Iningi lalezi zinto lashicilelwa ephephabhukwini i-Russian Journal of Education and Psychology: I-Lysov V. Isayensi nobungqingili: ukukhetha okuphathelene nezepolitiki e-Academia yanamuhla.
I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

“Idumela lesayensi yeqiniso lintshontshiwe ngumuntu olisebenzisa kabi
amawele udadewabo - isayensi "yamanga",
I-ajenda yombono nje.
Lo mbono ususe lokho kuthembela
okuyiqiniso ukuthi kungokwesayensi yeqiniso. "
encwadini ka-Austin Rousse ethi Fake Science

Isifingqo

Izitatimende ezinjengokuthi “imbangela yofuzo yobungqingili isifakazelwe” noma “ukukhangwa kobungqingili akunakushintshwa” zenziwa njalo emicimbini yokufundisa yesayensi edumile naku-inthanethi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezihloselwe abantu abangenalwazi ngokwesayensi. Kulesi sihloko, ngizobonisa ukuthi umphakathi wesayensi yesimanje uphethwe abantu abaveza imibono yabo yezenhlalo nezombusazwe emisebenzini yabo yesayensi, okwenza inqubo yesayensi icheme kakhulu. Le mibono ehlongozwayo ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezitatimende zezombusazwe, ezihlanganisa maqondana nalokho okuthiwa. “abancane bobulili obufanayo”, okungukuthi “ubulili obufanayo buwukuhluka okujwayelekile kobulili phakathi kwabantu nezilwane”, ukuthi “ukukhangwa kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kungokwemvelo futhi akukwazi ukushintshwa”, “ubulili buyisakhiwo somphakathi esingakhawulelwe ekuhlukaniseni kanambambili”, njll. njalo njalo. Ngizobonisa ukuthi imibono enjalo ibhekwa njengeyiqiniso, izinzile, futhi isungulwe emibuthanweni yesayensi yaseNtshonalanga yesimanje, ngisho noma bungekho ubufakazi besayensi obunamandla, kuyilapho imibono ehlukile ibhalwe ngokushesha ngokuthi “isayensi-mbumbulu” kanye “namanga,” ngisho noma inobufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda. emva kwabo. Ziningi izici ezingabalulwa njengembangela yokuchema okunjalo - ifa elimangalisayo lenhlalo nomlando eliholele ekuveleni "kokungavumelani kwesayensi", imizabalazo eshubile yezombangazwe eyadala ubuzenzisi, "ukuhweba" kwesayensi okuholela ekuphishekeleni imizwa. , njll. Ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukugwema ngokuphelele ukuchema kwesayensi kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano. Kodwa-ke, ngokubona kwami, kungenzeka ukudala izimo zenqubo yesayensi elinganayo.

Isingeniso

Ngo-Ephreli 2017, abezokwazisa i-USA Today bashicilele i-video enesihloko esithi The Psychology of infertility (I-USA Namuhla nge-MSN) Le ndaba ilandise le ndaba yemibhangqwana emithathu engakwazanga ukuba nezingane ngisho nangocansi olude ngaphandle kokuvimbela inzalo - okungukuthi, bathola ukungazalisi, ngokusho kwencazelo ye-World Health Organisation (Zeger-Hochshild 2009, k. 1522). Umbhangqwana ngamunye uxazulule inkinga yokungazali inzalo ngendlela ethile - ngenxa yokufakwa emzimbeni we-vitro, ukutholwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kukamama osebenza naye. Le vidiyo yakhelwe kahle futhi yahlanganiswa ngendlela edumile yesayensi, futhi umlando wezithandani ngamunye wachazwa ngokuningiliziwe.

Kodwa-ke, imithombo yezindaba yase-USA Today, ngendlela ejwayelekile futhi ngaphandle kwesabelo esincanyana sokuhlekisa noma ubuqiniso bemvelo, yabala amadoda amabili phakathi kwemibhangqwana emibili eyayinezinkinga zezokwelapha (imisebenzi yokuzala engasebenzi kahle nezitho zomzimba). Ababhali bale vidiyo emsakazweni othinta umculo ngemuva kokuchazela izilaleli ukuthi le nkinga yokuthi "ukungabi nazingane" kwabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abashadile baseMelika - uDan noWill Neville-Reyben - ukuthi "abanasibeletho" (I-Flory 2017) Ngokunokwenzeka, i-USA Today iyavuma ukuthi kwezinye izingxenye zezilaleli zayo, ukuthobeka okunjalo kwesakhiwo somzimba sowesilisa nowesifazane kwakungaziwa kuze kube manje. Ngandlela thile, enye yezindlela ezinkulu zezindaba kwakuyimpikiswano yokuthi umshuwalense wezokwelapha kufanele abhekelele izindleko zabashadikazi abathandana nabobungqingili ekwelashweni kokuzala.

Imilayezo yalolu hlobo, egcwele ubuqili bemvelo, ayijwayelekile emithonjeni yezindaba yase-Atlantic, futhi, eqinisweni, itholakala kabanzi emininingwaneni yaseRussia kanye nesikhala esidumile sesayensi. Izitatimende eziphathelene "nembangela yezofuzo efakazelwe yobungqingili" noma "inkulungwane nengxenye yezinhlobo zezilwane zobungqingili" ziyadluliselwa emicimbini ethandwayo yesayensi kubantu abasha.

Kulesi sihloko, ngizokhombisa ukuthi emphakathini wanamuhla wesayensi abantu ababeka imibono yabo yenkululeko emisebenzini yabo yesayensi, benze isayensi ibe nokubandlulula okukhulu, kube yimbangi yabo. Le mibono yenkululeko ifaka uchungechunge lwezitatimende zenkulumo-ze mayelana nalokho okuthiwa "Ukuziphatha okuncane ngokocansi" ("LGBT"), okungukuthi, "ubungqingili buhlukile ngokujwayelekile kwezocansi phakathi kwabantu nasezilwaneni", ukuthi "ukuheha ubungqingili obufanayo kungokwasendlini futhi akunakushintshwa," "ubulili ukwakhiwa komphakathi, akupheleli ekuhlukaniselweni kanambambili" njll.

Kamuva embhalweni ngizosho ukubukwa okunjengokususelwa kwe-LGBT¹. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunemibono nemibono ephikisana nalokhu okungenhla, ngizobabiza nge-LGBT-skeptical. Ngizokhombisa ukuthi ukumela i-LGBT emphakathini wanamuhla wezemfundo osemthethweni kubhekwa njengento engokwesiko, ephikelelayo futhi eyakhiwe kahle, noma kungekho bufakazi obukholisayo besayensi, ngenkathi ukubukwa kwe-LGBT kungabaza futhi kubhalwe ngokuthi "kusetshenziselwa isayensi" nokuthi "ngamanga", noma ngabe kusekelwa iqiniso elikholisayo.

Isayensi Nombono Wezepolitiki

Isimo sokuqala esibalulekile sokuqonda ukuthi isayensi yini ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela yesayensi. Indlela yesayensi iqukethe izigaba eziningana: (1) ukubuza umbuzo (okudinga ukufundwa): ukunquma into nesihloko, izinhloso nezinhloso zocwaningo; (2) sebenza nezincwadi: ucwaningo ngezingqinamba ngalesi sihloko esivele luphenyisisiwe abanye; (3) ukuthuthukiswa komqondo: ukwakheka komcabango wokuthi inqubo efundwayo iqhubeka kanjani nokuthi yini engenzeka lapho ivezwa; (4) ukuhlolwa: ukuhlola i-hypothesis; (5) Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela: ukutadisha imiphumela yokuhlolwa nokwazi ukuthi i-hypothesis yaqinisekiswa kanjani; futhi, ekugcineni, (6) iziphetho: kuletha eminye imiphumela yokuhlolwa nokuhlaziywa.

Lesi sisekelo sokutadisha besiyisisekelo sokucwaninga kwesayensi emakhulu eminyaka, futhi indlela yayo enengqondo, nenengqondo ivumele isintu ukuba sithole imiphumela emangazayo.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba uSolwazi uHenry Bauer aphawula ngonyaka we-1992, ezesayensi futhi, ikakhulukazi, umphakathi wesayensi odumile uya ngokuya uvala indlela yesayensi ukuze uhambisane nemibono yenkululeko njengokuphela kwendlela enqumayo yokuhumusha umhlaba ngokwesayensi (“ngokwesayensi”)I-Bauer 1992) Ngakho-ke, indlela enkulu yesayensi yehliselwe kulokhu okulandelayo: (1) Ukuchazwa kwenkinga futhi, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukugwema izihloko "ezinqatshelwe", ngokwesibonelo. ubuhlanga nobulili njengemiqondo emiselwe ngokwemvelo, “ukuthambekela kwezocansi” njengezokwakha umphakathi; (2) Ukufuna lokho osekufundwe abanye, kanye nokukhethwa kwemiphumela engangqubuzani nemibono ekhona; (3) ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hypothesis: ukucatshangelwa kwencazelo yenkinga engahambisani nemibono yenkululeko; (4) ukuhlolwa: ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis; (5) Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela: ukungazinaki futhi kunciphise ukubaluleka kwemiphumela "engalindeleki" ngenkathi kukhula futhi kuhlaziywa imiphumela "elindelekile"; futhi ekugcineni; (6) iziphetho: ukumenyezelwa kwemiphumela “exhasa” imibono yenkululeko. USolwazi Bauer akuyena kuphela okhathazekile ngalolu shintsho ngokwesayensi.

Isibonelo, iziphetho ezifanayo mayelana nesimo samanje sesayensi zenziwe nguProfessor Ruth Hubbard (UHubbard noWald 1993), USolwazi Lynn Wordel (I-Wardle 1997, 852), UDkt. Stephen Goldberg (IGoldberg 2002), UDkt Alan Sokal noDkt. Gene Brichmont (USokal noBrichmont 1998), I-Kirsten Powers yaseMelikaAmandla 2015), noDkt Austin Ruse (I-Ruse 2017).

USolwazi Nicholas Rosenkrantz waseGeorgetown Law School kanye noProfesa Jonathan Haidt weNyuvesi yaseNew York baze basungula i-Heterodox Academy, iphrojekthi ye-inthanethi egxile enkingeni yokufana kwemibono kanye nokumelana nemibono ehlukene ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme zaseMelika (IHeterodox academy.nd).

UDkt Bret Weinstein wayeka i-Evergreen State College ngemuva kokuthi enqabile ukubamba iqhaza kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “uSuku Lokungabikhona” - lapho abameli banoma yiluphi uhlobo lobuhlanga ngaphandle kweCaucasian bangeniswa kule nyuvesi - waxhashazwa abafundi abathukuthele nezishoshovu (Weinstein xnumx) Kamuva, yena nomfowabo, uDkt Eric Weinstein nabanye ososayensi, wasungula umphakathi owawubizwa ngamahlaya ngokuthi “Intellectual Dark Web” (I-Bari xnumx). Intatheli uBari Weiss yachaza lo mphakathi ngale ndlela: “Okokuqala, laba bantu bakulungele ukuvikela umbono wabo ngokuqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo baphikisana ngokomthetho, cishe ngazo zonke izihloko ezihilelekile: inkolo, ukukhishwa kwezisu, ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, uhlobo lokuphaphama. Okwesibili, enkathini lapho umbono owandisiwe ngezwe nezenzakalo ezisizungezile uvame ukwenqaba amaqiniso angempela, wonke umuntu uzimisele ukumelana nabasakazi bemibono evumelana nezombusazwe. Okwesithathu, abanye baye bakhokha inani lokufuna ukuveza imibono ehlukile ngokuxoshwa ezikhungweni zemfundo eziye zaba nenzondo ngemicabango engavamile - nokuthola izethameli ezilalelayo kwenye indawo" (I-Bari xnumx).

Kulabo abebengakaze babe nentshisekelo kule nkinga, ukubuswa kwe-idematism yengqondo ngokwesayensi kungabonakala kungenangqondo kakhulu. Bangakholelwa ngamabomu ukuthi kwisayensi yanamuhla kuphela lawo maqiniso aqinisekisiwe ngokungenakuphikwa yiwona kuphela iqiniso, futhi konke okunye kususelwa ekucabangeni, imibono, imibono kanye nokuqanjwa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Noma kunjalo, ukucatshangwa kokucatshangwa, imibono, imibono kanye nokubumbana kwezenhlalo kanye nakwezepolitiki "njengamaqiniso afakazelwe" kuyabonakala ezinkingeni eziningi ezahlukahlukeneI-Bauer 2012, c. 12), ezinye zazo ezinesikhalo esikhulu somphakathi. Isibonelo, ingabe ukuheha ubungqingili "kuwukuhluka kobuntu babantu," noma ingabe kungukuphambuka komzimba (okungakhiqizi) kokuziphatha kocansi kanye nokuheha izingane ngokobulili, izilwane noma izinto ezingaphili? Kulezi zindaba, kanye nakwabanye, indlela yesayensi iye yaba yisisulu sokubukwa kwezepolitiki (I-Wright and Cummings 2005, k. XIV).

