Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

(1) Ukusetshenziswa komgudu wesibeletho njengesitho sangasese kuhlobene nengozi yezempilo yesimo esithathelwanayo nesihlukumezanayo.

(2) Phakathi kwabantu abahola indlela yokuphila yobungqingili, abesilisa nabesifazane, kunezingozi eziningi ezanda zezifo ezahlukahlukene, zombili ezithathelanayo (i-HIV, i-syphilis, i-gonorrhea, njll.), Kanye nokuhlinzwa nokuhlinzwa kwengqondo.

Isingeniso

Isitatimende esilandelayo sezishoshovu ze-LGBT + - ukunyakaza kuyisitatimende sokuthi isenzo sokobulili obufana nobunye kucatshangwa ukuthi luhlobo lokuziphatha komzimba womuntu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, alunamthelela empilweni. Izici zomzimba nezomzimba womzimba womuntu nemiphumela yocwaningo ziyaphikisana ngeziqubulo ezifanayo. Ukuziphatha kobungqingili kuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyandayo yama-pathologies ahlukahlukene, izishoshovu ze-LGBT + athule ngazo.

Lapho sibheka lesi sihloko, sizohlaziya izici ezilandelayo: (1) ukwephulwa okuhambisana nokuya ocansini nobungqingili; (2) ukuphazamiseka kobungqingili.

Izinkomba zezempilo ezijwayelekile

Ngokusho URuth noSantacruz (2017), inani elikhulu locwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisa ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nabobulili obuhlukile, abantu abathandana nobungqingili kanye nendlela yokuphila yobungqingili baqophe ukungalingani okukhulu empilweni yomzimba neyengqondo. Lezi zamuva zihlangabezana nezinkinga ezengeziwe zezempilo kuyo yonke impilo, kufaka phakathi izifo, kubandakanya i-HIV emadodeni, isifuba somoya, kanye noshukela kwabesifazane (Corliss et al. I-Xnumx) nezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhona, ingozi eyandayo yesifo senhliziyo nomdlavuza, amathuba aphezulu wokukhubazeka esemncane. Intsha isengozini enkulu yokubhema intuthu kanye nodlame. Kunesilinganiso sokufa okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi, ingozi eyengeziwe yokufa kwabesifazane, amadoda nabesifazane abathandanayo, imizamo yokuzibulala, kanye nezimo ezingathandeki zengqondo, eziningi zazo ngokusobala ngokwengqondo emvelweni, njengamazinga akhuphukayo okukhathazeka, ukuhlaselwa ukwethuka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukudangala kanye ukuphazamiseka okuhambisana nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezi-psychoactive, isizungu ekukhuleni (URuth et Santacruz 2017; U-Lick et al. I-Xnumx; I-earn et et. I-Xnumx) Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izenzo zokuya ocansini eziphoqayo ezidala ukucindezelwa komuntu noma ukungasebenzi kwengqondo azibalwa ngokusemthethweni njengezifo ezizimele ohlelweni lwakamuva lokuqokwa kwe-American Psychiatric Association egunyaziwe kakhulu (“DSM-5”), ezinye iziguli nodokotela bazibona njengezinhlobonhlobo imilutha, efana nomlutha wokugembula (I-earn et et. I-Xnumx).

Ubungozi obuhambisana nobungqingili

Amadoda angongqingili

Ngokusho kocwaningo olunamandla, ubuhlobo bobungqingili phakathi kwabesilisa buhlotshaniswa nobungozi empilweni. Ubungqingili phakathi kwabantu besilisa benza ukuthintana kwe-anal-genital¹; ezincwadini zesayensi nezomthetho, ukuthintana ngocansi kubizwa nangokuthi i-sodomy (I-Fischel xnumx, k. 2030; I-Zhakupova 2015, k. A543; Weinmeyer xnumx, k. 916; Umthetho Wenhlawulo Yama-Israyeli, ubuciko I-347c) Esikhathini esiningi samacala, i-anal eroticism yenziwa ekuxhumaneni kobungqingili phakathi kwabesilisa - i-anus ne-rectum isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwaseYurophu lwabesilisa abalala nabesilisa, ukuxhumana nge-anal-genital kwenziwa ku-95% wabo bonke othintana ngocansi, (I-EMIS 2010, k. 113). Olunye ucwaningo luhlolisise umkhuba wokuxhumana ngocansi kwamadoda angongqingili angenalo igciwane le-HIV, ophathina bawo ababephethe ukutheleleka nge-HIV - ukuthintana ngokobulili kwenziwa ku-99,7% wabo bonke ukuxhumana nabantu ngocansi (URodger 2016, k. 177).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba wokuxhumana okungavikelekile kwe-anal-genital phakathi kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, yi-41% (I-Valleroy 2000), I-43% (I-Grov 2014), I-56% (Nelson xnumx), I-58% (I-EMIS 2010, k. 116). Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu ekuxhumaneni kwabesilisa nabesilisa anal bekulokhu kuncipha eminyakeni yamuva (I-Hess 2017, k. 2814; Susa i-2017).

Izingozi ezihambisana ne-anal eroticism

I-rectum - isigaba sokugcina sepheshana lesisu somuntu - imvamisa ihloselwe ukuqoqwa nokuchithwa kwezindundana ezithambile nezihambisayo. Inqubo yokugaya ukudla komuntu ihlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwama-microorganisms we-Symbiotic ku-lumen yamathumbu enegalelo ekuqhekekeni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kusuka ekudleni (I-Quigley 2013) La magciwane kumuntu ophile kahle awalokothi angene egazini ngenxa yokuba khona komgoqo womzimba ohlanganisa ungqimba lwe-mucous nodonga lwamathumbu (I-Faderl xnumx) Ukungena kwezinto eziphilayo ze-typiotic egazini kubangela izifo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-sepsis (I-Takiishi 2017; Kelly 2015).

