Iphuzu lokubukwa okwamukelwa njengamanje emazweni athuthukile ngokusho ukuthi ubungqingili abuhlolwe ekuhlolweni komtholampilo lunemibandela futhi alinakho ukwethenjwa kwesayensi, ngoba libonisa kuphela ukuvumelana kwezepolitiki okungenasisekelo, hhayi isiphetho esifinyeleleke ngokwesayensi.

Ukuvota okuyihlazo kwe-American Psychiatric Association (APA), okungafaki ubungqingili kuloluhlu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kwenzeka ngoDisemba 1973. Lokhu kwandulelwe yimicimbi yezepolitiki ye-1960 - 1970. Umphakathi ukhathele ukungenelela okuvikelekile kwaseMelika eVietnam kanye nenhlekelele yezomnotho. Imibhikisho yentsha yokubhikisha yazalwa futhi yathandwa kakhulu: inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu abamnyama, inhlangano elwela amalungelo abesifazane, inhlangano yezempi, umhlangano wokulwa nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nobuphofu; isiko le-hippie lakhula ngokuthula kwalo ngamabomu nenkululeko; ukusetshenziswa kwe-psychedelics, ikakhulukazi i-LSD nentsangu, sekusabalale. Lapho-ke wonke amasiko nezinkolelo zendabuko zaphikiswa. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuvukela kunoma yiziphi iziphathimandla. ^[1].

Konke okungenhla kwenzeke emthunzini we izinsongo eziningi kanye nokulawulwa kokuzalwa.

UPreston Cloud, obemele iNational Academy of Science Science, ufune ukuqina "Nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingase zenzeke" ukulawula kwabantu, futhi wancoma ukuthi uhulumeni aqinisekise ukuhushula kwezisu kanye nezinyunyana ezingqingili ^[2].

UKingsley Davis, ongomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo yokulawulwa kokubeletha, kanye nokwenziwa kwande kwezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, ukukhipha isisu nokuvala inzalo, uphakamise ukukhuthazwa "kwezindlela zobulili ezingezona ezemvelo":

"Izingqinamba zokucwilisa kanye nezindlela ezingezona ezemvelo zokuya ocansini zivame ukuhlangana noma kuthulwe, yize kungekho muntu ongabazayo ukusebenza kwalezi zindlela ekuvimbeleni ukukhulelwa. Izinguquko ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuthonya isisusa sokuzala kufanele kube izinguquko ekwakhekeni komndeni, isimo sabesifazane kanye nokuya ocansini. " ^[3]

Unkosikazi kaDavis, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, uJudith Blake, uhlongoza ukuqeda izinzuzo zentela kanye nezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala izingane kanye nokususa unswinyo olungokomthetho nolwezenhlalo lokulwa nobungqingili ^[4].

Umeluleki Wezomthetho Albert Blausteinobambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamazwe amaningi, wakhombaukuthi ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokwanda kwabantu, kuyadingeka ukubuyekeza imithetho eminingi, kufaka phakathi umshado, ukusekelwa komndeni, iminyaka yemvume nobungqingili.

Kwakukhona nalabo ababekhona basola ngokusobala ubungqingili enkingeni yokwanda kwabantu ngokweqile emhlabeni.

Emoyeni ofudumele walesi sikhathi sokuguquka, lapho izixuku zezinguquko (futhi hhayi kuphela) sezigcwele ngokuphelele, imijovo yezimali kaMoore, uRockefeller noFord yaqinisa umkhankaso wezepolitiki wokuqashelwa kobungqingili njengendlela ejwayelekile futhi efiselekayo yempilo ^[5]. Isihloko esingumuntu kuze kube manje esisuka ku izindawo ezingacabangi singene embusweni onogqozi, futhi kwaba nempikiswano emnandi kwabezindaba phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisana nokujwayelekile kobungqingili.

E-1969, enkulumweni yakhe neCongress, uMongameli Nixon kubizwa ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu "Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu isiphetho sesintu" futhi wabiza ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ^[6]... Ngawo lowo nyaka, uFrederic Jaffe, iSekela likaMongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), wakhipha imemorandamu lapho “ukukhuthaza ukukhula kobungqingili"Kubhalwe njengenye yezindlela zokulawula ukuzala ^[7].