Cabanga ngokulandelayo: namuhla, ezifundweni zemfundo, abacwaningi abathi banezinto okuthiwa Izinkolelo "zokuqhubekela phambili" zidlula kude lezo ezithi zikholelwa "ezokulondolozeka" izinkolelo (I-Abrams 2016) Uhlu oluhlaba umxhwele lwezincwadi ezibuyekezwe ontanga eziveza inkinga efanayo zingatholakala database wemiphakathi yaseHeterodox Academy okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla (IHeterodox Academy nd Ucwaningo Olubukeziwe Lontanga) Futhi ukubukwa kwenkulumo-ze kwe-LGBT kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile zemibono yenkululeko “ethuthukayo” yanamuhla.

Engxoxweni yangasese, omunye uzakwethu, osebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo noPh.D. kwelinye lamadolobha amakhulu eRussia (ungicele ukuthi angadaluli igama lakhe ngoba esaba imiphumela yokuthola omunye umbono) wangihlekisa ngesisekelo esilula sesayensi edumile “yanamuhla”, ukuze yahlulela ngezihloko ezihlobene nobungqingili: konke okukhombisa noma yimaphi amaqiniso amahle kwabungqingili kukhonjiswa yisibonelo se-Injongo yesayensi nendlela eyisayensi eyisibonelo. Futhi, konke okukhombisa noma yikuphi ukungabaza ngokuqondene nobungqingili kubizwa ngokuthi "yi-pseudoscience kusuka kubaphikisi abanamaphiko alungile" (ingxoxo yomuntu siqu, Okthoba 14, 2018). Ngamanye amagama, “kwisayensi yanamuhla” ukungabaza “ukujwayelekile” kobungqingili kufana nokungabaza “ukuqhubeka” kobomi basemuva nesiko elidumile. Ukusungula lo mkhuba, ukubonwa okulula nje kwenkulumo yesayensi edumile yanamuhla kwanele. Ohulumeni bamazwe acebile nezisekelo ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni basungula izinkolelo ezithile ezivumelekile maqondana nobungqingili, kungathi iqiniso elingatholakali nelisobala, njengokuthi abesifazane kuphela abangazala abantu (yize nginovalo lokuthi ngokwenzekayo emkhakheni we "transgenderism" namuhla , lesi sibonelo sizogxekwa kakhulu).

Ukufaka esikhundleni sesayensi ngokulungile kwezombusazwe

Abanye bathi impikiswano yesayensi yezepolitiki kanye neyomphakathi kumele ibe nozwela kakhulu ezihlokweni eziningi ngenxa yelifa elibuhlungu lomlando wesintu. Kepha amaqiniso esayensi awahlangene nakwezepolitiki. Kunokwehluka okusobala okuvela phakathi kwezinhlanga zabantu (ama-phenotypes) (ISarich 2005), kunokwehluka okucacile kokuzalwa phakathi kobulili bomuntu (U-Evans noDeFranco 2014) nokunye. Kuyiqiniso, lawo maqiniso asetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ngokuthi "izimpikiswano" zobugebengu obungenakucatshangwa nezenzo ezinonya kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, futhi abantu nomphakathi kufanele bakukhumbule njalo lokhu. Akunakuphikwa ngokungalingani.

Kodwa-ke, amakhasi omlando ashiwo ngenhla awaphikisani nokuba khona kwe-physiological phenotypes kanye nokwehluka kobulili kubantu, ngoba kwenzeka emvelweni futhi kunqunywa ngokwebhayoloji. Isibonelo, indoda ayikwazi ukuzala ngenxa yezici zebhayoloji zomzimba wayo (ukungabikho kwesibeletho, okokuqala, njengoba i-USA Today yaphawula ngokufanelekile). Singamane sigweme ukukhuluma ngakho, sicwebezele lezi zinto ezisobala zemvelo, noma siguqule incazelo yegama elithi “owesifazane” - lokhu akwengezi lutho eqinisweni elingenakunyakaziswa lesayensi. Amaqiniso esayensi akhona kungakhathaliseki ukuthi achazwa kanjani yizazi zezimfundiso zezombangazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi afakwe ohlwini lwanoma yikuphi ukumenyezelwa noma ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukulunga kwezombusazwe.

Ngokubona kwami, ukusungulwa kwesibonakaliso esilinganayo phakathi “kokulungiswa kwezombusazwe” nesayensi kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zesikhathi sethu, futhi leli qiniso livimbela ukuqalwa kwezinto ezintsha. Abanye abacwaningi banombono ofanayo (Hunter 2005) Ngokwesichazamazwi seHarperCollins eBritish English, "ukunemba kwezepolitiki" kusho "ukukhombisa izinqubekela phambili, ikakhulukazi ngokwenqaba ukusebenzisa igama elithathwa njengelicasulayo, libandlululayo noma ligxekayo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nohlanga nobulili" (I-Collins English Dictionary. nd) Futhi ngokusho kwesichazamazwi sikaWebster esithi "I-Random House" se-American English, "ukunemba kwezepolitiki" "... kubonakaliswa njengomthetho ngokuzibophezela kwezenkolo eziqhubekayo ezindabeni zobuzwe kanye nobulili, ubudlelwano bezocansi noma imvelo."Isichazamazwi / Thesaurus nd).

Abaphenyi bezindaba zasekhaya uBelyakov kanye nababhali bebambisene bachaza "ukunemba kwezepolitiki" ngaphandle kokungafanele

"... Ukunemba kwezombusazwe kungenye yemikhiqizo yomphakathi we-postmodern oboniswe ngamasiko ahlukahlukene, ubuciko bezinqubo, ukwahlukaniswa kwezenhlalo nokufika ngaphambi kobunikazi obuncane. Intando yeningi emphakathini onjalo ivela njengohlelo lwezenhlalo, okungavezi amandla eningi, kepha ikakhulukazi ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo wanoma yiliphi iqembu elincane, kuye kumuntu ngamunye. Eqinisweni, ngisho umbuso wentando yeningi kunabo bonke awukwazi ukuvikela wonke amalungelo amemezela futhi uqinisekise ukufezeka kwezifiso zelungu ngalinye lomphakathi. Ukuqagela kwekhambi lale nkinga ukusetshenziswa kabanzi komkhuba wolimi ngokunemba kwezombusazwe, okuphakamisa ukuthi kugwemeke ukusetshenziswa kwalawo magama nemisho maqondana nobuhlanga kanye nobulili, iminyaka, impilo, isimo senhlalo, kanye nokuvela kwabamele amaqembu athile omphakathi abangabheka njengabacasulayo nababandlululayo. Ngakho-ke, "kunembile ngokwepolitiki" ukubiza umuntu omnyama ngokuthi "i-American American", "umdabu waseNdiya" waseNdiya, umuntu okhubazekile "ukunqoba ubunzima ngenxa yesimo sakhe somzimba (inselelo yomzimba), nomuntu okhuluphele" ozimisele ngokuqondile "( (okunomqondo oqondile), abampofu - "bancishwe amathuba" (bencishwe amathuba), umuntu ogcwele imfucumfucu kadoti - "umqoqi wezinto ezenqatshiwe" (abaqoqi benqaba), njll. Ukuvimbela ukubandlululwa kwe "ngocansi" ukuma ”(godu okulungile kwezepolitiki), ngaphambili agaetsya ukusetshenziswa kubo, isibonelo, igama elithi "gay" futhi "zobungqingili." Izindondo ezithi "ngocansi", okusolakala ukuthi zibhekiswe ekuphakameni kwabesilisa ngaphezu kwabesifazane, nazo zitholakele. Amagama ahlobene no-“man” (usihlalo), umphathi (umphathi), umphathi womlilo, umphathi wezinqola (fireman), umphathi weposi (i-postman) ukuthi akhishwe inyumbana ukuze asetshenziswe esikhundleni sikaSihlalo, umphathi, owokucima umlilo, ophethe i-imeyili, ngokulandelana. . Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, igama elithi wesifazane kufanele manje libhalwe ngokuthi “womyn” (noma ngisho owesilisa wase-vaginal), futhi esikhundleni sesabizwana yena, sakhe, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi asisebenzise yena, sakhe (yena, wakhe). Ukuze ugweme ukubonakaliswa kwe-anthropocentrism ehlaselayo ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni, amagama athi ezifuywayo (izilwane ezifuywayo) nezitshalo zasendlini (izitshalo ezifuywayo) ezimele umuntu njengomnikazi wazo kuhlongozwa ukuthi zithathelwe indawo ngabalingani bezilwane (abangane bezilwane) kanye nabalingani bezitshalo…. ”(I-Belyakov neMatveychev 2009).

Ngakho-ke, "ukunemba kwezepolitiki", uma sisusa leli gama lisuka "ngokulungisa ngokwezombusazwe", akusho lutho nje kuphela njengohlobo lokucwaninga.

Izinkolelo ezithile zamasiko zokusukela ngakwesobunxele ziye zaba yimibono yomphakathi okungekho muntu onelungelo lokubuyiselwa kuyo, noma ngabe bangososayensi, othisha noma abafundi. Noma yimuphi usosayensi ofuna ukuthola ukuqashelwa kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kufanele asebenzise ulimi "lokunemba kwezepolitiki." Ngakho-ke, "ukunemba kwezepolitiki" kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi "inkululeko ye-hucism", egcizelela ubuzenzisi bezinkululeko ezithiwe zisebenza njengama-fascists agunyaziwe (ICoppedge 2017).

Kuyacaca ukuthi "ukunemba kwezepolitiki" kuhlanekezela kangakanani isayensi, ngoba ibhubhisa yonke imigomo nemigomo yezesayensi yakudala. Lezi zinkambiso zingahle zibangezelwe njengobuntu, ukuvuleleka, ukunganakwa, ukungabaza, ezithathwa kalula kwisayensi njengendaba yeqiniso, kanye nokwethembeka okulula nokuntula ubuzenzisi. Kodwa-ke, namuhla lokho obekungathathelwa phansi akusabhekwa njengalokho. Ekugcineni, ukuphikisa ukuthi okuthile kufakazelwa ngokungakhethi futhi kungafakazelwa ngokuphelele ngesikhathi lapho kunobufakazi obucindezelayo bokuphikisana (okwaziwa kososayensi abanekhono nabangakhethi) kumane kungukungathembeki nokungathembeki.

Kulesi senzakalo, intatheli uTom Nichols uthe:

"... Nginovalo lokuthi sisuka ekungabazeni okunempilo ngokwemvelo mayelana nezitatimende zabachwepheshe abahlukahlukene ekuqothulweni kombono wochwepheshe njengokuthi: kubhekwe ngabakwa-Google, ngokusekelwe ku-Wikipedia futhi kuvinjelwe amabhulogi ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kanye nabaqeqeshi, othisha kanye abafundi abaziyo futhi abanentshisekelo ... "(AmaNichols xnumx).

I-Wikipedia ne-YouTube njengomthombo "wolwazi"

I-Wikipedia ingenye yezingosi ze-Intanethi ezivakashelwa kakhulu, eziziveza njenge "encyclopedia" futhi yamukelwa ngabaningi abangafundile kanye nezingane zesikole njengomthombo weqiniso ongabazeki. Isayithi laqalwa ngo-2001 ngusomabhizinisi wase-Alabama ogama lakhe linguJimmy Wales. Ngaphambi kokusungula iWikipedia, uJimmy Wales wenza iphrojekthi ye-Intanethi iBomis, eyayisabalalisa izithombe zocansi ezikhokhelwayo, iqiniso alwela ngenkuthalo ukulisusa kumlando wakhe (UHansen xnumx; Ukufunda i-xnumx).

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi iWikipedia ithembekile, ngoba "noma yimuphi umsebenzisi angangeza i-athikili noma ahlele i-athikili ekhona." Lokhu kuyiqiniso-empeleni - empeleni, noma yiluphi ulwazi olungahambisani nezimfundiso ezinemikhuba ephikisayo nolwesobunxele luzohlungwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqinisekisa i-athikili ngaphansi kwayo lapho kunesikhungo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi yisikhungo abalamuli - abahleli abamele ukunyakaza okuthile kwenkululeko, ngokwesibonelo, umlamuli ovela ku- “LGBT +” - inhlangano engahlela noma yenqabe izinto zokwenziwa (I-Jackson 2009) Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwenqubomgomo yawo esemthethweni yokucatshangelwa kokungathathi hlangothi, i-Wikipedia inenkululeko eqinile yenkululeko nokukhetha sobala okusobala.

Kwindatshana esephephandabeni leFrancePageMagazine, uDavid Swingle uhlaziye futhi waveza ukuthi iphrojekthi yeWikipedia iveza iphuzu lokubukwa kwabahleli bayo abaphikelelayo nabajwayelekile, abanye babo (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezingxabano zenhlalo) bayizishoshovu ezifuna ukuthonya umbono womphakathi (Swingle xnumx) Isibonelo, iSwingle ibaliwe:

"... Qhathanisa [izindatshana zeWikipedia] ngo-Ann Coulter²) futhi mayelana noMichael Moore (Michael Moore³) I-athikili mayelana neCoulter yayiqukethe amagama we-9028 (kwi-9 ka-Agasti 2011 yonyaka). Kuleli nani, amagama e-3220 ayesesigabeni esithi "Contradictions and Criticism", echaza izigameko eziningi noCoulter futhi wacaphuna izingcaphuno zabasolwa ababemgxeka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabaswele nabanenkululeko. Okusho ukuthi, i-35,6% yendatshana enikelwe u-Ann Coulter yayizinikele ukuyiveza kukhanya embi, iphikisana futhi igcwele ukugxekwa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-athikili mayelana neMoore yayinamagama we-2876 (acishe alingane nevolumu evamile yezindikimba eziphathelene nezinombolo zezepolitiki ku-Wikipedia), lapho amagama e-130 ayesigabeni esithi "Contradictions". Le yi-4,5% yawo wonke ama-Moore athikili.

Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi umfundi "ongachemile" ukholelwa ukuthi uCoulter unempikiswano ephindwe kasishiyagalombili kuneMoore? ... "(Swingle xnumx).

Esihlokweni sakhe, intatheli uJoseph Farah ubhala ukuthi iWikipedia:

"... akagcini nje ngokusabalalisa ukunemba nokubandlulula. Lo ngumthengisi ogcwele wamanga nokunyundela, njengokuthi umhlaba ungakaze wazi ... "(UFarah 2008).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Wikipedia ithonywa kakhulu ubudlelwano bomphakathi okhokhelwayo kanye nabasebenzi bokuphatha isithunzi abasusa noma imaphi amaqiniso amabi mayelana namakhasimende abo bese bethula okuqukethwe okubandlululayo (UGrace 2007; IGohring 2007) Yize ukuhlela okukhokhelwayo kungavunyelwe, iWikipedia yenza okuncane ukulandela imithetho yayo, ikakhulukazi kubanikeli abakhulu.

Umsunguli weWikipedia, uLarry Sanger, ophume kulo msebenzi, uvumile ukuthi iWikipedia ayilandeli inqubomgomo yayo ebusisiwe yokungathathi hlangothi (I-Arrington 2016).

Umphenyi uBrian Martin ubhala emsebenzini wakhe:

“...Naphezu kokubambelela kumhlahlandlela wabasebenzisi, ukuhlela okuhlelekile okuchemile kungenzeka ku-Wikipedia, okugcinwa kugcinwe njalo. Izindlela zokuhlela okufakwe ku-Wikipedia okuchemile zihlanganisa ukususa imininingwane eyakhayo, ukwengeza ulwazi olubi, ukusebenzisa imithombo enokuchema, kanye nokwenza ihaba ngokubaluleka kwezihloko ezithile. Ukugcina ukwenzelela kokungenayo, noma ngabe kukhonjiswe abanye abasebenzisi, amasu abalulekile ahlanganisa ukungahleleki okufakiwe, ukuphoqelela imithetho ye-Wikipedia ngokukhetha, nokuvimbela abahleli...” (UMartin 2017).

Zonke izindatshana ze-Wikipedia ku-LGBT + kufanele zivunyelwe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi abalamuli, futhi noma yimaphi amaqiniso angathandeki kubo asuswa ezintweni zokwakha. Umbuso wokulamula wommeli we-LGBT + uphoqelekile kuzo zonke izihloko ze-LGBT +, futhi ngumlamuli onqume ukuthi kuzoshicilelwa ini nokuthi yini ezingeke. umthetho I-Wikipedia.

Ngakho-ke, yonke imibhalo ye-Wikipedia ehlobene ne-LGBT + ichemile, iyazenzela, futhi imele kuphela ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane ehlelwe ngokucophelela evela emithonjeni yobuciko ethandabuzekayo noma evamise ukungabi ngokwesayensi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungeze i-athikili entsha kuphela, noma wengeze i-athikili esivele ikhona, kepha ngisho nokushintsha igama elilodwa elilodwa uma liphikisana nemfundiso engashiwongo "okuhle noma lutho".

Cishe izibonelo ezingama-300 zokuzibandakanya kweWikipedia, kufaka udaba lwe-LGBT +, ezibhalwe kuwebhusayithi yeConservapedia (I-Conservapedia 2018).

Isibonelo, ku-Wikipedia, isikhathi eside kakhulu, i-athikili ekhuluma ngokuziphatha kobungqingili phakathi kwezilwane (yona uqobo enobandlululo, bheka iSahluko 2) yayinomusho ongenangqondo mayelana “nezinhlobo eziyi-1500 zezilwane zobungqingili”, okwethulwe yiWikipedia njengeqiniso lesayensi - ngaphandle kokuthi ayikho imithombo ecaphuna lezi zibalo. Eqinisweni, lesiqubulo sokukhangisa savulwa umsebenzi waseNorway Museum of Natural History ogama lakhe linguPetter Böckmann ngesikhathi senhlangano yombukiso ngonyaka we-2006, uBöckmann kanye no silethwe yena embhalweni we-Wikipedia ngonyaka we-2007. Eminyakeni engu-11 kuphela kamuva, imininingwane yasuswa: phakathi nengxoxo, uBöckman akazange akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngomthombo futhi wavuma ukuthi lesi sitatimende sikhona: 

Ekugcineni, njengoba abaphathi beWikipedia bethi:

“… I-Wikipedia yiwebhusayithi yangasese ephethwe yi-Wikimedia Foundation ephethwe ngasese futhi isetshenziswa kuphela yiBhodi Labaxhasi le-Wikimedia Foundation. I-Wikipedia kanye ne-Wikimedia Foundation bakhululekile ukusetha imithetho yabo maqondana nokuthi ngubani ongabhala futhi ahlele izindatshana kusayithi ... Njengewebhusayithi yangasese, iWikipedia inamalungelo okuvimba, ukwenqabela nokuvimbela ngenye indlela ikhono lomfundi funda noma uhlele okuqukethwe kwesayithi nganoma yisiphi isizathu, noma ngaphandle kwesizathu ... I-Wikimedia Foundation inelungelo lokushintsha imithetho yayo nganoma yisiphi isizathu ebona sidingeka - noma ngaphandle kwesizathu, ngoba "ufuna" ... "(I-Wikipedia: Inkulumo Yamahhala 2018).

Yile "encyclopedia" okungumthombo oyinhloko "wolwazi" mayelana nomhlaba wonke wenani elikhulu labantu abasha ...

Omunye umthombo wolwazi wabasekeli banamuhla insizakalo yokubamba amavidiyo e-YouTube, ephethwe yinhlangano enkulu yakwaGoogle. Isayithi le-YouTube lizimise ngokomthetho njengesisetshenziswa samahhala okuthi ngokungaphazamisi isisetshenziswa sisekele i-LGBTKIAP +, noma izinkulumo eziphika ubuqili be-LGBTKIAP +. Lokhu akunjalo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, i-YouTube isanda ngokumangalelwa ngokuvimbela ukubuka okuvimbelayo (UCarlson 2018) Ukucindezela ku-YouTube kufakwe ngaphansi kwesiteshi esithi “PragerU” nezinye iziteshi eziveza iphuzu lokubuka elihlukile ekubukweni kwezazi zezikhulu zenkululeko.

Izintatheli ze-FoxNews zisho imemo yangaphakathi ye-YouTube YouTube eza nazo ngo-Ephreli 2017, ezinemininingwane yokuthi ukucwaswa kwamavidiyo kwenzeka kanjani. Enye yezizathu zokuthi ubukhulu bokuvalwa kwe-YouTube abonakali kubantu abaningi yingoba inkampani ihlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuthi ingasuli yonke ividiyo efuna ukuyihlolisisa. Esikhundleni salokho, "imodi ekhawulelwe" yenzelwe amavidiyo amaningi.⁴. Amavidiyo anjalo avinjelwe ngamakhampasi, izikole, imitapo yolwazi nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi; azikwazi ukubukwa ngabancane kanye nabasebenzisi abangabhalisiwe. Okuqukethwe okuvinjelwe isayithi kuthunyelwa ngenhloso ekugcineni, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuthola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhwelwe amademoni: labo ababathumele abakwazi ukuthola imali kubo, kungakhathalekile inani lokubukwa.

Cabanga, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi i-New York Times yayeka ukuthengisa ku-newsagent - ungayithola, kodwa ngokuthenga kuphela. Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, - mahhala. Lokho wukuthi, abashicileli benqatshelwe ukwenza imali ngokuthengisa amaphephandaba. Ngokusobala, lezo zenzo zingawela ngaphansi kwencazelo yokumelwa.

Yiziphi izindlela zokuhlola amavidiyo e-YouTube? Njengoba kushiwo memo, ukubalwa kwabantu kufaka phakathi, ngicaphuna, "okuqukethwe yimpikiswano yenkolo noma ye-chauvinistic", kanye "nokuqukethwe okuphikisana kakhulu nokuvusa inkanuko." Akunakuchazwa ukuthi kuyini - okuqukethwe yimpikiswano, inkolo, inkolo noma okuvusa inkanuko - akunikiwanga. Isinqumo senziwa yi-YouTube, futhi sinepolitiki ngangokunokwenzeka.

AbakwaFoxNews bakhuluma ngesibonelo: I-YouTube ithole isiteshi i-PragerU ukuthi "ivusa inkanuko" yokuzama ukungabaza ngezinsolo zokucwasana ngobandlululo phakathi kwamaphoyisa ase-US. Uma ungabheki ukuthi wonke amaphoyisa aseMelika angabandlululo ngokobuhlanga, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwe-YouTube, wabelana "ngokuqukethwe okuphikisana kakhulu nokuvusa inkanuko." Ngakho-ke i-video ethi "PragerU" yenziwa amademoni futhi, eqinisweni, kwathiwa ivusa inzondo. Ngasikhathi sinye, amavidiyo athi "angabamhlophe ngokwendalo" ahlala ku-YouTube ngaphandle kwemikhawulo.

Imemo inikeza ukuqonda okusobala kokuthi i-YouTube ithatha kuphi ama-censors. Lo mbhalo uchaza ukuthi inkampani izimisele “enkululekweni yobunikazi, okubandakanya lezo zinzuzo ezingumkhiqizo wokwehlukahlukana nokubandakanya konke.” Phakathi kwalabo i-YouTube ebanikeze igunya lokulwa "nokuqukethwe okwedlulele" kwakuyinhlangano enikeza inkululeko ngokubabazekayo, kubandakanya ukubukwa kwe- "LGBT +", - "Southern Poverty Law Center" (Ithonya; I-Thiessen 2018).

Abahlukumezi abahlukumezayo

Amaningi, axhaswe kahle futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amaqembu anomthelela nezinhlangano ezinjengeSouthern Poverty Law Center, sisebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kweminyaka yama-1970s yekhulu lokugcina (bheka iSahluko 14), enza isimo lapho noma yisiphi isikhulumi, siphikisane ngokuphelele nesayensi , okungahambisani ne-rhetoric ye- "LGBT +", izingozi zokulahlekelwa yimali eningi - kusuka emsebenzini kuya empilweni. Noma ekuqaleni kwenkathi "yesayensi esezingeni eliphakeme" kanye "nokunemba kwezepolitiki", abacwaningi abagqugquzela imibono ehlukile 'kulayini ophambili weqembu' baba sengozini yokumangalelwa ngokuthi "undemocracy," "unity andityanity" (I-Marmor xnumx), "Ukungabinacala, ubuhlanga kanye nobandlululo" (U-Isay 1986) Ukusolwa okunjalo kusekelwa "isiko elijwayelekile" kwabezindaba futhi kubonise ibhizinisi.

USolwazi Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) wayengomunye wababaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sezenzo ezinyantisayo zobuholi be-American Psychiatric Association ngo-1973, wenza yonke imizamo yokususa ubungqingili ohlwini lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, uSpertzer wenza inhlangano ye "LGBT", mhlawumbe edlula eminye, ukuthola inhlonipho negunya emphakathini we-LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Kodwa-ke, cishe eminyakeni engama-30 kamuva, engqungqutheleni ye-American Psychiatric Association ngo-2001, uSpitzer wabika ngemiphumela yocwaningo lwakamuva lokuthi "amaphesenti angama-66 amadoda kanye namaphesenti angama-44 abesifazane bathole izinga elihle lokusebenza ngobungqingili," okuwukuthi, "babelondoloze ubudlelwano obuzinzile nobothando phakathi kwabo nobungqingili unyaka wonke, ukuthola ukwaneliseka okwanele kusuka ebudlelwaneni obungokomzwelo nomlingani wabo, kulinganiswe okungenani amaphuzu angu-7 esikalini samaphoyinti ayi-10, ukuya ocansini nomlingani ocansini ku-cr okungenani inyanga nenyanga, futhi awukaze noma ucabangele ngamehlo engqondo ukuthintana kwabantu bobungqingili ngesikhathi sobulili ”; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imiphumela yashicilelwa ephephandabeni i-Archives of Sexual Behaviour (Spitzer 2001; 2003a). Lokhu bekuphikisana ngokuphelele nezimfundiso zenkohliso ze-LGBT mayelana nemvelo okuthiwa ayikwazi ukuguquguquka. Isihogo saqubuka eSpitzer: “Namuhla, iqhawe lombutho wezitabane lazumeka uJuda” (van den Aarweg 2012). Indatshana kaSpitzer igxekwe kabuhlungu ngabashushisi abaziwayo bezokwelapha abacindezelayo abanjengo A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kenneth Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, no Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, njengoba uDkt Christopher Rowickick aphawula, ezinye zezinto ezigxekwe kakhulu zomsebenzi ka-Spitzer zika-2003 bezimi kanjena: lolu cwaningo belusekelwe ezingxoxweni zomuntu siqu ezivela kusampula ethathwe ezinhlanganweni zokubonisana kanye neNational Association for the Study and Treatment ofungqingili (NARTH) (Wilde 2004 ) Leli izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobuzenzisi: umsebenzi lapho imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-LGBT yethulwa yagxekwa ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo esetshenziswa emsebenzini wokumela we-LGBT, isibonelo isifundo se-Shidlo noSchroeder futhi sasuselwa emibikweni yomuntu (ye-Shidlo ne-Schroeder 2002 ) Eqinisweni, wonke amasayensi ezengqondo namanye amasayensi ezenhlalo ancike kakhulu ekuxhumaneni komuntu siqu kanye nemibiko yokuzenzela izinto zocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yezincwadi zokumemezela ze-LGBT ezimayelana nezingane ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo zincike emasampula amancane aqoqwe izinhlangano zobungqingili (Amamaki 2012).

