Ama-antibodies ama-antisperm (ASA) - ama-antibodies akhiqizwa ngumzimba womuntu ngokumelene nesidoda sama-antigen (I-Krause 2017: 109) Ukwakheka kwe-ASA kungenye yezizathu zokuncipha kokuzala noma i-autoimmune inzalo: I-ASA ithinta umsebenzi we-spermatozoa, shintsha inkambo yokusabela kwe-acrosomal reaction (AR), futhi iphazamise umanyolo, ukufakwa kanye nokukhula kombungu (I-restrepo 2013) imbangela ukuhlukana kwe-DNA (I-Kirilenko 2017) Ucwaningo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezilwane zikhombise ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-ASA nokuqothuka kwe-umbungu ngaphambi noma ngemuva kokufakwa (I-Krause 2017: 164) Imiphumela yokuvimbela inzalo ye-ASA iyaphenywa ngesikhathi kusungulwa umuthi wokugomela inzalo kubantu (I-Krause 2017: 251), kanye nokunciphisa nokulawula inani lezilwane zasendle (I-Krause 2017: 268).

Imiphumela Yokuzala ye-Antisperm Antibodies

Izinkomba ze-demographic of Russia kanye namazwe amaningi zibonisa ukwanda kokuvama kokungazali emadodeni, kufinyelela kumaphakathi we-30 - 50%. Inkomba yenani lamacala abikiwe wokungazaliseki kwabesilisa eRussia Federation ngesikhathi se-2002 - 2009 inyuke nge-59% - isuka ku-44,1 iye kwi-70,1 ku-100 000 yabantu besilisa abadala, futhi ngokuvamile amandla ayo anokuthambekela kokukhula (I-Kirilenko 2017).

UKirnnko et al. Babhala: “Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba sobala ukuthi ikhwalithi ebumpofu yesidoda ayisona kuphela isizathu sokungabikhona kokukhulelwa, kodwa futhi ukuphazamiseka kokukhula kombungu, ukungasebenzi kahle komzimba kanye nomdlavuza ezinganeni. Kwezimbangela eziningi eziphakanyisiwe zomsebenzi wokukhubazeka kwesidoda, ukulimala kwe-DNA yenuzi yikhona okufundwa kakhulu futhi okuqashelwa njengento esemqoka ethinta ikhwalithi ye-umbungu, ukukhula kwayo nokufakwa kwayo. I-Meta-ihlaziya ngendima yokuhlukaniswa kwe-DNA ekhonjisiwe ukuthi ubungozi bokukhipha isisu okuzenzakalelayo nokukhula kwengqondo okulimazayo kukhuphuke kaningi ngokukhuphuka kokuqhekeka kwesidoda kwe-DNA (i-15-30% ejwayelekile, kuya ngezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe), ngisho nangemva kokukhulelwa kwe-vitro kanye nezindlela zokujova zesidoda se-intracytoplasmic. Indlela ehamba phambili ye-pathogenetic yomonakalo onjalo uthathwa njengokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisebenzayo - i-ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, okuholela ku-spermatozoa OS. Imbangela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokuxineka okokukhiqizwa kwe-oxidative ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesilisa izifo ezithathelwanayo nezifo futhi i-ASA yipheshana lesibeletho sowesilisa ”(I-Kirilenko 2017).

Ezinye izinto ezidala ukucindezela kwe-oxidative kanye nokulimazeka kwe-DNA ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nezidakamizwa, ukubhema, ukukhuluphala, ukucindezela, iminyaka, ama-STD ahambisana nokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili, izidakamizwa ezithile, ezinjenge-antidepressants, radiation electromagnetic, ukungcoliswa komoya. Umthelela wazo zonke lezi zinto uyanda. (I-Pourmasumi 2017)

