Ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu monga wina aliyense, kuphatikiza ufulu wokwatiwa. ”

Mawu awa mwanzeru amakhala ndi mawu oti "demokalase" ndi "ukwati", zomwe zimapatsa chidwi kuti zonena za lingaliro loyambirira zimayankha molondola. Samazindikiranso kuti wowongolera sanyalanyaza mfundo zofunikira za undemocracy ndipo amayankha mawu osayenera, omwe sanatsutsidwe ndi aliyense. Inde, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sangasankhidwe; inde, ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi maufulu onse omwe enawo ali nawo - palibe mkangano pa izi, makamaka popeza ku Russia amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi ufulu wonse womwe enawo amachita, popeza palibe lamulo limodzi lomwe limasankha nzika kutengera zomwe amakonda. Chifukwa chake, polankhula za "kufanana kwaukwati", olimbana ndi LGBT amayambiranso M'malo mwa malingalirokupatsa "Chofunika kusintha malingana ndi malamulo aukwati wopitilira demokalase" kwa “Ufulu Wokwatira” -Zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Makamaka kuyambira ukwati - uku si ufulu, koma chikhalidwe chazikhalidwe zina. Nkhani zofunikira - katundu, cholowa, kusamalira - zimayendetsedwa mokwanira ndi notary.

Chitsanzo china. Funso: "Kodi ndizotheka kulola amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti azigwira ntchito ndi ana, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa pedophilia mwa iwo? "
Yankho lokhumudwitsa lomwe linalowa m'malo mwa malingaliro akuti: Pepani, koma nthawi zambiri abambo ogonana amuna okhaokha amachitiridwa nkhanza! "

Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri, munthu wopanda nzeru amayamba kudzitchinjiriza, ndipo ziwonetserozo zimamutsogolera kutali ndi lingaliro lenileni, akumasulira zokambiranazo kukhala ndege yabwino. Njira yakuchotsera izi ndizosavuta: muyenera kuwonetsa pomwe pali kulowererapo ndikupereka ziganizo za mphuno yanu ndi mphuno yanu. Chitani kangapo momwe mungafunikire. Zithunzi zitha kukhala ngati izi: "Munapereka yankho labwino ku funso loti" Kodi ambiri opanga amayenda kuti? ", Komabe, izi sizomwe ndidafunsa, tibwererenso kuti tikambirane funso langa. Pedophilia ya Heterosexual imachitika kangapo ka 2 nthawi zambiri kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa amuna omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kupitilira kuchuluka kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pafupifupi nthawi ya 35. Chifukwa chake, mwa mawu angapo, pedophiles pakati ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha za nthawi ya xnumx zokulirapo ndipo ndi - malinga ndi APA. Kodi ndizomveka kuti ziwerengero zotere zilole kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azigwira ntchito ndi ana? ”

A sophism ofanana ndi mfundozo, osakhudza mutu wa zokambirana komanso osayenera, amadziwika kuti "Zonenepa". Mwachitsanzo: "Munawonetsa tsamba la 615 ngati gwero la mawuwo, koma lili patsamba losiyana kotheratu". Ndikosatheka kutsutsana ndi malingaliro pamfundo zopanda pake komanso zachiwiri, kupewa yankho la funso lalikulu, lomwe, ndiye maziko a nkhaniyi. Ngakhale kutola kwa nit ndizabwino, chidziwitso chawo ndikuti sizabwino kutsutsa zonena.

Umbuli wachinyengo (kusachita mwadala)

Zimakhala ponyalanyaza mfundo zilizonse zosagwirizana ndi mtundu wamkati wa zenizeni. Mosiyana ndi umbuli wamba, munthu amadziwa zinthu komanso magwero, koma amakana kuzizindikira, kapenanso kuzidziwa ngati sangakwaniritse zoyembekezera zake. Munthu wotere nthawi zambiri amabwera ndi miyambo yamakhalidwe a Ad Hominem ndikusintha njira Malonda apamwamba (lat. "kuitana mwala"), yomwe imakhala kukana zonena za otsutsawo kuti ndi zopanda nzeru popanda kupereka umboni uliwonse wa kupusa kwawo (izi ndi zamatsenga, zamulungu zabodza, ukunama, etc.). Zonena za Ad Lapidem ndizabodza chifukwa sizimakhudza kwenikweni malingaliro ake ndipo sizimawakhudza mwanjira iliyonse. Uku ndi kupusitsa "mayina opikisana"Ndipo"kuyesa kosatsimikizika",, Pomwe kudzudzula kosatsutsika kwa zotsutsa kumatsutsa m'malo opanda tanthauzo.

