Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ngaphansi kwesibhengezo 'senkinga yokugcwala kwabantu', umhlaba ubuphethwe umkhankaso wenkohliso womhlaba wonke ohlose ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kanye nokunciphisa inani labantu. Emazweni athuthukile iningi, isilinganiso sokuzalwa sesivele sehle kakhulu ngaphansi kwezinga lokuzala okulula kwesibalo sabantu, futhi isibalo sabantu asebekhulile silingana nenani lezingane noma lidlula ngisho lelo. Umshado uya ngokuya uphela ngesehlukaniso bese uthathelwa indawo ngokuhlalisana. Izindaba ezingaphandle kobungqingili, ubungqingili kanye ne-transgender phenomena bathole isimo sokuphambili. Ukususwa kweningi, hhayi "okwenganekwane" waba iqiniso elisha lomhlaba.

Umsunguli womqondo wokulawulwa kokuzalwa emhlabeni nguThomas Malthus, owaveza lokhu emsebenzini wakhe we1798, "Essay on the Law of Population." Ngokuya ngemfundiso kaMalthus, inani labantu liyanda kakhulu, futhi izindlela zokuziphilisa ziyanda ngamanani, ngakho kungekudala abantu ngeke babe nokudla okwenele, futhi ngokusho komqondisi weBhange Lomhlaba - namanzi ^[1]. Ngokusho kukaMalthus, inani elincane labantu, liphezulu izinga lokuphila.

Imibono ye-Malthusian yathathwa yi-feminist Margaret Sanger (Sanger), eyabanikela ngomusa nge-eugenics, yakha ngonyaka we-1921 i-"Birth Control League", umsebenzi wayo okwakuwukukhipha izisu futhi "kukhiphe amakhoba esintu" - ". Lezi zokugcina zazihlanganisa abamnyama, amaSlav, amaJuda, amaNtaliyane - inani eliphelele lama-70% wabantu bomhlaba. “Ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu esikhathini sethu ukukhuthaza ukudalwa kwemindeni emikhulu engalimazi amalungu emindeni kuphela, kodwa nomphakathi wonke. Into enomusa kakhulu umndeni omkhulu ongayenza nenye yezingane zabo ukumbulala. ”- kubhale uSanger ^[2].

Ngokushesha, ngaphansi kohwebo lwezezimali lwemisebenzi yesayensi, iNhlangano iqala ukuthola uxhaso kuRockefeller, Ford noMallon. Kumagazini we-1932 League esihlokweni esithi "IPulani Lokuthula", uSanger wathi ngenxa yokuthula eMhlabeni, "izinto ezingaphansi zabantu" kufanele ziqiniswe futhi zihlukaniswe ngokubekwa emakamu okuhlushwa.

“Ngokugxilisa le ngxenye enkulu yabantu bethu ngenxa yezizathu zempilo esikhundleni sokujeziswa, kuyiqiniso ukusho ukuthi izigidi eziyishumi nanhlanu noma ezingamashumi amabili zabantu bakithi zizoba amaqhawe avikelayo, avikele izingane ezingakazalwa ebubini bazo ... Khona-ke umzamo uyoba kwenziwe ukunciphisa ukukhula kwenani labantu ngokuhambisana nesivinini esinqunyiwe ukuze kujwayelane nenani labantu elikhulayo nezimo ezingcono kakhulu zezenhlalo nezomnotho"^[3].

U-Ernst Rydin, oyilungu leqembu lamaNazi, obesebenza njengomeluleki kwiNhlangano futhi ngemuva kwalokho wafaka imibono yakhe ezinhlelweni zenqubo yabantu abanjengoGeneral Sichilization kanye ne-Racial Hygiene, washicilelwa kumagazini ofanayo. Ku-1942, ekuphakameni kwempi noHitler, Sanger, ukuze kugwemeke ukuzibandakanya okungathandeki, uqamba kabusha i- "Birth Control League" yaba yi- "Planned Parenthood Association", bese iguqukela kwi-International Federation - IPPF (iphinde ihunyushwe njenge-IFES), eyathola kamuva isimo senhlangano enikela ngesisa, eyayivumela ukuthi yamukele iminikelo ngaphandle kokukhokha izintela.

USanger ukujabulele ukuxhaswa kosaziwayo abanjengoJulian Huxley, u-Albert Einstein, uNdunankulu waseNdiya uNehru, uMbusi waseJapan uHirohito, uHenry Ford, uMongameli Truman, u-Eisenhower nabanye abaningi ^[4]... Ipolitiki ye-neo-Malthusian ayikhuthazayo iyakhula emhlabeni jikelele.

