Iningi labacwaningi libheka ubungqingili ezweni lethu njengengqondo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngokocansi kwabesilisa (nabesifazane), umphumela wayo okuwukubonakaliswa kwesifiso sobulili nokuheha abantu bobulili obufanayo.

Ezimweni eziningi, imbangela yokuthuthuka kwezimpawu zobungqingili kungukuhlukumezeka okwenzeka esigabeni sokukhonjwa kwezocansi. Lesi sigaba sokuthuthuka kwengqondo sibhekisele eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kwayisithupha futhi sibiza "ubunzima beminyaka eyisithupha." Kulesi sikhathi, ingane iqala isigaba esisha sokuhlangana nomphakathi, futhi lapho kuqala ukuthomba (ukuthomba kanye nokuqhuma kwehomoni ehambisana nayo) inquma isimo sayo sengqondo kubulili bakhe. Ukwephulwa kwemisebenzi yendima eyenziwa ubulili emndenini, noma izehlakalo ezihlukumezanayo emndenini nangaphandle kwayo kuholela ekwakhekeni kokuphambuka kokuziphatha (ukuphambuka), okubandakanya nokuziphatha kobungqingili.

Kuze kube muva nje, umbono wemvelo yokuziphatha kobungqingili wawugqugquzelwa ngenkuthalo emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseMelika, kepha lo mbono awukaze uthole ukuqinisekiswa kwesayensi, futhi ukucabanga ngokunemba kwezepolitiki endabeni yezokwelapha akulungile. Eqinisweni, njengoba ukuziphatha kobulili kwakhiwa eminyakeni ethile nangokwesimo esithile (ngokomlando, amasiko, ezenhlalakahle, njll.), khona-ke kufanele kuthiwe kutholwe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kubuyiselwe emuva. Noma kunalokho, okungenakunqotshwa, njengoba isigaba sobungqingili sidlula kunoma iyiphi ingane ethola ulwazi ngaye kanye nabameleli bobulili obufanayo. Intshisekelo yokuthi buyini ngempela lobu bulili yisigaba sobungqingili ekukhuleni kwengane. Isigaba esilandelayo sinesithakazelo kolunye ubulili, "okungalungile", "hhayi njengami". Ingane engenakho ukungahambi kahle kokuziphatha ingena kulesi sigaba cishe ngesikhathi senhlekelele yeminyaka eyisithupha, noma kamuva, kodwa nakanjani ngaphambi kokuthomba.

Kulungile ngokwepolitiki ukubheka ubungqingili njengokwehlukile kwejwayelekile, kodwa akunangqondo, ngoba ubudlelwano babantu abanokuziphatha kobungqingili buhlala isikhashana futhi kuvame ukukhawulelwa ekwaneliseni izidingo zocansi (ingasaphathwa eyezidingo zocansi). imiphumela emibi yezempilo).

IZIZATHU ZOKUTHUTHUKISWA KOBUDODA

Kusenezimangalo zokuthi ukuheheka kobungqingili kungase kube yisici esizalwa nalo, kodwa akukho nesisodwa kuzo esiqinisekisiwe ngokwesayensi. "Ufuzo lobungqingili", lapho kufunwa khona imali eningi eyasetshenziswa indawo yokwamukela izitabane, kwehlulekile.

Phakathi kwezizathu zokwakheka kokuziphatha kobungqingili kuvame ukuqanjwa:

• isipiliyoni sokuqala socansi, udlame;
• ukuthintana ngokuzithandela kobungqingili (imvamisa phakathi nenkathi yobusha);
• ukuzalwa kwengane, ukulungiswa ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula noma ukwehla kubo;
• ukuhlukaniswa noyise emndenini, noma ukungabi khona kwakhe ngokomzimba (kubafana, noma okufanayo - umama wamantombazane);
• ukwanda kokukhathazeka, ikakhulukazi maqondana nabantu bobulili obuhlukile;
• ukuntuleka kwamamodeli okuxhumana okujwayelekile kwendima yobulili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane (umndeni wobulili obufanayo ukhulisa ingane);
• imikhuba emibi yokukhuliswa, ukwenqaba kwabazali ubulili bomntwana (uma babelindele ukuzalwa komntwana wolunye ubulili).