Kutsutsa zowona kumatha kukhala maganizidwe auzeru kapena kudziwitsa ena, omwe amadziwika kuti "kutsimikizira"Ndipo njira yopanda chitetezo"kukana". Zotsimikizika kwambiri zimatsitsidwa ndi psyche yamunthuyo chimodzimodzi monga khola limakankhidwa ndi madzi.

В buku olimbikitsa amuna awiri ogonana ndi Harvard omwe akupereka njira zofalitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zomwe zafotokozedwa Mavuto akulu a 10 mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha womwe uyenera kuthetsedwa kuti muchite bwino kwambiri gawo la gay. Ena mwa mavutowa ndi kukana zenizeni, kuganiza zopanda pake ndi mythomania.

«Aliyense, wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, amatha kuchita zongopeka nthawi ndi nthawi ndikukhulupirira zomwe akufuna m'malo mochita zenizeni. Komabe, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakonda kuchita izi kuposa anthu owongoka chifukwa amayenera kuchita mantha, mkwiyo, komanso kupweteka. Chifukwa chake, kukana zenizeni ndi mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... Izi zitha kudziwonetsera ngati:
• Kuganiza koyipa -Munthu amakhulupirira kuti wakondweretsedwa, osati chowonadi.
• Kusagwirizanab - yofalikira kwambiri kotero kuti sipafunikira kukhala chitsanzo kapena kufotokoza. Tonse tidatsutsana zomwe wogwirizanitsa ndi amuna kapena akazi anzathu amakangana zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi malingaliro athu kapena ake. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa kupatsidwa malamulo omveka, muyenera kudziwa zomwe simukufuna. Chifukwa chake, ma gay nthawi zambiri amakana mfundo zomveka.
• Kuchulukitsa kwa malingaliro - Njira imodzi yochotsera chowonadi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamwano zopanda chidwi. Amuna omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi akuyembekeza kufotokozera zenizeni ndi zomveka ndi mawu osafunikira pazokonda zanu.
• Malingaliro osatsutsika "M'malo mofufuza zenizeni, kupenda vutoli ndi kupeza yankho loyenera, ambiri oterewa amathawa zenizeni kupita ku Netland ndipo amayesetsa kutsutsa zowona ndi zomveka." (Kirk ndi Madsen, After The Ball 1989, p.339)

NKHANI YOPHUNZITSIRA

Ndi njira yaukadaulo kuyesa kukopa zikhulupiriro za munthu kudzera mu zochita zake: mantha, kaduka, udani, kupewera, kunyada, ndi zina.Pemphani kuti muchitire chifundo"(Kutsutsana kwa misericordiam). Pokhala opanda umboni wowona wotsimikizira udindo wake, demagogueyo ikufuna kudzutsa chisoni ndi kumvera omvera kuti apereke chilolezo kuchokera kwa mdaniyo. Mwachitsanzo: "Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhudzidwa ndi tsankho komanso mwala woyipa. Si vuto lawo kuti anabadwa mwanjira imeneyi. Adavutika kwambiri, motero tiyenera kuwapatsa zonse zomwe akufuna. ” Zokambirana zotere sizolondola komanso ndizolakwika, popeza sizigwira pamtima pa nkhaniyi ndipo zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamawunikenso moyenera, kutengera tsankho la omvera, omwe amafunsidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe zanenedwa osati chifukwa chazifukwa zomveka, koma chifukwa chomvera chisoni, manyazi kapena mantha owoneka opanda umunthu, obwerera m'mbuyo, osatukuka komanso etc.

Chopusitsanso china ndi "Chiwonetsero chothandizira"(Wololedwa ndi mayanjano), yomwe imati china chake sichovomerezeka chifukwa chochitidwa ndi gulu kapena munthu wokhala ndi mbiri yoyipa. Ma demagogue omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamtunduwu amazindikiritsa wotsutsawo ndi omwe amawerenga mabuku ndi magulu osagwirizana omwe afotokozeranso lingaliro lofananalo. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene akutsutsa zilizonse zokhudzana ndi anthu a LGBT akhoza kukhala wofanana ndi Hitler kapena a Nazi. Omwe amapanga mauthenga abodza ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adalemba mwachindunji kuzindikirika kwa otsutsa ndi magulu ndi anthu "Omwe amachita zachiwiri ndi zikhulupiriro zake amanyansidwa ndi America wamba": Ku Klux Klan, alaliki okopa akumwera mwachangu, achifwamba oopsa, andende, komanso, Hitler (Reductio ad hitlerum).

Popeza ambiri amawona kuti malingaliro a Hitler ndi osavomerezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito fanizo lotereli kungapangitse kuti pakhale malingaliro omwe amapititsa patsogolo zigamulo zomveka.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa chinyengo cha a Reductio ad Hitlerum kumaphatikizira kufananiza malingaliro a wotsutsa ndi kuphedwa kwa Nazi, Gestapo, fascism, ulamuliro wanthawi zonse, ndi ena.