Ku-1954, iHugh Moore Foundation ishicilele ipheshana elisatshalaliswa kabanzi, i-The Bomb of the Population, nelifake usongo lokukhula kwesibalo sabantu abaningi emazweni asathuthuka futhi lagcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa ukuzala. Kwa-1958, i-UN iqala ukuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo ze-IPPF emazweni e-Third World futhi iWorld Bank kungekudala izoyijoyina. E-1959, uMnyango Wezwe Lase-US ukhiphe umbiko ngokuziphatha kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele okwaphetha ngokuthi ukukhula ngokushesha kusongela ukuzinza kwamazwe omhlaba. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, isenzo seNeo-Malthusians sasakazekela naseMelika uqobo: ICongress yase-US yabeka amadola ayisigidi angama-50 amadola “wokuhlela umndeni” ngaphakathi ezweni futhi yenyusa intela emindenini enezingane ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho ongashadile futhi engenamntwana ethola impumuzo yentela ^[5].

Njengoba kuchazwe yilesi sinyathelo, umbhali womthengisi wakamuva we-Population Bomb, isazi sezemvelo uPaul Erlich: “Ukuqinisekisa ezinye izizwe zehlise izinga lokuzalwa kwazo, kufanele sikwazi "senze njengoba nathi"kodwa cha "yenza njengoba kuyalelwe"». Esinye isizathu umthelela ongezekile wokukhula kwesibalo sabantu baseMelika ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e1966 e-USA mayelana ne-6% yabantu abahlala emhlabeni, leli lizwe lidle ama-34% wokukhiqizwa kwamandla omhlaba, i-29% yako konke ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kanye ne-17% yako konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Lezi zinombolo ziholela ekuchazeni ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zokuzalwa zaseMelika zinikela kakhulu ekunciphisweni kwezindawo ezigcinwe emhlabeni - "Izikhathi ze-25 ngaphezulu, ukusho, ukuzalwa kwamaNdiya" Isazi sezinto eziphilayo uWayne Davis sithi^[6].

Ku-1964, i-United States yasungula "Iseluleko Socansi Nezemfundo" (SIECUS). Umqondisi wayo omkhulu uMary Calderon wayehlangene kakhulu ne-IPPF futhi weseka imibono kaRudolf Dreikurs wobuntu, phakathi kwako obekulandelayo:
• ukuhlangana noma ukushintshwa kwezindima phansi nezindima zocansi; 
Ukukhululwa kwezingane emindenini yazo; 
• ukuqedwa komndeni njengoba sikwazi^[7].

E-1968, ummeli waseMelika Albert Blausteinobambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamazwe amaningi, kubonisaukuthi ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokwanda kwabantu, kuyadingeka ukubuyekeza imithetho eminingi, kufaka phakathi umshado, ukusekelwa komndeni, iminyaka yemvume nobungqingili.

Kingley Davis, esinye sezibalo eziphambili ekwakhiweni kwezinqubomgomo zokulawula ukuzalwa, sigxeke “abahleli” ngokuyeka lezo zinqubo zokulawula ukuzalwa “ngokuzithandela”, njengokukhuthaza inzalo, ukukhipha isisu и “Izinhlobo ezingezona zemvelo zokuya ocansini”... Ngokusho kwakhe ngokusho, "Ngisho nabantu bakudala kakhulu bayakwazi ukukhawulela inani lezingane ngokuphazanyiswa kocansi, ubulili obenziwa ngokweqile, ukuthintana kobungqingili, ukukhipha isisu nokubulawa kwezinsana." Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugcizelele ukuthi ngaphandle koguquko enhlalweni yezenhlalo nakwezomnotho, ukwehliswa okuhlosiwe kwezinga lokuzalwa akukwazeki.

“Izindaba zokuvala inzalo kanye nezinhlobo zobulili ezingezona ezemvelo zivame ukuhlangatshezwa ukuthula noma ukungavunyelwa, nakuba kungekho muntu ongabazayo ukuphumelela kwalezi zinyathelo ekuvimbeleni ukukhulelwa ... Izinguquko eziyinhloko ezidingekayo ukuze kuthonye isisusa sokuba nezingane kufanele kube izinguquko esakhiweni somkhaya. , isikhundla sabesifazane kanye nezindaba zobulili ... Isimiso sezomnotho ngokuyinhloko sinquma ukuthi ubani ozosebenza, yini engathengwa, ukuthi kuzobiza malini ukukhulisa izingane, ukuthi umuntu angasebenzisa malini. Izikole zichaza izindima zomndeni nezintshisakalo ezihlobene nomsebenzi nokuzilibazisa nokukhetha. Bangakwazi, njengoba kudingekile, ukuchaza kabusha izindima zocansi, bathuthukise izithakazelo ngaphandle kwekhaya, futhi badlulisele ulwazi lwangempela (ngokuphambene nokuziphatha) mayelana nomshado, ukuziphatha kocansi, nezindaba zabantu. Uma sibheka ngale ndlela, kuyacaca ukuthi uMnyango Wezomnotho Nezemfundo, hhayi uMnyango Wezempilo, yiwona okumele kube wumthombo wenqubomgomo yabantu.”^[8].