Isakhiwo se-anatomical nokusebenza komzimba we-rectum akuhlinzeki ngokusetshenziswa kwaso ekuxhumaneni ngocansi: ukuhunyushwa kokuthintana kwezitho zangasese njengokulingana ne-vagina coitus kuyangqubuzana nezinto zomzimba womuntu. Ngisho nokusebenzisa ikhondomu, ukuthintana ngocansi kunobungozi obukhulu, ikakhulukazi kumtholi. Lapho kudalulwa i-rectum ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi osekushiwo ngaphambili, izicubu zalo ezithambile ziyalimala. Lezi izicubu zisebenzela ukuqongelela izindimbane ezithambile zefecal lapho zilungiselela ukuphuma kwazo ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwesisu kwesisu. Ukuqhathanisa i-rectum ne-vagina akusizi: izicubu ze-rectum azikaze ziqine njengezicubu zowesifazane, isitho esiklanyelwe ngokwemvelo ukwenza umsebenzi wokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvelo yesitho sangasese uqobo ihlanzekile kakhulu kunendawo ye-rectum. Isitho sowesifazane sangasese sinezithako zemvelo ezikhethekile futhi sisekelwa yinethiwekhi yemisipha. Uhlangothi olungaphakathi lwesitho sangasese lumbozwe ulwelwesi olukhulu lwama-mucous, olunezingqimba eziningi zamaseli we-epithelial, okuvumela ukuthi udlulise ukuxabana ngaphandle kokulimala futhi ubekezelele imiphumela emibi yesidoda. Uhlangothi olungaphakathi lwe-rectum lumbozwe ulwelwesi oluncane oluqukethe ungqimba olulodwa lwamaseli e-epithelial. Izicubu ze-rectum zihlala zihlukumezeka kakhulu noma zingaphansi kwenqubo yokwenza ucansi lwe-anal. Noma kungekho ukulimala okubonakalayo, ama-microcracks nama-microcracks e-mucosa anegalelo ekungeneni kwama-microparticles e-fecal, amaprotheni esidoda kanye namagciwane egazini.

Ochwepheshe baphawule ukuthi abesilisa abathandana nobungqingili banesici esibonakalayo sekholoni kanye ne-rectum, ngenxa yokungasebenzisi ngokomzimba kwalezi zitho (I-Kazal 1976) Ukudalwa kwalezi zindlela ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-pathologies kwabizwa ngisho nangokobungqingili bamathumbu.²; kubhalwe ngokuncipha kokuncipha kwemvamisa: i-conical condylomatosis, hemorrhoids, proctitis, fissures rectal kanye ne-fistulas, i-pararectal abscesses, i-amoebiasis, i-polyps, i-viral hepatitis, i-gonorrhea, i-syphilis, ukulimala kwe-rectal, imizimba yangaphandle ku-rectum, shigellosis, ulcers i-rectum ne-lymphogranulomatosis (Owen xnumx; I-Kazal 1976) Abanye ababhali bagxekile igama elithi "ubungqingili bamathumbu 'ngesisekelo sokuthi ezinye zalezi zinkinga zitholakala namathumbu abesifazane, kepha iningi leziguli ezinalesi sifo ngabesilisa abazenza abesilisa nabesilisa (i-anal eroticism) namanye amadoda (Glenn 1994; UMarkell 1983).

Ngaphezu kwezindonga ze-rectum, i-anal sphincter, izicubu zomzimba, nazo ziyahlupheka ngenxa yokuncishiswa, okungaphandle kwenqubo yokuwohloka, izindunduma zibanjwa ku-rectum. I-anal sphincter inezinga elithile lethoni nobukhulu bokuqina, ikwazi ukwelula kalula kuphela ukuze isuse indle ethambile. Ngokulimala okuphindaphindiwe, ukuxabana nokungezwani, i-sphincter ilahlekelwa ithoni yayo namandla okugcina ukuvalwa okuqinile.

Ngokusekelwe kokushiwo ngenhla, sibheka lezi zinkinga ezilandelayo ezibangelwa ukuxhumana kwe-anal-genital: (A) ukungena kwama-microorganisms namagciwane kusuka emgudwini wethambo kungena egazini ngenxa yokuxineka kokwehla; (B) ukungasebenzi kokuqina ngenxa yokwelula i-anal sphincter, kanye nokulimala odongeni lwamathumbu; (B) ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukuphendula komzimba emzimbeni wesidoda.

A. Izingozi zokutheleleka

Ingculazi phakathi kwabesilisa abayizitabane

Ngokuxhumana kwe-anal-genital, ingozi yokudluliselwa kwegciwane lesifo sokugonywa komuntu (i-HIV / AIDS) lenyuswa kakhulu, okubuye kusungulwe ngukuqina okunganele kwe-mucosa eyi-rectal (IBaggaley 2010; I-Belec 1995; I-Levy 1993) Ngenkathi i-HIV / AIDS itholwa okokuqala e-United States, e-1981, yaqanjwa igama elithi "immune immunodefitness" ngokuthi "gay-immune immune deffurity (GRID)"³ngoba ongqingili babala ngaphezulu kwe-90% yawo wonke amacala asanda kutholwa (I-Altman 1982) Ngokusho kwesikhungo i-US National Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NCHP) sonyaka we-2015, amadoda alala nabesilisa enza i-67% yazo zonke izifo ezintsha ze-HIV e-USA nase-82% lazo zonke izifo ezintsha ze-HIV kubafana nasemadodeni. ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-13 (I-CDC 2015) Imvamisa yengculazi phakathi kwaleli qembu labantu i-50 iphindwe kaningi kwamanye amaqembu (iBagby 2009). Ingozi yokutheleleka nge-HIV ngokuthintana ngocansi okungavikelekile kocansi kuyizikhathi ze-17,25 eziphakeme kunobulili besitho sangasese obungavikelekile (Patel 2014).