Njengoba ubona, zonke izizathu, ukubaluleka okuye kwafakazelwa kakade ekubunjweni kokuziphatha kongqingili, kuhlobene nendima yengqondo. Ukuziphatha kobungqingili kungahambisana namanye ama-pathologies, ikakhulukazi, ukudangala, i-sociopathy, ama-phobias, umlutha wezidakamizwa, i-schizophrenia.

IZIMPAWU ZOBUDODA

Kulokhu, cishe, kungaba okulungile kakhulu ukuxoxa ngezimpawu zokuziphatha kongqingili, ngoba ubungqingili njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha kobungqingili abufani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abanye odokotela bengqondo babona izimpawu zokuziphatha kobungqingili ezinganeni, okungalungile ngokomthetho, ngoba, njengoba sesishilo kakade, yonke ingane idlula uhlobo lwesigaba sobungqingili, inesithakazelo kubantu bobulili obufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abadala abaningi bagcina lesi sithakazelo ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuziphatha okufanele kobungqingili - isibonelo, imibuthano yamadoda egaraji.

Kodwa ukukhathazeka okwandisiwe kanye nokuxhumana okuphukile nontanga bobulili obufanayo nobuhlukile entsheni kakade kuyisizathu sokukhathazeka kwabazali. Futhi iphuzu alilona nhlobo igama elibi "ubungqingili", kodwa ngokuntuleka kwamakhono okuxhumana, ukwesaba ukusondelana ngokomzwelo. Intsha enjalo ingase kamuva ibonise ukuziphatha kobungqingili, ngoba ebudlelwaneni nontanga ilandela indlela yokumelana okuncane, ithatha isikhundla sombambiqhaza ongenzi lutho ekuxhumaneni. Ukuze kusizwe ingane enjalo inqobe izinkinga ezihambisana nokukhula, idinga ukusekelwa abazali bayo, kokubili kamama noyise.

Umuntu omdala onenkinga yobungqingili ubonakala ngokuthi:

• ukukhangwa ngokocansi okungalawulwa kahle kumalungu obulili obufanayo;

• ukulwela izindlela ezidlulele (kuhlanganise nezilimazayo) zokuziphatha kocansi, ezibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokuhlobana okuqondile nekhabethe lomuntu, ukukhethwa kwezingubo zocansi ezigcizelelwe;

• umona njalo kumlingani wakho ocansini, kwesinye isikhathi ukungakwazi ukuzithiba ngokomzwelo;

• ukuba khona kwezidakamizwa ezihambisanayo (izidakamizwa, ezinobuthi, ezingavamisile ukudakwa);

• ukuqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile kokuzisola ngenxa yendlela yabo yokuphila, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwemibono emisha, ezinzile mayelana nabo.

UKWELASHWA KOBUNGOBA

Masikhumbuze ukuthi ubungqingili “obuyinkinga kumuntu ngamunye” bufakwe kuhlu ngaphansi kwekhodi F66.x1 ku-International Classifier of Diseases of the 10th edition, esigabeni “Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha okuhlobene nokuthuthuka nokuthambekela kwezocansi”. Ukwelashwa kobungqingili, uma isiguli sinezisusa ezivezwe ngokucacile, kukuvumela ukuba uzuze imiphumela emihle. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe kwakungenakwenzeka ukuguqula ngokuphelele isithombe esihlukumezeke ngokujulile kumuntu, ukwelashwa kumvumela ukuthi athole ibhalansi yamandla kuye futhi athuthukise izinga lempilo yakhe, azamukele yena kanye nesimo sakhe somzimba, kodwa hhayi. ukuziphatha okulimazayo, kuhlanganise nokuziphatha kobulili.