Izincwadi eziningi zesayensi nezincwadi zithi: “Ukuphathwa komlomo nokuxhuma kwesidoda kubangela ukwakhiwa kwama-antibodies ama-antisperm"(I-Rao 2014: 311, Lu 2008, Nikulin 2007, Bronson xnumx). Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola, ukufakelwa unxande onogwaja abane-spermatozoa kudala impendulo yomzimba yokuzivikela (i-Richards et al., 1984), kanye nokufakwa kwesidoda esiswini samagundane kuholela ekukhiqizweni kwama-antibodies alwa ne-spermatozoa kanye nokwehla kokuzala (Allardyce, 1984). Kubantu, ukubhebhetheka okuphezulu kwe-ASA kubikwe emadodeni angamafanasini uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile abavela emibhangqwaneni engenanzalo (Witkin noSonababend, 1983; Bronson et al., 1983). Ku-40-50% wamadoda athandana nobulili obufanayo, i-ASA ingatholakala ku-serum (Wolff noSchill, 1985). Bronson et al. Kubhekwe ukwanda okuphezulu kwesigaba se-IgM i-ASA emadodeni abungqingili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IgG ne-IgA kuseramu yamadoda abesilisa nabesifazane abavela emibhangqwaneni engazali. Baphakamise ukuthi lokhu kungakhombisa umehluko ku-etiology yokuzivikela kwesidoda phakathi kwala maqembu womabili. Ukwehla kwe-ejaculation kungaholela ekukhiqizweni kwama-antigen, futhi i-monolayer epithelium ingena kakhulu kune-epithelium ejiyile yesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lama-lymphocyte B namangqamuzana e-plasma asemgodini wamathumbu ahlukile kubantu abasemgudwini wokuzala (UMestecky noMcGhee, 1987), futhi ukusebenza kwabo kabusha ngama-antigen wesidoda kungahluka. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ukuphuma kwe-intrarectal ejaculation kungaholela ekuvuseleleni amangqamuzana akhiqiza i-IgM- noma i-IgA2, angabe esekhona egunjini lobulili, aholele ebukhoneni be-ASA yalezi zinhlayiya zesidoda (Bronson 2015). 

Inani elikhulu labalingani kowesifazane liholela ekwakhiweni kwama-antisperm antibodies kanye nokuzala kwe-autoimmune, ngokwesibonelo, i-40 - 45% yezifebe zine-ASA (I-Rao 2014: 311). Ngokusho kweBrockowski, i-68% yabesifazane enenombolo enkulu yabalingani bayazitholela i-ASA (Brokowski xnumx).

Ama-antibodies ama-antisperm, asebenza ngqo kwisidoda, athuthukisa isenzo sezinye izinto.

Enye yezizathu zokwakhiwa kwama-antisperm antibodies kwabesifazane isidoda esine-ASA (I-Krause 2017: 166, Nikulin 2007), ngokwesibonelo, ukuthintana kowesifazane onobungqingili, ophethe i-ASA ethambeni lobulili.

URuziev, ocwaningweni lwe-2017 lonyaka, ukhombisa ukwanda kwezenzo zocansi emadodeni alala nabesilisa (MSM) - I-99% yenza ucansi lwe-anal, kuthi i-45% luyixube ngomlomo:

"Ezinyangeni zokugcina ze-6 ngaphambi kokufakwa ocwaningweni, cishe yonke i-MSM (98%) yayinobulili obufanayo, nge-65% inani labalingani besilisa belingadluli kubantu be-5, i-4% yamadoda yayisuka ku-6 iye kubantu be-10. Ngesikhathi semihlangano nabalingani babo, i-MSM yenze noma ikwenza ucansi lwe-anal kuphela (i-54%) noma ihlanganiswe ngomlomo (i-45%). Iningi labaphendulile (i-44%) likhombise ukuthi bathande iqhaza elibalulekile, cishe i-1 / 4 (23%) - iswidi kanye ne-1 / 3 baguqule izindima zomlingani osebenzayo futhi ongazethembi phakathi kokuya ocansini namadoda.
Ukuze njalo wenze ucansi oluphephile njalo, kufanele ube namakhondomu njalo. Ngakho-ke, iphepha lemibuzo lalinombuzo "Unayo ikhondomu nawe futhi ungalibonisa." I-60% yabaphendulile bebengenayo nabo. Cishe ingxenye (i-53%) ye-MSM ayingenanga koxhumana nabo abathandanayo phakathi kwezinyanga zokugcina ze-6. Bonke abanye babenza ucansi nabesifazane. Ngaphambi kwe-5, i-88% yayinabalingani be-MSM, bonke abanye babenabalingani abangaphezu kwe-5. Ngabalingani babo, i-MSM yenza ucansi lobufazi kuphela. ” (URuziev 2017)

Ukuthintana ngokobungqingili nabesifazane kuqinisekiswa ezinye izifundo. Cishe ingxenye yamadoda ayizitabane alala nabesifazane (I-Tao xnumx, I-Larmarange xnumx), ngokusho kweminye imithombo, i-3 / 4 MSM (73%) inoxhumana nabo abathandanayo (I-Larmarange xnumx) Emazweni abekezelayo lapho umsebenzi wobulili uyawa futhi asikho isidingo sokufihla ukuziphatha kobungqingili, isibalo soxhumana nabo bobungqingili nabesifazane kunciphisa isilinganiso sifinyelela ku-xnumx% kepha ukhula inani labantu be-LGBT esizukulwaneni esincane, ngenxa yenkulumo-ze yobungqingili. E-Russia 34% ongqingili balala nabesifazane.