Poika pambali malingaliro, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti ngati munthu alidi “woipa” mwanjira zina, sizitanthauza kuti zonse zomwe wanena, kuthandizira kapena kuimira, choyambirira ndi choyipa komanso cholakwika. Sitiyenera kukana chowonadi chakuti awiri, awiri, anayi, kokha chifukwa Hitler adakhulupirira zomwezo.

Ma Internet ambiri ali ndi lamulo lotchedwa "Godwin Law", malinga ndi momwe zokambiranazo zimangomalizidwa akangofananiza ndi Hitler kapena Nazi, ndipo chipani chomwe chimapangitsa izi chimayesedwa ngati chota.

Mbali yotsutsana modutsa zolakwika zoyanjana zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa ndi "Kukweza koyanjana"(Honorani mwa mayanjano). Demagogue amati china chake ndichofunikira chifukwa ndi chuma cha gulu lolemekezeka kapena munthu. Chifukwa chake, olengeza za LGBT nthawi zambiri amatchula za anthu osiyanasiyana omwe amadzinenera kuti amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale zenizeni zoterezi zimayamwa kuchokera chala chodziwika kapena ali m'gulu "osati zikomo, koma mosiyana ndi". Opanga mauthenga achinyengo achimuna amalongosola motere:

"... tiyenera kuthana ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe alipo azimayi ndi amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuwawonetsa ngati mizati yayikulu manthu ... Anthu odziwika bwino am'mbuyomu ndi othandiza kwambiri kwa ife, chifukwa chakufa chosawoneka, ngati msomali, ndipo chifukwa chake sichingakane chilichonse kapena kuyimba mlandu chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa... Poyang'ana kuwonekera kwake kwamtambo kwa ngwazi zolemekezedwa zoterezi, kampeni yodziwitsa atolankhani, nthawi iliyonse, ingachititse gulu lachiwerewere liwoneke ngati mulungu woona wa chitukuko chakumadzulo. " (Kirk ndi Madsen, After The Ball 1989, p.187)  

Munthu akapereka zitsanzo zingapo zakuti anthu oterewa ali ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino komanso popanda zifukwa zomveka komanso umboni wotsimikiza kuti anthu onse otere ali ndi malingaliro awa, amalakwitsa. "kuphatikiza zabodza"(Dicto chosavuta).

KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO BWINO (mkangano ndi kunena)

Uku ndikulakwitsa kwatsatanetsatane komwe kumachitika ngati kukhulupirika kwa china chake kumatsimikiziridwa kokha ndi kutsimikiza kwa kukhulupirika kwake, popanda kupereka chitsimikizo chotsimikizika kapena malingaliro m'malo mwake. Mawuwo si umboni kapena umboni; zimangowonetsa kukhudzika kwa munthu yemwe akufotokozerayo. Mwachitsanzo: “Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulibe chibadwa ndipo n'koopsa. Poyankha funso loti lingasinthe malingaliro ofuna kugonana, a American Psychiatric Association adayankha ndi "ayi" motsimikizika.

Zowonongera nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi maukadaulo omwe amatchedwa "Gallop Guiche" (Gish Gallop), chomwe ndi chowerengera chosagwirizana, cholakwika komanso chabodza chodziwidwa, chotsutsa chomwe mdani adzafuna nthawi yayitali. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pamawayilesi oyankhula pa TV, pomwe nthawi yoyankha ndiyochepa. Atataya thumba la zonama, woipa amasiya womutsutsana naye ntchito yosatheka - kufotokozera anthu chifukwa chake aliyense wabodza alibe. Kwa omvera omwe sadziwa zambiri, Gallop Guiche amawoneka modabwitsa. Kumbali imodzi, ngati wotsutsana ayamba kupenda zotsutsana zonse za demagogue, anthu amayamba kuyamba kuwadzidzimuka ndikupeza kuti ali ndi vuto; Komabe, ngati mkangano utsalira popanda kutsutsa, utha kuzindikirika ngati wogonjetsedwa.

Kunena zabodza mwadala ndikosavuta kuposa kutsutsa. Demagogue yemwe samayang'ana chowonadi koma chigonjetso samakakamizidwa ndi china chilichonse ndipo anganene chilichonse, pomwe chowonadi chimafuna kutanthauzira molondola komanso kulondola kotsimikizika mwatsatanetsatane wa mfundo zoona. Monga a Jonathanan Swift adanenera: “Bodza limauluka, ndipo chowonadi chilemala pambuyo pake; ndiye chinyengo chikaululidwa, tachedwa kwambiri ...»