Kwenzeka lokhu nje, ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, kwaqubuka udlame lwaseSwallwall, lapho amaqembu ezishoshovu enza iziteleka zasemgwaqeni, ukucekela phansi impahla, ukushisa kanye nokuhilizisana namaphoyisa izinsuku ezinhlanu. Kusetshenziswe izinduku zensimbi, amatshe nama-cocktail aseMoloto. AT incwadi Umlobi wobungqingili uDavid Carter, obonwa njengo "mthombo wokugcina" emlandweni walezo zigameko, uchaza indlela izishoshovu ezivimbe ngayo uChristopher Street zimise izimoto futhi zihlasele abagibeli uma kungebona abobungqingili noma zenqaba ukuzwakalisa ubumbano nazo. Umshayeli wetekisi ongaboni ukuthi ngubani ophendukele emgwaqweni ngephutha, ushonile ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo esixukwini ebesidlubhe saqala ukusongela imoto yakhe. Omunye umshayeli ushaywe ngemuva kokuphuma emotweni ukuyomelana nezilwane ezigxuma phezu kwakhe  ^[8].

Ngemuva kwalezi zidubedube, izishoshovu zakha iHomosexual Liberation Front, efana neNational Liberation Front eVietnam. Sebememezele ukwelashwa kwengqondo isitha esingu- # 1, bakwenza iminyaka emithathu ukwethuka amasheya, izingxoxo nezinkulumo ezonakele ze-APA okwenziwa ngoprofesa ababebheka ubungqingili njengesifo, waze wababiza ebusuku ngezinsongo. Njengomuntu ohlanganyele ngqo kulezo zigameko ubhala ku-athikhili yakhe, omunye walabo ababa nesibindi sokuvikela isikhundla sesayensi futhi baphikisana nemizamo yokufaka ubungqingili kujwayelekile, uchwepheshe emkhakheni wezengqondo nobudlelwano bezocansi, uSolwazi Charles Sokarides:

“Amaqembu alwa nezishoshovu zobungqingili asungule umkhankaso wangempela wokushushisa ochwepheshe asebehambise izingxabano zokungabeki ubungqingili ohlwini lokuphambuka; bangena engqungqutheleni, lapho kwaxoxwa khona ngenkinga yobungqingili, baqala ulayini, bathuka izikhulumi, baphazamisa ukusebenza kwalaba bantu. Indawo enobungqingili enamandla emphakathini kanye nabezindaba ezikhethekile igqugquzele ukushicilelwa kwezinto ngokumelene nabameli bomqondo womzimba we-sex drive. Imibhalo eneziphetho ezisuselwa enkambisweni yesayensi yemfundo yayihlekwa futhi igcotshwe njenge "mishmashi engenangqondo yobandlululo nenkulumo-mbumbulu." Lezi zenzo zazisekelwa yizingcingo nezingcingo ngezinhlamba nezinsongo zodlame lomzimba kanye nokuhlasela kwamaphekula. " ^[9]

NgoMeyi we1970, izishoshovu, zangenela umhlangano we-APA National Convention eSan Francisco, zaqala ukumemeza kabi futhi zithuka izikhulumi, okuholele ekutheni odokotela babe namahloni futhi badideke bashiye izilaleli. Usihlalo waphoqeleka ukuthi aphazamise ingqungquthela. Ngokumangazayo, akubanga nokuvela okuvela konogada noma abomthetho. Bakhuthazwe ukungaziphathi kwabo, izishoshovu futhi zavimba omunye umhlangano we-APA, kulokhu eChicago. Kwathi lapho kunengqungquthela e-University of Southern California, izishoshovu zaphinde zawuthola umbiko wobungqingili. Izishoshovu zasabisa ngokuthi zizokonakalisa ngokuphelele ingqungquthela elandelayo yonyaka eWashington uma isigaba sokufunda sobungqingili singenabo abamele inhlangano yobungqingili. Esikhundleni sokudlulisa izinsongo zodlame nokungazami kolwazi lwezinhlangano ezisebenzisa umthetho, abahleli bengqungquthela ye-APA bahlangane nabaphangi futhi badale ikhomishini hhayi yobungqingili, kodwa yabongqingili. ^[10].

