Iphuzu lokubukwa okwamukelwa njengamanje emazweni athuthukile ngokusho ukuthi ubungqingili abuhlolwe ekuhlolweni komtholampilo lunemibandela futhi alinakho ukwethenjwa kwesayensi, ngoba libonisa kuphela ukuvumelana kwezepolitiki okungenasisekelo, hhayi isiphetho esifinyeleleke ngokwesayensi.

Ukuvota okuyihlazo kwe-American Psychiatric Association (APA), okungafaki ubungqingili kuloluhlu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kwenzeka ngoDisemba 1973. Lokhu kwandulelwe yimicimbi yezepolitiki ye-1960 - 1970. Umphakathi ukhathele ukungenelela okuvikelekile kwaseMelika eVietnam kanye nenhlekelele yezomnotho. Imibhikisho yentsha yokubhikisha yazalwa futhi yathandwa kakhulu: inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu abamnyama, inhlangano elwela amalungelo abesifazane, inhlangano yezempi, umhlangano wokulwa nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nobuphofu; isiko le-hippie lakhula ngokuthula kwalo ngamabomu nenkululeko; ukusetshenziswa kwe-psychedelics, ikakhulukazi i-LSD nentsangu, sekusabalale. Lapho-ke wonke amasiko nezinkolelo zendabuko zaphikiswa. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuvukela kunoma yiziphi iziphathimandla. ^[1].

Konke okungenhla kwenzeke emthunzini we izinsongo eziningi kanye nokulawulwa kokuzalwa.

UPreston Cloud, obemele iNational Academy of Science Science, ufune ukuqina "Nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingase zenzeke" ukulawula kwabantu, futhi wancoma ukuthi uhulumeni aqinisekise ukuhushula kwezisu kanye nezinyunyana ezingqingili ^[2].

UKingsley Davis, ongomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo yokulawulwa kokubeletha, kanye nokwenziwa kwande kwezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, ukukhipha isisu nokuvala inzalo, uphakamise ukukhuthazwa "kwezindlela zobulili ezingezona ezemvelo":

"Izingqinamba zokucwilisa kanye nezindlela ezingezona ezemvelo zokuya ocansini zivame ukuhlangana noma kuthulwe, yize kungekho muntu ongabazayo ukusebenza kwalezi zindlela ekuvimbeleni ukukhulelwa. Izinguquko ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuthonya isisusa sokuzala kufanele kube izinguquko ekwakhekeni komndeni, isimo sabesifazane kanye nokuya ocansini. " ^[3]

UmkaDavis, isazi sezenhlalo uJudith Blake, uphakamise ukuqeda izikhuthazo zentela nezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala izingane kanye nokuqeda izijeziso zomthetho nezenhlalo ngokumelene nobungqingili ^[4].

Umeluleki Wezomthetho Albert Blausteinobambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamazwe amaningi, wakhombaukuthi ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokwanda kwabantu, kuyadingeka ukubuyekeza imithetho eminingi, kufaka phakathi umshado, ukusekelwa komndeni, iminyaka yemvume nobungqingili.

Kwakukhona nalabo ababekhona basola ngokusobala ubungqingili enkingeni yokwanda kwabantu ngokweqile emhlabeni.

Esimweni esishubile salesi sikhathi sokuguquka, lapho izixuku zezinguquko (kanye nabanye) zivutha, ukungenela kwezezimali kukaMoore, uRockefeller, noFord kwaqinisa umkhankaso wezepolitiki wokuqashelwa kobungqingili njengendlela yokuphila evamile nefiselekayo ^[5] . Isihloko esasingavunyelwe ngaphambili sasuka endaweni yokungacabangeki saya endaweni yokungacabangeki, futhi izingxoxo ezivuthayo phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi bokwenziwa kobungqingili zibe yinto evamile kwabezindaba.