Ku-2007, i-NCHP yashicilela umbiko owanikeza izibalo zokushona kwabantu kanye nezinto eziyingozi zokushona kwabantu (I-CDC 2007) Phakathi kwenani eliphelele lokushona kwabantu ngenxa yengculazi, izici zobungozi eziholele kwisifo sengculaza (ngokwesibonelo, ukumpontshelwa igazi, ubungqingili, izidakamizwa, njll.) Zabalwa. Ngokombiko we2007, ukuthintana kwabantu bobungqingili bekuyindlela kuphela engenwe yigciwane le-HIV kuma-59,2% wabo bonke ukufa kwe-AIDS (I-CDC 2007, k. 19), naku-2015 isibalo safinyelela ku-66,8% (I-CDC 2015, k. 18). Imininingwane eyethulwe kwiNgqungquthela Kazwelonke Yobunikazi be-NCHP e-2010 ikhombisile ukuthi imvamisa yokuxilongwa kwe-HIV okusha phakathi kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili ingaphezulu kwezikhathi ze-44 ephakeme kunaleyo yamanye amadoda (I-CDC 2010; CDC Press Khipha i-xnumx) Ngokombiko we-NCHP wonyaka we-2010, amadoda ayizitabane abalwa nge-63% yawo wonke amacala amasha okutheleleka nge-HIV aqoshwe (I-CDC 2012) kanye ne-67% - yawo wonke amacala amasha we-HIV ngonyaka we-2015 (Nelson xnumx) E-Australia, amadoda ayizitabane enza i-80% yamacala amasha we-HIV ngonyaka we-2017 (Isikhungo saseKirby 2017).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngokwe-NCHPZ efanayo yeminyaka ye-2010-2016, inani lokutheleleka phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane abathandanayo liyancipha minyaka yonke (ku-2015, mayelana ne-3 000 ngonyaka), ngenkathi phakathi kobungqingili kuhlala kungashintshiwe - cishe nge-26 000 ngonyaka (I-CDC 2016) Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi e-United States ongqingili bakha ama-2.3% kuphela wabantu (UWard et al. I-Xnumx), Ukutheleleka nge-HIV phakathi kwabo kwenzeka cishe izikhathi ze-375 kaningi kunaphakathi kwabobulili obuhlukile. Njengamanje, yi-9% yokutheleleka e-United States kuphela etholakala ngokuxhumana ngabobulili obuhlukile, kuyilapho abongqingili, ngaphandle kwenani labo elincane, banesibopho se-67% lazo zonke izifo ze-HIV, kanye ne-83% phakathi kwamadoda.

Isimo esifanayo siyabonakala nakwamanye amazwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yesibalo esiphakeme kakhulu sengculaza kubantu abathandana nobungqingili, zenqatshelwe ukunikela ngezitho negazi, ngisho nasemazweni lapho ubungqingili bufakwe empilweni yomphakathi (isibonelo, i-USA, iJalimane noma iNetherlands) (I-FDA 2017).

Futhi, isifo sengculaza kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezifo zomzimba okuhlobene nakho kungenye yezizathu zokuqhuma kwesimila esibuhlungu sesikhumba esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Kapar's sarcoma: e-USA, i-sarcoma ka-Kaposi esihambisana nengculazi ibonwa ikakhulu emadodeni alala nabesilisa (I-Kumar 2016; PDQ 2015).

I-HIV / AIDS akusona ukuphela kwesifo esithathelwana ngocansi (STD) esivame kubantu besitabane. Ngokwemibiko eyahlukahlukene, amadoda ayizitabane abe nengozi enkulu yama-STD alandelayo: i-syphilis (Amadolobha 2017), i-gonorrhea (Fairley 2017b), i-chlamydia ne-venemal lymphogranulomatosis (I-Saxon xnumx; Annan 2009) i-viral hepatitis (I-CDC 2015; Lim xnumx), cryptosporidiosis (Hellard xnumx), Igciwane le-Epstein-Barr (Hsu xnumx; UVan Baarle 2000; Naher 1995), shigellosis (UDanila xnumx; Thorpe ku Holmes xnumx, k. 549), salmonellosis ne-typhoid (Ukuthengiswa 2003; Bhaka xnumx), papillomavirus (Patel 2017) Ngezansi sizophawula ngokuningiliziwe amanye ama-STD afakwe kuhlu.

I-Syphilis

Abanye ababhali babiza i-syphilis ngokuthi ubhubhane olusha (emva kwe-HIV) phakathi kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili (Spornraft-Ragaller 2014) Isibonelo, ngokusho kweKing County yaseWashington State eMelika ngonyaka we-1999, i-85% yamacala ama-syphilis abikwa phakathi kwamadoda ayizitabane (I-CDC 1999) Ezingeni likazwelonke eMelika, izehlakalo zesifo sofuzo sokuqala nesesekondari phakathi kwamadoda athandana gay singaphezu kwe-46 ngaphezulu kwe-heterosexual (I-CDC 2010) Kube nokwanda kwezigameko ezintsha ze-syphilis emadodeni ayizitabane eminyakeni eyishumi edlule (IMeya 2017; Abara xnumx, k. 9).

I-gonorrhea

Kunokwanda kwesigameko sokusha kolwelwazana phakathi kwamadoda angqingili (Fairley 2017b) Isigameko sokusha kolwelwazana phakathi kwabesilisa abalala nabesilisa siphindwe kayishumi kunesibalo sokwehla kwezimpawu zokulala ocansini olungafani nobungqingili, ngisho nasemazweni anezinhlelo ezithuthukile zokunakekelwa kwempilo (Fairley 2017a) Kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili, ukutheleleka kwe-gonorrhea kuthinta ikakhulukazi i-pharynx ne-rectum, futhi ukutheleleka kuyaqhubeka nezimpawu ezigcwele, noma ngokuvamile njenge-asymptomatic (I-Barbee 2014).

B. Ubungozi bomonakalo we-anal sphincter

Ngokusho kocwaningo olukhulu lwaseMelika, ukuzijwayeza ejwayelekile kokuya ocansini kuholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwe-anal sphincter kanye ne-fecal incinuence - encopresis (UMarkland xnumx).