Izishoshovu ezikhuluma nezitabane zifuna ukuthi izifo zengqondo:  
I-1) ilahle isimo sayo sengqondo esibi esedlule mayelana nobungqingili;
I-2) iyilahle esidlangalaleni i- "theory of sifo" nganoma iyiphi indlela;
3) yethula umkhankaso osebenzayo wokuqeda “ubandlululo” olusabalele ngalolu daba, ngomsebenzi wesimo sengqondo kanye nezinguquko zomthetho;
I-4) ibonisane njalo nabamele umphakathi wobungqingili.

"Izihloko zethu: "Gay, uyaziqhenya futhi uphilile" и "Gay ulungile.". Ngawe noma ngaphandle kwakho, sizosebenza ngokuzikhandla ukwamukela le miyalo futhi silwe nalabo abaphikisana nathi. ” ^[11]

Kunombono osekelwe kahle wokuthi lezi ziphithiphithi kanye nezenzo zazingelutho njengokudlalwa okwadlalwa ngabalingisi kanye nedlanzana lezishoshovu ezizenzo zalo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okuvela ngaphezulu zizoqedwa masinyane. Lokhu bekudingekile kuphela ukudala i-hype emaphephandabeni ezungeze "amalungelo abantu abancane abacindezelwe" kanye nokucaciswa okulandelayo kokudonswa kobungqingili komphakathi jikelele, ngenkathi konke okungenhla sekumiselwe ngaphambili. Esimweni esijwayelekile, ukungena ngokungemthetho kwama-hooligans emhlanganweni ovaliwe kufanele ngabe kubukeka kanjena:

Ku-1970, umbhali wemifanekiso inguquko yeningi UFrank Noutstein, ekhuluma eNational Military College phambi kwezikhulu eziphezulu, uthe lokho "Ubungqingili buvunyelwe ngesisekelo sokuthi buyasiza ukunciphisa ukwanda kwabantu"^[4].

Umzukulu womongameli we-APA uJohn Spiegel, owabe esenza uchungechunge, utshelwekanjani, elungiselela inkundla yokuvukela umbuso kwangaphakathi e-APA, waqoqa abantu ababenomqondo ofanayo ababezibiza "nge-GAPA" emakhaya abo, lapho baxoxa ngamasu wokuqoka abakhululekile abasebasha abangozakwabo ezikhundleni ezibalulekile esikhundleni se-orthodox enezimpunga ^[12]. Ngakho-ke, izazi zemibono yobungqingili zazinokuphembelela okunamandla ebuholini be-APA.

Nansi indlela usosayensi nodokotela wezifo zengqondo odumile waseMelika, uJeffrey Satinover, azichaza ngayo izinto ezenzeka kuleyo minyaka esihlokweni sakhe esithi “Not ngokwesayensi noma ngentando yeningi” ^[13]:

"E-1963, iNew York Medical Academy iyalele iKomidi Layo Lezempilo Lomphakathi ukuba ilungiselele umbiko ngobungqingili ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu bobungqingili kusatshalaliswa kakhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Ikomidi lafika eziphethweni ezilandelayo:

" ..Ubutabane buyisifo ngempela. Umuntu ongqingili ungumuntu ophazamisekile ngokomzwelo ongakwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano obujwayelekile bobulili obuhlukile ... Abanye ongqingili baye badlula ezikhundleni zokuzivikela kuphela futhi bathi lokhu kuphambuka kuyindlela yokuphila efiselekayo, ehloniphekile futhi ekhethwayo ... "

Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10 kuphela, kwi-1973, ngaphandle kokuthi kuvezwe noma iyiphi idatha ebalulekile yocwaningo lwesayensi, ngaphandle kokubhekwa nokuhlaziywa okufanele, isikhundla sabasakazi abathandana nobungqingili saba imfundiso yengqondo (hlola ukuthi isifundo sishintshe kangakanani eminyakeni eyi-10!). "