Chifukwa chake, pofuna kuwombera mphekesera za "nyama zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", olengeza za LGBT amafunikira masekondi a 40 kuti atsutse, zomwe zidatenga kanema mumphindi za 40.

NKHANI YOPHUNZITSIRA (pempha chilengedwe)

Uku ndikulakwitsa kwanzeru kapena njira yampangidwe yomwe zinthu zina zimanenedwa kuti zabwino chifukwa ndi "zachilengedwe" kapena zoyipa chifukwa "sizachilengedwe". Mawu oterowo nthawi zambiri maganizo, ndipo sichowona kuti, kuphatikiza apo, ndizolakwika, zopanda pake, zopanda pake ndipo zimakhala ndi matchulidwe osamveka bwino. Tanthauzo la liu loti "zachilengedwe", mwachitsanzo, limachokera ku tanthauzo loti "zachilendo" mpaka "kupezeka m'chilengedwe".

Komabe, zachilengedwe mfundo perekani ziwonetsero zodalirika za mtengo wapatali, chisamaliro chomwe ndicholondola kuchokera pamalingaliro. Chifukwa chake, mawuwo "Sodomu sizachilengedwe" osati cholakwika. Kulowa mkati mwa gawo la m'mimba, komwe mwachilengedwe sikungasinthidwe ndikulowerera ndikusokonekera, ndizosemphana ndi chidziwitso chachilengedwe cha thupi la anthu ndipo ndichopsa. kuvulala kosiyanasiyana komanso kukanika kugwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri sikungasinthidwe. Izi ndi zowona.

Monga chitsanzo chazolakwika zolakwika ndi chilengedwe, chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zabodza za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zitha kutchulidwa: "Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumawonedwa pakati pa nyama; zomwe nyama zimachita ndizachilengedwe; Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kwachilengedwe kwa munthu. ”  Kuphatikiza pa kulondola kwachilengedwe, mawu omalizawa ali ndi zolakwika zina ziwiri:
1) "Kugonjera kwa malingaliro", Kuwonetsedwa kutanthauzira kwamakolo anthropomorphic zikhalidwe za nyama ndi kuyesa kuyimitsa" kupatuka kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe "ngati" mwachilengedwe ".
2) "Mafotokozedwe osankhidwa a zowona",, Yowonetsedwa muzosankhika zosankha zachilengedwe padziko lapansi. 

Mu nthabwala za Aristophanes "Clouds", kupusa kwa njira yotereku kukuwonetsedwa: kuyesera kutsimikizira kwa abambo cholakwa chomenya makolo ake ndi ana ake, mwana wamwamuna amapereka chitsanzo cha omwe ali ndi tulo, omwe abambo ake amawayankha kuti ngati akufuna kutenga zitsanzo kuchokera ku roost, iwo atenge chilichonse.

Mulimonsemo, kukhalapo kwa chodabwitsa chilichonse mwachilengedwe sikumapereka umboni kuti, kufunikira kapena kuvomerezeka. Khansa, mwachitsanzo, ndizodabwitsa zachilengedwe - kodi ndi lingaliro lotani lomwe lingatenge kuchokera ku chidziwitsochi? Inde, ayi.

DZIWANI IZI (kutola chitumbuwa)

Vuto lolakwika lomwe limangowoneza zokhazo ndi zowona zomwe zimathandizira pamalingaliro omwe akufunika wotsogolera, kwinaku akunyalanyaza zina zonse zofunikira zomwe sizichirikiza. Chifukwa chake, potembenukira kuti atsimikizire zikhalidwe za nyama, oteteza za LGBT sananyalanyaze zoyipa zonse ndi zoyipa zomwe zili mwa iye ndipo amangoganizira za mawonekedwe ake ogonana amuna okhaokha, kwinaku akutseka maso awo kukakamizidwa kwawo ndikuthamanga.

Momwemonso, polingalira za kafukufuku wamtundu, olimbikitsa kufalitsa nkhani amangotchulapo zolemba zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro "Zothandizira kutengera chibadwa chathu"kwinaku akunyalanyaza zosungidwa zomwe otsimikizira kuti "Zopereka izi sizikupanga chisankho".

Nthawi zina "kutola zipatso" kumakhala kovutirapo kwambiri kotero kuti wopusitsayo amatsala pang'ono kutsika mawu omwe agwidwa, ndikupotoza uthenga wake. Mwachitsanzo, APA pamilandu ya Lawrence v. Texas, yomwe idayambitsa kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo a sodomy ku mayiko a 14 US, adatchulapo izi: dictum Freud:
"Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungakhale kopindulitsa, koma osati chifukwa chochititsira manyazi, kapena choyipa kapena chinyengo. Sangatchulidwe ngati matenda. Tikhulupirira kuti izi ndizosiyana ndi zogonana ... "
Posakonzekera kumaliza malingaliro, APA idangokhala chete kuti, malinga ndi Freud, izi "kusiyanasiyana pakugonana kumachitika chifukwa cha zina wodabwitsika chitukuko cha kugonana» - ndiye kuti akuimira matenda.