Ekugcineni, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi yenzondo ebhekene naye, uSpitzer wazinikezela. Eminyakeni engu-80 yobudala, wabhala incwadi eya kubahleli be-Archives of Sexual Behavier emcela ukuthi ahoxise i-Article (Spitzer 2012). Ubuye waxolisa kuwo wonke umphakathi wobungqingili "ngokulimaza." UDkt van den Aardweg ukhumbula ingxoxo yocingo noProfessor Spitzer, esikhathini esithile ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwendatshana yakhe ngo-2003, lapho akhulume ngokuzama ukumelana nokugxekwa: (Spitzer 2003b): “Ngambuza ukuthi uzoqhubeka yini nocwaningo lwakhe, noma azame noma yini? Ngabe usebenza nabantu abanezinkinga zobungqingili abafuna usizo lochwepheshe "oluhlukile", okungukuthi, usizo nokuxhaswa ukuze aguqule izintshisekelo zabo zobungqingili kubantu abathandana nobungqingili ... Impendulo yakhe ibingalingani. Cha, ngeke esaphinde athinta le ndaba. Ucishe waphuka ngokomzwelo ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kabi kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili kanye nabasekeli babo. Kwakuwumfudlana wenzondo. Umuntu angaphuka ngempela ngenxa yento ebuhlungu enjalo. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Omunye umcwaningi omsebenzi wakhe uvame ukucashunwa izishoshovu zobungqingili nguProfessor Charles Roselli wase-University of Oregon. USolwazi Roselli ucwaninga izinqubo ze-neurobiological kumamodeli wezimvu ezifuywayo. Esikhathini sokuqala somsebenzi wakhe, uSolwazi Roselli wenza ucwaningo lokufunda ngokuziphatha kobunye bezimvu ezifuywayo. Ubuye waphakamisa ukuthi ukungalingani okuthile kwe-hormonal intrauterine kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kocansi kwezinqama. Ezincwadini zakhe zokuqala ngale ndaba, izifundo zikaSolwazi Roselli zigxile kuphela ekuthuthukiseni ukuzalaniswa kwezimvu kanye nemiphumela yayo kwezomnotho, futhi uRoselli wavuma ukuthi kumele kufundwe ngokuziphatha kwabantu kwezocansi ngamamodeli wezilwane, wathi: "Ucwaningo okuhloswe ngalo ukuqonda izinto ezilawula indlela yokuziphatha kwezocansi nokuzala Izimvu zibaluleke kakhulu ngokuzalaniswa kwezimvu. Imininingwane etholakala ezintweni ezenziwa yi-hormonal, neural, genetic kanye nezemvelo ezinquma ukuthi abalingani bezocansi kufanele bakhethe ukukhetha okungcono kwezimvu futhi ngenxa yalokho, inenani lezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo futhi luhambisana nokuqonda okubanzi kokuqonda ukuthuthukiswa nokulawulwa kwezisusa zocansi nokukhethwa komlingani ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi abantu. Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuziphatha kobulili kwenqama ebhekiswe komunye umuntu wesilisa akunakulinganiswa ngokuqinile nobungqingili bomuntu, ngoba ukuthambekela kobulili kumuntu kufaka ukuqonda, imicabango kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nokuziphatha okubonakalayo kocansi ”(Roselli 2004, k. . 243).

Esihlokweni sakhe sokubuyekeza ngo-2004, uProfesa Roselli wavuma ukuthi akatholanga ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bethiyori yakhe [ye-intrauterine hormonal imbalance], futhi wakhuluma ngemibono ehlukahlukene ukuchaza ukuziphatha kobulili obufanayo kwezinye izinqama (Roselli 2004, pp. 236 – 242). Emisebenzini yakhe, u-Roselli wayezwela kakhulu kubantu be-LGBT ekwakhekeni nasekuchazeni kwakhe, futhi ngokuqinisekile akazange nangayiphi indlela aveze imibono yokungabaza ye-LGBT.

Noma kunjalo, uSolwazi Roselli wahlukunyezwa futhi washushiswa izishoshovu ze-LGBT zokuvula ama-autopsies egumbini lakhe lokuhlinza - yize kungekho enye indlela eshibhile yokufunda i-ram anatomy (iCloud 2007). URoselli wamemezela "i-Homophobic" kanye "ne-flayer." Esihlokweni esithi “Hands Off Gay Sheep!” kuyi-London Sunday Times, uRoselli wabizwa ngokuthi “inhloko yokuqopha uzungu ngabantu abathandana nobungqingili” (Ersly 2013, k. 48). I-PETA, ngesimo sommeleli wayo, umsubathi owaziwayo futhi oyisishoshovu se-LGBT + ukunyakaza uMartina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), ujoyine isiphithiphithi esikhuphukayo. Izishoshovu zithumele uRoselli kanye nezisebenzi ezahlukahlukene zeNyuvesi yase-Oregon ngezincwadi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ezinsongo nezinhlamba ("udinga ukudubula!", "Sicela ufe!", Umc. 2013 (Ersly 49, k. XNUMX).

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lapho uRoselli, mhlawumbe efundiswa yisipiliyoni esibuhlungu semibono evamile yokuphikisa, eshintshela enkulumweni ye- "LGBT +" - ukunyakaza, esihlokweni esilandelayo wabhala: "Okuthandwa ngabalingani bezocansi kubantu kungafundwa ngezinhlobo zezilwane kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ezikhethekile ... Naphezu kokungapheleli , kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zokuncanywa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ukulingisa isimo somuntu sokuya ocansini ”(Roselli 2018, p. 3).

UDkt. Ray Milton Blanchard weNyuvesi yaseToronto uyisikhulu ku-sexology futhi wasebenza eKomidini elincane le-American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity elathuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-DSM-IV. UDkt. Blanchard ucabange ukuthi ukukhangwa abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo (okubandakanya i-pedophilia yobulili obufanayo) kanye ne-transsexualism (DSM-IV gender identity disorder, manje eyi-DSM-5 gender dysphoria) kubangelwa izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba ezithize ezifana nalezo zobulili besilisa. ukungahambisani (Blanchard 1996) . Nakuba inkulumo yesayensi kaDkt. Blanchard ivinjelwe kakhulu futhi icishe ibe yi-LGBT-propagandistic, ushushiswa izishoshovu ze-LGBT ngenxa yenkolelo yakhe yokuthi i-transsexualism ingukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Lokhu kuyinto ehlambalazayo emibonweni yesimanje ye-LGBT, yingakho uDkt. Blanchard egxekwe kabuhlungu izishoshovu ezithile ze-LGBT (Wyndzen 2003). Ngaphezu kwalokho, engxoxweni, uBlanchard waphawula: "Ngingathi, uma ungaqala kusukela ekuqaleni, ungawunaki umlando wonke wokukhishwa kobungqingili ku-DSM, ubulili obuvamile buphathelene nokuzala" (Cameron 2013). Ngokuphathelene ne-transsexualism, uDkt. Blanchard wathi: "Isinyathelo sokuqala ekufakeni ipolitiki ye-transsexualism-kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthanda noma ngokumelene nayo-ukuyishaya indiva noma ukuphika imvelo yayo eyisisekelo njengohlobo lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo" (Blanchard 2017 ku-Twitter).

Isishoshovu se-LGBT esivela kuphrojekthi ye-Bilerico sabhala ngoBlanchard: “Ukube uDkt. Kodwa akunjalo - ngokuphambene nalokho, wayesekomidini le-American Psychiatric Association elibhekene ne-paraphilias kanye nokuphazamiseka kocansi "(Tannehill 2014). Uma uthola incazelo kahle, isishoshovu sikhala ngokuthi uDkt. Blanchard "unegunya" uma kungenjalo "kungaba lula ukumehlisa isithunzi." Yilokho kuphela.

UDkt. Mark Regnerus waseNyuvesi yaseTexas wayengenagunya likaBlanchard ngenkathi eshicilela lokho akutholile ngonyaka ka-2012 ephephandabeni elibukezelwa ontanga ukuthi i-Social Science Research ithi ukukhulisa ubungqingili kuzithinta kabi izingane (uRegnerus 2012). Ukushicilelwa kwabangela umphumela webhomu eliqhumayo kude kakhulu komphakathi wososayensi abasebenza emkhakheni wezenhlalo yomndeni. Lokhu kutholwa bekuphikisana nokubekwa phambili, okwakusungulwe emphakathini wesayensi waseMelika okhululekileyo kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000s mayelana nokungabikhona kwethonya lokuthanda kwabazali ubulili ezinganeni futhi kwabangela ulaka lokuzibandakanya komphakathi wobungqingili. URegnerus waphinde wabizwa ngokuthi "yi-Homophobia" futhi wayesolwa ngemiphumela yakhe ngokumangalelwa “kwemishado” yobungqingili (le ndaba yenzeka ngaphambi kwesinqumo esidumile seNkantolo Ephakeme YaseMelika), noma uRegnerus engazange azise lezo zimpikiswano kuleyo ndaba. Abezindaba zenkululeko bake babiza uRegnerus ngokuthi "indlovu esitolo sezitolo zase China" (Ferguson 2012).

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uGary Gates, umqondisi weSikhungo Sokuziphatha Kokubhekelwa Ezokuziphatha Kobulili kanye ne-Gender Identity eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, uhole iqembu labezenhlalonhle elinobungani be-LGBT abasayine incwadi kumhleli-omkhulu wephephabhuku lesayensi yezenhlalo elibacela ukuba baqoke iqembu lezifundo ezinolwazi olukhethekile ekukhulisweni kwabazali kwi-LGBT Ukubhala isiphetho esinemininingwane ebucayi mayelana nendatshana nguRegnerus (Gates 2012).

Isimo esikhona salokho ukuthi uGary Gates, osebudlelwaneni bobulili obufana nobakhe, wagxekwa kakhulu yizishoshovu ze-LGBT "njengezimbangi ezinhlelweni" (Ferguson 2012) ngokushicilela ucwaningo lokuthi ngamaphesenti ama-3,8 kuphela abantu baseMelika abaziveza njengobungqingili ( IGates 2011a). Lokhu kuphambene nesitatimende esithi "10%" esivela emsebenzini wesazi sokudla esidumile u-Alfred Kinsey, esimelela enye yezimangalo ze-LGBT. Njengoba uGates ahlanganyela ngokungananazi, "Lapho ucwaningo lwami selushicilelwa okokuqala, ama-blogger ayizitabane ezivelele kanye nabalandeli bawo bangibiza ngokuthi" anginankinga, "bahleka kakhulu umsebenzi wami, futhi bangiqhathanisa namaNazi” (Gates 2011b).

Kunoma yikuphi, ngemuva konyaka nje, uGates wahola ekushushisweni kukaRegnerus kanye nocwaningo lwakhe lwe-LGBT-skeptical. Isishoshovu se-LGBT uScott Rose uthumele incwadi evulelekile kumongameli waseNyuvesi yaseTexas, efuna ukuthi abakwaRegnerushi bayishicilele ngoba bethi bayicala lobugebengu. Inyuvesi yaphendula ngokuthi isiqalile isivivinyo sokuthola ukuthi ngabe ukushicilelwa kweRegneruser “kunesidenge” yini ukuze kuqale uphenyo olusemthethweni. Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku akuzange kuveze noma yikuphi ukungahambisani nezenzo ezenziwa yiRegnerus ngemigomo yokuziphatha efanelekile yesayensi, futhi akuzange kwenziwe uphenyo. Kodwa-ke, le ndaba yayisekude. U-Regnerus uhlukunyezwe yi-blogosphere, abezindaba kanye nokushicilelwa okusemthethweni, hhayi nje kuphela ngendlela yokugxekwa komsebenzi wakhe wesayensi (izindlela zokuhlaziya kanye nokusebenza kwedatha yezibalo), kodwa futhi nangendlela yokuthukwa komuntu siqu nokusongela impilo kanye nokuphila (Wood 2012).

UChristian Smith, uprofesa wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nomqondisi weSikhungo Sokufundwa Kwezenkolo kanye Nenhlangano e-University of Notre Dame, uphawule ngalesi sehlakalo: “Labo abahlasela uRegnerus ngeke bavume obala izinhloso zabo zangempela zezepolitiki, ngakho-ke isu labo bekungukudelela yena enza "isayensi embi". Lokhu kungamanga. Indatshana yakhe [yeRegnerus] ayiphelele - futhi akukho ndatshana eke yalunga. Kepha ngokombono wesayensi, lokhu akukubi kunalokho okuvame ukushicilelwa kumaphephabhuku ezenhlalo. Akungatshazwa ukuthi ukube uRegnerus wayeshicilele imiphumela ephambene esebenzisa indlela efanayo, akekho umuntu owayengakhalaza ngezindlela zakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho noyedwa wabagxeki bakhe owaveza ukukhathazeka kwakhe mayelana nezifundo zangaphambilini ngesihloko esifanayo, amaphutha awo abucayi kakhulu kunokulinganiselwa okuxoxwe ngakho ngokuningile enhlokweni kaRegnerus. Ngokusobala, izifundo ezibuthakathaka ezifinyelela eziphethweni "ezilungile" zamukeleka ngaphezu kwezifundo ezinamandla ezikhiqiza imiphumela "emangazayo" "(Smith 2012).