UDavis Wife, uSocologist UJudith Blake ehlongozwayo yokuqeda izinzuzo zentela nezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala izingane nokususa imiyalo engokomthetho neyenhlalo yokulwa nobungqingili ^[9].

Izinsolo zalo mbhangqwana onenhlonipho awuzange ushiywe ngaphandle kokunakekelwa, futhi e-1969 iPhini Likamongameli-we-IPPF uFrederic Jaffe ukhipha imemorandamu echaza izindlela zokulawula ukuzalwa, okubandakanya ukukhipha isisu, ukuqinisa inzalo, ukuvimbela inzalo ekwenziweni kokubeletha, ukuphoqa abesifazane ukuthi baye emsebenzini, kuncishiswe isikhathi sekhefu lokukhokha kwabesifazane futhi izinzuzo zezingane; nokukhuthaza ukukhula kobungqingili. UJaffe uyalela usihlalo wenhlangano i-Rockefeller Pop Pop Council, usosayensi wokuziphatha, uBernard Berelson, ukuthi enze ucwaningo ngomthelela wezenhlalo, izindlu kanye nezomnotho ekwenziweni kwezingane, nokukhethwa ezifanele kakhulu.

Ukukhishwa okufushane kusuka kwimemorandamu:

“Ukuqashwa ngokuphelele kwabantu kuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwempahla ngakho-ke amanani aphakeme kakhulu okuntuleka kwemisebenzi kumele avunyelwe uma kudingeka. Noma kunjalo, ukuxhumana phakathi kokuqashwa kwabesifazane kanye nokuzala okuphansi kufakazelwe, maqondana nalokho okudingekayo ukuthola ukuthi yiliphi izinga lokunyuka kwamanani okungaba noma okufanele lifakwe engcupheni yokuthola isilinganiso esiphansi sokuzala. Kuyadingeka ukuguqula isithombe somndeni ofanele, kufaka phakathi izingane ezintathu noma ngaphezulu, okuzoholela kuzinga elingamukeleki lokukhula kwesibalo sabantu. Ukuze ugweme inqubomgomo yenqubomgomo yabantu eyinkimbinkimbi, kubalulekile ukwakha umphakathi lapho ukuvimbela inzalo kokuzithandela kuzosebenza khona. Akungabazeki ukuthi eziningi zezinyathelo ezihlongozwayo njengezinye izindlela zokuhlela umndeni ngeke zibe nomthelela ofanayo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zabantu. Ithebula elinamathiselwe lizama ukwethula ukuhlungwa okuyinhloko kwezinyathelo eziyinhloko okuxoxwe ngazo ngokuvumelana nendawo yonke yazo noma ukukhetha kwazo. Kusobala ukuthi izindlela zomnotho zokuthonya ngeke zibe nomthelela olinganayo ekuziphatheni kwemindeni yabacebile/abaphakathi nendawo kanye nenani labantu abahola kancane. Ucwaningo luzoveza ukuthi yiziphi izindlela esizozidinga futhi ngokushesha kangakanani. ”^[10].

Ngawo lowo nyaka, ekhuluma neCongress, uMongameli Nixon kubizwa ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu "Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kakhulu ngesiphetho sesintu". Ubuye waphakamisa ukuthi kwandiswe izinsizakalo zokuhlela umndeni e-US futhi kusungulwe ikhomishini ezofunda ngomthelela wokukhula kwesibalo senhlalonhle yesizwe. ^[11]. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokucwaninga, uSihlalo weKhomishini uJohn D. Rockefeller 3 utshele uMongameli ukuthi ukwanda kwabantu akusikhona okusebenzayo:

“Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yemizamo egxilile, sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngeke kube khona izinzuzo ezibalulekile ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo kwesibalo sabantu esizweni, futhi ukuzinza kancane kancane kwenani labantu bethu ngezindlela zokuzithandela kuzoba negalelo elikhulu. emandleni esizwe ukuxazulula izinkinga zaso. Siphendle, kodwa asitholanga, impikiswano yezomnotho eqhubekayo yokukhula kwenani labantu. Inhlalakahle yezwe lethu, ukuqhubeka kwebhizinisi, noma inhlalakahle yesakhamuzi esivamile akuncikile kulokhu.” ^[12].

Umeluleki weSayensi kuMongameli uNixon, uDkt Dubridge Urged "Zonke izikhungo zomphakathi - izikole, amanyuvesi, isonto, umndeni, uhulumeni kanye nezinhlaka zamazwe jikelele - ukusungula ukukhula kwenani labantu njengezinto eziza kuqala kubo" [⁶].