Kusintha kwa CONCEPTS (equivocation)

Zimakhala pogwiritsa ntchito liwu limodzilo pofotokoza zochitika ziwiri zosiyana, kapena poyeserera kukhala chinthu chomwe sichili, zomwe zimatsogolera ku lingaliro labodza. Mwachitsanzo, WHO imapereka tanthauzo lenileni la kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: "Chikhumbo chofunikira chogonana kapena amuna okhaokha, kapena osalumikizana." Koma okopa gay, okamba za nyama, amatcha "kugonana kwa amuna okhaokha" zilizonse zomwe zimachitika pakati pa nyama zamtundu womwewo, ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe chidwi chogonana. Chifukwa chake, agalu achikazi, omwe, osakwanira amuna, amapanga magulu awiriawiri kuti asamalire ana, akuphatikizidwa ndi ziwerengero za "mitundu ya" 450 ya "nyama" amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ", ngakhale athana ndi amuna okhaokha. Zowonadi, palibe nyama imodzi yomwe ingakwaniritse tanthauzo la WHO, chifukwa palibe munthu mwachilengedwe amene akuwonetsa "Kuyendetsa zogonana mosiyana kapena koyamba»Kwa anthu omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi, makamaka popanda kulumikizana.

Chitsanzo china cha kulocha kwa malingaliro chimawonedwa pakutanthauzira kafukufuku Evelyn Hooker, yemwe aperekedwa ndi APA ngati umboni wa “sayansi” yodziwika “mwanjira yodziwika” yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (ngakhale kafukufukuyu sanachite izi). Kutengera zitsanzo za 30 (!) Anthu, Hooker adatsimikiza kuti "Amuna ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kuimira anthu apamwamba kwambiri.. Mwa njira iyi, “Kuchita zinthu mokwanira” Achinyamata ena amaganiza kuti "Zachikhalidwe" onse ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Komanso, akuti za "chizolowezi" cha kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, APA imanena za ntchito zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwake (Bullough 1976; Ford & Beach 1951; Kinsey 1948 ndi 1953), potero m'malo mwake Kuyambukira m'mawu amodzi "Zachikhalidwe" ngakhale kufalikira kapena kufalikira konseko kwa zinthuzi mwanjira iliyonse sikuwonetsa momwe ziliri. Kuphatikiza pa kulowererapo kwa malingaliro, mkangano wabodza "Chidandaulira manambala".

NKHANI YOSAVUTA KWA NUMBER (yaum adum num)

Apatsidwa mkangano molakwika chikufanizira kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsira ntchito lingaliro ndi chowonadi chake. Chifukwa chake Phunziro la Kinsey (amazindikira kupeka M'chaka cha 2006) adawonetsa kuti 48% ya amuna omwe anali pachiwonetsero chake (chomwe makamaka chimakhala cha zigawenga) adakumana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'miyoyo yawo, zomwe zidakhala maziko kwa ofalitsa nkhani zokhuza kulumikizanaku. Komabe, zochitika ndi malingaliro omwe amathandizidwa kwambiri sizowona.

Maumboni olakwika ndi "Limbikitsani ambiri"(Kutsutsana pam populum). M'malo molingalira mwanzeru, demagogue amatembenukira pamaganizidwe a anthu. Chitsanzo: "Anthu ambiri ku America amathandizira kuti azikwatirana.". Ngakhale ambiri atha kukhala olondola, malingaliro ake sakhala otetezeka ku zolakwa. Chowonadi / chabodza cha mawuwo sichingatsimikizidwe / kutsimikizidwa ndi owerengeka ake. Mwachitsanzo, m'mbiri za anthu nthawi zina pomwe ambiri amaganiza za Dziko Lapansi, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti Dziko Lapansi ndi lathyathyathya. Malingaliro ambiri amawonetsa kutchuka kwa lingalirolo, ndipo osati chowonadi chake kapena kukwanira kwake, ngakhale kuli kwakuti kutchuka ndikofunikira pakupanga chisankho.