UDkt. Lawrence Meyer noDkt Paul McHugh, abashicilele ukubuyekeza kabanzi kocwaningo lwesayensi eNew Atlantis, olunesihloko esithi Sexuality and Gender: Findings from the Biological, Psychological, and Social Sciences, babe ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu evela enhlanganweni ye-LGBT + (Hodges 2016). Emsebenzini wabo, ababhali bakhombise ngokunethezeka nangokucophelela okukhulu ukungabi nasisekelo kwenkulumo yobungqingili maqondana nembangela yokuhehwa kobungqingili, bephetha ngokuthi "ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo, ezengqondo nezenhlalo ... akwembulanga buphi ubufakazi besayensi kwezinye zezimangalo ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu mayelana nezocansi" (Mayer noMcHugh 2016, ikhasi 7).

UDkt Quentin van Mieter, uzakwabo kaMayer noMcHugh eJohns Hopkins University, uthe ekuqaleni, uMayer noMcHugh bahlela ukushicilela i-athikili yabo kwamanye amaphephabhuku amakhulu asezingeni eliphakeme ababukeze ontanga ababhekele ukubuyekezwa kontanga, kodwa abahleli babenqaba kaninginingi, begcizelela iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi wabo "Kwezepolitiki akulungile" (Van Meter 2017).

I-athikili eyabhalwa nguMayer noMcHugh yahlaselwa ngokushesha ngobudlova yizishoshovu ze-LGBT + - inhlangano. I-Human Rights Campaign (HRC), okuthi ngokwewebhusayithi yayo, ibe ngummeleli omkhulu we-LGBT + futhi enesabelomali sonyaka esiyizigidi ezingama- $ 50, ishicilele amazwana ngoMayer noMcHugh, ichaza ukuthi lababhali "Ukulahlekisa", "ukusabalalisa inzondo", njll. Izishoshovu zaqala ukufaka ingcindezi kubahleli balo magazini, zifuna ukudicilela phansi lo mbhalo (Hanneman 2016). Abahleli balo magazini baphinde baphoqeleka ukuba bashicilele incwadi esemthethweni bephendula izinsolo zakwa-HRC ezibizwa nge- “Amanga Nobuxhwanguxhwangu beSikhankaso Samalungelo Abantu,” lapho baphawula khona ngokunye ukuhlaselwa okulimaza kakhulu. Abahleli beNew Atlantis baphawula: “Lo mzamo owenyanyekayo wokusabisa yinto eyonakalisayo yesayensi, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqeda ubukhona bokungavumelani okuhloniphekayo ezindabeni zesayensi eziphikisanayo. Amasu wokuqagela walolu hlobo abukela phansi umoya ocwaningweni olukhululekile futhi ovulekile, izikhungo zesayensi okufanele zisekele ”(Abahleli beThe New Atlantis 2016).

Injabulo efanayo evela kuzishoshovu ze-LGBT ihlotshaniswa nokushicilelwa kukaDkt. Lisa Littman, uprofesa osizayo wesayensi yokuziphatha nezenhlalo eBrown University. UDkt. Littman ufunde ngezizathu zokuqubuka kwe-“rapid-start gender dysphoria” (igama le-adolescent transsexualism) kubantu abasha futhi waphetha ngokuthi isifiso sabo esizumayo sokushintshwa kobulili singasatshalaliswa kontanga futhi singase sibe indlela yokubhekana nezinkinga zeminyaka yobudala. -ubunzima obuhlobene (Littman 2018). Ngaphambi kokuzibiza ngokuthi “ama-transgender,” intsha ibuke amavidiyo amayelana nokwabiwa kabusha kobulili, ixhumana nabantu abashintsha ubulili ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, futhi ifunde izinsiza ze-“transgender”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babengabangane nomunye noma ngaphezulu transsexuals. Ingxenye yesithathu yabaphendulile ibike ukuthi uma okungenani benentsha eyodwa eshintsha ubulili emibuthanweni yabo yezenhlalo, ngaphezu kwengxenye yentsha kuleli qembu nayo yaqala ukukhomba “njenge-transgender.” Iqembu lapho i-50% yamalungu alo eba "i-transgender" iphakeme izikhathi ezingu-70 kunokwanda okulindelekile kwalesi simo phakathi kwabantu abasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-dysphoria yobulili, i-62% yabaphenduli babenokuxilongwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwempilo yengqondo noma ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodevelopmental. Futhi emacaleni angu-48%, abaphendulile babe nesenzakalo esibuhlungu noma esicindezelayo ngaphambi kokuqala “kwe-dysphoria yobulili,” okuhlanganisa ubuxhwanguxhwangu, ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi, noma isehlukaniso sabazali. UDkt. Littman wasikisela ukuthi okuthiwa. ukuthelelana emphakathini kanye nokuthelelana phakathi kwabantu kudlala indima enkulu ezimbangela zokungahloniphi ubulili. Esokuqala "ukusabalala komthelela noma ukuziphatha kulo lonke iqembu labantu" (Marsden 1998). Okwesibili "inqubo lapho umuntu kanye nontanga bethonya ngokufanayo ngezindlela ezivuselela imizwelo nokuziphatha okungahle kulimaze ukuthuthukiswa kwabo noma ukulimaza abanye" (Dishion and Tipsord 2011). Imiphumela yocwaningo yaze yafakwa nakusizindalwazi seBrown University. Kepha le ncwadi, njengoba bekulindelekile, yahlangatshezwana nezinsolo zokuthi “transphobia” kanye nezimfuno zokuthi kuhlolwe abantu. Abaphathi benyuvesi bavele bavuma ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha basusa isihloko socwaningo kuwebhusayithi yabo. Ngokusho komphathi, izishoshovu zomphakathi zasenyuvesi “zizwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi okutholwe yilolu cwaningo kungasetshenziswa ukugxeka imizamo yokuxhasa intsha eshintsha ubulili futhi indiva imibono yamalungu omphakathi oshintsha ubulili” (Kearns 2018).

UProfesa Jeffrey S. Flier, owayengumphathi we-Harvard Medical School, waphawula ngale ndaba: “Kuyo yonke iminyaka yami ngisesikhungweni semfundo ephakeme, angikaze ngikubone ukusabela okunjalo okuvela ephephabhukwini ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwesihloko lo magazini owawususihlolile kakade. , ibuyekezwe ontanga, futhi yamukelwe.” ukuze ishicilelwe. Umuntu angacabanga kuphela ukuthi lokhu kusabela kwakuyingxenye enkulu yokusabela ekucindezelweni okukhulu kanye nezinsongo - ezicacile noma ezicacile - ukuthi okubi kakhulu kwe-social media backlash kwakuzokwehlela i-PLOS One uma kungekho senzo sokucwaninga "(Flier 2018) .

USolwazi Kenneth Zucker waseNyuvesi yaseToronto ungumqondisi wangaphambilini (owavalwa ngoDisemba wonyaka ka-2015) Umtholampilo Wobulili Bomama Kwezingane kanye Nemindeni eCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).

USolwazi Zucker ushicilele uhlu oluhlaba umxhwele lwemisebenzi yokuphazamiseka kobulili, wayeyilungu leqembu elisebenza ngokuhlelwa kwe-DSM-IV ne-DSM-IV-TR futhi wahola i-American Psychiatric Association's Sexual and Gender Identity Disfall Working Group ye-American "DSM-5." Kunzima ukubiza uSolwazi Zucker ukuthi ungungabazi we-LGBT, futhi bekungaphansi kobuholi bakhe ukuthi i-American Psychiatric Association "yavuselela" ukutholwa kwe-"identity identity disorder" kuya ku- "dysphoria", isusa igama elithi "ukuphazamiseka" kusukela ekuxilongeni kuya ekunqobeni kwabantu be-LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Ngandlela thize, endaweni yangaphambili ye-Gender Identity Clinic, uSolwazi Zucker usebenze neziguli ezineminyaka eyi-3 kuye kweyi-18, ngokuphambene nezimiso ezijwayelekile zezinsizakalo zezingane "ezinobulili" eCanada, ezihlinzeka ngalo lonke usizo olungase lube khona ekushintsheni ubulili. izingane ezinjalo - ukusekelwa ekuvezeni ubulili obufunwayo ngokushintsha amagama, izingubo, ukuziphatha nezinye izindlela - kuze kube yilapho izingane zifinyelela iminyaka esemthethweni yokuhlinzwa nokuthatha amahomoni. Esikhundleni salokho, uDkt. Zucker wayekholelwa ukuthi kule minyaka encane, ubunikazi bobulili bulula kakhulu futhi i-dysphoria yobulili izodamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (uZucker noBradley 1995). Le ndlela yayiphambene nemibono ye-LGBT, futhi umsebenzi kaDkt. Zucker sekuyisikhathi eside ungaphansi kwengcindezi yezishoshovu ze-LGBT. Naphezu kokuba khona okubonwayo kwamamodeli okwelapha ahlukene e-Gender Identity Disorder (Ehrensaft 2017), abaphathi beSikhungo Sokulutha kanye Nezempilo Yengqondo banqume ukwenza ucwaningo lwemisebenzi kaDkt. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Ababuyekezi abakhethiwe babhale embikweni wabo, "Phakathi nokubuyekezwa, izindikimba ezimbili ezivelele zavela njengokukhathazeka kwababuyekezi: okokuqala, ukuthi umtholampilo ubonakala usebenza njengento engaphandle ohlelweni lwe-Addiction and Mental Health Centre ikakhulukazi kanye emphakathini jikelele, futhi - okwesibili, imisebenzi yoMtholampilo ayihambisani nenqubo yesimanje yomtholampilo nokusebenza. Impendulo evela kumakhasimende kanye nababambiqhaza ibe kokubili emihle futhi engemihle mayelana noMtholampilo. Amanye amaklayenti angaphambili ayejabule kakhulu ngensizakalo ayitholile, kuyilapho abanye benomuzwa wokuthi indlela yochwepheshe yayingasizi, ikhungathekisa futhi ingasizi ngalutho. Umphakathi oqeqeshiwe uye waqaphela igalelo lezemfundo lomtholampilo, kuyilapho abanye ababambiqhaza bezwakalise ukukhathazeka ngemodeli yamanje yokunakekelwa. " (CAMH 2016).

Ababuyekezi baphinde babhala ukuthi bamema abathintekayo abangaziwa ukuthi bazophawula ngesipiliyoni sabo emtholampilo, omunye wathi uDkt Zucker “wamcela ukuba akhumule ihembe phambi kwabanye odokotela ababekhona, wahleka uma evuma, wabe esembiza. 'i-parasite encane enoboya.' (Singal 2016a). UDkt. Zucker waxoshwa ngokushesha (isisebenzi sesibili salo mtholampilo esigcwele ngokugcwele, uDkt. Haley Wood, wayexoshwe ngaphambili), ngakho umtholampilo wobunikazi bobulili wavalwa. Hhayi-ke, iqiniso lokuthi "abanye ababambiqhaza bazwakalise ukukhathazeka" (naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhuba we-Gender Identity Clinic wawuthole ukuqashelwa kwezemfundo) kanye nezinsolo ezingenabufakazi zokuphathwa okungekho emthethweni-okuthe, ngendlela, eyahoxiswa ngummangaleli (Singal 2016b) -kwakwanele ukusebenzisa ukucwaninga okuqinile.

UDkt Robert Oscar Lopez waseCalifornia State University, yena uqobo akhulele kubo bobabili abathandana nobungqingili, futhi wazibheka njengophilayo, wanyathelisa udaba ngo-2012, "Ukukhula NamaMama Amabili: Ukubuka Kwezingane Zakwa-Untold", ekhuluma ngesipiliyoni sakhe esingesihle sokukhulisa i-pair ezimbili abesifazane, okwathi kamuva bamguqula waba yi-LGBT eyangabazayo ngomshado wobungqingili nokwamukelwa kwezingane. Lokhu kuholele izinsolo zokuhlukumeza kanye nokubloga ngokushesha (Flaherty 2015). ULopez uqhubeke nokubhala enkulumweni efanayo, ngenxa yalokho wafakwa ezinhlwini “zenkulumo enenzondo” yezinhlangano zenkulumo-ze ze-LGBT ezinjengeHuman Rights Campaign (abasebenzi be-HRC ngo-2014) kanye ne-GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Noma yisiphi isitatimende esithokomele kunazo zonke se-LGBT-skeptical sivele sithathwe njengenzondo.