Umklomelo KaNobel uDkt. Shockley kuphakanyisiwe icebo elinjalo: 
Umphakathi uzovotela inani elifunwayo lokukhula kwenani labantu minyaka yonke (uncoma i-0.3%), ngemuva kwalokho iCensus Bureau izonquma ukuthi zingaki izingane ezivunyelwe ukuba nezingane ngamunye. Wonke amantombazane azofakwa ikhubalo lokuvimbela inzalo... Lapho ifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala, intombazane ngayinye izothola izitifiketi ezingama-22 zengane ngayinye. Umbhangqwana oshadile uzokwazi ukusebenzisa i-10 yalezi zinto ukususa i-capsule kuze kuzalwe ingane, ngemuva kwalokho i-capsule izobuyiselwa. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane ezimbili, lezi zithandani zizokwazi ukuthengisa izitifiketi ezi-2 ezisele, noma zithenge ezinye eziyi-8 emakethe yamahhala ukuze zizale ingane yazo yesithathu. Labo abangafuni izingane bazokwazi ukuthengisa izitifiketi zabo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi [13].

UPreston Cloud, ongusihlalo weKomidi lezeMithombo yezeNdalo eNational Academy of Science, ucele ukuthi kube nokwanda kwenani labantu ngasekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka futhi wafuna ukuqiniswa. "Nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingase zenzeke" ukulawula kwabantu e-USA nasemhlabeni jikelele. Enkulumweni yakhe, umeme, phakathi kokunye, uCongress noMongameli ukuthi bamemezele ngokusemthethweni ukuthi yonke imibhangqwana yaseMelika akufanele ibe nezingane ezingaphezu kwezimbili, ukuthi ukukhipha izisu okusemthethweni kuzobe kuvunyelwe futhi kutholakale kuwo wonke umuntu, ngisho mahhala, nokuthi kuzosuswa imingcele engokomthetho ebhekeni nezitabane. ^[6].

Umbhali womqondo inguquko yeningi UFrank Notestein, ekhuluma eNational War College nezikhulu eziphezulu, waphawula ukuthi "ubungqingili buvikelwa ngesisekelo sokuthi buyasiza ekunciphiseni ukwanda kwabantu" ^[9].

Kwakukhona labo ababebiza ngokungananazi ukucwasana kobulili obuhlukile ngokuthi “yimbangela ewumsuka wenkinga yokugcwala kwabantu emhlabeni”:

Kuzothatha iminyaka embalwa nje ukuthi abagqugquzeli bezenkolo benze ubungqingili bujwayelekile ukuze bakholise i-American Psychiatric Association ukuthi isuse ubungqingili ohlwini lwezinkinga eziphathelene nobulili obufanayo. "Ngeke sisaphikelela ekubhaleni lesi sifo kubantu abathi banempilo," kusho i-APA. Lolu shintsho esimweni somuthi mayelana nokuhlonzwa kobungqingili lwenzeka ngaphandle kokunikeza noma yiziphi izimpikiswano zesayensi nobufakazi bomtholampilo ukuze kuthethelelwe leso sinyathelo. Imininingwane eyengeziwe: https://pro-lgbt.ru/295/

Ku-Encyclopedia of Birth Control yangowezi-2001, eshicilelwe ngokukhethekile ezinhlanganweni zokuhlela umndeni, ubungqingili sebuvele bubekwe obala ohlwini lwendlela yokulawula inzalo esemthethweni:

“Njengoba ukulalana kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kungeke kuholele ekukhulelweni, ukubekezelela noma ukukhuthaza ubutabane kanye nobulili obufanayo kungabonakala njengendlela yokulawula inani labantu, uma kungenjalo ukulawula inzalo. Cishe bonke abantu banamandla okuthandana nobulili obubili, futhi ukuthi kungakanani okuvunyelwe ukuziveza kuthinta, okungenani ngokombono, inani lezingane ezikhulelwa. "

Ngo-2004, umhleli weBritish Medical Journal (BMJ) u-Imre Lefler wabhala kukholamu yayo:

“Ukubaluleka kobungqingili ekusindeni kwesintu kunomthelela wabo ekwandeni kwenani labantu. Noma ubani okhathazekile ngokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okubangelwa ukwanda kwabantu kufanele akhuthaze ubungqingili. Impela, kungafiseleka ukuthi iningi labantu libe ubungqingili, kube nedlanzana elikhethiwe kuphela leqembu elincane ngalinye elibonakalayo elenelisa izidingo zokuzala zohlobo...
Inhlangano ekahle yezenhlalo yesintu kuleli zwe elinabantu abaningi kungaba yileyo lapho iningi lizohlala khona ngobungqingili. Uma ubutabane bungaba yinjwayelo, inani labantu belizokwehla kakhulu...
Ukucwaswa komshado wobungqingili kuzoncipha ngokushesha nje lapho abantu beqaphela ukuthi lesi sikhungo esisanda kwakhiwa siyisiqiniseko senqubomgomo “yemvelo” yabantu.

