"I-Homophobia"

Igama elithi "Homophobia", elakhiwa ekugcineni kwe-60 ngesishoshovu sezitabane uGeorge Weinberg, selibe yithuluzi elibalulekile ekuqulweni kwezepolitiki kwezishoshovu ze-LGBT kanye nababambisene nabo.

Igama elakhishwa okokuqala encwadini yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yaseMelika ethi "Screw" ngoMeyi 23, 1969, lapho lalibonisa khona ukwesaba kwabesilisa abathandana nobulili obuhlukile ukuthi bangase baphambaniswe nongqingili. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, u-Weinberg, encwadini yakhe ethi Society and the Healthy Homosexual, wachaza “i-homophobia” ngokuthi. "Ukwesaba ongqingili, okubonakala kuhlobene nokwesaba ukungcoliswa kanye nokwehliswa kwekhaya nomndeni"... Ukuchaze njenge-phobia yezokwelapha.

Izishoshovu ezimbili ezingongqingili zase-Harvard zabhala ngendlela yazo yenkulumo-ze yobungqingili:

Futhi nakuba igama elithi “homohatred” lingaba nembe kakhudlwana, elithi “homophobia” lisebenza kangcono ngokukhuluma ngoba lizwakala lingacasuki kangako kubantu abaqondile futhi liphakamisa, ngendlela engokomtholampilo, ukuthi imizwa emelene nobungqingili ihlobene nokungasebenzi kahle kwengqondo komuntu siqu kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwengqondo. ukungazethembi. (After The Ball, p.221)

Uprofesa wezengqondo nomcwaningi uGregory Herek uphawula ukuthi inhloso ka-Weinberg yokusondeza "i-homophobia" eduze nomkhakha we-pathology yayingokwezombangazwe, hhayi ithiyori. qinisekisa kanye nabathuthukisi Inkulumo-ze yezitabane kusuka eHarvard University:

Ababhali bencwadi "Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokomzwelo, Emzimbeni Nocansi"Faka isicelo:

Isijobelelo sesiGreki "i-phobia”Isho ukusabela okungemnandi ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, kanye nemibandela yokuxilonga emtholampilo” ye-phobia ”ihlanganisa ukwesaba okweqile, okungenangqondo, okungalungile nokuqhubekayo kwento noma isimo, kanye nesifiso esilandelayo sokuqhela kuso. Igama elithi "homophobia" alihlangabezani nalezi zindlela ngoba:
(a) abantu abanezimo zengqondo ezimelene nobungqingili babheka ukusabela kwabo okungekuhle kongqingili nongqingili njengento evamile futhi efanelekile;
(b) ngokungafani nokwesaba kwangempela, “i-homophobia” ayifaki engozini ukusebenza komphakathi kwabantu abanezimo zengqondo ezimelene nobungqingili;
(c) “abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo” ababi nakho ukuhlupheka ngokwengqondo ngenxa yezimo zabo zengqondo ezingezinhle futhi abazizwa isidingo sokuzisusa;
(d) kuma-phobias, ukugwema izimo noma izinto kuhlotshaniswa nokwesaba kwabo, kuyilapho ukugwema "okufana nabantu abathandanayo" akuhlotshaniswa nokwesaba, kodwa nokunengeka okusebenzayo futhi kungahlanganiswa nolaka.
Ngakho, igama elithi “homophobia” alanele futhi linengqondo, njengoba ligxile ikakhulukazi emacaleni angawodwana, linganaki ingxenye yamasiko nezimpande zezenhlalo zokungabekezelelani.

Ezincwadini zesayensi ukuchaza isimo sengqondo esibi ngobungqingili, igama elinembe kakhudlwana lisetshenziswa - "homonegativism", kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala alizange ligxile enkulumweni yansuku zonke.