Enkulumweni yakhe yeSimo Senyunyana ngo-1969, uMongameli uNixon wabiza ukukhula kwenani labantu ngokuthi "enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu ezibhekene nesiphetho sesintu" futhi wabiza isinyathelo esiphuthumayo . ^[6] Ngawo lowo nyaka, iPhini likaMongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) uFrederick Jaffe wakhipha imemorandamu ebhala " ukukhuthaza ukukhula kobungqingili " njengenye yezindlela zokunciphisa izinga lokuzalwa . ^[7]

Kwenzeka lokhu nje, ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, kwaqubuka udlame lwaseSwallwall, lapho amaqembu ezishoshovu enza iziteleka zasemgwaqeni, ukucekela phansi impahla, ukushisa kanye nokuhilizisana namaphoyisa izinsuku ezinhlanu. Kusetshenziswe izinduku zensimbi, amatshe nama-cocktail aseMoloto. AT incwadi Umlobi wobungqingili uDavid Carter, obonwa njengo "mthombo wokugcina" emlandweni walezo zigameko, uchaza indlela izishoshovu ezivimbe ngayo uChristopher Street zimise izimoto futhi zihlasele abagibeli uma kungebona abobungqingili noma zenqaba ukuzwakalisa ubumbano nazo. Umshayeli wetekisi ongaboni ukuthi ngubani ophendukele emgwaqweni ngephutha, ushonile ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo esixukwini ebesidlubhe saqala ukusongela imoto yakhe. Omunye umshayeli ushaywe ngemuva kokuphuma emotweni ukuyomelana nezilwane ezigxuma phezu kwakhe  ^[8].

Ngemva nje kwezibhelu, izishoshovu zakha i-"Homosexual Liberation Front," eyenziwe ngemodeli ye-"National Liberation Front" eVietnam. Bememezela ukuthi bayisitha somphakathi sokugula ngengqondo, bachitha iminyaka emithathu behlela ukuhlaselwa okuthusayo , bephazamisa imihlangano ye-APA kanye nezinkulumo zoprofesa ababebheka ubungqingili njengesifo, futhi bebasongela ngisho nasebusuku. Njengoba uSolwazi Charles Socarides, uchwepheshe we-psychology yobudlelwano bobulili kanye nomhlanganyeli oqondile kulezo zenzakalo, ebhala esihlokweni sakhe:

"Amaqembu alwayo ezishoshovu zobungqingili aqalise umkhankaso wangempela wokuhlukunyezwa kochwepheshe abaqhubekisela phambili izimpikiswano ngokumelene nokususwa kobungqingili ohlwini lwezinto eziphambene; bangene emihlanganweni lapho kwakuxoxwa khona ngenkinga yobungqingili, badala ukuphazamiseka, bathuka izikhulumi, futhi baphazamisa izethulo. Iqembu elinamandla lobungqingili emphakathini nakwabezindaba abakhethekile lakhuthaza ukushicilelwa kwezinto eziqondiswe kubavikeli bomqondo womzimba wesifiso sobulili. Izihloko ezineziphetho ezithathwe ngesisekelo sendlela yesayensi yezemfundo zahlekwa usulu futhi zachazwa ngokuthi "ingxubevange engenamsebenzi yobandlululo kanye nokwaziswa okunganembile." Lezi zenzo zaqiniswa yizincwadi nezingcingo eziqukethe ukuhlambalaza kanye nezinsongo zobudlova obungokomzimba ngisho nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula." ^[9]

NgoMeyi we1970, izishoshovu, zangenela umhlangano we-APA National Convention eSan Francisco, zaqala ukumemeza kabi futhi zithuka izikhulumi, okuholele ekutheni odokotela babe namahloni futhi badideke bashiye izilaleli. Usihlalo waphoqeleka ukuthi aphazamise ingqungquthela. Ngokumangazayo, akubanga nokuvela okuvela konogada noma abomthetho. Bakhuthazwe ukungaziphathi kwabo, izishoshovu futhi zavimba omunye umhlangano we-APA, kulokhu eChicago. Kwathi lapho kunengqungquthela e-University of Southern California, izishoshovu zaphinde zawuthola umbiko wobungqingili. Izishoshovu zasabisa ngokuthi zizokonakalisa ngokuphelele ingqungquthela elandelayo yonyaka eWashington uma isigaba sokufunda sobungqingili singenabo abamele inhlangano yobungqingili. Esikhundleni sokudlulisa izinsongo zodlame nokungazami kolwazi lwezinhlangano ezisebenzisa umthetho, abahleli bengqungquthela ye-APA bahlangane nabaphangi futhi badale ikhomishini hhayi yobungqingili, kodwa yabongqingili. ^[10].