Lokhu kufakazelwa nawowesifazane okhuliswe ngabathandana nabobulili obufanayo, uHeather Barwick, owashicilela isimomondiya sakhe - ngaphakathi kwe-ghetto yolwazi yabezindaba yemibono yendabuko - incwadi evulekele umphakathi "we-LGBT +". UBarwick uthe ngokungafani nezingane ezisindile esehlukanisweni, futhi ngokungafani nezingane ezitholwe abantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, izingane ezithandana nabobulili obufanayo ziyagxekwa uma zithatha isinqumo sokukhononda ngesimo sazo: “… Sibaningi kakhulu. Abaningi bethu besaba kakhulu ukukhuluma futhi bakutshele ngokuhlupheka nobuhlungu bethu, ngoba nganoma yisiphi isizathu, kubonakala sengathi awulaleli. Ongafuni ukukuzwa. Uma sithi siyahlupheka ngoba sikhuliswe ngabazali bobulili obufanayo, asinakwa noma sibizwa njengabazondayo ... ”(uBarwick 2015). Ngemuva kwenyanga, enye indodakazi yabashadikazi abathandana nabobulili obufanayo yashicilela incwadi yayo evulekile, igxeka isiko lobushiqela lomphakathi we- "LGBT +" okulo: “... Angisoze ngazibheka njengabantu abangabekezeleli nabazicabangela bona njengomphakathi we-LGBT, odinga ukubekezelelana okushisayo nokunothando, kodwa ayibonisi ukubekezelelana, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nasemalungwini ayo. Empeleni, lo mphakathi uhlasela noma ngubani ongavumelani nawo, noma ngabe ukungavumelani kuvezwe ngenhliziyo enjani ... ”(Walton 2015).

Ukuhlanekezelwa kwesayensi ngenxa yombono

Ososayensi kanye nabo bonke abantu abahambisana nesayensi kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi bazame ukuhlala ngaphandle kokuqhubeka kwesiko nezepolitiki njengengxenye yemisebenzi yabo yesayensi. Isayensi njengesifiso saphakade nesingazenzisi sokufuna ulwazi ngomhlaba osizungezile sinquma ukuthi yikuphi "okulungile", okusekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi "ukukhathazeka okuvezwe amaqembu athakazelayo emphakathini". Uma kungekho bufakazi obunjalo noma bayaphikisana, khona-ke singakhuluma kuphela ngemibono kanye nemicabango. Isayensi kumele ibe yendawo yonke, okungukuthi, isebenzise inqubo efanayo yokuhunyushwa kokuhlolwa nokucwaninga. Akukho ukushicilelwa okuhle; umsebenzi ngamunye wesayensi unemikhawulo nokushiyeka kwawo. Kodwa-ke, uma ucwaningo noma ukushicilelwa okunemiphumela ye-LGBT-kuveze umkhawulo wendlela, futhi lokhu kukhawulelwa kungavumeli iziphetho zokugcina, khona-ke ukukhawulelwa kwendlela efanayo kukhonjwe ocwaningweni noma ukushicilelwa okunemiphumela ye-LGBT ngendlela efanayo akuvumeli ukufinyelela iziphetho zokugcina. Isibonelo, imikhawulo eminingi yendlela ikhonjisiwe emsebenzini wokumela odumile we-LGBT ka-Alfred Kinsey (I-Terman 1948; Maslow and Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) and Evelyn Hooker (Cameron and Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Kodwa-ke, le misebenzi ibhekwa njengezibonelo eziqukethe “amaqiniso wesayensi akholisayo futhi afakazelwe” ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki nakwezesayensi. Ngasikhathi sinye, noma yikuphi ukukhawulelwa ekushicilelweni kwe-LGBT-skeptical empeleni kuyenze ize futhi kuyiguqule ibe "pseudoscience." Ngaphandle kwalokho, lesi yisibonelo sakudala sentethekazi kanye nelogi esweni.

UDkt Lauren Marx waseLouisiana State University ushicilele ngonyaka ka-2012 ukubuyekezwa kwamaphepha angama-59 esayensi (amamaki 2012) ngezingane ezikhuliswe emishadweni yobulili obufanayo; la maphepha asetshenziswa njengengxabano yesitatimende se-American Psychological Association sokuthi awukho umthelela wobudlelwano babungqingili babazali ezinganeni. (APA 2005). UMarx waveza ukushiyeka nemikhawulo eminingi yale misebenzi. Ukubuyekezwa kukaDkt Marx akugcinwanga nje ukunakwa yizinhlangano ezihola phambili zokucwaninga, kodwa futhi kwavezwa ngokuthi “ucwaningo lwekhwalithi ephansi,” okwakungafanele "iphephabhuku elishicilela ucwaningo lwangempela" (Bartlett 2012).

Ngezindlela eziningi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla, abacwaningi banokwesaba okufanele futhi bayakugwema ukudalula okutholakele okungabazekayo kwe-LGBT, futhi baze benqabe ukusebenza kuzikhombisi "ezinqatshelwe". Ingabe leli qiniso lisonta isayensi? Akungabazeki. Isibonelo, owayenguMongameli we-American Psychological Association (1979-1980), uDkt. Nicholas Cummings, ukholelwa ukuthi isayensi yezenhlalo iya ngokuya yehla ngoba ingaphansi kobushiqela bezishoshovu zomphakathi. UDkt. Cummings wathi uma i-American Psychological Association yenza ucwaningo, lokho ikwenza kuphela "lapho bazi ukuthi umphumela uzoba yini ... kuphela izifundo ezinemiphumela emihle ebekiwe" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Omunye owayengumongameli we-American Psychological Association (1985-1986), uDkt Robert Perloff, wathi: "... I-American Psychological Association 'ilungile ngokwezepolitiki' ... futhi ithobela kakhulu izintshisekelo ezikhethekile ..." (Murray 2001).

UClevenger emsebenzini wakhe uchaze ukucabanga okuhambisana nokushicilelwa kwendatshana ngesihloko sobungqingili (Clevenger 2002). Uveze ukuthi kunobandlululo oluhleliwe oluvimbela ukushicilelwa kwanoma iyiphi incwadi engahambisani nokuqonda okuqondile kwezepolitiki kanye nokomqondo wobungqingili. UClevenger uphetha nangokuthi i-American Psychological Association, njengezinye izinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe, iya ngokuya ipolitiki iya phambili, okuholela ekungabazeni ngobuqiniso bezitatimende zabo nokungakhethi kwemisebenzi yabo, yize basahlonishwa kakhulu futhi besetshenziswa ekwahlulelweni. izingqinamba. Imibono yabaphenyi ephikisana nemfundiso yenkululeko idonswa phansi futhi ibekwe eceleni.

Thatha, isibonelo, ucwaningo luka-2014 olunesihloko esithi "Uma oxhumana naye eshintsha izingqondo: Ukuhlolwa kokudluliselwa kokusekelwa kokulingana kwezitabane", lapho uMichael Lacourt waseLos Angeles ahlole izimpendulo izakhamuzi embuzweni maqondana nalokho okuthiwa "Ukuthola ngokusemthethweni" umshado wobungqingili obufanayo ngokususelwa kobunikazi bocwaningo babahloli (uLaCour noGreen 2014). ULaCourt waphikisana nokuthi lapho umuntu ebuzwa imibuzo ukuthi ungungqingili, lokhu kukhulisa kakhulu amathuba empendulo eqinisekisayo. Imiphumela ibuye isabalale ngezihloko zabezindaba eziholayo. I-LaCourt isiphenduke inkanyezi. Kodwa-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi ubudlabha bakhe bambulale lapho umfundi onentshisekelo ethola ukuthi uLaCourt wamangalele ngokuphelele imininingwane leyo esifundweni sakhe (Brockman et al. 2015). Ukushicilelwa kukaLaCourt kwakhunjulwa (McNutt 2015), kodwa, futhi, izindaba zokukhumbula azizange zisakaze kwabezindaba.

Intatheli uNaomi Riley uchaza icala lokushicilelwa kukaMark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). Ngo-2014, uprofesa waseColumbia University uMark Hatzenbühler wathi uthola lokhu okulandelayo: ongqingili abahlala ezindaweni ezinamazinga aphezulu “wobandlululo” babenempilo ephansi iminyaka eyi-12 ephansi kunaleyo ehlala ezindaweni “ezinenkululeko”. Ukuqonda okungcono: umehluko weminyaka eyi-12 ungaphezu komehluko ofanayo phakathi kwababhemayo nabangabhemi njalo. Ngokwemvelo, izindaba zocwaningo lukaHatzenbühler zisakazeke emithonjeni yemithombo yezindaba esezingeni eliphezulu, ngenkathi abaxhasi bezitabane abenqaba ubungqingili bathola ukuphikisana “ngokwesayensi” njengokujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, akukho kulokhu okutholwe kwabezindaba okusho ukuthi kushicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Social Science and Medicine umcwaningi oshiwo ngenhla, uprofesa e-University of Texas Mark Regnerus, ozamile ukuphindisela imiphumela yeHatzenbühler futhi wathola imininingwane ehluke ngokuphelele - alikho ithonya "lezinga lokubandlulula" ngokulindelwa kwempilo yabongqingili. (Regnerus 2017). URegnerus ngokwethembeka wazama izindlela eziyishumi ezihlukene zokubala izibalo emizamweni yokuqinisekisa imininingwane eyashiwo nguHatzenbühler, kodwa ayikho neyodwa indlela ekhombise imiphumela ebalulekile ngokwezibalo. URegnerus waphetha ngokuthi: “Okuguqukayo ocwaningweni lwaseHatzenbühler (ngakho-ke imiphumela yalo esemqoka) kuthinta kakhulu ukuhumusha okwenziwe ngesilinganiso ngesikhathi sokukalwa kangangokuba kungathathwa njengokungeyona into eyiyo” (Regnerus 2017).

Esikhathini kwesayensi yezenhlalo, "ubunzima bokwehluleka ukuziphinda" (okusho, ukuphindaphindwa, ngamanye amagama ubumbano) lwezifundo ezishicilelwe selukhona nanamuhla. Ngo-2015, iphrojekthi enkulu yocwaningo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Reproducibility Project, eholwa nguBrian Nosek waseNyuvesi yaseVirginia, yanikezwa umsebenzi wokuphinda imiphumela yezifundo eziyi-100 ezazishicilelwe ngokwengqondo - kwaba yingxenye eyodwa kuphela kwezintathu (Aarts et al. 2015).

URichard Horton, umhleli-omkhulu wephephabhuku lesayensi i-Lancet, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngale ndaba yombhali:

“... Iningi lezincwadi zesayensi, mhlawumbe uhhafu, kungenzeka zingamane ziveze iqiniso. Ukhungathekiswe yizifundo ezinamasampula amancane, imiphumela emibi, ukuhlaziywa okunganele, kanye nokungqubuzana okusobala kwentshisekelo, kanye nokuthambekela kwezimfashini ezibaluleke ngokungangabazeki, isayensi iphendukele ebumnyameni ... Ukwanda okubonakalayo kokuziphatha kocwaningo olungamukeleki emphakathini wesayensi kuyethusa ... Ekufuneni kwayo ukuhlaba umxhwele ososayensi kaningi ukulungisa idatha ukuze ivumelane nombono wabo wezwe noma ukuguqula imicabango yabo kudatha yabo ... Ukuphishekela kwethu "ukubaluleka" kubulala izincwadi zesayensi ngezinganekwane eziningi zezibalo ... Amanyuvesi abandakanyeka emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wemali nethalente ... Futhi ososayensi ngabodwana, kubandakanya nabaphathi babo abaphezulu kakhulu ungenzi okuncane ukuguqula isiko lokuhlola, kwesinye isikhathi eligadla ebubini ... ”(Horton 2015).

Umehluko phakathi kwesimo sabezindaba ngokushicilelwa kukaRegnerus noHatzenbühler kusobala: ezinye iziphetho zamukeleka ngokwedlula ezinye [1].

UProfesa Walter Schumm wase-University of Kansas, esihlokweni esifanayo, waphawula: “… ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ababhali abaningi besayensi, lapho bebukeza izincwadi, bavame ukubhekisa ezifundweni ezibuthakathaka ngokwendlela, uma lezo zifundo zithola umphumela oyifunayo ekusekeleni umbono wokuthi akukho thonya… "(Schumm 2010, ikhasi 378).

Ngo-2006, uDkt. Brian Meyer waseGettysburg College waphawula, maqondana nomphumela wabezindaba ka-Adams et al., Ukuthi ubutha bobungqingili kusolwa ukuthi kwakuyinkomba “yobungqingili obufihliwe” (Adams et al. 1996): “... Ukuntuleka [kocwaningo oluphindaphindwayo] kuyadida ikakhulukazi uma umuntu ebheka izinga lokunakwa elikhiqizwe yilo mbhalo [Adams et al. 1996]. Sikuthola kuthakazelisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba eminingi (izindatshana zezincwadi, izincwadi, nezindawo ezingenakubalwa ze-Intanethi) ziyamukele i-psychoanalytic hypothesis njengencazelo yokwesaba abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, noma ngabe bungekho ubufakazi obunamandla obulandelayo ... ”(Meier et al. 2006, p. 378).