Ngo-1970 uSocarides wazama ukudala iqembu elizofunda ubungqingili ngombono wezokwelapha kanye nesayensi, wathinta igatsha laseNew York le-APA. Inhloko yomnyango, uSolwazi Diamond, weseke uSocarides, kwaqalwa iqembu elifanayo nodokotela bengqondo abangamashumi amabili abavela emitholampilo ehlukene eNew York. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokusebenza kanye nemihlangano eyishumi nesithupha, leli qembu lalungisa umbiko owakhuluma ngokungananazi ngobungqingili njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo futhi laphakamisa uhlelo loxhaso lwezokwelashwa nolwezenhlalo lwabangqingili. Kodwa-ke, uSolwazi Diamond washona ngo-1971, kanti inhloko entsha yegatsha i-APA New York yayingumsekeli wemibono yobungqingili. Lo mbiko wenqatshwa, futhi ababhali bawo banikezwa umbono ongenakuphikiswa wokuthi noma yimuphi umbiko ongabamukeli ubungqingili njengokuhlukile okujwayelekile uzokwaliwa. Leli qembu lahlakazeka.

URobert Spitzer, owayengabandakanyi ubungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, wasebenza ebhodini lokuhlela le-DSM, umhlahlandlela wokuxilonga ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, futhi wayengenalo ulwazi ngabungqingili. Ukuphela kokuchayeka kwakhe kulolu daba kwakuwukukhuluma nesishoshovu sezitabane okuthiwa nguRon Gold, esigcizelela ukuthi akaguli, owabe esethatha uSpitzer waya ephathini endaweni yokucima ukoma, lapho athola khona amalungu aphezulu e-APA. Emangazwe yilokho akubona, uSpitzer wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ubungqingili uqobo abuhlangabezani nenqubo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ngoba akubangeli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlupheka futhi akuhlotshaniswa nokungasebenzi kahle komhlaba wonke ngaphandle kobungqingili.  "Uma ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle kwezitho zangasese kuyinkinga, ukungashadi nakho kufanele kuthathwe njengokuphazamiseka." Uthe, ukunganaki iqiniso lokuthi ukungashadi kuyinto ekhethiwe engamiswa noma yinini, kepha ubungqingili abunjalo. U-Spitzer uthumele isincomo kubaqondisi be-APA's board ukuthi bangahlukanisi ubungqingili ngamunye ohlwini lwabakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, futhi ngoDisemba 1973 walo nyaka, i-13 yamalungu ebhodi ye-15 (iningi labo elisanda kuqokwa ama-protein e-GeyP). UDkt Satinover kulokhu okungenhla isihloko unikeza ubufakazi bomuntu owayengungqingili owayekhona emcimbini efulethini lelinye lamalungu omkhandlu we-APA, lapho agubha khona ukunqoba nesithandwa sakhe. 

Akunakwenzeka ukufakazela ukujwayelekile kobungqingili ngokombono wezokwelapha kanye nemvelo; ungawuvotela kuphela. Le ndlela “yesayensi” yagcina ukusetshenziswa ngeNkathi Ephakathi ukuze kuxazululwe umbuzo othi “ukuthi umhlaba uyindilinga noma uyindilinga yini.” UDkt. Socarides uchaze isinqumo se-APA ngokuthi "inkohliso yengqondo yaleli khulu leminyaka." Okuwukuphela kwento engashaqisa umhlaba kakhulu kungaba uma izihambeli zomhlangano we-American Medical Association, ngokubonisana nabagqugquzeli bezinkampani zomshwalense wezokwelapha nezibhedlela, zivotele ukumemezela ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza azinangozi ngakho-ke azikudingi ukwelashwa.