Kubweretsa ku chilungamo (abudewa)

Pokhala osatha kutsutsa kwenikweni, wopangitsayo amayambitsa lingaliro la wotsutsayo mpaka kupusa, pofotokoza zinthu zabodza komanso zopanda nzeru, ndipo pazifukwa izi amayesa kutsutsa lingaliro loyambirira. Mwachitsanzo: "Popeza mumaletsa kufalitsa nkhani yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa ana, tiyeni Tikatero tiletsa kufalitsa zamanzere. ” Malingaliro otere alibe mphamvu zowonetsera ndipo amapangidwira okhawo omwe akutsutsana nawo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zovuta zotsatirazi:

• “Kufanizira kwabodza"- kuyerekezera komwe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimafananizidwa kumakhala kopanda zero, kwinaku ndikunyalanyaza kusiyana kofunikira: "Kuchitira anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuli ngati kuchitira tsitsi"

• “Dichotomy wabodza"- cholakwika chokhala ndi malingaliro" akuda ndi oyera ", osanyalanyaza zotheka zonse, kupatula ziwiri zokha: "Yemwe samachirikiza anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndiwachinyengo. Mwina mungatengere amuna kapena akazi anzawo kapena kulimbana nawo. ". Komanso, kuthekera kwachitatu (kapena kuthekera kwakukulu) sikuloledwa, ngakhale munthu, mwachitsanzo, sangakhale otsutsana ndi "gay" ndi kugonana kwawo kwakupotoza, koma motsutsana ndi malingaliro olimbikitsa omwe akupitilira kwa LGBT, omwe ndi osavomerezeka, kuphatikiza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

• Zotsatira (lat. "sayenera kukhala") - cholakwika chomwe chimachitika ngati mawu osatsimikizika achokera ku mawu enaake, omwe samatsatirapo. Mwachitsanzo:

Vutoli limachitikanso ngati zifukwa zazitali zimadziwika kuti zachitika popanda umboni kuti ziliko. Mwachitsanzo: Anthu ena ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa adabadwa mwanjira imeneyi. ”. Izi zimaphatikizanso kudzinyenga wokondedwa kwambiri ndi mtima wabodza vuto la kuphatikizika kwa causality, malingaliro operekera umboni и kufufuza chifukwa.

PULANI NDI MPHAMVU (mtsutsano verecundiam) 

Poterepa, m'malo mopereka umboni, akuti tikayang'ane mawu aliwonse olondola (kapena abodza) chifukwa gwero lina lomwe limayesedwa lodalirika limawona kuti ndi lolondola (kapena labodza). Mawu omwewo akuti lingaliro lina la wolamulira ndilolondola mulibe cholakwika chilichonse. Komabe, cholakwika choterechi chimachitika ngati wina ayesa kunena kuti malingaliro odalirika nthawi zonse amakhala olondola motero, sayenera kutsutsidwa. Lingaliro la magwero odalirika silowona nthawi zonse; iwonso akhoza kulakwitsa kapena kubisala dala. Vuto pofotokoza lingaliro la wamkulu limachitika pamene:

1) mutuwo siwokhoza kwawo;
2) ulamuliro umakondera mutuwo;
3) pali umboni kuti ulamuliro ndi wolakwika.

Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupempha kuti wosadziwika ulamuliro: "Asayansi atsimikizira ... Akatswiri azachipatala amakhulupirira ... Pali mgwirizano pakati pa asayansi ..." Mayina a asayansi ndi azamisala samasindikizidwa, ndipo sizotheka kutsimikizira izi. Chifukwa chake, ngati wotsutsana naye ayamba ndi mawu ofananawo, ndiye zitha kuyembekezedwa kuti zotsutsana zopanda maziko komanso zotsimikizika zidzatsata.

Mtundu wopempha kuulamuliro ndi Ipse dixit (lat. "adatero"). Mfundo yotsutsayi imangotsimikizika pokhapokha ngati munthu wina sananene chilichonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala akunena za iye: "Monga katswiri wama zamaganizo komanso othandizira, ndinganene kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yodziwika bwino."

Kuti apereke umboni pazovuta zopanda maziko, wopangirayo nthawi zambiri amapita nawo ndikulumikizira kumagawo osiyanasiyana. Komabe, kupenda mwatsatanetsatane magwero kumavumbula kuti samangogwirizira mfundo zake, koma amatsutsana nawo mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo kuphunzira okwatirana amuna okhaokha mumdima wakuda-albatross, womwe umaperekedwa ngati kukakamira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, sikuti umawonetsa kukhalapo kwa kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu mbalamezi, komanso ndikuwonetsa kusasangalatsa kwa okwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuwonetsedwa mopanda chidwi ndi kuposerapo kwamitengo yoposa theka la kuwononga anapiye ndi kubereka bwino, poyerekeza ndi zabwinobwino awiriawiri.