Izishoshovu ezikhuluma nezitabane zifuna ukuthi izifo zengqondo:  
I-1) ilahle isimo sayo sengqondo esibi esedlule mayelana nobungqingili;
I-2) iyilahle esidlangalaleni i- "theory of sifo" nganoma iyiphi indlela;
3) wethule umkhankaso osebenzayo wokuqeda “ubandlululo” olujwayelekile ngalolu daba, ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi wokuguqula isimo sengqondo kanye nezinguquko zomthetho;
I-4) ibonisane njalo nabamele umphakathi wobungqingili.

"Izihloko zethu: "Gay, uyaziqhenya futhi uphilile" и "Gay ulungile.". Ngawe noma ngaphandle kwakho, sizosebenza ngokuzikhandla ukwamukela le miyalo futhi silwe nalabo abaphikisana nathi. ” ^[11]

Kunombono osekelwe kahle wokuthi lezi ziphithiphithi kanye nezenzo zazingelutho njengokudlalwa okwadlalwa ngabalingisi kanye nedlanzana lezishoshovu ezizenzo zalo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okuvela ngaphezulu zizoqedwa masinyane. Lokhu bekudingekile kuphela ukudala i-hype emaphephandabeni ezungeze "amalungelo abantu abancane abacindezelwe" kanye nokucaciswa okulandelayo kokudonswa kobungqingili komphakathi jikelele, ngenkathi konke okungenhla sekumiselwe ngaphambili. Esimweni esijwayelekile, ukungena ngokungemthetho kwama-hooligans emhlanganweni ovaliwe kufanele ngabe kubukeka kanjena:

Ngo-1970, umbhali wethiyori yokuguquka kwabantu , uFrank Notestein, ekhuluma nezikhulu eziphezulu eNational War College, waphawula ukuthi “ubungqingili buvikelwa ngesizathu sokuthi buyasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhula kwabantu” ^[4].

Umzukulu kaMengameli we-APA uJohn Spiegel, owaphuma kamuva, walandisa ukuthi, ngesikhathi elungiselela ukugumbuqelwa kombuso ngaphakathi kwe-APA, waqoqa abantu abanomqondo ofanayo, abazibiza ngokuthi “ama-GayPA,” ekhaya labo ukuze baxoxe ngamasu okukhuthaza intsha, abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ukuba bathathe izikhundla ezibalulekile esikhundleni se-orthodox enezinwele ezimpunga ^[12] . Ngakho-ke, abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo babeneqembu elinamandla ngaphakathi kobuholi be-APA.

Yile ndlela usosayensi odumile waseMelika kanye nodokotela wezifo zengqondo uSolwazi uJeffrey Satinover achaza ngayo izenzakalo zaleyo minyaka esihlokweni sakhe esithi “Not Scientific nor Democratic” ^[13] :

Ngo-1963, i-New York Academy of Medicine yathuma iKomidi layo Lezempilo Yomphakathi ukuthi lilungiselele umbiko ngobungqingili, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuziphatha kobungqingili kwakusabalale ngokushesha emphakathini waseMelika. Ikomidi lafinyelela eziphethweni ezilandelayo:

" Ubungqingili ngempela buyisifo. Umuntu ongqingili ungumuntu ophazamisekile ngokomzwelo, ongakwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano obujwayelekile bobulili obufanayo... Abanye abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo baye badlula isimo sokuzivikela kuphela futhi bathi lokhu kuphambuka kumelela indlela yokuphila efiselekayo, enhle, futhi ekhethwayo... "

Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10 kuphela, kwi-1973, ngaphandle kokuthi kuvezwe noma iyiphi idatha ebalulekile yocwaningo lwesayensi, ngaphandle kokubhekwa nokuhlaziywa okufanele, isikhundla sabasakazi abathandana nobungqingili saba imfundiso yengqondo (hlola ukuthi isifundo sishintshe kangakanani eminyakeni eyi-10!). "

Ngo-1970 uSocarides wazama ukudala iqembu elizofunda ubungqingili ngombono wezokwelapha kanye nesayensi, wathinta igatsha laseNew York le-APA. Inhloko yomnyango, uSolwazi Diamond, weseke uSocarides, kwaqalwa iqembu elifanayo nodokotela bengqondo abangamashumi amabili abavela emitholampilo ehlukene eNew York. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokusebenza kanye nemihlangano eyishumi nesithupha, leli qembu lalungisa umbiko owakhuluma ngokungananazi ngobungqingili njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo futhi laphakamisa uhlelo loxhaso lwezokwelashwa nolwezenhlalo lwabangqingili. Kodwa-ke, uSolwazi Diamond washona ngo-1971, kanti inhloko entsha yegatsha i-APA New York yayingumsekeli wemibono yobungqingili. Lo mbiko wenqatshwa, futhi ababhali bawo banikezwa umbono ongenakuphikiswa wokuthi noma yimuphi umbiko ongabamukeli ubungqingili njengokuhlukile okujwayelekile uzokwaliwa. Leli qembu lahlakazeka.

URobert Spitzer, owayengabandakanyi ubungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, wasebenza ebhodini lokuhlela le-DSM, umhlahlandlela wokuxilonga ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, futhi wayengenalo ulwazi ngabungqingili. Ukuphela kokuchayeka kwakhe kulolu daba kwakuwukukhuluma nesishoshovu sezitabane okuthiwa nguRon Gold, esigcizelela ukuthi akaguli, owabe esethatha uSpitzer waya ephathini endaweni yokucima ukoma, lapho athola khona amalungu aphezulu e-APA. Emangazwe yilokho akubona, uSpitzer wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ubungqingili uqobo abuhlangabezani nenqubo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ngoba akubangeli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlupheka futhi akuhlotshaniswa nokungasebenzi kahle komhlaba wonke ngaphandle kobungqingili.  "Uma ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle kwezitho zangasese kuyinkinga, ukungashadi nakho kufanele kuthathwe njengokuphazamiseka." Uthe, ukunganaki iqiniso lokuthi ukungashadi kuyinto ekhethiwe engamiswa noma yinini, kepha ubungqingili abunjalo. U-Spitzer uthumele isincomo kubaqondisi be-APA's board ukuthi bangahlukanisi ubungqingili ngamunye ohlwini lwabakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, futhi ngoDisemba 1973 walo nyaka, i-13 yamalungu ebhodi ye-15 (iningi labo elisanda kuqokwa ama-protein e-GeyP). UDkt Satinover kulokhu okungenhla isihloko unikeza ubufakazi bomuntu owayengungqingili owayekhona emcimbini efulethini lelinye lamalungu omkhandlu we-APA, lapho agubha khona ukunqoba nesithandwa sakhe. 

Akunakwenzeka ukufakazela ukujwayela kobungqingili ngokombono we-medico-biological, ungakuvotela kuphela. Le ndlela "yesayensi" yagcina ukusetshenziswa ngeNkathi Ephakathi lapho kunqunywa ukuthi umhlaba uyisiyingi noma uyisicaba. UDkt Socarides uchaze isinqumo se-APA "njengenkohliso yengqondo kuleli khulu leminyaka." Isinqumo esinjengalesi kuphela, esingashaqisa umhlaba kakhulu, kungaba ukuthi izithunywa kwiCongress of the American Medical Association, ngokubonisana nabasekeli bezinkampani zomshuwalense wezokwelapha nezibhedlela, bavotela ukumemezela ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza azinabungozi ngakho-ke azidingi ukwelashwa.