Ngemuva kwevoti, abaphikisi balesi sinqumo bakwazile ukuhlela ukuthi kube nokubonisana kuwo wonke amalungu e-APA ngalolu daba, nolubeke engcupheni enkulu inhlangano yobungqingili. Lapho-ke inhlangano yezitabane, i-NGTF, ithole komunye wabaqondisi be-APA amakheli awo wonke amalungu ayo (ngaphezu kwe-30 000), yabathumelela izincwadi, yathi, egameni lobuholi be-APA, inxenxe odokotela bezengqondo ukuba baxhase ushintsho olwamukelwe kusihloko. Okusho ukuthi, le ncwadi ibukeka sengathi yathunyelwa yi-APA Board of Directors. Cishe i-10 yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabagula ngengqondo baphendule le ncwadi, lapho i-58% isekele ukuvota kwikhomishini. Ngakho-ke, ngenani eliphelele labasebenzi bezengqondo e-United States, yi-19% kuphela esekele isinqumo sokudambisa ubungqingili, futhi iningi elikhulu, lifundiswa yisipiliyoni esibuhlungu sabasebenza nabo, bakhetha ukushiya imibono yabo ngoba besaba izinkathazo. Isichibiyelo samukelwa. Noma kunjalo, APA kuphawuliwe okulandelayo:

“Izishoshovu zobungqingili ngokungangabazeki zizophikisana ngokuthi abezengqondo ekugcineni sebebubonile ubungqingili “njengobuvamile” njengobungqingili. Bayoba nephutha. Ngokususa ubungqingili ohlwini lwezifo zengqondo, sivuma nje ukuthi abuhlangabezani nemibandela yokuchaza isifo ... okungasho ukuthi bujwayelekile futhi buphelele njengobungqingili.”^[14]

Ividiyo ngesiNgisi: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Ngakho-ke, ukuxilongwa kweI-302.0 ~ Ubungqingili"Esikhundleni sokuxilongwa"I-302.00 ~ Ubungqingili be-Egodistonic”Futhi yathuthela esigabeni sokuphazamiseka kobungqingili. Ngencazelo entsha, abongqingili kuphela abangakhululekile ngokuheheka kwabo abazobhekwa njengabagula.  "Ngeke sisasho ukuthi kufakwe ilebula lesifo kubantu abathi baphilile futhi abakhombisi ukuphazamiseka okujwayelekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi," Kusho i-APA. Ngasikhathi sinye, azikho izizathu ezizwakalayo, kwanikezwa ubufakazi besayensi obuqinisekisayo kanye nobufakazi bemitholampilo obungaqinisekisa ushintsho olunjalo esimweni sezokwelapha maqondana nobungqingili. Lokhu kuqashelwa ngulabo abasisekela isinqumo. Ngakho-ke, uRonald Bayer, uprofesa eColumbia University, onguchwepheshe kwezokuziphatha kwezokwelapha, uqapheleukuthi isinqumo sokudicilela phansi ubungqingili asizange sitshelwe "Iziphetho ezinengqondo ezisuselwa emaqinisweni esayensi, kanye nemizwa yesikhathi leso":

“Yonke le nqubo yephula izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuxazulula izinkinga zesayensi. Esikhundleni sokubuyekezwa kwemininingwane ngokungakhethi, odokotela bezengqondo baphonswa ezingxoxweni zezombusazwe. ” ^[15]

"Umama weGay rights Movement," uBarbara Gitting, ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili ekhuluma kwiNgqungquthela ye-APA, obala kuqashelwa:

“Akukaze kube yisinqumo sezokwelapha yingakho konke kwenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, sekuphele iminyaka emithathu kuphela selokhu isenzo sokuqala ukushaqisa engqungqutheleni ye-APA nangaphambi kokuba kuvotwe ibhodi labaqondisi ukukhipha ubungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kube yisinqumo sezepolitiki ... Siphulukiswe ngobusuku obubodwa ngepeni. " ^[16]

Ucwaningo olugunyazwe u-Evelyn Hooker, oluvame ukwethulwa njengobufakazi “besayensi” “bokujwayelekile” kobungqingili, aluzange luhlangabezane nezindinganiso zesayensi, njengoba isampula yalo yayincane, ingahleliwe futhi ingameleli, futhi indlela yokusebenza ngokwayo ishiye ifunwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Hooker akazange azame ukufakazela ukuthi ongqingili njengeqembu bangabantu abavamile futhi abahleleke kahle njengabantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile. Inhloso yocwaningo lwakhe bekuwukunikeza impendulo yombuzo othi: "Ingabe ubungqingili buyisibonakaliso sokuphikwa kwemithi?" Ngokusho kwakhe: "Esikudingayo nje ukuthola icala elilodwa lapho impendulo ingekho." Lokho wukuthi, inhloso yocwaningo bekuwukuthola okungenani ubungqingili obungenayo i-psychology yengqondo.