Momwemonso pansi pa kanema wotchuka wonama ndi pyromaniac Mutuwu ndi chikalata, masamba a 5 omwe, mwazinthu zina, ali ndi maulalo a maphunziro osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mitu yabodza. Maulalo angapo amaperekedwa pamenepo kuti apange chinyengo chodalirika komanso chokhazikika, pamaziko owerengera olondola kuti palibe amene angayang'anire omvera. Komabe, atawerenga zomwe zalembedwa m'maphunzirowa, wowerenga chidwi adzadziwonera yekha kuti sagwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwa mu kanemayo.

Kudandaula kosaneneka kofulumira kwa olamulira ndi ochirikiza zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mosakayikira ndikutanthauzira ku lingaliro la WHO mu 1990 kupatula kuzindikiridwa kwa "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" monga momwe amaphatikizidwira matenda. Komanso, mkanganowu nthawi zambiri umakhala ngati "bwalo loipa"(Circulus vitiosus), pomwe lingaliro labwinolo ndi loyenera chifukwa cha mawu omwe achokerapo: "WHO yasankha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku ICD chifukwa ndizochitika. Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuli ponseponse chifukwa WHO yamuchotsa ku ICD. ” Zachidziwikire, izi ziwiri siziperekedwa motsatizana, koma zimalekanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa verbiage.

Popeza WHO ndi bungwe logwirizanitsa mabungwe okhazikitsidwa pansi pa UN, omwe samatsogozedwa ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi, koma ndi misonkhano yomwe ikwaniritsidwa ndi chiwonetsero cha manja, kutchula kulikonse m'mabuku ake pofuna kutsimikizira malo omwe amakangana sikungopindulitsa. Uku ndikudandaula kwa olamulira abodza kapena osayenera.

WHO sikuti imayerekezera kukhala yasayansi mawu oyamba ku gulu lamagulu amisala mu ICD-10 likuwonetsa poyera kuti:

"Fotokozerani malangizo ndi malangizo osanyamula paokha tanthauzo la osanamizira Kumasulira kwatsatanetsatane komwe kulipo pakudziwitsa matenda amisala. Awo ndi magulu azizindikiro komanso ndemanga zomwe ambiri mwa alangizi ndi othandizira m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi avomera ngati njira yabwino yofotokozera malire azigawo zamagulu amisala. ”

PEMPHERANI KUKHALA KWAMBIRI (argumentum ad antiquitatem)

Ndi mtundu wa mfundo zolakwika zomveka zomwe malingaliro ena amawonedwa kuti ndi olondola pamaziko akuti zimachitika pazikhalidwe zina zakale. Chifukwa chake, owapepesa chifukwa chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagwira mwamphamvu zolemba zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale zidutswa zomwe zatsala mpaka lero ndizosamveka bwino komanso zomveka, ndipo zomwe zafotokozedwazo sizikufanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika lero mdera la LGBT. Ndili ndi lingaliro loperewera kotero kuti APA ichoka, ponena za bukulo "Kusiyana kwa zogonana mdera komanso mbiri”(Bullough 1976) monga umboni wa" chikhalidwe "cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kutsutsana apa kwatenga mawonekedwe Ndizowona chifukwa nthawi zonse zinkakhala". Munthu akhoza kukumbukira zonyansa zambiri zomwe zakhala zikuyenda m'mbiri yonse ya anthu, koma sizingachitike kwa munthu aliyense wanzeru kuti azitcha "zolondola".

Chitsanzo china cha cholakwika cholakwika chomwe m'badwo wa lingaliro umakhala ngati zoona zake ndi "Kondweretsani zachilendo”(Argumentum ad novitatem), malinga ndi zomwe zatsopanozo, ndizolondola kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku aliyense yemwe adachitika chaka cha 1948 chisanachitike adzasankhidwa ndi ma polemic sodomites ngati "achikale", koma izi, zachidziwikire, pokhapokha zotsatira za kafukufukuzo ndizovuta kwa iwo. Ngati zili m'manja mwawo, ndiye kuti kuphunzira kwa Kinsey kuyambira 1906, ndi buku la Wilhelm Fliess kuchokera mu XNUMX, lomwe limatchula lingaliro la "bisexuality" (ngakhale anatomical), ndizofunikira. Chodabwitsa ichi chimadziwika kuti "Miyezo iwiri", Yemwe chimadziwika ndi wolemba ndemanga mu VK:

AD NAUSEAM (nausea)

"Choyambirira ndikulankhula za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mpaka kutopa kwathunthu" - Mwachindunji ndi omwe akupanga mabodza abodza. Njira imeneyi imayambitsa kukambirana kwambiri kuti tipewe kukambirana nkhani zomwe sizingawongolere kwa iwo. Muli kubwereza kosangalatsa kwa mawu ena mpaka omwe atopa kwambiri atasiya ntchito yopanda pake yopanga abwenzi okangana omwe ali ndi nzeru. Ndikosavuta kudzilimbitsa kuti mutsenso mobwerezabwereza wonamizira miyambo yomwe motsimikiza mopitilira imabalalitsa otsatira za sodomy, kulikonse komwe kungapezeke mwayi: “Khalidwe logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndilofala; iye ndi wobadwa naye; sichichiritsidwa; nyama ndizogonana nawonso; mu WHO yatsimikizira; amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, ndi zina zambiri. " 