Ukuhlaziywa kufaka phakathi imininingwane evela kubantu abayi-4 abaneminyaka engama-170-20 (abesifazane abayi-69 nabesilisa abangu-2) ... Ngemuva kokulungiswa okuningi kwezinye izinto ezihambisana nokungazibambi kwezindle, ukuxhumana ngezitho zangasese kwahlala kuyisibikezelo esibalulekile sokungavumelani kwendle emadodeni (isilinganiso sokuxhaphaka: 070 , 2, ngesikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-100%: 2,8-95) nabesifazane (ukwanda: 1,6, ngesikhawu sokuzithemba esingu-5,0%: 1,5-95) ... Iziphetho: imiphumela etholakele isekela isitatimende sokuthi ukuthintana ngezitho zangasese kuyisici esiholela ekungavini komuntu kubantu abadala, ikakhulukazi emadodeni (UMarkland xnumx).

Ukuqunjelwa kwe-fecal kubhekisa kokukhipha okungenamsoco kokuqukethwe kwamathumbu (indle, uketshezi, amagesi) nokungakwazi ukubambezelekisa kuze kufike ethoyilethi (I-Paquette xnumx) Ukuqunjelwa kwe-Fecal kuthwala ingozi yezinkinga zesibili, kungaholela ekukhubazekeni nasezinkinga ezinkulu zomuntu siqu zeziguli, futhi ukwelashwa kwawo kungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu (USaldana Ruiz 2017) Umphumela wokuhlangana kobulili obuhlangene, "ngokuvumelanayo kunobudlova kakhulu", kungenzeka kube ukulimala okukhulu kwamathumbu kudinga ukungenelela okuphuthumayo kokuhlinzwa (I-Altomare 2017, k. 372). Ukuxhumana kwe-anal-genital ezimweni eziningi kuholela ebuhlungwini obukhulu (I-Rosser 1998; UDamon 2005; Izimbobo ze-xnumx; IHirshfield xnumx)

B. Izingozi Ezihambisana Nokusabela Kokuzivikela Esikhathini Somlomo

Ama-antibodies ama-Antisperm (ASA) - amasosha omzimba akhiqizwa ngumzimba womuntu ngokumelene nesidoda sama-antijeniI-Krause 2017, k. 109). Ukwakheka kwe-ASA kungenye yezizathu zokuncipha kokuzala noma i-autoimmune inzalo: I-ASA ithinta ukusebenza kwesipermatozoa, izinqubo zokuphazamisa umanyolo (shintsha inqubo yokusabela kwe-acrosomal), ukufakwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kombungu (I-restrepo 2013) Ucwaningo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezilwane zikhombise ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-ASA ne-degeneration (I-Krause 2017, k. 164) UCui et al. Ngemuva kokwenza ucwaningo lwe-meta-ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-ASA nokungazali kwabesilisa, ukumboza amacala we-1167 wokungazali kwabesilisa, sithole ukuthi ezimweni ze-238 (20,4%) emadodeni angenalusizo, i-ASA (Cui xnumx), noRestrepo noCardona-Maya bakhombisa ekubuyekezweni kwabo ukuthi i-ASA iyimbangela yokungazali ku-10 - 30% imibhangqwana engenalusizo (I-restrepo 2013) Ngokusho kukaFijak et al, le nkomba ingaba ngaphezulu kakhulu, ngoba ku-31% yamacala izimbangela zokungazali zihlala zingacacisiwe, futhi i-ASA nayo ingadlala indima kula macala angacacisiwe (I-Fijak xnumx, 2018) Imiphumela yokuvimbela inzalo ye-ASA iyaphenywa ngesikhathi kusungulwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umuthi wokugomela inzalo wokuzivikela kubantu (I-Krause 2017, k. 251), kanye nokunciphisa nokulawula inani lezilwane zasendle (I-Krause 2017, k. 268).

Iningi lababhali libonisa ukuthi isidoda ku-rectum ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kwe-anal-genital yisizathu sokubunjelwa kwe-ASA kubo bobabili ubulili (Rao 2014UTom. I-1, k. 311; Lu 2008; Bronson xnumx) U-Wolff et al. Uthole ukuthi imvamisa yokutholwa kwe-ASA emadodeni angongqingili ifinyelela i-28,6% (I-Wolff xnumx) Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguWitkin kanye nozakwabo luveze ukuhlangana phakathi kokuba khona kwesidoda sama-antijeni wesidoda nokujikeleza kwezifo zokuzivikela emapulini egazi emadodeni angongqingili kuqhathaniswa nabobulili obuhlukile (I-Witkin 1983a) Ocwaningweni olwenziwe nguMulhall nozakwabo, izinga lokutholwa kwe-ASA emadodeni elalingavikelekile ukuthintwa kokutholwa kocwaningo lobunikazi ezinyangeni zokugcina ze-6 laliyi-17%, ne-0% emadodeni angazange akwenze ukuxhumana okunjalo (I-Mulhall 1990) Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwenziwe nguSands et al. Aluzange luveze ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumana nobungqingili kanye ne-ASA titers emadodeni (Sands xnumx) Noma kunjalo, ochwepheshe abahamba phambili emkhakheni wokungazali komzimba bakholelwa ukuthi, ngaphandle kwenani elanele lezifundo ngesiphetho esingenakuphikiswa, amathuba okuba kwakheka kwe-ASA kubalingani abamukelayo besilisa ekuthintaneni kwezitho zangasese aphezulu kakhulu (I-Krause 2017, k. 142).

I-ASA nayo ingakheka emzimbeni lapho isithiyo segazi-testicular sephulwa (igazi lixhumana namangqamuzana angama-semigenic) ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (bona ngenhla: i-gonorrhea, njll.) - ukwakhiwa kwama-antibodies ama-antisperm kuma-antijeni amaseli omzimba wabo (I-Jiang xnumx; I-restrepo 2013; UFrancavilla xnumx, k. 2899).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-spermatozoa ehambisana ne-ASA ingadala ukwakheka kwe-ASA kwabesifazane (I-Krause 2017, k. 166). Leli qiniso linentshisekelo ekhethekile yesayensi nangokwezifo, kucatshangelwa imininingwane yokuthi ukusuka ku-45,6% kuya ku-73% yamadoda angongqingili alala nabesifazane (I-Tao xnumx; I-Larmarange xnumx) Abalingisi kanye nababhali babonisa imininingwane efanayo ocwaningweni lwabo ngezenzo zocansi kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili: kubo, amathuba okuthi ahlanganyele ubulili nomuntu ongungqingili ayephakeme kaningi kunabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili (I-Fethers xnumx, amakhasi 347 - 348).