Ngemva kokuvota, abaphikisi besinqumo bakwazile ukuhlela ireferendum phakathi kwawo wonke amalungu e-APA ngalolu daba, okwabeka usongo olukhulu enhlanganweni yobungqingili. Ngemuva kwalokho, inhlangano yobungqingili i-NGTF, ngemuva kokuthola amakheli awo wonke amalungu ayo (angaphezu kuka-30,000) evela kumqondisi we-APA, yabathumelela izincwadi lapho, egameni lobuholi be-APA, yanxusa odokotela bengqondo ukuthi basekele izinguquko zokuqanjwa kwamagama ezamukelwe. Ngamanye amazwi, incwadi ibonakala sengathi ithunyelwe yiBhodi Yabaqondisi be-APA. Cishe odokotela bengqondo abayi-10,000 baphendule incwadi, abangama-58% babo basekela ivoti lekomidi. Ngakho-ke, kubo bonke odokotela bengqondo e-United States, abangama-19% kuphela abasekela isinqumo sokususa izimbangela zesifo sobungqingili, kanti iningi elikhulu, njengoba lifunde kokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kozakwabo, lakhetha ukugcina imibono yalo kulo ngenxa yokwesaba imiphumela. Lesi sichibiyelo samukelwa. Kodwa-ke, i-APA yaphawula okulandelayo:

"Akungabazeki ukuthi izishoshovu zobungqingili zizothi ukwelapha ngengqondo ekugcineni sekwamukele ubungqingili 'njengokujwayelekile' njengobungqingili. Bazobe bengalungile. Ngokususa ubungqingili ohlwini lwezifo zengqondo, sivuma nje ukuthi abuhlangabezani nemigomo yokuchaza isifo, ... okungasho ukuthi kuyinto evamile futhi esebenzayo njengobungqingili." ^{[ 14 ]}

Ividiyo ngesiNgisi: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Ngakho-ke, ukuxilongwa " 302.0 ~ Ubungqingili " kwathathelwa indawo ukuxilongwa " 302.00 ~ Ubungqingili Bobulili Obuhlukile " futhi kwathuthela esigabeni sezinkinga zengqondo. Ngaphansi kwencazelo entsha, abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kuphela abazizwa bengakhululekile ngenxa yokukhangwa kwabo abazobhekwa njengabagulayo. "Ngeke sisaphikelela ekulebheleni isifo kubantu abathi baphilile futhi abangabonisi ukukhubazeka okuvamile ekusebenzeni kahle komphakathi," kusho i-APA. Kodwa-ke, azikho izizathu eziqinile, izimpikiswano zesayensi eziqinisekisayo, noma ubufakazi bezokwelapha obunikezwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ushintsho olunjalo esimweni sezokwelapha ngobungqingili. Lokhu kuyavunywa ngisho yilabo abasekele lesi sinqumo. Isibonelo, uprofesa waseColumbia University uRonald Bayer, uchwepheshe wezokuziphatha kwezokwelapha, waphawula ukuthi isinqumo sokususa izifo zobungqingili asizange siqondiswe "iziphetho ezinengqondo ezisekelwe emaqinisweni esayensi, kodwa ngesimo sengqondo sesikhathi" :

"Yonke le nqubo yephula izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuxazulula imibuzo yesayensi. Esikhundleni sokuhlola idatha ngobuqotho, odokotela bezifo zengqondo bazithole behileleke empikiswaneni yezepolitiki." ^[15]

"Umama wenhlangano yamalungelo abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo," uBarbara Gittings, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemuva kwenkulumo yakhe engqungqutheleni ye-APA, wavuma ngobuqotho :

“Akukaze kube yisinqumo sezokwelapha yingakho konke kwenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, sekuphele iminyaka emithathu kuphela selokhu isenzo sokuqala ukushaqisa engqungqutheleni ye-APA nangaphambi kokuba kuvotwe ibhodi labaqondisi ukukhipha ubungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kube yisinqumo sezepolitiki ... Siphulukiswe ngobusuku obubodwa ngepeni. " ^[16]

Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngu-Evelyn Hooker, oluvame ukwethulwa njengobufakazi "besayensi" bokuthi "kuyinto ejwayelekile" yobungqingili, aluzange luhlangabezane nezindinganiso zesayensi, ngoba isampula lalo lalilincane, lalingazenzakaleli futhi lalingameleli, futhi indlela uqobo lwayo yashiya kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHooker akazange azame ukufakazela ukuthi ongqingili njengeqembu bangabantu nje abajwayelekile nabalungiswe kahle njengabobulili obuhlukile. Inhloso yocwaningo lwakhe kwakuwukunikeza impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Ingabe ubungqingili buyisibonakaliso sokuphikwa kwemithi?" Ngokusho kwakhe: "Esikudingayo nje ukuthola icala elilodwa lapho impendulo ingekho." Lokho wukuthi, inhloso yocwaningo bekuwukuthola okungenani ubungqingili obungenayo i-psychology yengqondo.

Ucwaningo lukaHooker lubandakanya ingqingili yabantu abangama-30, abakhethwe ngokucophelela yiMattachine Society. Le nhlangano yezitabane yenze izivivinyo zokuqala yakhetha abazobhapathizwa abahamba phambili. Ngemuva kokuhlola ababambiqhaza besebenzisa izivivinyo ezintathu zokuphrojusa (izindawo zeRorschach, i-TAT ne-MAPS) nokuqhathanisa imiphumela yabo neqembu elilawula "abesilisa nabesifazane", uHooker wafinyelela esiphethweni esilandelayo:

"Akumangazi ukuthi abanye ongqingili baphazamiseka kakhulu, empeleni ngezinga lokuthi umuntu angase acabange ukuthi ubungqingili buyisivikelo ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo okusobala . Kodwa lokho odokotela abaningi abakuthola kunzima ukukwamukela ukuthi abanye ongqingili bangaba abantu abavamile, abangahlukaniseki, ngaphandle kokuthambekela kobulili, kubantu abavamile abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile. Abanye bangase bangabi nje kuphela abangenaso isifo (uma umuntu engagcizeleli ukuthi ubungqingili ngokwabo buwuphawu lwesifo), kodwa empeleni bangaba abantu abahle kakhulu, abasebenza ezingeni eliphezulu." ^[17]

Ngamanye amazwi, isici "sokujwayelekile" ocwaningweni lwakhe kwakuwukuba khona kokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusebenza komphakathi. Nokho, ukuba khona kwalezi zindlela akukuvimbeli nhlobo ukuba khona kwesifo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nangaphandle kokucabangela amandla anganele ezibalo zobukhulu besampula, imiphumela yocwaningo olunjalo ayikwazi ukusebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. UHooker ngokwakhe wavuma "ukulinganiselwa" komsebenzi wakhe futhi wathi ukuqhathanisa amaqembu abantu abayi-100 cishe kuzoveza umehluko. Waphawula nokunganeliseki okukhulu kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu, okwabahlukanisa kakhulu eqenjini elilawulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuhlolweni kukaRorschach, abacwaningi bathole umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ezinkombeni eziningana (i-Wheeler Signs) futhi bathola ukuthambekela kobulili kumadoda angu-40%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-25% ngokuqagela okungahleliwe. Ngakho-ke, isimangalo sikaHooker sokuthi akatholanga mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amabili kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kwakhe asilungile.

Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lwabantu abayimilutha ye-LGBT* luthole ukuthi cishe ama-94% ayenokukhubazeka kobuntu okungenani okukodwa ^[18] , okuyisilinganiso esiphindwe kabili eqenjini elifanayo labantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile ^[19].