Zotsatira zopangidwa kutsutsana ad nauseam, kotero kuti ndikokwanira kungobwereza mawu mobwerezabwereza, popanda kutsutsana kapena umboni. Mapeto ake, ena mwa otsutsa omwe atengedwa ndi njala sakhala ndi moyo ndikugonjera, koma kuchokera kunja adzawoneka ngati kuti alibe. Apa mungakumbukire mawu a Goethe: "Adani athu akutiletsa m'njira zawo: Amangobwereza zomwe talankhula ndipo samaganizira zathu. ” Mwachilengedwe, kubwereza kwa malingaliro ena sikumawonjezera mawu ndipo sikumatsimikizira.

GATE KUPEMBEDZA (zopindika)

Chinyengo ichi, chomwe chimakhala chosintha mosasinthika chotsimikizira chitsimikiziro chotsutsana, chimasinthidwa ndi mbali yakutaya poyesayesa kupulumutsa nkhope. Mwachitsanzo:
"Ndiwonetse munthu m'modzi yemwe ali ndi galu yemwe angapindule ndi mankhwala obwezeretsanso."
- Chonde, nayi umboni wa kanema Christopher Doyle David Kuyika, ndi zina zambiri madazeni ena.
- ayi. Awa si atsikana enieni. (chinyengo wabodza wachinyengo). Kusintha kwawo sikuli kwenikweni komanso kwakukulu, ndi umboni wopanda umboni. Inu magwero owonetsa akuwonetsa.
- Chonde zopeka ndi Webusayiti ya APA: 27% ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso 50% ya bisexcript idasinthiratu amuna okhaokha chifukwa cha psychoanalytic Therapy. 
- ayi. Uku ndi kafukufuku wakale.
- Apa Phunziro la 2008 la chaka...

Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi ziganizo mumayendedwe a Ad hominem, Ad lapidem, etc.

Popanda kukangana kamodzi, koma angapo amaperekedwa kuti atsimikizire lingaliro, wopangirayo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamatsenga "Kutsutsa kwathunthu"... Amawukira chimodzi, ziwiri mwazifukwa zosatetezeka kwambiri, kusiya zofunikira kwambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri osasamala, nthawi yomweyo kumanamizira kutsutsa malingaliro onsewa kwa smithereens. Izi zimatikumbutsa za intaneti yomwe imadziwika kuti Danth's Law:Ngati wina akuti wapambana mkangano pa intaneti, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana". 

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Pali mitundu yambiri yamatsenga, zidule zamakanema ndi luso la malingaliro, koma tiziwona zomwe zasokonezeka. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika ngati izi sikukhudza chowonadi cha zomwe akunenazo, sikuwapangitsa kuti akhale opanda chilungamo kuchokera pakuwona malingaliro, koma kamodzinso kameneka kamatsimikiziranso kusakwanira kwa wotsutsa komanso kusowa kotsutsana koyenera kwenikweni.

Zachidziwikire, zolakwika zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa zimapezekanso m'malingaliro a omwe amatsutsana ndi zomwe zabodza za LGBT, koma amakhalanso ndi mfundo zenizeni, pomwe olengeza za LGBT alibe malingaliro amenewo, ndipo sangakhale (chifukwa cha "zolakwika maziko"). Mosazindikira kapena ayi, amachita mogwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa "zilembo za mayendedwe achimuna»:

"Zotsatira zathu zimatheka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zenizeni, zomveka ndi maumboni ... Tikamayambitsa zosoweka zakunyumba ndi mfundo zopanda pake kapena zachinyengo, sangadziwe zenizeni zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe ndi zabwino chabe." (Kirk ndi Madsen, After The Ball 1989, p.153)

Malingaliro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma demagogue a LGBT amafupikitsidwa mu tebulo pansipa. Ngati wotsutsa wanu agwiritsa ntchito chilichonse patebulopo pamtsutsano, muuzeni kuti akugwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika zotsutsana zomwe zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chowonadi, ndipo mufunseni kuti abwerere pazomwe akukambirana kapena kutsutsana. Ngati wotsutsayo apitilizabe kuyankha ndi zomwe zili patebulopo, kupitilizabe kucheza kwake sikumveka. Monga mmodzi waphunziro anati: "Ukakangana ndi chitsiru, pamenepo pali awiri opusa". Mutha kuwerengetsa.