Abanye abameleli bomphakathi wobungqingili badale lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-psychoanalytic hypothesis” ukuchaza “i-homophobia”, okuye kwacindezela ukuthambekela kobungqingili komuntu ngaphansi kwethonya lendlela yokuzivikela “yokwakheka okusebenzayo” kuphenduke inzondo. Ukubhalwa kwale nkolelo-mbono akukona okukaFreud, njengoba kukholakala ngephutha, kodwa kumuntu oyisigebengu saseBrithani nongqingili uDonald West, owathi ngo-1977 wabiza ngokuthi "ubungqingili obucashile." Izishoshovu zezitabane ngokushesha zaqala ukusebenzisa izinsolo "zobungqingili obucashile" enkulumweni yazo ukuze zijabhise abamelene nazo.

Encwadini eshiwo ngenhla yezishoshovu zezitabane zase-Harvard, echaza izindlela zokushintsha isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngobungqingili, isibonelo sesikhangiso senkonzo yomphakathi somphakathi we-LGBT esihlokweni esithi "ubungqingili obucashile" sinikezwa nencazelo yesu:

Isibonelo sokukhangisa komphakathi okuvela kwabezindaba baseMelika bama-80s ngokuphawula kwababhali.

Uma ukuthola kunzima ukuthola iphutha kongqingili, khona-ke odokotela bengqondo banencazelo ngawe ... ubungqingili obucashile.
Kunesikhathi eminyakeni eminingi edlule lapho abantu babengafihla ukuthambekela kwabo kobungqingili ngokuhlasela ngokuzwakalayo ezinye izitabane. Kodwa leso sikhathi sesidlulile. Manje, ngokucindezela izitabane, uphakamisa izinsolo kuwena. Ngakho-ke kungcono wenze ibhizinisi lakho ukuze abanye bangacabangi ukuthi ibhizinisi lakho ubungqingili!
ISU: Thulisa ubutabane futhi ungakukhuthazi ukuphishekela izitabane ngokuzihlanganisa nobutabane obucashile. Yenza abafundi babuze buthule izisusa zabo ze-homophobia. Benze bakholelwe ukuthi ukuzonda ongqingili kungaholela ekwamukelweni umphakathi, kodwa ekuphoxekeni komuntu siqu kanye nokulahlekelwa isikhundla.
PHAWULA: Ungase ucabange ukuthi lesi simemezelo siqondiswe ezigebengwini nezixhwanguxhwangu eziphuma ekamu lezitha ezingenabuzwe. Izimemezelo ezinjalo zizobenza bazinze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa okuhlosiwe okuyinhloko lapha abantu abangabazayo abanganqunyelwe. Uma ukukhangisa okunjalo kubonakala kuphumelela, abangabazayo bazoqala ukuvala ama-hubris abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okubukwa yilesi sikhangiso kusaqhubeka nokungcolisa inzondo ka-homon, eyihlanganisa nezigelekeqe ezisabisayo - elinye iqembu elingathandwa ngabantu bangaphandle.

Ngokwemvelo, le mbono ayinaso isisekelo sesayensi futhi iwumkhiqizo wefantasy evuthayo, eyamukelwa ama-demagogues. Kwakuyi-1996 kuphela lapho umzamo wokuqala wenziwa ukuxhumanisa "i-homophobia" "nobungqingili obufihlekile" ngokunamandla, kodwa imiphumela yocwaningo yayiphikisana, futhi izifundo eziyishumi nambili ezalandela zashiya ngaphandle kokungabaza mayelana nokwehluleka kwe "psychoanalytic hypothesis".