I-Psychotherapy ithatha indawo ebalulekile phakathi kwezindlela zokulungisa ukuziphatha kobungqingili. Njengoba iziguli eziningi zinomlando wokuhlukumezeka, kuyadingeka ukukhomba isigameko esibuhlungu esiphenduke uhlobo lwesikhubekiso esigulini. Lo mcimbi udinga ukutholwa okusha, ukufunda, ukuphila, ukuhlolwa kabusha. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokulutha, ukwelashwa kokuvuthwa komuntu, ukwelashwa kweqembu, ukwelashwa komuntu ngamunye, ukwelashwa kwengqondo nokulungisa.

Owayengumongameli we-American Psychological Association uDkt. Nicholas Cumings kubikiweukuthi ngesikhathi sika-1959-1979. Izitabane ezingu-18,000 zaya emtholampilo wakhe ngezinkinga ezihlukahlukene, cishe ezingu-1,600 zazo okwakuhloswe ngazo ukulungisa kabusha. Ngenxa yokwelashwa, abangu-2,400 bakwazi ukwenza lokhu. 

Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-depathologization yobungqingili ngo-1974 APA eshicilelwe idokhumenti, eyathi "izindlela zesimanje zokwelapha zivumela ingxenye enkulu yongqingili abafuna ukushintsha ubulili babo ukuze benze kanjalo." 

Ngo-1979, umcwaningi waseMelika kanye nesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Irving Bieber, ngezandla zakhe ezingaba yi-1000 yeziguli ezingongqingili, wabika ukuthi amazinga okuqondiswa kabusha asukela ku-30% kuya ku-50%. Ukulandelela iziguli iminyaka engu-20 ezayo kwembulwaukuthi bahlala benobulili obuhlukile ngokuphelele.

Udokotela Ohlonishwayo Wenhlangano YaseRussia, udokotela wengqondo u-Jan Goland uchaza izigaba ezintathu zokwelashwa kwengqondo kobungqingili besilisa:

I-1) Ukuncipha kwezifiso kanye nezifiso zobungqingili, okulandelwa ukukhokha kwabo okuphelele. Ukukhuliswa kwesimo sengqondo esiphikelelayo, esizolile, sokungabi nandaba nabantu bobulili obufanayo kanye nokususwa ngokuphelele kwesici sokuvusa inkanuko kulobu budlelwano.

2) Ukuqedwa kombono ophambene ngowesifazane. Ukwakhiwa kombono onemibala engokomzwelo yowesifazane, kokubili ngokobuhle (ukubukeka) kanye nokomoya. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuqiniswa kwamakhono okuxhumana nabesifazane.

3) Ukuvela kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuthambekela kwabobulili obuhlukile. Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhangwa inkanuko eyanele futhi, ekugcineni, ukuphikelela kocansini nowesifazane, okugcwele imizwa egcwele inkanuko.

Isimo sokululama kufanele sihlangabezane nalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhangwa inkanuko ephikelelayo kowesifazane, equkethe kokubili izingxenye zocansi kanye nobuhle kuphela.

• Isimo sengqondo esibucayi mayelana nesikhathi sakho esidlule njengesingenele, esibuhlungu.

• Isimo sengqondo ngabesilisa esihlangabezana nezinkambiso zasehostela.

• Ukuqaphela ukuba wusizo kwabo siqu, kokubili komuntu siqu, kwezenhlalo nezocansi.

Ucwaningo olulandelwayo (olwenzeka ngemva kokwelashwa) lweziguli eziyi-10 oluthatha unyaka owodwa kuya kwengu-1, lwabonisa ukuthi iziguli zithola ukuphila okujwayelekile kobulili obuhlukile futhi zaqeda ngokuphelele ukukhangwa okudlule kwezifo.

Umthombo

Okuningi mayelana nendlela Yana Goland

Uprofesa wenganekwane u-Aron Belkin wasekela indlela ka-Ian Goland. Imininingwane eyengeziwe: 
https://med.wikireading.ru/51366