Mayelana nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-ASA enkingeni yokungazalisi, uKirilenko et al abhale:

"... Eminyakeni yakamuva, sekucacile ukuthi izinga elibi lesidoda liyimbangela yokungabi bikho kokukhulelwa, kodwa futhi nokukhubazeka kokukhula kombungu, ukungalingani kokuzala, kanye nomdlavuza ezinganeni. Kwezimbangela eziningi eziphakanyisiwe zomsebenzi wokukhubazeka kwesidoda, ukulimala kwe-DNA yenuzi yikhona okufundwa kakhulu futhi okuqashelwa njengento esemqoka ethinta ikhwalithi ye-umbungu, ukukhula kwayo nokufakwa kwayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Meta ngendima yokuhlukaniswa kwe-DNA kukhombisa ukuthi ingozi yokuphuma kwesisu kanye nokukhubazeka kokukhula kwengane ikhuphuka izikhathi eziphindwe kane ngesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwesidoda se-DNA (i-15-30% ejwayelekile, kuya ngezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe), ngisho nangemva kwezindlela zokujova kwe-vitro kanye nokujova kwe-intracytoplasmic sperm. Indlela ehamba phambili ye-pathogenetic yomonakalo onjalo ibhekwa njengokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisebenzayo - i-ozone, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric oxide, okuholela ku-spermatozoa OS. Imbangela evame kakhulu yokuxineka okokukhiqizwa kwe-oxidative ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesilisa izifo ezithathelwanayo nezokuvuvukala kanye ne-ASA esepheshaneni lesibeletho sowesilisa ... "(I-Kirilenko 2017).

Vele, ucwaningo oluhlola ubudlelwano nabesilisa abalala nabesilisa njengezinto ezisengcupheni yokungazaleli kwabesifazane luzocacisa lolu daba.

Ngaphezu kwezinkinga zokuzala, ukuphathwa kwesidoda kwesidoda kungenzeka kube imbangela yokuphazamiseka okuthile. Ukuqapheleka okuthokozisayo kwenziwa nguWitkin et al.: Ukusakazwa kwamaqhuqhuva wesonto kwamaduna wesilisa ngesidoda sonogwaja emavikini we-15 kuholele ekubonakaleni kwama-antibodies kuma-GM1 gangliosides. Ama-antibodies afanayo atholakele ezigulini zobungqingili ze-AIDS (I-Witkin 1983b), kepha-ke, kuleli cala, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka nganoma yisiphi isiphetho esingenakuphikiswa.

Abungqingili babe ne-autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, kufaka phakathi amafomu anamandla (Bender xnumx; IGoldsweig 1986; Morris xnumx) UMorris nozakwabo baphakamise ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-hematologic kungenxa yezimpendulo ze-immune spermogenic (Morris xnumx).

Ubungozi obuhambisana nezinye izinhlobo zokuphamba okungajwayelekile

Ukungena kwe-anal nokubhala ngesandla⁴ - umkhuba wokuxhumana ngocansi nokwethulwa kwesandla ku-rectum (I-Holland xnumx, k. 34). Ngokwenhlolovo yamazwe aphesheya kwe-Europe, phakathi kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili abake baba nobudlelwano bezocansi nabalingani abangazinzile ngonyaka owedlule, ama-17,1% afake ukungena kwe-anal-Manual endimeni esebenzayo, kanye ne-10,5% endimeni yokwamukela (I-EMIS 2010, k. 116). Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe emadodeni ayizitabane, ama-7% abaphendulile eLos Angeles, e-USA enza isenzo sokudubula (I-NTS 1998) kanye ne-8% yabaphendulile eSydney, Australia (I-Richters xnumx).

Ukungena kwe-anal-Manual (kokubili ngamandla nangemvume) kuholela emonakalweni omningi owenziwe ngokomzimba nokusebenza kwendlela yokugaya (ICapeletti 2016) Ocwaningweni olwenziwe phakathi kwabesilisa abalala nabesilisa, i-14% yenze ucelemba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana kuhlangene phakathi kwe-fisting ne-HIV kanye nama-STDs kukhonjisiwe (Ilayisi xnumx) Ucwaningo olwenziwe emadodeni ayizitabane atheleleke ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi luphinde lwakhombisa ukuthi ukushaya ngesinye sezici eziyingozi zokutheleleka nge-HIV (I-Callander 2016).

Ukuthintana ngomlomo noma ngomlomo⁵ - Umkhuba wokuxhumana ngocansi nokukhuthaza i-anus ngolimi nezindebe. Ngokwenhlolovo yamazwe aphesheya kwe-Europe, phakathi kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili abake baba nobudlelwano bobulili nabalingani abangazinzile ngonyaka owedlule, i-64,6% yasebenzelana ngokuxhumana ngomlomo neqhaza elisebenzayo, kanye ne-76,0% endimeni yokwamukela (I-EMIS 2010, k. 116).