Ngonyaka we-1972 we Iklabhu yaseRoma kushicilelwe umbiko "Imikhawulo yokukhula", Lapho kwethulwe khona izimo eziyi-12 zokukhula komuntu. Zonke izimo ezithandekayo zidinga izinguquko kwezepolitiki nezenhlalo, kufaka phakathi ukulawulwa kokuzalwa okuqinile ngezinga lokwehla kwemvelo.

E-1974, Nixon iyalela I-Kissinger yokufunda ngomthelela wokukhula kwesibalo sabantu emhlabeni ngezintshisakalo zezepolitiki nezomnotho zase-United States futhi iphakamise izindlela ezithile ezizokwenziwa. Ngale ndlela idokhumenti ethi "NSSM-1990", ehlelwe i-200, yahlanganiswa yiNational Security Council, eyayikhuluma ngesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa inani lokuzalwa emhlabeni wonke. Inhloso eyinhloko yedokhumenti bekuwukufeza isilinganiso sokufakwa esikhundleni sokuzala ngonyaka we-2000 (isilinganiso sezingane ze-2 ngomndeni ngamunye) nokugcina inani eliphakeme labantu phakathi kwe-8 billion yabantu. Ukusatshalaliswa kosizo lwangaphandle emazweni asathuthuka kuzoncika ekuzimiseleni kwabo ukwamukela izinhlelo zokulwa nazo. Ngakho-ke, lapho iNigeria yenqaba ukwethula izinhlelo zokukhanyisela ubulili obuqandayo ezikhuthaza ubulili bokuziphatha okubi nobungqingili, amazwe aseNtshonalanga amsongela ukuqedwa kosizo lwangaphandle. Amazwe we-13 akhonjwe lapho kulawulwa khona ukusetshenziswa kwenani labantu kuqala.

“…okugxilwe kakhulu kufanele kube emazweni asathuthuka amakhulu nakhula ngokushesha anentshisekelo yezepolitiki namasu e-United States. La mazwe ahlanganisa i-India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines, Thailand, Egypt, Turkey, Ethiopia kanye neColombia. Ngokuhlangene zenza u-47% wokukhula kwabantu okukhona njengamanje. ”^[15].

Umbhalo uyaphakamisa “Gxila kwezemfundo futhi indoctrination [sic] isizukulwane esisha maqondana nokufiswa komndeni omncane ” futhi iphawula isidingo sokukhipha isisu ukunciphisa inzalo.

E-1975, ngomyalo kaMongameli Ford, i-NSSM-200 yaba ngumhlahlandlela wokusebenza emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambili obekuyinto yangasese eyimfihlo yabazimeleli, manje sekuwuhlelo lukahulumeni olusetshenziselwa ukukhokhela abakhokhi bentela. Okwamanje abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemiyalo ye-NSSM-200 sekuyekile ukuba ngumgomo osemthethweni wase-United States.

Njengamanje, inani lokuzalwa e-United States lingaphansi kwezinga elidingekayo ukuze kuzalwe kabusha abantu. Ngokusho kweNational Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), inani elincane kunazo zonke lezingane lazalelwa e-United States e2017 kule minyaka edlule ye-xnumx. Izinga lokuzala ngesikhathi esifanayo laliphansi kunazo zonke ngesikhathi sokubukwa (okungukuthi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu), futhi isilinganiso senani lokuzalwa kowesifazane ngamunye sehle safinyelela okungenani kusukela ngo-1978 - 1,76 ^[16].

Engqungqutheleni ye-UN World Population, ebanjelwe e-1974 eBucharest, amazwe we-137 (wonke ngaphandle kweVietnam) azibophezela ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukuzala, emuva kwalokho kwehla inani labantu emhlabeni.

Из yemibhalo UN:

“I-WHO, kanye ne-UNFPA kanye ne-UNAIDS, bayayisekela ngokugcwele iSitatimende Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Okuya Ngokobulili Nenzalo ...
• Hlonipha amalungelo ocansi kanye nawokuzala futhi, uma kunesidingo, ubuyekeza imithetho efanelekile, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokukhipha isisu nobungqingili ” ^[17].