Ngo-1996, uDkt. Alan D. Sokal, uprofesa we-physics eNyuvesi yaseNew York, wahambisa iphepha elinesihloko esithi "Ukweqa Imingcele: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" kumagazini wezemfundo we-Social Text. Abahleli beSocial Text banqume ukushicilela lesi sihloko (Sokal 1996a). Kwakuyisivivinyo - lesi sihloko sasiyinkohliso ephelele - kulesi sihloko i-Sokal, exoxa ngezinkinga zamanje zezibalo ne-physics, iveza ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kwayo emkhakheni wamasiko, ifilosofi nezombusazwe (ngokwesibonelo, waphakamisa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi e-quantum ukwakhiwa komphakathi) ukuze kudonswe ukunaka kwabahlaziyi bezemfundo besimanje abangabaza injongo yesayensi, bekuyinkulumo ebhalwe ngobuhlakani ebhalwe ngobuhlakani yocwaningo lwesimanje lwefilosofi ehlukahlukene, olungenancazelo ebonakalayo (Sokal 1996b). Njengoba uSokal achaza: “Sekuyiminyaka eminingana ngikhathazwa ukwehla okusobala kwezindinganiso zomqondo wokuhlakanipha kwezinye izindawo zezifundo zabantu zaseMelika. Kodwa ngiyisazi sefiziksi: uma ngingakwazi ukuqonda izinzuzo zento efana nale, mhlawumbe ivele ibonise ukungafaneleki kwami. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ngivivinye izindinganiso zobuhlakani ezivamile, nginqume ukwenza isilingo esinesizotha (uma singalawulwa ngokuphelele): ingabe iphephabhuku elihamba phambili lezifundo zamasiko eNyakatho Melika, abasebenzi balo abahleli abahlanganisa izikhanyiso ezinjengoFredric Jameson no-Andrew Ross, lingashicilela umbhedo ophelele uma lo mbhedo. (a) kuzwakala kukuhle futhi (b) kuncoma ukuchema kwabahleli? Ngeshwa, impendulo inguyebo.” (Sokal 1996b).

Okunye ukuqinisekiswa kwesimo esidabukisayo sesayensi yanamuhla kunikezwe ososayensi abathathu baseMelika - uJames Lindsey, uHelen Plakrose noPeter Bogossyan, okuthi ngonyaka wonke babhale ngezinhloso ezingenangqondo futhi ezingenangqondo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi yezenhlalo ukufakazela: umbono kulo mkhakha kudala yanqoba ukuqonda okuvamile. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2017, ososayensi, ngamagama aqanjiwe, bathumele izindatshana ezingama-20 ezenziwe njengocwaningo olujwayelekile lwesayensi kumaphephabhuku esayensi abukeziwe futhi abukeziwe. Izihloko zemisebenzi ziyehluka, kepha zonke bezizinikele ekubonakalisweni okuhlukahlukene komzabalazo wokulwa “nokungabi nabulungiswa kwezenhlalo”: izifundo zobungqingili, isiko lobudoda, izingqinamba zemibono yobuhlanga, umbono wokuya ocansini, okuhle komzimba, njalonjalo. Ku-athikili ngayinye, inkolelo-mbono yokuthandabuza ibekwa phambili igxeka eyodwa noma enye "eyakha umphakathi" (ngokwesibonelo, izindima zobulili). Ngokombono wesayensi, lezi zihloko zazingezona futhi zazingakwazi ukumelana nokugxekwa.

Esihlokweni kumagazini i-Areo, uLindsay, uPlakrose kanye noBogossian bakhulume ngezisusa zesenzo sabo: "... Kukhona into engahambanga kahle kwisayensi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithile zabantu. Manje ucwaningo lwesayensi selusungulwe ngokuqinile, lunikezelwe hhayi ekufuneni iqiniso, kodwa ekuwanelisekeni komphakathi kanye nasezingxabanweni ezivele ngesisekelo sazo. Kwesinye isikhathi zibusa lezi zindawo ngaphandle kwemibandela, kanti ososayensi bayanda ukusabisa abafundi, abaphathi neminye iminyango, ibaphoqa ukuthi banamathele ezinhlotsheni zabo. Lokhu akuyona ukubukwa komhlaba kwesayensi, futhi kuphansi. Kwabaningi, le nkinga isobala futhi icace bha, kepha abanabufakazi obukholisayo. Ngalesi sizathu, sisebenze emkhakheni wezemfundo unyaka wonke, sibona kuyingxenye yenkinga ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

“Kule nqubo, kunentambo eyodwa ehlanganisa wonke amaphepha angama-20 esayensi, yize sisebenzise izindlela ezahlukahlukene, sibeka le mibono ngenhloso yokubona ukuthi abahleli nababuyekezi bazosabela kanjani. Kwesinye isikhathi sivele siqhamuke nohlobo oluthile lomqondo owokweqisa noma wobuntu bese siqala ukuwukhuthaza. Kungani ungabhali iphepha lokuthi amadoda kufanele aqeqeshelwe kanjani njengezinja ukuvimba isiko lodlame? Ngakho-ke kwavela umsebenzi wethu "Ipaki Lokuhamba Ngezinja". Futhi kungani ungabhali isifundo ngesitatimende sokuthi lapho umuntu ephulula isinyenya ngasese, ecabanga ngowesifazane (ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, futhi engeke azi ngakho), wenza udlame oluphathelene naye ngokocansi? Ngakho-ke sithole isifundo seMasturbation. Futhi kungani ungasho ukuthi ubuhlakani obukhulukazi bokufakelwa obuyingozi bungaba yingozi, ngoba buhlelwe ngobudoda, ngokungaziphathi kahle nangokubusa, kusetshenziswa i-psychoanalysis yombhali waseFrankenstein, uMary Shelley noJacques Lacan? Baye bathi - bathola nomsebenzi "i-Feminist Artificial Intelligence". Noma mhlawumbe ubeke phambili umqondo wokuthi umzimba onamafutha ungokwemvelo, ngakho-ke ekwakheni umzimba olomzimba kuyadingeka ukwethula isigaba esisha sabantu abanamafutha? Funda i- "Fat Study" futhi uzoqonda ukuthi kwenzakaleni.

Kwesinye isikhathi sasifunda izifundo ezikhona zokunganeliseki ukuze siqonde ukuthi kuphi futhi kubi, bese sizama ukuqinisa lezi zinkinga. Ingabe kukhona umsebenzi "i-Feminist Glaciology"? Yebo, sizoyikopisha bese sibhala umsebenzi wokuhlola izinkanyezi kwabesifazane, lapho simemezela khona ukuthi ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kwabesifazane kanye nobungqingili kufanele kubhekwe njengengxenye yesayensi yesayensi yezinkanyezi, okufanele kubhalwe ukuthi yi-misogyny. Ababuyekeza babenentshiseko enkulu ngalo mbono. Kepha kuthiwani uma sisebenzisa indlela yokuhlaziya isihloko ukuze uguqulele imininingwane yakho oyithandayo yedatha? Kungani kungenjalo. Sabhala i-athikili ekhuluma ngabantu abasebenza ngama-transgender, lapho bakwenza khona lokho nje. Ngabe amadoda asebenzisa "izinqolobane zabesilisa" ukukhombisa ubudoda babo obuphela lapho ngendlela engamukeleki emphakathini? Akunankinga. Sishicilele iphepha, okufingqiwe okulandelayo: “Umcwaningi wezinkinga zobulili uya endaweni yokudlela enamamashi angabonakali nqunu ukuze athole ukuthi kungani edingeka.” Uxakaniseka ukuvela okwamukelwa ngokuvamile, futhi ufuna incazelo yakho ngalokhu? Thina uqobo sichaze konke okusemsebenzini wethu “Dildo”, sinikeza impendulo yombuzo olandelayo: “Kungani amadoda aqondile evame ukungazenzi izitho zokupenda ngokungena kwe-anal, futhi kuzokwenzekani uma beqala ukwenza lokhu?” Sinikeza umbono: ngokusho kwendatshana yethu ephephabhukwini lesayensi eliholayo kwezocansi kanye namasiko, amadoda kuleli cala azoba nobutha obuncane kakhulu maqondana nabantu be-transgender nabantu be-transgender, futhi bayoba abesifazane ngokwengeziwe.

Sisebenzise ezinye izindlela. Isibonelo, besicabanga ukuthi singabhala yini “indatshana eqhubekayo” ngesiphakamiso sokwenqabela abesilisa abamhlophe emakholeji ukuthi bakhulume ezilalelini (noma benze uthisha aphendule kuma-imeyili eza kubo), bese kuthi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kubenza bahlale phansi ngamaketanga ukuze bazizwe bezisola futhi belungisa icala labo lomlando. Ngokushesha nje kunalokho kwenziwe. Isiphakamiso sethu sathola impendulo ejabulisayo, futhi kubonakala sengathi i-titan yefilosofi yabesifazane, umagazini "Hypatia" wasiphendula ngemfudumalo enkulu. Siphinde sabhekana nomunye umbuzo onzima: "Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe incwadi ezophuma kwiHen's mine Kampf izoshicilelwa yini uma lo wesifazane ebhala kabusha?" Kwavela ukuthi impendulo kuyo yayinhle, ngoba iphephabhuku lezifundo zabesifazane i-Affilia lamukele ukuthi le ncwadi ilushicilelwe. Ukuqhubekela phambili ngendlela yesayensi, saqala ukubona ukuthi akukho esingakwenza uma kungadluleli ngaphezulu kohlaka lokuziphatha okwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile futhi kukhombise ukuqonda kwezincwadi zesayensi ezikhona.

Ngamanye amagama, besinesizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi uma sizilungiselela ngokufanele izincwadi ezikhona futhi siboleke kuzo (futhi lokhu cishe kungenzeka njalo - kufanele sibhekise emithonjeni eyinhloko), sizothola ithuba lokukhuluma noma yiziphi izitatimende ezithandekayo zezepolitiki. Kuwona womabili la mazwe, kuphakame umbuzo owodwa ofanayo: sidinga ukubhala ini futhi yini okudingeka siyicaphune (zonke izixhumanisi zethu, ngendlela, zangempela) ukuze ubuze bethu bungashicilelwa njengesayensi yokundiza okukhulu. ”

Lezi zihloko zivivinywe ngempumelelo futhi zashicilelwa kumaphephabhuku wesayensi ahlonishwe kabusha ontanga. Ngenxa yesibonelo sabo sesayensi "esiyisibonelo", ababhali bathole nezimemo ezi-4 zokuba ngababuyekezi kumajenali esayensi, futhi enye yezindatshana ezingenangqondo kakhulu, "Inja Ipaki", bazigqaja ngokubeka uhlu lwezindatshana ezinhle kakhulu ephephabhukwini eliholayo le-geography yabesifazane "Ubulili, Indawo Namasiko". Umcabango wale opus ubunjengokulandelayo:

"Amapaki ezinja angenela ekudlwenguleni futhi ayindawo eyandayo yokudlwengulwa kwezinja, lapho kunokucindezelwa okuhleliwe 'kwenja ecindezelwe", evumela ukuthi sikwazi ukubona indlela yabantu yokuhlangabezana nezinkinga zombili. Lokhu kunikeza umbono wokuthi zingalunyulwa kanjani amadoda ebudloveni nasebusweni abathandayo ”(uLindsay et al. 2018).

Isikhangiso sasekhaya

Isishoshovu nomlobi waseMelika, ongakufihli lokho akuthandayo njengongqingili, uprofesa wesintu uCamilla Paglia, encwadini yakhe ethi Vamps And Tramps emuva ngonyaka we-1994, wathi: “... Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, isimo sesingalawuleki: indlela yesayensi efanelekile ayinakwenzeka lapho inkulumo enengqondo ilawulwa yiziphepho , kulokhu, izishoshovu ezingongqingili ezithi zineqiniso eliphelele ngokweqile, zithi zineqiniso elikhethekile ... Kumele sazi ukudideka okungaba yingozi kobushoshovu bezitabane nesayensi, okudala inkulumo-ze eningi kuneqiniso. Ososayensi abayizitabane kufanele babe ososayensi kuqala, bese kuba izitabane… ”(Paglia 1995, ikhasi 91).

Isisho sokugcina siphawuleka ngandlela thile. Ukuguqulwa kwemibono enengqondo kanye neyenhlalo yabasebenzi bezempilo yengqondo - hhayi ukubonwa kwezokwelapha kanye namaqiniso wesayensi - kunethonya elinamandla emiphumeleni yocwaningo. Ngeshwa, abaningi balabo abafunda ubungqingili bagxile ngqo kumphumela othile.

Abaphenyi abomphumela wabo ophikisana nombono "wobungqingili njengendlela yokuthola ulwazi" bavame ukugxekwa ngesisekelo somgomo "we-ad hominem Circstantiae". Lokhu kungumkhuba wobudemoni onesihluku lapho impikiswano, esikhundleni sengxoxo eyiqiniso yengxabano uqobo, ivunywa ngokukhomba ezimeni, esimweni, isisusa noma enye imfanelo yomuntu oletha impikiswano, noma umuntu ohambisana nengxabano. Isibonelo, iqiniso lokuthi usosayensi uyikholwa noma usekela amaqembu ezepolitiki ngemibono yokulondolozwa, ukuthi le ndatshana ishicilelwa "kumaphephabhuku angajwayelekile" noma engabukezwanga ontanga, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimiphi imizamo yokuguqula le mpikiswano ama-degree angama-180 ancishiswa masinyane ngamacala okuhlambalaza, ukuntuleka “kokulondeka kwezepolitiki”, “ukusizakala kwabantu abahamba ngasekhaya” kanye nokusabalala kwenzondo.

Zahlulele.