Ocwaningweni olwenziwe phakathi kwabesilisa abalala nabesilisa, i-rimming yenziwa yi-85%, kanti ubudlelwano buveziwe phakathi kwezimbumbulu nama-STD (Ilayisi xnumx) Ocwaningweni olwenziwe yi-Keystone nozakwabo (1980), izidumbu zamathumbu zatholakala ku-67,5% yamadoda angongqingili kanye ne-16% yamadoda angabobulili obuhlukile, kufaka phakathi i-emathunjini amoebiasis (27% ne-1%, ngokulandelana) kanye ne-giardiasis (13% ne-3%, ngokulandelana) (I-Keystone 1980) Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-17% yabobulili obuhlukile kulesi sampula ibisebenza nge-anilingus, kodwa ibingenawo ama-intestinal parasites (I-Keystone 1980) Ukuqashelwa okunjalo kuphakamisa ukuthi izinhlaka zamathumbu phakathi kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili azihlotshaniswa kuphela nomkhuba we-anal eroticism, kodwa futhi neqiniso lokuthi zisebenza njenge-reservoir of parasites emathunjini, okuqinisekiswa ngocwaningo olulodwa olungaphezulu kolulodwa (I-Ezeh 2016) Ukuthintana ngomlomo kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nemvamisa ephezulu yokutheleleka kwe-gonorrheal ye-pharynx emadodeni alala nabesilisa (Chow xnumx, 2016; I-Templeton xnumx).

Abesifazane abathandana nobungqingili

Imiphumela yezempilo yokuziphatha kobungqingili kwabesifazane iye yachazwa futhi yafundelwa ngezinga elincane kunakwabesilisa - lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi ubhubhane lwe-HIV phakathi kwabesilisa abayizitabane luhehe isabelo sebhubesi sokunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa. Futhi, ubunzima bokufunda izingozi zezempilo kubantu besifazane abathandana nobungqingili kungenxa yokuthi iningi labesifazane abalala nabesifazane baye balala nabesilisa, kuze kufike kuma-30% baqhubeka nokwenza ucansi olungafani nobungqingili (Marrazzo xnumx; I-Solarz 1999; I-O'Hanlan 1996; I-Skinner 1996; UFerris xnumx; I-Einhorn xnumx; UJohnson 1987) Isibonelo, ocwaningweni emtholampilo wase-Australia STD, ama-7% kuphela abesifazane besitabane athi abakaze babe nobudlelwano obungafani nobungqingili (I-Fethers xnumx, k. 348). Lolu cwaningo luphinde lwahlola inani elijwayelekile labalingani besilisa esikhathini sokuphila konke: babekhona abantu besifazane abathandana nobungqingili obuphindwe kabili kunabesifazane abathandanayo.I-Fethers xnumx, k. 347). Amathuba okuya ocansini nabesilisa abangaphezu kwama-50 ayephindwe izikhathi ze-4,5 kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili kunabesifazane abathandanayo, futhi amathuba okuya ocansini nomuntu wesitabane onegciwane lengculazi noma umlutha wezidakamizwa izikhathi eziphakeme ze-3 (I-Fethers xnumx, amakhasi 347 - 348).

Ngaphezu kwama-STDs, kunobungozi bokudluliselwa kwezifo zamathumbu kanye nokulimala ekuxhumaneni kobungqingili phakathi kwabesifazane. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili eMichigan, ukuhlangana kwabantu bobungqingili besifazane kufaka phakathi: ukuvusa okomlomo wesibeletho ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini somlingani owamukelayo - i-38,1% yamacala, ukuvusa umlomo ngomlomo - kwe-16,9%, ukungena kwe-anal (ngesandla noma izinto) ngokuphuma kwegazi noma ukuhlukumezeka - I-2,4%, umjovo womchamo noma indle emlonyeni noma sangasese - 1,7% (Bybee xnumx) Ocwaningweni olwenziwe e-Italy Turin, i-95,1% yabesifazane abalala nabesifazane iveze ukuthi babenobungqingili ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini (I-Raiteri 1994, k. 202), kanye ne-46,1% benza inkohliso ekuxhumaneni ngocansi (I-Raiteri 1994, k. 202). Kokunye ukuhlola, i-7% yabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili iveze ukuthi bebezilolonga ngomlomo emasontweni amabili edlule (I-Russel 1995) Ngokusho kolunye ucwaningo, ukungena kwe-xNUMX% okwenziwa ngesandla - kokufakwa kwesandla esithweni sangasese sowesifazane sangasese, i-17% - ukushukumisa ngomlomo kwe-anal-ngomlomo kanye ne-29% - kufaka i-anal (I-Bailey 2003, k. 148). Ocwaningweni olwenziwe nguSchick nozakwabo, ukufakwa kowesifazane sangasese enyangeni edlule kwenziwa yi-14,5% yabesifazane abalala nabesifazane (Schick xnumx, k. 409).

Ngokusho kocwaningo, abesifazane abangqingili, ngokuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abathandanayo, banokwanda imvamisa ye-bacterial vaginosis (I-Bailey 2004; McCaffrey 1999; I-Skinner 1996; I-Berger 1995; Edward xnumx), Izikhathi ze-2,5 eziphakeme kunalezo zabesifazane abathandanayoU-Evans 2007).

Ubungozi obuhambisana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuhlangana

Ku-2017, iqembu labaphenyi abavela eNyuvesi yaseSeattle lishicilele ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane evela ku-National Health Interview Survey (2013 - 2014)UFredriksen-Goldsen 2017). Lokhu kuhlaziywa kuhlanganisa abesilisa nabesifazane abangama-33 abaneminyaka engama-346 kuya phezulu, kubo abangu-50% ngabesifazane abathandana nobulili obufanayo kanti u-1,34% ungowesilisa ongqingili (UFredriksen-Goldsen 2017, k. 1335). Ababhali batholile ukuthi abantu abathandana nobungqingili uma beqhathaniswa nabaphenduli abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi baziphathe ngendlela engenampilo, bahlushwa yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezifo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka komzimba, ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo, imivimbo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, njll.UFredriksen-Goldsen 2017).

Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta kuhlinzekwe esifundweni sombuzo wokuthi ngabe kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kobungqingili kanye ne-psychopathology phakathi kwentsha nabantu abadala, okushicilelwe ephephabhukwini Lokulondolozwa Kwezincwadi Jikelele weGeneral Psychiatry, kutholakale imininingwane elandelayo:

Izinkomba zengozi yokuzibulala eyengeziwe zihlobene kakhulu nokuhehwa ngabungqingili (UHerrell 1999, k. 873). Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ingozi eyanda kakhulu yokuziphatha kokuzibulala kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili ingahle ibangelwe ukuhlukunyezwa kwezidakamizwa noma ezinye izifo zengqondo ezihlangene (UHerrell 1999, k. 867).