Ucwaningo lukaHooker lwaluhilela ongqingili abangu-30 kuphela abakhethwe ngokucophelela yi-Mattachine Society. Le nhlangano yezitabane yenze izivivinyo zokuqala kwabazongenela ukhetho futhi yakhetha abahamba phambili. Ngemva kokuhlola abahlanganyeli ezivivinyweni ezintathu ezilindelekile (i-Rorschach Blots, i-TAT kanye ne-MAPS) nokuqhathanisa imiphumela yabo neqembu elilawulayo “le-heterosexual”, i-Hooker yafinyelela esiphethweni esilandelayo.:

“Akumangazi ukuthi abanye abongqingili banokwephulwa okukhulu futhi, ngokweqiniso, kangangokuba kungabhekwa ukuthi ubungqingili buyindlela yokuzivikela emqondweni evulekile... Kepha okunzima ukwamukela odokotela abaningi ukuthi abanye ongqingili bangaba ngabantu abajwayelekile, abangahlukaniseki, ngaphandle kokuthambekela kocansi, kubantu abavamile abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane. Abanye kungenzeka bangabi nayo kuphela i-pathology (uma kungenjalo baphikise ukuthi ubungqingili uqobo luyisibonakaliso se-pathology), kepha futhi bamele abantu abahle ngokuphelele, abasebenza ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.  ^[17]

Okusho ukuthi, umbandela "wokujwayelekile" ocwaningweni lwakhe kwakuwukuba khona kokujwayela nokusebenza komphakathi. Ukuba khona kwemingcele enjalo, noma kunjalo, akubandakanyi nhlobo ukuba khona kwe-pathology. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nangaphandle kokucabangela amandla ezibalo anganele wesayizi yesampula, imiphumela yocwaningo olunjalo ngeke kusebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ubungqingili akuyona inkinga yengqondo. UHooker uqobo uvumile "imiphumela elinganiselwe" yomsebenzi wakhe wathi ukuqhathanisa amaqembu abantu abayi-100 mhlawumbe kuzowubonisa umehluko. Ubuye wabona ukunganeliseki okuqinile kwabangqingili ebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu, obubahlukanisa kakhulu neqembu elilawulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezivivinyweni zeRorschach, ochwepheshe bathole umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwala maqembu amabili ngezizathu eziningana (Izimpawu zeWheeler) futhi bathola ubulili kwabesilisa abangama-40%, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-25% ngokuqagela okungahleliwe. Ngakho-ke, isimangalo sikaHooker sokuthi akazange athole umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwala maqembu womabili kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kwakhe simane nje asilungile.

Ucwaningo lwamuva nje abantu abayimilutha ye-LGBT bakhombisile ukuthi cishe i-94% yabo okungenani ibinenkinga yobuntu eyodwa ^[18] okuyinto ephindwe kabili uma ngokufanayo iqembu labobulili obuhlukile ^[19].

Ekupheleni kuka-1977, ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 izehlakalo ezichaziwe, kwenziwa ucwaningo olungaziwa kumagazini wesayensi i-Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality phakathi kodokotela bengqondo baseMelika abangamalungu e-APA, ngokuya ngokuthi odokotela bengqondo abangama-69% bavumelana ngokuthi “ubungqingili, njengomthetho, kuwukuzivumelanisa nezifo ngokungafani nokwehluka okuvamile, ”futhi u-13% wayengaqiniseki. Iningi libuye lathi ongqingili bavame ukungajabuli kakhulu kunabobulili obuhlukile (73%) futhi bangakwazi ukuba nobudlelwano obuvuthiwe, obunothando (60%). Sekukonke, odokotela bengqondo abangama-70% bathi izinkinga zobungqingili zihlobene kakhulu nezingxabano zabo zangaphakathi kunokucwaswa emphakathini. ^[20].