U-Carl Maria Kertbeny, umbhali wamapheshana wase-Austrian owaqamba amagama athi ubungqingili, ubungqingili, kanye nobungqingili (izenzo zobulili obufanayo phambilini zazibizwa ngokuthi i-sodomy noma i-pederasty), wayengungqingili (Takács 2004, pp. 26–40). Ummeli waseJalimane owasungula igama elithi "ukuthambekela kobulili" futhi wafuna ukuthi ubudlelwano bobulili obufanayo buthathwe njengento evamile ngoba bezalwa, uKarl Heinrich Ulrichs, wayengungqingili (Sigusch 2000). U-Edward Warren, usozigidi waseMelika onentshisekelo kwezakudala, unikeze umphakathi inkomishi okusolwa ukuthi yakudala enezithombe zezenzo zokungalaleli, okuthiwa ziqinisekisa isimo sobungqingili eGreece Yasendulo (okuthiwa iWarren Cup), wayengungqingili (BrightonOurStory 1999). Isazi sezinambuzane uDkt. Alfred Kinsey—“uyise wenguquko kwezocansi e-United States”—wayenobulili obubili (Baumgardner 2008, p. 48) futhi wayelala namanye amadoda, kuhlanganise nomfundi wakhe kanye nombhali ohlanganyela naye uClyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. . 59). Udokotela wengqondo uFritz Klein, umbhali we-Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, wayenobulili obubili (u-Klein noSchwartz 2001). UDkt. Evelyn Hooker waqala isifundo sakhe esidumile ngokunxuswa umngane wakhe uSam Frome kanye nezinye izitabane (Jackson et al., 1998, pp. 251-253), futhi umbiko wakhe wokuqala ngqa ngale ndaba wanyatheliswa kumagazini wezitabane iMattachine. Buyekeza (Hooker 1955). Udokotela wengqondo uPaul Rosenfels, owashicilela Ubungqingili: I-Psychology of the Creative Process ngo-1971, eyahlola ukukhangwa ubungqingili njengento evamile, futhi ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwaba nendima ezenzakalweni ze-1973, kwakuyi-homosexual (iwebhusayithi kaPaul Rosenfels Community n.d.).

UDkt John Spiegel, owakhethwa njengoMongameli we-American Psychiatric Association e-1973, wayengungqingili (futhi eyilungu lalowo obizwa nge- “GayPA”) (amagama we-81, 2002), njengabanye ozakwethu ababa negalelo ekususelweni kobungqingili ohlwini lokuphambuka: URonald Gold (Humm I-2017), uHoward Brown (uBrown 1976), uCharles Silverstein (uSilverstein noWhite 1977), uJohn Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) noRichard Green (Green 2018). UDkt George Weinberg, owaqamba igama elithi "ukukhohlisa ubungqingili" ngaphansi kwethonya lokuxhumana nabangane abathandana nobungqingili, wayengumlobi womlilo wenhlangano yobungqingili (Ayyar 2002).

UDkt Donald West, owakhe "i-hypothesis" ethi abantu abangabheki ubungqingili kungenzeka ukuthi "bangongqingili abacashile," ungungqingili (West 2012). UDkt Gregory Herek, uchwepheshe ku “Homophobia,” conceptual concepts of “crime hate,” also aungqingili (uBohan noRussel 1999). Ababhali bezifundo eziphambili, ezihunyushwa njengobufakazi bemvelaphi yemvelo yobungqingili, bangongqingili: UDkt. Simon LeVey ("ucwaningo lwe-hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), uDkt. Richard Pillard ("isifundo ngamawele") (Mass 1990) kanye noDkt. Dean Heimer (“Ukufundwa kwezakhi zofuzo”) (The New York Times 2004). UDkt Bruce Badgemeal, oshicilele incwadi ethi ubungqingili buvame futhi bujwayelekile phakathi kwezilwane nokuthi "imiphumela yabantu inkulu kakhulu," ngokwakhe ungungqingili (Kluger 1999). UDkt Joan Rafgarden, umsekeli we-hypothesis "yemvelo" wobungqingili kanye nokudlulisela ubulili kwezilwane, nguJonathan Rafgarden, owangenela ezokwelashwa ngokuxinana kwabesilisa nabesifazane lapho eneminyaka eyi-52 (Yoon 2000).

Umbiko we-American Psychological Association mayelana nokwelashwa kokulungisa izitabane waphetha ngokuthi "imizamo yokuguqula indlela umuntu athanda ngayo ubulili mancane amathuba okuthi iphumelele futhi ibe nengozi ethile yokulimala, ngokuphambene nezimangalo zabasebenzi bezokwelapha ezilungisayo kanye nabakhulumeli" (APA 2009, p. V) ; lo mbiko udalwe yiqembu labantu abayisikhombisa, uJudith M. Glassgold, uJack Drescher, uBeverly Greene, u-Lee Beckstead, uClinton W. Anderson angama-gay, noRobin Lyn Miller u-bisexual (Nicolosi 2009). Umlobi womunye umbiko we-American Psychological Association ngezingane ezikhuliswe imibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo, owabhala ukuthi "akukho cwaningo olutholile ukuthi izingane zabazali besifazane abathandana bodwa noma abathandana nabo bancishwe amathuba uma kuqhathaniswa nezingane zabazali abathandana nobulili obuhlukile" (APA 2005, para. 15). USolwazi Charlotte J. Patterson waseNyuvesi yaseVirginia ungumongameli wangaphambili we-Division 44, iqembu elincane le-APA le-APA lesbian, gay, kanye nabesilisa nabesifazane, kanye nelungu lobuhlakani elivakashile kuHlelo LweSitifiketi SeSitifiketi Sezempilo Se-LGBT e-Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW Columbian College). UDkt. Clinton Anderson, uDkt. Patterson abonge “ngosizo lwakhe olukhulu” ngombiko (APA 2005, p. 22), ungungqingili (bona ngenhla). Abanye abantu abayisikhombisa uDkt. Patterson ababonge “ngamazwana abo awusizo” bahlanganisa uDkt. Natalie S. Eldridge, oyisitabane (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), noDkt. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, oyisitabane (Dayton Daily News 2009)), uDkt April Martin uyilesbian (Weinstein 2001) futhi "iphayona ekukhuthazeni ubulili obungajwayelekile kanye namanye amalungiselelo omndeni" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). Futhi enguqulweni yangaphambili yombiko (i-APA 1995), uDkt. Patterson uphinde wabonga uDkt. Bianca Cody Murphy, naye oyisibhicongo (uPlowman 2004).

U-Igor Semenovich Kon, isazi-mlando nesazi sefilosofi esishicilele imisebenzi eminingi echaza kahle ubungqingili bomphakathi waseRussia, useke kaningi ukusekela okuqanjiwe kwenhlangano yobungqingili eRussia, umemukeli izibonelelo ezivela ezinhlanganweni zaseMelika nakwezinye izinhlangano ze-LGBT, udlulile engashadile, akakaze abangashadile (Kuznetsov noPonkin 2007). UCelia Kitzinger noSusan (Sue) Wilkinson, amalungu agunyaziwe eBritish Psychological Society kanye ne-American Psychological Association, ababhali bezincwadi eziningi nezincwadi bagxeka ukuqonda kwendabuko ngezindima zobulili nobungqingili, bashadene (uDavies 2014). Isazi sezengqondo uMartha Kirkpatrick, umbhali wesifundo se-1981 mayelana nokuthi "akukho yini umphumela" wokuba ngumzali ebudlelwaneni bobulili obufanayo, uyisoka (iRosario 2002). UCynecologist uCatherine O'Hanlan, umbhali wezincwadi ezikhuluma ngokuqothuka kwabantu abasemzini, ushade nowesifazane (The New York Times 2003). UDkt Jesse Bering, othandwayo wazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto okuthiwa. "Ubunye ubulili", bungungqingili (Bering 2013).

Ngizomisa lapha ukuhlaziywa kobuntu besayensi ye-LGBT propagandists, ngoba lokhu akuyona inhloso yalesi sihloko. Ngokwami, ngikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlaziya kwe-Ad Hominem kokubalulekile kuyisimiso sesayensi esingalungile futhi esinamaphutha futhi kufanele sigwenywe ngazo zonke izindlela. Ichashazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona ososayensi abathandana nobungqingili abanesibindi sokwethula imiphumela ye-LGBT-skeptical: ngokwesibonelo, uDkt Emily Drabant Conley, isazi sezinzwa se-lesbian sivela enkampanini ye-genomic "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), wethule njengephosta imiphumela yocwaningo olubanzi lwe-genomic inhlangano yezintandokazi zocansi engqungqutheleni yonyaka yeAmerican Society of Human Genetics e2012 - lolu cwaningo alutholanga ukuxhumana phakathi kokukhanga nobungqingili (uDrabant et al., 2012). Yize, ngokwazi kwami, ngezizathu ezingaziwa, uDrabant akazange alethe lezi zinto zokushicilela encwadini ebukezwe ontanga.

Kepha ukwenqatshwa komgomo we- “Ad hominem” kumele kube khona kusayensi. Kulokhu, uma umuntu ethi "A", kufanele athi "B". Kuyinkohliso enkulu ukucekisa izifundo ezithile ngokuya ngemibono yezombusazwe noma izinkolelo ezingokomoya zabacwaningi, ngokwesibonelo, ngoba le ncwadi yenziwa ephephandabeni elishicilelwe yiCatholic Medical Association, noma ngoba lolu cwaningo lutholile uxhaso ku-Conservative Witherspoon Institute, futhi ngasikhathi sinye imininingwane engenhla Abaphenyi bethula imiphumela yokuvikela ye-LGBT Ngemuva kwalokho-ke, uma ngixoxa ngenkinga yokuheha ubungqingili, umgomo we- “Ad hominem” akufanele usetshenziswe ngokuphelele ekuhumusheni iziphetho.

isiphetho

Isayensi ayinakuhlukaniswa ngokwepolitiki “ilungile” kanye “nengalungile,” imfashini nesadla ngoludala, yentando yeningi neyokugunyazwa. Isayensi ngokwayo ayikwazi ukuba inkulumo-ze ye-LGBT noma ukungabaza kwe-LGBT. Kalula nje, izinqubo zesayensi - izenzakalo ze-psychophysiological kanye nokusabela, amagciwane nama-bacteria - azinandaba neze nemibono yezombangazwe yososayensi ozifundayo; amagciwane akazi lutho "ngezimpi zamasiko". Lawa amaqiniso akhona njengenikeziwe, angashaywa indiva kuphela noma labo abawakhulumayo bangacutshungulwa, kodwa lawa maqiniso ngeke akhishwe eqinisweni. Isayensi isekelwe endleleni yesayensi, wonke umuntu ophendulela isayensi enye into, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinjongo abaqondiswa ngazo - ubuntu, imibono nepolitiki, ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye nobunjiniyela bezenhlalakahle, njll. - bangabashumayeli bangempela "besayensi-mbumbulu". Nokho, umphakathi wesayensi, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umphakathi wabantu abanezinkolelo nezifiso zabo, ungaphansi kokuchema. Nalokhu kuchema kubantu abathile, ababizwa. Amanani "e-neoliberal" avezwa ngokuqinile ezweni lanamuhla. Ziningi izici ezingabalulwa njengesizathu salokhu kuchema - ifa elimangalisayo lenhlalo nelomlando eliholele ekuveleni "kwemicikilisho yesayensi", imizabalazo eshubile yezombangazwe eyadala ubuzenzisi, "ukuhweba" kwesayensi okuholela ekuphishekeleni imizwa. , njll. Ngokwemvelo , inkinga yokuchema kwesayensi ayigcini ngokuchema ekuhloleni ubungqingili, kodwa ihlanganisa nezinye izindaba eziningi ezivame ukugxeka futhi ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesintu. Ukuthi ukuchema kwesayensi kungagwenywa ngokuphelele yini kuseyimpikiswano. Kodwa-ke, ngokubona kwami, kungenzeka ukudala izimo zenqubo yesayensi elinganayo. Enye yalezi zimo ukuzimela okuphelele komphakathi wesayensi - ngokwezezimali, ezombusazwe futhi, okungabalulekile, ukukhululeka kwabezindaba.

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Amanothi

I-1 Encyclopedia Britannica ichaza inkulumo-ze ngale ndlela: “Inkulumo-ze, ukusatshalaliswa kwemininingwane - amaqiniso, ukuphikisana, amahemuhemu, amaqiniso angamanga, noma amanga - ukuthonya umbono womphakathi. I-Propaganda ngumzamo ohlelekile noma ophansi wokuhlehlisa izinkolelo, ubudlelwano noma izenzo zabanye abantu ngezimpawu (amagama, ukuthinta, amaphosta, izikhumbuzo, umculo, okokugqoka, izincazelo zezinwele, imidwebo yezinhlamvu zemali nezitembu zokuposa, njll.). Ukuqonda kanye nokugcizelela okuqine kakhulu ekukhohliseni kuhlukanisa inkulumo-ze ekuxhumaneni okujwayelekile noma ekushintshaniseni kwemibono kwamahhala nokulula. Umsasazi unenhloso ethile noma isethi yemigomo. Ukufinyelela kubo, umsasazi ukhetha ngamabomu amaqiniso, ukuphikisana nezimpawu futhi aziveze ngendlela yokuthi afinyelele umphumela omkhulu kakhulu. Ukuze andise umphumela, angahle aphuthelwe amaqiniso abalulekile noma awahlanze, futhi angazama ukuphazamisa ukunaka kwezilaleli kweminye imithombo yolwazi. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

Usopolitiki wendabuko we-2

Isishoshovu Somphakathi Esisuselwa Kwamaphiko

I-4 Ngakho-ke ibizwa ngegama memo

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