E-Russia, umbono we-neo-Malthusian, phakathi kokunye, wawubonakala ekwakhiweni kwenhlangano ye-LGBT; izihlokwana Isikhathi sezinganeukuthuthukisa ukungabatholi bezingane kanye nokubulala inzalo; Umkhankaso "Cindezela", okuhloswe ngawo ukwehlisa isithombe somama; ukwethulwa “kobuchwepheshe bentsha” nokwakhiwa kwamagatsha amaningi e-IPPF - okokuqala kube yi-RAPS eyaziwayo, bese kuba neRussian Academy of Science. Ezifundweni zesikole "lumen sex»Izingane zigqugquzelwa ukuba nobuhlobo bobulili bokuqala, ukuziphatha okubi kanye nokujwayelekile kobungqingili. Njengamanje, ama-NGO ahlukahlukene abandakanyeka kulokhu. kufihlwe njengokuvimbela i-HIV. Ngokwenhlolovo eyenziwe yi-All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ngoDisemba 2017, inani lamaRussia enqaba ngenxa kanembeza ukuqhubeka nomndeni iminyaka engu-12 likhule lisuka kumaphesenti ayi-6 lafika kumaphesenti ayisithupha ^[18].

Inkinga ilele ekutheni abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bangafuni nje kuphela, kodwa futhi abakwazi ukuba nezingane. Imvamisa yemishado engenazithelo eRussia yi-15 - 20%. Ngokusho kwe-WHO, inkomba ye-15% ibucayi, lapho ukungabikhona kwezinsana kungabhekwa njengento ethinta kakhulu izinkomba zezwe ezweni futhi zimele inkinga enkulu yesifundazwe. Izimbangela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuzala inzalo ukukhipha izisu nezifo ezidluliselwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuxhumana ngocansi. ^[19].

Umbono wesidingo sokulawulwa kokuzalwa eRussia uhlongoziwe e-1987 Baranov A.A., kepha yenqatshwa yi-CPSU, njengoba izwe lidinga izinsiza kusebenza zabasebenzi. Ngokuwa kwe-USSR ngoDisemba 1991, i-IPPF, ngaphansi kwesithasiselo sikaRaisa Gorbacheva, wangena ezweni laseRussia futhi usasebenza kulo. Ukulawulwa kokubeletha kubuye kwathathelwa ngumyeni wakhe uMikhail Gorbachev, owake wabamba ingqungquthela yamazwe omhlaba e-1995 ngesidingo sokulawula inani lomhlaba, lapho kwavela khona umbono wokunciphisa inani labantu nge-90%:

“Izikhungo zezenkolo yizona ezidale ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu. Kudingeka sikhulume ngokucacile mayelana nobulili, mayelana nokuvimbela inzalo, mayelana nokukhipha isisu, mayelana nezindinganiso ezilawula inani labantu, ngoba inkinga yezibalo zabantu iyinkinga yemvelo. Uma unciphisa inani labantu ngamaphesenti angama-90, ngeke kube khona ozodala umonakalo obonakalayo wendawo. ”^[20].

Ngendlela efanayo, usopolitiki waseRussia u-Anatoly Chubais uhole inkulumo yakhe e-2011. Ekhuluma ngesidingo sokwehlisa inani labantu, ukhulume ngokusungulwa komkhuba ozosiza ukwehlisa inani labantu emhlabeni kube yi-2.5 - 1.5 billion ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21.

"Ngekhulu le-21, ukunwetshwa kwezimo ze-20 akunangqondo. Isimo sokukhula okuqhubekayo asibandakanywa. Ubuntu manje bubhekene nezinselelo ezintsha ezifanelekile zesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe. Izwe lethu liyakwazi ukwenza umnikelo omkhulu ekuxazululeni lezi zinselelo ezingakaze zibonwe. ” ^[21]

Ngaphansi kokungenelela, u-EF Lakhova, phakathi kokunye, waphakamisa umthetho wokuphoqelela ukungalungiswa kwabantu “abangafanele”, eRussia, omunye ngemuva komunye, kwamukelwa izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene “zokuhlela umndeni”. Isiqubulo esithi "Mayibe ingane eyodwa, kepha iphilile futhi ifiseleke" yaphindwa. Ngaphansi kwezinhloso zoMnyango Wezempilo, sekuvulwe izikhungo eziningi ezweni eziqhuba inkulumo-ze elwa nokuzala ngokuzalwa kwesabelomali sikahulumeni, nesenze elikhulu iqhaza enkingeni yeningi labantu eRussia. “Ukukhuliswa” kwezingane ngokocansi kwaqala, ngenxa yalokho ukutheleleka kwe-STI kukhuphuke kaningi ^[22].  