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngonyaka we-2003 Imiphumela Ukuhlola okwenziwa phakathi kwabasebenzi bezengqondo mayelana nesimo sabo sengqondo ngobungqingili kukhombisa ukuthi iningi lithatha ubungqingili njengezenzo zokuphambuka, yize lalingafakwanga ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ^[21].

Ngo-1987, i-APA yasusa buthule zonke izinkomba zobungqingili esiqeshini sayo, kulokhu ngaphandle kokuzihlupha ngokuvota. IWorld Health Organisation (WHO) ivele yalandela ezinyathelweni ze-APA kwathi ngo-1990 nayo yasusa ubungqingili ezigabeni zayo zezifo, yagcina kuphela. egodistonic ukubonakaliswa esigabeni seF66. Ngenxa yezizathu ezilungile zezombusazwe, lesi sigaba sokungabi nangqondo okukhulu sibuye sifake phakathi ubulili, "Umuntu ufuna ukushintsha mayelana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuhlanganisiwe nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha".

Ngasikhathi sinye, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yinqubomgomo kuphela yokuxilonga ubungqingili eguqukile, kepha hhayi isisekelo sesayensi nesemtholampilo esichaza njengezifo - i.e. ukuphambuka okubuhlungu kusuka esimweni esijwayelekile noma inqubo yokuthuthuka. Uma odokotela bevota kusasa ukuthi umkhuhlane awusona isifo, lokhu akusho ukuthi iziguli zizokwelashwa: izimpawu nobunzima besifo ngeke buye ndawo, noma ngabe bungekho ohlwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-American Psychiatric Association noma i-World Health Organisation azizona izikhungo zesayensi. I-WHO iyinhlangano ejwayelekile ye-UN eqondisa imisebenzi yezinhlaka zikazwelonke, kanti i-APA iyinyunyana yabasebenzi. I-WHO ayizami ukuphikisana ngenye indlela - yilokho okubhalwe kuyo isingeniso ekuhlukaniselweni kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo e-ICD-10:

"Thula izincazelo nemiyalo ungathwali uqobo lwayo inchazelo yethiyori futhi ungazenzi sengathi encazelweni ephelele yesimo samanje solwazi lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Amane nje ayizimpawu zokuphawula kanye nokuphawula ngalo inani elikhulu labeluleki nabeluleki emazweni amaningi omhlaba bavumile njengesisekelo esamukelekayo sokuchazwa kwemingcele yesigaba ekuhlukaniseni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. ” ^[22]

Ngokombono wesayensi yesayensi, lesi sitatimende sibukeka singenangqondo. Ukwahlukaniswa kwesayensi kufanele kusekelwe kwizizathu ezinengqondo, futhi noma yisiphi isivumelwano esiphakathi kochwepheshe kungaba kuphela umphumela wokuchazwa kwemininingwane yemitholampilo nenamandla, futhi kungakhonjiswa yimibono ethile, ngisho naleyo esiza kakhulu. Ukubheka inkinga ethile kuvame ukubonwa kuphela ngenxa yobufakazi bayo, hhayi ngesiqondisi esivela phezulu. Uma kukhulunywa ngendlela yokwelashwa, kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengokuzama esikhungweni esisodwa noma eziningi. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ishicilelwe emaphephandabeni esayensi, futhi ngesisekelo salo mlayezo, odokotela banquma ukuthi bazosebenzisa le ndlela ngokuqhubekayo. Lapha, izintshisekelo zezombusazwe eziphikisana nesayensi zathatha ukungakhethi ngokwesayensi nokuzibandakanya, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komtholampilo kanye nobuciko okungaphezulu kweminyaka eyikhulu, okukhombisa ngokungangabazeki i-etiology yezifo zobungqingili, kwalahlwa. Okungakaze kube khona ngemuva kwendlela yeNkathi Ephakathi yokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi ngokukhombisa izandla kudicilela phansi isayensi yezengqondo njengesayensi ebucayi futhi, futhi, kuveza isibonelo sobufebe besayensi ngenxa yamabutho athile ezepolitiki. Ngisho ne-Oxford Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry iphawula ukuthi uma kwezinye izindawo, njengomsuka weschizophrenia noma ukucindezeleka, isifo sengqondo sizama ukuba sesayensi ngangokunokwenzeka, lapho-ke ezindabeni eziphathelene nobungqingili, izifo zengqondo beziphethe "Incekukazi yamakhosi ayo kwezamasiko nezepolitiki" ^[23].