Imiphumela iqinisekisa ubufakazi bokuthi abantu abasha abathandana nobungqingili basengozini enkulu yezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, ikakhulukazi ekuziphatheni kokuzibulala kanye nokunye ukuphazamiseka (I-Fergusson 1999, k. 876).

Ngokusekelwe kusampula yabaphenduli engahleliwe, uGilman nozakwabo (2001) babale ukubhebhetheka kwezifo ezinyangeni ezedlule ze-12 ("izinyanga ezingama-12"UGilman xnumx).

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinkomba eziphambili zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo phakathi kwabesifazane abathandanayo nabobungqingili (UGilman xnumx).

I-Psychopathology	Isandulela: abaphenduli bobungqingili / abobungqingili	Ubungozi Bokuphila BONKE: Izimpendulo Zobungqingili / Abangabesilisa
I-post-traumatic stress disorder	21% / 6%	2,7
Ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka	40% / 22,4%	1,8
Isifo sokudangala	34,5% / 12,9%	1,9
Izifo ezithintekayo	35,1% / 13,9%	2,0
Umlutha wezidakamizwa	19,5% / 7,2%	2,4

Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguJorm kanye nozakwabo (2002) lutholile idatha efanayo ekwandeni okubalulekile phakathi kwabaphenduli bezitabane abafanayo be-pathologies efana nokukhathazeka, ukudangala, ukuthambekela kokuzibulala nokuphazamiseka okubambekayo (I-jorm xnumx).

Izifundo ezahlukahlukene ziveze amazinga aphezulu wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubantu abathandana nobungqingili (King xnumx; Bradford xnumx; Insika 1988).

Ukudangala Nokuphazamiseka Kwezinkinga

URon Stoll, umcwaningi ohola phambili wengculaza waseMelika iminyaka eminingi, uthe "kunezinkinga ezinkulu ngokwengqondo phakathi kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili" (I-xnumx emile). Inhlangano yaseMelika "iGay & Lesbian Medical Association" ezintweni zayo ikhombisa ukuthi abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo maningi amathuba okuthi bahlushwe ukucindezeleka nokuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka (I-Silenzio 2010), okuqinisekiswa ezinhlolweni eziningi (I-Cochran xnumx; King xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; I-jorm xnumx; UGilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; I-Fergusson 1999; IHershberger 1995; I-Berg 2008; I-Bostwick xnumx) Ocwaningweni olwenziwe eNetherlands, phakathi kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili, izehlakalo zokuphazamiseka kwengcindezelo unyaka wonke zaziphindaphindwe izikhathi ze-2,94 kunaphakathi kwabesilisa abathandanayo, futhi izehlakalo zokuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka zaziphakeme izikhathi ze-2,61 (Sandfort 2001) Abanye abacwaningi baphakamisa ukuthi abesilisa abathandana nobungqingili bakha cishe isigamu samacala okuphazamiseka kwengqondo - 42 - 49% (Isixwayisi xnumx).

Ukuzibulala

Abantu babo bobabili ubulili abanokuthambekela kobungqingili bamelela iqembu engozini ephezulu yokuzibulala (I-Voroshilin 2012, k. 40). Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguHerrell nozakwabo (i-1999) luthole ukuthi ukuheha ubungqingili kuhambelana kakhulu nezinkomba ezihlukile zokulinganiselwa zokuzibulala: kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili, ingozi yokuzibona yayiphindwe izikhathi ze-4,1, ingozi yokuzibulala yayiphindwe izikhathi ze-6,5 (UHerrell 1999) Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwezibalo ukuhlola umphumela wezinto ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nezimpawu ezicindezelayo, zonke izinkomba zokuzibulala zazisabalulekile. Ucwaningo olwenziwe kubantu abasha abaziveza njengobungqingili luveze inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuzama ukuzibulala nokuzama ukuzibulala phakathi kwabo (Mathy xnumx) kunabantu abasha abathandanayo. Ku-2008, imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-meta-statistic yashicilelwa, kwathi lapho kwenziwa ngaphezulu kwe-13 yezinkulungwane zokushicilelwa ngalesi sihloko, ngenxa yokuthi izifundo ezenziwa kahle kakhulu zakhethwa futhi zafundwa yi-25 (King xnumx) Kwatholakala ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo sabantu esijwayelekile kubantu abanokuthambekela kobungqingili, kunokwanda okungaphezulu kokuphindwe kabili kengozi zokuzibulala; ubungozi bokuphazamiseka kwengcindezi nokukhathazeka, umlutha wotshwala nezidakamizwa wawukhuphuke amahlandla nesigamu (King xnumx) Ikakhulu, ukwahlukaniswa kwamaqembu ebungozini ngobulili kuveze ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani elivamile labantu, phakathi kwamadoda angongqingili, ingozi yokuzibulala yayiphindwe izikhathi ze-4,28; phakathi kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili, ubungozi bokuncika kotshwala babuphakeme izikhathi ze-4, futhi umlutha wezidakamizwa wawuphakeme izikhathi ze-3,5 (King xnumx) Ocwaningweni olukhulu lwaseMelika, kwatholakala ukuthi ubungozi bokuzibulala, ukuphazamiseka komoya ophansi nokuzilimaza (ukuzilimaza) phakathi kwabantu abasha abanezifiso zobungqingili budlula ubungozi obufanayo phakathi kwentsha engathandani nobungqingili, kungakhathalekile ukuthi luhlobo luni lwabaphenduli (ILytle 2014) Ubungozi bokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuzibulala phakathi kobungqingili kuyaphawulwa nasezifundweni zase-Australia (Swannell xnumx; I-Skerrett 2015), eNgilandi (I-Chakraborty xnumx), eNew Zealand (Skegg 2003), eSweden (I-Björkenstam 2016) Abasekeli be-LGBT + kwesinye isikhathi bathi leyo datha kukubandlululwa. Kodwa-ke, siphawula ukuthi lezi zifundo ezingenhla zenziwa emazweni lapho abantu abanokuthambekela kobungqingili bejabulela ukuxhaswa nokuvikelwa kwempahla kahulumeni.