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1977, eminyakeni emine ngemva kokuba lezi zenzakalo zichaziwe, kwenziwa inhlolovo engaziwa yodokotela bengqondo baseMelika ababengamalungu e-APA ephephabhukwini lesayensi i-Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. Ama-69% odokotela bengqondo abahlolwa bavumile ukuthi "ubungqingili buvame ukuba yindlela yokuguquguquka kwezifo, ngokungafani nokwehluka okuvamile," kanti ama-13% ayengaqiniseki. Iningi laphinde lathi abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo bavame ukungajabuli njengabathandana nabobulili obufanayo (73%) futhi abanawo amandla obuhlobo obuvuthiwe nobunothando (60%). Ama-70% odokotela bengqondo asebebonke bathi izinkinga zabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo zihlobene kakhulu nezingxabano zabo zangaphakathi kunokucwaswa emphakathini ^[20].

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngonyaka we-2003 Imiphumela Ukuhlola okwenziwa phakathi kwabasebenzi bezengqondo mayelana nesimo sabo sengqondo ngobungqingili kukhombisa ukuthi iningi lithatha ubungqingili njengezenzo zokuphambuka, yize lalingafakwanga ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ^[21].

Ngo-1987, i-APA yasusa buthule zonke izinkomba zobungqingili esihlokweni sayo sokuqokwa, kulokhu ngaphandle kokuzikhathaza ngokubamba ivoti. I-World Health Organization (WHO) yalandela nje ezinyathelweni ze-APA, futhi ngo-1990, yasusa nobungqingili ekuhlukanisweni kwayo kwezifo, yagcina kuphela ukubonakaliswa kwayo kokuzikhukhumeza esigabeni F66. Ngenxa yezizathu zokulunga kwezepolitiki, lesi sigaba, ngokungenangqondo, sihlanganisa nokuthambekela kobulili obuhlukile, "umuntu ngamunye afisa ukukushintsha ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha okuhambisanayo . "

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi inqubomgomo yokuxilonga ubungqingili kuphela eshintshile, hhayi isisekelo sesayensi nesezokwelapha esichaza njengesifo—okungukuthi, ukuphambuka okubuhlungu esimweni esivamile noma inqubo yokukhula. Uma kusasa odokotela bevota ukuthi umkhuhlane awusona isifo, lokhu akusho ukuthi iziguli zizophulukiswa: izimpawu nezinkinga zalesi sifo zizobe zisekhona, noma ngabe azikho ohlwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-American Psychiatric Association noma i-World Health Organization azizona izikhungo zesayensi. I-WHO imane nje iyi-ejensi ephethe izikhulu ngaphakathi kwe-UN, ehlanganisa imisebenzi yezinhlaka zikazwelonke, kanti i-APA iyinyunyana yabasebenzi. I-WHO ayizami ngisho nokusho okuhlukile—nakhu okushiwo yisandulela sesigaba se-ICD-10 sezinkinga zengqondo:

"Lezi zincazelo neziqondiso azihloselwe ukuba zibe yimfundiso futhi azisho ukuthi ziyisitatimende esiphelele sesimo samanje solwazi mayelana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Zimelela nje amaqembu ezimpawu kanye nokuphawula inani elikhulu labeluleki kanye nabeluleki emazweni amaningi omhlaba elivumile ngakho njengesisekelo esamukelekayo sokuchaza imingcele yezigaba ekuhlukanisweni kwezinkinga zengqondo." ^[22]