Imigomo Yobulili Yomhlaba Wonke Isethi Isigaba se-44 APA, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- "Society for the Psychology of Sexual Oriental and Gender Diversity", equkethe cishe izishoshovu ze-LGBT. Kungenxa ye-APA yonke lapho besabalalisa khona izitatimende ezingabaliwe “Ubungqingili buyingxenye evamile yobulili babantu”.

UDkt Dean Byrd, owayengumongameli weNational Association for the Study and Therapy ofungqingili, usola i-APA ngenkohliso yesayensi:

“I-APA iba yinhlangano yezepolitiki enohlelo lwezishoshovu ezitabane ezishicilelwe ngokusemthethweni, yize izibeka njengenhlangano yesayensi eyethula ubufakazi besayensi ngendlela engakhethi. I-APA icindezela ukubuyekezwa nokucwaninga okugcizelela isikhundla sayo sezombusazwe futhi isabise amalungu ezikhundleni zayo eziphikisana nalokhu kuhlukunyezwa kwenqubo yesayensi. Abaningi baphoqeleka ukuthi bathule ukuze bangalahli isikhundla sabo somsebenzi, abanye bacwaswa, futhi nedumela labo lonakaliswa - hhayi ngoba izifundo zabo zintula ukunemba noma inani, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi imiphumela yabo iphikisana nenqubomgomo esemthethweni ebekiwe ".^[24]

Imithombo

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2. Robin Elliott, Ukukhula Kwezibalo Zabantu BaseMelika kanye Nokuhlela Komndeni (i-1970)
3. I-Kingsley Davis, Umgomo Wabantu: Ngabe Izinhlelo Zamanje Zizophumelela? (1967)
4. Matthew Connelly, Ukulawulwa Kwezindawo Zomuntu Umlando: Izibalo Ezintsha kuMkhankaso Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wokunciphisa umkhawulo Wokukhula Kwezibalo zabantu (i-2003)
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10. Teal Donn. Amabutho ezitabane (1971))
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13. Satinover uJ. Akunasayensi noma ngentando yeningi. ILinacre Ngekota. Vol. I-66: Cha. I-2, i-Article 7. I-1999; 84.
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15. I-Bayer R. Ubungqingili kanye ne-American Psychiatry: I-Politics of Diagnosis. I-Xnumx
16. U-Eric Marcus Ukwenza umlando: umzabalazo wamalungelo wobungqingili namalungelo alinganayo, i-1945-1990 (1991)
17. E. Hooker. Ukulungiswa Kwabesilisa Abangqingili Abesilisa (1957)
18. UJon Grant. Ukuphazamiseka kobuntu ku-Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, kanye ne-Transgender Chemical Dependent Patients (2011)
19. Ukuvela kabusha kwe-12-inyanga yokuphuza utshwala nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokuphazamiseka kobuntu e-United States: imiphumela evela ku-National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Izimo Ezihlobene
20. Isikhathi Ubulili: Sick Again, 1978
21. Ukubekezelela: ubunye phakathi komehluko. Indima yabasebenzi bezengqondo
22. I-ICD-10: Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha, ikhasi 21.
23. Ubungqingili, ukuphazamiseka kobunikazi bobulili, kanye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo // A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. - I-Oxford UP, 2005. C.127.
24. UDean Byrd. I-APA nobungqingili: Indaba Yokukhwabanisa Kwesayensi

Ngaphezu kwalokho:

UPavel Parfentiev: Ubungqingili bayeka kanjani ukuba yisifo

Ubungqingili: ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo noma cha?

Impilo engokwengqondo nengokomzimba yabantu be-LGBT