Ake sihlole lapha kuphela ukutadisha kukaHenry Adams, okwake kwaba nezihloko eziningi zokuzenzisa kwabezindaba. U-Adams ubonise amaqembu amabili amadoda, ngokuvamile achazwa ngokuthi "ama-homophobes" kanye "nokungewona ongqingili", amavidiyo wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile anemvelo yobulili obuhlukile nobungqingili. Izimpendulo zabo ezithinta umzimba ekushukunyisweni kocansi zikalwa kusetshenziswa i-penile plethysmography (okuwukuthi, ngenhlanhla, ibhekwa njengengathembekile futhi ingamukelwa enkantolo). Ukusabela okuthile kwe-erectile ezindabeni zobungqingili besilisa kwaqashelwa ku-54% weqembu "elizonda abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo", kanye nama-24% eqenjini "elingahloniphi ongqingili". U-Adams ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana ne-psychoanalytic hypothesis, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye uphawula ukuthi izinkomba ezinhle ze-phallometric lapho ubuka izisusa zobungqingili azibonisi ubungqingili obufihliwe, ngoba ukukhathazeka nemizwelo engemihle kwaziwa ngokukhulisa inkanuko nokugeleza kwegazi ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ze umzimba. kuhlanganisa nomthondo.⁽³⁾ Ocwaningweni lwe-Munich Center for Psychiatry, isibonelo, ukusabela okuqhanyelwe eziqephu ezihlukahlukene ezingezona ezivusa inkanuko, kuhlanganise nokudlikizeka okubuhlungu kwenja efayo, kwaphawulwa ku-45% (!) ababambiqhaza. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko ekunikezeni igazi ezithweni zangasese zingenzeka ngomqondo wosongo nokunye okuhlangenwe nakho okungahlotshaniswa nokuvukwa inkanuko yobulili. Njengoba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili obufanayo zivame ukudala imizwa engemihle emadodeni athanda abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo, ukusabela kwabo okukhulayo kwe-erectile kuzobikezelwa. U-Adams uphinde aphawule ukuthi amazinga okuqhanyelwa eqenjini labantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ephansi futhi ayihlukile kakhulu eqenjini elithi "non-homophobes", futhi ikhombisa isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe olunezindlela ezinokwethenjelwa ezihlanganisa izingxenye zengqondo, ezithintekayo nezokuziphatha. Ucwaningo olunjalo lwenziwa esikhathini esizayo, kodwa imiphumela yabo ayizange isekele I-psychoanalytic hypothesis ye-homonegativism ...

Uhlelo Lokuziphatha Kokuziphatha Ngokuziphatha

Izimo zengqondo ezingezinhle ngobungqingili zichazwa kalula Amasosha omzimba okuziphatha - BIS (Amasosha omzimba). Lolu hlelo lunikeza isethi yokusabela okusekelwe emizweni yokunengeka, okunhloso yayo kuwukuvikela umuntu emithonjeni engase ibe khona yokutheleleka. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemvelo sizizwa sinengeka kubantu abangcolile, sizama ukuqhela ekusithekeni komzimba, ukubola, nokunye okunjalo. Ukungajwayelekile ekuziphatheni nasekubukekeni nakho kungasebenza njengophawu lobukhona be-pathology.

Ukuba khona kwesimiso sokuzivikela sokuziphatha kuye kwabikwa nasezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane. Uma noma yimuphi umuntu emhlambini ngokuzumayo eqala ukubonisa ukuziphatha okunganele nokungafaneli, khona-ke izihlobo ziqala ukukugwema, ngoba lokhu kungabangelwa ukutheleleka okuthathelwanayo. Umuntu onjalo uzobhekana nokuhlukaniswa, ukudingiswa noma ukuziphindiselela.

Abantu abangabamaqembu angajwayelekile abahlukile ngokubukeka futhi ababonisa amaphethini okuziphatha angajwayelekile babonwa njengabathwali abangaba yingozi kakhulu bamagciwane. Lapho abantu abanjalo beqashelwa, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni siyasebenza futhi ukunengeka okungokwemvelo kuyavuka.

Okunye ukuya ocansini kanye nabalingani bocansi abangase babe nabo kuyanyanyisa. Njengoba ukuya ocansini kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nengozi yokutheleleka, lezo zinhlobo zoxhumana nabo ezingadalula kuphela umuntu kumagciwane, ngaphandle kokuthembisa noma iyiphi impumelelo yokuzala, zibangele ukunengeka kocansi nokungathandi.

Nasi isibonelo esivela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami siqu esibonisa ngokugculisayo imvelo yesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba sokuziphatha. Cishe eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kwesinye isithangami somculo saseNtshonalanga, indoda engungqingili yaseJalimane yashicilela ividiyo yomculo wamahlaya enomlayezo wothando komunye umhlanganyeli onobulili obuhlukile. Wonke umuntu wahleka ngalokhu, futhi osemusha oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala waseNdiya, owayengakaze ezwe ngobungqingili, wayengaqondi ukuthi kumayelana nani. Lapho mina, ngaphandle kokungena emininingwaneni, ngimchazela ukuthi kukhona amadoda anjalo athanda amanye amadoda kunabesifazane, ukusabela kwakhe kokuqala kwaba: "Ugh, kodwa lokhu kuyanyanyisa!" Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lokhu kusabela kwakungabangelwa noma yikuphi ukucwasa noma isimo sengqondo esibi sangaphambilini, kodwa kwakubangelwa ngokuqondile umuzwa othile wangaphakathi ojulile.