Umlutha wezidakamizwa

Ngokusho kocwaningo oluhlukahlukene, izinga lokuluthwa kwezidakamizwa kubantu abathandana nobungqingili liphezulu kunelizonke, futhi uma liqhathaniswa nabantu abathandanayo nabobulili obuhlukile (Padilla 2010; IHalkitis 2009; I-Cochran xnumx; King xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; I-jorm xnumx; UGilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; I-xnumx emile; I-Fergusson 1999; IHershberger 1995), ngokusho kweminye imibiko, Izikhathi ze-2 - izikhathi ze-3 ziphakeme kunaphakathi kwamadoda abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile (I-Cochran xnumx; I-Ryan xnumx; I-Skinner 1994; I-xnumx eluhlaza). Ngokusho kwenhlangano yaseMelika iGay & Lesbian Medical Association, amadoda athandana nobulili obufanayo maningi amathuba okuthi abe imilutha yezidakamizwa (I-Silenzio 2010) Ngokusho kukaGrant nozakwabo, abesilisa abathandana nobungqingili bavame ukuthi bahlupheke ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okuphoqelela kanye nokuthembela kwezidakamizwa kunamadoda angabobulili obuhlukile (Nikeza i-xnumx) Kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili, ingozi yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa phakathi nonyaka yayiphindaphindwe izikhathi ze-4,05 kunabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili (Sandfort 2001).

Utshwala

Inhlangano yaseMelika "iGay & Lesbian Medical Association" ikhombisa ukuthi kubantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kunezinga eliphezulu lokudakwa ngokweqile (I-Silenzio 2010) Abantu besilisa abanobungqingili banesibalo esiphezulu sotshwala uma siqhathaniswa nabobulili obuhlukile (I-Irwin 2006; Iong xnumx; I-xnumx emile) Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lotshwala phakathi kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili (Cassidy in McElmurry 1997; Eliason xnumx; I-Drabble 2005; I-Skinner 1996, 1994; Haas in UDan xnumx; I-O'Hanlan 1995; I-Rosser 1993; NGLTF 1993; Cabaj in I-Lowinson xnumx, I-Cabaj 1996; IHholo 1993; Finnegan in Engs 1990; Glaus xnumx).

Izifo ze-Oncological

Kunobufakazi obunamandla bokuthi izehlakalo zomdlavuza ziphakeme phakathi kwesibalo se- “LGBT +” (Boehmer noRonit 2015). Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguZaritsky noDibble luhlole isampula yabesifazane abangama-370 ngabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili, kwatholakala ukuthi abesifazane abathandana nobungqingili banengozi ephezulu yokuthola umdlavuza wesibeletho ngokuqhathaniswa nodadewabo - ababhali bancoma ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukungabi nezingane nokukhuluphala phakathi kwabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili abaphakeme (I-Zaritsky 2010) I-anal carcinoma umdlavuza we-rectum ohambisana ne-papillomavirus (I-Breese xnumx) ngokumelene nesizinda segciwane le-HIV (Hleyhel xnumx) Imvamisa ye-anal carcinoma emadodeni enza ukuxhumana kwe-anal-genital iphakeme kakhulu kunemvamisa yawo kubantu bonke (Siegenbeek van Heukelom 2017; I-Chin-hong xnumx, 2005; I-Tseng 2003; Willett xnumx) Ocwaningweni olukhulu olwenziwe nguDaling nozakwabo engcupheni yokuthola umdlavuza we-anal phakathi kwabesilisa, ukumboza isikhathi kusuka ku-1978 kuya ku-1985, umkhuba wanoma ikuphi ukuhlangana kwabantu bobungqingili wandisa ingozi ngezikhathi ze-50, futhi umkhuba wokuxhumana ngokuqondile wobungqingili ukhuphuke ngezikhathi ze-33 (Ukushaya i-xnumx) Ukubuyekezwa okuhleliwe nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta nguMachalek et al. Kutholakale ukuthi izehlakalo zomdlavuza we-anal phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabatheleleke nge-HIV ngamacala e-45,9 kubantu be-100 000, phakathi kwabathandana abangatheleleki - i-5,1 enxebeni labantu be-100 000 (I-Machalek xnumx), kubantu jikelele - ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2 kubemi be-100 000 (I-Grulich xnumx).

Imininingwane eyengeziwe

Imininingwane eyengeziwe nemininingwane kungatholwa emithonjeni elandelayo:

1. Massresistance. Izingozi Zezempilo Zobungqingili. Lokho Kwembulwa Ngocwaningo Lwezokwelapha Nengqondo. MassResistance, 2017
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Amanothi

I-1 ukwethulwa kwephenisi lomlingani osebenzayo kuyi-rectum yomlingani owamukelayo

I-2 English: "gay bowel syndrome"

I-3 Okwamanje, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezinhlangano zomphakathi zokunyakaza kwe-LGBT +, izincazelo ezinjengokuzivikela komzimba wobungqingili kanye nesifo sobungqingili samathumbu zithathwa njengebandlululo. Imizamo emikhulu yokususa igama elithi “ukungaqiniseki kongqingili” ekusebenziseni yenziwa yisazi sebhayoloji nesishoshovu uBruce Weller, umsunguli we-National Gay Task Force (Chuck 2003, k. 168).

I-4 isuka esiNgisini Inqindi isibhakela

I-5 isuka esiNgisini "Rim" - umugqa

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I-Laser Proctology Center "ATLANTiK" okunikezwayo ukwelashwa kwe-gay bowel syndrome (i-gay bowel syndrome):

I-Lesbianism: izimbangela nemiphumela

UJan Goland ekwelashweni kongqingili (inhlolokhono yevidiyo ekhethekile)