Ngokombono wezifundo zesayensi, lesi sitatimende sibonakala singenangqondo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi kumele kusekelwe ezimisweni ezinengqondo kuphela, futhi noma yikuphi ukuvumelana phakathi kochwepheshe kungaba umphumela wokuchazwa kwedatha yezokwelapha neyobufakazi obuqondile, futhi kungalawulwa yinoma yiziphi izinto ezicatshangelwayo, ngisho nobuntu obukhulu. Umbono ngenkinga ethile uvame ukwamukelwa kuphela ngenxa yemvelo yayo esekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ngesiqondiso esivela ngenhla. Uma sikhuluma ngendlela yokwelapha, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengokuhlolwa kwesinye noma eziningana izikhungo. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ishicilelwa emaphephandabeni esayensi, futhi ngokusekelwe kulo mbiko, odokotela banquma ukuthi baqhubeke nokusebenzisa le ndlela. Nokho, lapha, izintshisekelo zezombusazwe eziphikisana nesayensi zanqoba ukungakhethi kwesayensi kanye nokungakhethi, futhi okungaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka lokuhlangenwe nakho kwezokwelapha kanye nobufakazi, okukhomba ngokusobala imbangela yesifo sobungqingili, kwalahlwa. Le ndlela engakaze ibonwe, yangemva kwenkathi ephakathi yokuxazulula izinkinga zesayensi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphakamisa izandla zomuntu ihlambalaza ukwelapha kwengqondo njengesayensi engathi sína futhi, futhi, imelela isibonelo sobufebe besayensi ukuze kuzuze amandla athile ezepolitiki. Ngisho ne-Oxford Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry iphawula ukuthi nakuba kwezinye izindawo, njengemvelaphi ye-schizophrenia noma ukucindezeleka, i-psychiatry yayilwela ukuba nesayensi ngangokunokwenzeka, ezindabeni ezihlobene nobungqingili, i-psychiatry yayiziphatha "njengencekukazi yamakhosi ayo amasiko nezepolitiki" ^[23].

Imigomo Yobulili Yomhlaba Wonke Isethi Isigaba se-44 APA, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Society for the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, ehlanganisa cishe ngokuphelele izishoshovu ze-LGBT*. Yibo abasabalalisa izitatimende ezingenabufakazi egameni le-APA yonke lokho “Ubungqingili buyingxenye evamile yobulili babantu”.

UDkt Dean Byrd, owayengumongameli weNational Association for the Study and Therapy ofungqingili, usola i-APA ngenkohliso yesayensi:

“I-APA iba yinhlangano yezepolitiki enohlelo lwezishoshovu ezitabane ezishicilelwe ngokusemthethweni, yize izibeka njengenhlangano yesayensi eyethula ubufakazi besayensi ngendlela engakhethi. I-APA icindezela ukubuyekezwa nokucwaninga okugcizelela isikhundla sayo sezombusazwe futhi isabise amalungu ezikhundleni zayo eziphikisana nalokhu kuhlukunyezwa kwenqubo yesayensi. Abaningi baphoqeleka ukuthi bathule ukuze bangalahli isikhundla sabo somsebenzi, abanye bacwaswa, futhi nedumela labo lonakaliswa - hhayi ngoba izifundo zabo zintula ukunemba noma inani, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi imiphumela yabo iphikisana nenqubomgomo esemthethweni ebekiwe ".^[24]

Imithombo

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10. Teal Donn. Amabutho ezitabane (1971))
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15. I-Bayer R. Ubungqingili kanye ne-American Psychiatry: I-Politics of Diagnosis. I-Xnumx
16. U-Eric Marcus Ukwenza umlando: umzabalazo wamalungelo wobungqingili namalungelo alinganayo, i-1945-1990 (1991)
17. E. Hooker. Ukulungiswa Kwabesilisa Abangqingili Abesilisa (1957)
18. UJon Grant. Ukuphazamiseka kobuntu ku-Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, kanye ne-Transgender Chemical Dependent Patients (2011)
19. Ukuvela kabusha kwe-12-inyanga yokuphuza utshwala nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuphazamiseka kobuntu e-United States: imiphumela evela ku-National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Izimo Ezihlobene
20. Isikhathi Ubulili: Sick Again, 1978
21. Ukubekezelela: ubunye phakathi komehluko. Indima yabasebenzi bezengqondo
22. I-ICD-10: Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha, ikhasi 21.
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24. UDean Byrd. I-APA nobungqingili: Indaba Yokukhwabanisa Kwesayensi

Ngaphezu kwalokho:

UPavel Parfentiev: Ubungqingili bayeka kanjani ukuba yisifo

Ubungqingili: ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo noma cha?

I-LGBT* impilo yengqondo neyomzimba