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukunengeka kuyingxenye eyinhloko yesimo sengqondo esibi hhayi kuphela ngobungqingili, kodwa futhi nemibono ye-LGBT ngokwayo, ebonwa ngokunembile njengosongo lokutheleleka (kokubili okuthathelwanayo nokuziphatha) okudluliselwa njengamagciwane. Umlingisikazi odumile u-Irina Alferova uyatshela:

Akulona iqiniso ukuthi azibathinti abantu abajwayelekile. Lapho ngifunda e-GITIS, uthisha wethu wayengungqingili. Umuntu odume kakhulu. Abantu abavela kulo lonke elaseRussia beza ukuzofunda naye, kwakukhona abafana abaningi abavela emindenini elula yabalimi - amadoda avamile. Ekupheleni kokuqeqeshwa, sonke isifundo saphenduka saba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Futhi ngenkathi izishoshovu zezitabane zikhihliza amagwebu emlonyeni zizokuphikisa lokho "Ukuzijwayeza akuguquki futhi akekho ongenziwa ungqingili", hhayi nje ukuhlakanipha kwezwe, kodwa futhi ngokwesayensi ucwaningo fakazela ngenye indlela. Umcwaningi ongumDashi uchaza izimo lapho amadoda anobulili obuhlukile abe nobungqingili ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuyengwa.

Isishoshovu selesbian saseMelika uSolwazi Camilla Paglia encwadini yakhe Ama-Vamp & Tramp ubhala okulandelayo:

Kuyahlekisa ukusho ukuthi izitabane zithanda ezinye izitabane futhi azisoze zabuka abantu abaqondile emashaweni. Lapho ngizwa lokhu kumabonakude, ngacishe ngaphela yinsini. Wonke umuntu oya ekilabhini yokufaneleka ukwazi kahle lokhu. Izingxabano zocansi kanye nezimo zengqondo zokwahlulela yizinto ezihlala njalo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezitabane, ezingayeki ukuzama "ukudubula" wonke umuntu emkhakheni wazo wombono. Ukuyenga okuqondile kungenye yezisusa ezivusa inkanuko ku-porn yezitabane.

Ngokusho kwesikhungo socwaningo WenaGov Kukhona uhhafu yenani “lababobulili obuhlukile ngokuphelele” phakathi kwabantu baseBrithani abaneminyaka engu-18-24 kunabantu abaseqenjini labadala (ama-46% uma kuqhathaniswa nama-88%). Leli gebe ekubonakaleni ngokobulili ngokweminyaka liwumphumela oqondile wenkulumo-ze yobungqingili emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ehloselwe kakhulu intsha.

Bungaza i-Sodomy. Izithombe ezivela kumcimbi womphakathi we-LGBT.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiLondon Centre for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine lubala izifo ezithathelwanayo ezidala ukunengeka, okuhlanganisa ingculaza, ugcunsula nesifo sokusha kwesibindi. umngane ngempilo yobutabane.

Yilezi zifo ezihambisana nempilo yobutabane.

Ngakho-ke, ukwenyanya ubungqingili kuyindlela engokwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo evikela umuntu nomphakathi ezifweni nasekuwohlokeni kokuziphatha. Esigabeni sokushintshela komphakathi wesintu esimweni senhlalo, imisebenzi yokunengeka yadlulela ezingeni lenhlalo, eyazibonakalisa ekusolweni kokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kanye nokucwaswa kwabaphula izimiso zomphakathi. imikhuba ehlanekezelwe futhi imiphakathi ezisebenzisayo ifuna ukucindezela umsebenzi wale nqubo yemvelo.

Ubani okwenzayo futhi kungani isihloko esinye isihloko.