Umphakathi watshelwa ukuthi imfundo yezocansi nokuvimbela inzalo kwabasakhulayo kubangelwa isidingo sokwehlisa ukukhulelwa okungafuneki, kepha imiphumela yabuyiselwa emuva. Ngokumangazayo, ukufinyelela kwamahhala kokuvimbela inzalo kuholela ekwandeni kokukhulelwa kanye nenani lezisu. Zisakazeka ngokushesha, zithole izinhlobo ezintsha futhi ezinama-virus, njenge-STDs, njenge-herpes ne-AIDS. Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, ngaphambili owawungaziwa kubantu besifazane abasebancane, manje usufinyelela izilinganiso zobhubhane, ovame ukuhlotshaniswa nabalingani abaningi bocansi. ^[23]... Lesi sithombe siyindawo yonke:

Ukubala inani labantu baseRussia okungenzeka likhona, uma inani lokuzalwa nokufa kwabantu lihlala lisesigabeni se-1990 sonyaka, khona-ke ngonyaka we-2002 eRussia kuzoba nabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ze-9.4 kunokuba ekuqaleni kwe-90 ^[24]. Phakathi kwe-2000 ne-2010 ukwehla kwenani labantu bemvelo kwakungu-7.3 abantu abayizigidi, ngenkathi inani labo liphakeme ekuqaleni kweminyaka engu-zero - cishe isigidi ngonyaka. Ukusuka ku-1995 kuze kube namuhla, ngaphandle kwe-2013 - 2015, ukufa kwabantu eRussia kweqa inani lokuzalwa ^[25].

Naphezu kokuqashelwa kwayo njenge-ejenti yakwamanye amazwe e-2015, i-Russian Academy of Science and Research isasebenza kakhulu nabantu, futhi amaKomidi amaDuma oMbuso, uMnyango Wezempilo, iKomiti Yezwe Yenqubomgomo Yentsha, uMnyango Wezemfundo kanye nezinye izikhungo eziningi zikahulumeni kanye nezikhungo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nayo (uhlu olugcwele).

Yize ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni kunenkambiso yokwehla kwenani eliphelele lokukhishwa kwezisu, isici saso esikhulu ukwehla kwenani lokukhulelwa. Amanani ahlobene ahlala engashintshiwe: ukukhulelwa okuyisikhombisa kweziyishumi kugcina kukhipha isisu, okuqhubeka kuthathwa njengenqubo evamile yokwelashwa. ^[16]. Ngokusho kokuqagela kochwepheshe, isibalo sangempela sokukhishwa kwezisu singedlula izibalo ezisemthethweni kaningana futhi sifinyelela kokukhipha isisu okuyi-3.5 million ngonyaka kuya kwi-5 - 8 million ^[26, 27]. Udokotela oyinhloko wesibhedlela iNational Clinical Hospital No. 2 wedolobha lase-Orenburg uthe emhlanganweni wePublic Chamber yeRussian Federation unemyalelo wokuhlelela ukuthi kukhishwe isisu. 

"Ngithola ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka ukukhipha izisu, kepha hhayi ipeni lokukuvikela kwabo. Ukunakekelwa kwempilo kusizuzisa ngokukhipha isisu. Kuze kube yilapho lolu hlelo lushintsha, akufanele ulinde okuthile. ” ^[28]

Yize i-IPPF ithi ukungathathi hlangothi mayelana nokukhipha isisu, umongameli wayo wangaphambilini u-Fredrik Say, enkulumweni yakhe e-1993, wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi izinhlangano ezingakulungele ukusekela ukukhipha isisu ngokuzenza noma emcabangweni zingenciki ubulungu kwi-IPPF. ^[29]. OwayenguMqondisi Wezokwelapha we-IPPF uMalcolm Potz waveza ukuthi bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi aqale futhi enze noma yiluphi uhlelo lokuhlela umndeni ngaphandle kokukhipha isisu. Ubuye wathi imithetho evimbelayo yokuhushula isisu iphelelwe yisikhathi futhi ayihambisani nomhlaba wanamuhla, ngakho-ke futhi kufanele futhi yephulwe ^[30]. Lokhu kubukwa komhlaba kufakwe ngokusemthethweni ekuqondisweni kwe-IPPF: 

“Izinhlangano zokuhlela umndeni nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi akufanele zisebenzise i-vacuum yomthetho noma ukuba khona kwemithetho engasifanele njengesizathu sokungasebenzi. Ukwenza okungaphezu komthetho, futhi kuphikisana nomthetho, kuyingxenye yenqubo yokushayela ushintsho. ” ^[31]

Ngemuva kokushona kukaMargaret Sanger e1966, bonke omongameli abalandelayo be-IPPF bamemezele ukuzibophezela kwabo kuluhlu lweSanger. Njengamanje, i-IPPF, ngesabelomali saminyaka yonke sama-1 billion dollars ^[32], ngaphansi kwesiphetho sezinhloso ezinhle, yenza imisebenzi yayo enenzondo emazweni angaphezu kwe-190. Akekho izinhloso ezimisiwe I-Federations - ukunakekelwa kwempilo yokuzala, ukuvikela umama, ukuqinisa udumo lomndeni, ukuvimbela ama-STDs, njll - akukaze kutholakale. Kepha umgomo weqiniso usetholakele - izinga lokuzalwa lehlile kakhulu.

Njengamanje, "ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu" okwandayo kufaka ukuncipha kokuzala izingane ku-ajenda yayo. Amalungu alo nawo asunguliwe ukunyakaza I-No Future No Children, ethembisa ukungatholi izingane kuze kube yilapho ohulumeni bethatha izinyathelo ezinqala "ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okwenziwe ngabantu." IsiJalimane uthisha waba nodumo ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwencwadi lapho enxusa amaJalimane ukuthi angazali izingane. Ngokusho kwakhe, yonke ingane engakazalwa isindisa umhlaba kusuka kumathani we-9 441 wekhabhoni.

Sesisusile isikrini sobuciko obungenamqondo ukuvikela "impilo yabesifazane" kanye "namalungelo abantu", sizobona i-neo-Malthusianism njengoba injalo - ukuvukela impilo yabantu, isiko nenqubekela phambili, ukusebenzisa umbono wokuvikela izingane nokucekela phansi umndeni.

IMITHOMBO

1. Enye inhlekelele (1998)
2. Owesifazane kanye Nomjaho Omusha (1920)
3. Hlela i-Piece (1932)
4. Ingelosi Yokufa: I-Biography kaMargaret Zanger, Umsunguli we-IFPS (1995)
5. A. Carlson: Inhlangano, Umndeni, Ubuntu (2003)
6. Ukukhula Kwezibalo Zabantu BaseMelika kanye Nokuhlela Komndeni (i-1970)
7. Umbuthano we-SIECUS: inguquko yobuntu (1973)
8. I-Kingsley Davis, Inqubomgomo Yabantu: Ingabe Izinhlelo Zamanje Zizophumelela? (1967)
9. Matthew Connelly, Ukulawulwa Kwezindawo Zomuntu Umlando: Izibalo Ezintsha kuMkhankaso Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wokunciphisa umkhawulo Wokukhula Kwezibalo zabantu (i-2003)
10. I-FS Jaffe: Imisebenzi Efanelekile Ekufundeni Kwezinqubomgomo Zabantu base-United States (1969)
11. Richard Nixon, Umlayezo Okhethekile kuCongress on Izinkinga Zokukhula Kwezibalo zabantu. I-inthanethi nguGerhard Peters noJohn T. Woolley, i-American Presidency Project
12. I-Rockfeller ikhomishini Ekukhuleni Kwabemi Nekusasa LeMelika (1972)
13. I-Free Lance - Inkanyezi, i-Des 19, i-1967: I-Shokely ichaza uhlelo lwe-Baby.
14. Umbiko we-ALEC ngo-Alfred Kinsey
15. Imemorandamu Yesifundo Sokuphepha Sikazwelonke 200, Imiphumela Yokukhula Kwezinamba Zomhlaba Wonke Okokuphepha Kwe-US Nezinhloso Zangaphandle
16. Inani lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa e-United States lehle ladlula iminyaka engu-30
17. I-WHO: Ukuhlela Komndeni Nempilo Yokuzala e-CEE naku-NIS (2000) ikhasi 2
18. I-Poll: Abantu baseRussia benqaba ngamabomu ukuba nezingane
19. Ukuphepha kobuningi beRussia: izinkomba zesifunda, ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela
20. Isikhulumi senkomfa yentuthuko esimeme sibize ukuncishiswa kwe-90% kubantu bomhlaba
21. Ingqungquthela yeRusNanoTech, 2011
22. Isigameko se-Syphilis eRussia 1985 - 2001
23. Imicebo kaValerie: Ubunjiniyela Bocansi Nezenhlalo
24. Ama-90 abiza iRussia cishe impilo yezigidi ze-10: isifundo sobuntu
25. I-Rosstat: inzalo, ukufa kwabantu kanye nokukhula kwenani labantu bemvelo 1950 - 2016
26. I-AIF: Ngokwezibalo kanye namaqiniso: Isisu se-3,5 million ukukhipha isisu ngonyaka kwenziwa abesifazane eRussia
27. Umqondo wenqubomgomo yomndeni wombuso we-Russian Federation yesikhathi esifinyelela ku-2025
28. Ukuqashelwa udokotela oyikhanda: Ngithola kusuka ku-state 20 million ukukhipha isisu
29. Ukukhipha Isisu Okungavikelekile Kufanele Kubhekwe Manje (1993)
30. IMalcolm Potts (1970, 1979)
31. I-IPPF: Ilungelo lomuntu lokuhlela umndeni (1984)
32. I-AIF: Singabasindisa kanjani abantu?

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