Fethers et al. nikeza idatha efanayo ocwaningweni lwabo labesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abayizitabane: kubo, amathuba okuthi ahlangane nomuntu wesithembu ayephakeme izikhathi ze-4 kunabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili (I-Fethers 2000: 347-348).

Omama abasabalela izingane ezithatha izingane ziye emibhangqwaneni yobungqingili bangathola ukungabi nabantwana noma ama-pathologies ezinganeni ngenxa yesidoda esine-ASA. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzala futhi babuyimbangela ye-ASA kwabesifazane (I-Rao 2014: 311).

Ukuphakanyiswa kocansi kanye nokunciphisa inani labantu

Ukukhathazeka ngokwanda koMhlaba kanye nesidingo sokunciphisa inani labantu kuye kwavezwa kaningi kuwo wonke amasayithi womhlaba, kufaka ezincwadini zesayensi.

Lokhu kushiwo yiClub of Rome ngonyaka we-2017 ngesisho esithi “Wozani! Ubungxowankulu, i-myopia, inani labantu kanye nokubhujiswa komhlaba":" Emhlabeni onemikhawulo ukukhula kwabantu kufanele kuncishiswe ngaphambi kokuba imvelo ikwenze ngokwakho. ”

Emuva e1968, ummeli waseMelika u-Albert Blaustein, obambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamazwe amaningi, wakhombaukuthi ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokwanda kwabantu, kuyadingeka ukubuyekeza imithetho eminingi, kufaka phakathi umshado, ukusekelwa komndeni, iminyaka yemvume nobungqingili. E-1969, enkulumweni yakhe neCongress, uMongameli Nixon kubizwa ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu "Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu isiphetho sesintu" wabe esecela ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo. U-Preston Cloud, omele i-US National Academy of Sciences, uncome ukuthi uhulumeni avumele ngokusemthethweni izinyunyana kanye nezinyunyana zobungqingili. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uFrederic Jaffe, Iphini Likamongameli we-International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), wakhipha imemorandamulapho "ukukhuthaza ukukhula kobungqingiliKubhalwe njengenye yezindlela zokwehlisa izinga lokuzalwa. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, uKingsley Davis, ongomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo yokulawulwa kokuzalwa kuphakanyisiwe ukukhuthaza "izinhlobo ezingezona zemvelo zokuya ocansini." Uzakwabo kaDavis, isazi sezenhlalo uJudith Blake, kuphakanyisiwe Qeda izinzuzo zentela nezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuzala izingane, futhi ususe unswinyo olungokomthetho nolwezenhlalo lokulwa nobungqingili.

E1970, uFrank Naughtstein, umbhali wemibono yokushintshwa kwabantu, ekhuluma e-National Military College phambi kwezikhulu eziphezulu, kuphawuliweukuthi "ubungqingili buvunyelwe ngesisekelo sokuthi buyasiza ukunciphisa ukwanda kwabantu."

Unyaka we-1994 eCairo wenzeka ingqungquthelalapho kwenziwa khona izindlela zokunciphisa ukuzala.

NgoDisemba 6 2011 uMongameli Barack Obama kukhishwe Umyalo wokumemezela umzabalazo wamalungelo wobuncane bezocansi phesheya kwenqubomgomo ebekwe phambili kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika.

Ezinye izazi zocansi, ngokwesibonelo, u-Alexander Moiseevich Poleev, ubhala izincwadi ngocansi lwe-anal futhi ngazo zonke izindlela zihlanganisa izinzuzo zalo futhi azithulanga ngemiphumela emibi. Ngokusho kulinganiselwa, inani lemibhangqwana engenacala eYurophu ifinyelela ku-15%, naseRussia - 15 - 20%. Ngokusho kwe-WHO, isici esibucayi sokuphepha kwabantu njenge-15% yemibhangqwana engenalo ulwazi.

Ukugqugquzelwa kokuziphatha okuxekethile kobulili, ubungqingili kanye nobulili bendunu, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamasosha omzimba e-antisperm (ASA), ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV, i-HPV namanye ama-STD, nawo abe yizici zokugoma ama-antigens wesidoda, kuyingozi yofuzo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo, futhi kuholele ekwehleni kwabantu, ama-pathologies okuthuthukiswa kwezingane. Ukunciphisa ukucasuka nokusebenza amasosha omzimba okuziphatha - kwandisa isibalo sabantu abamukela ukuziphatha kobungqingili njengento evamile.

Izincwadi zesayensi mayelana nezindlela "zokufundisa ngocansi" batusa okulandelayo:

Ukusiza abafundi ukuthi bathuthukise indlela ebucayi yezinkambiso zocansi / ubulili, othisha abafundisa ngocansi kufanele banake ubumnandi bendunu yesilisa. Ukwamukelwa kwamadoda endle kususa izinhlelo ezijwayelekile kanambambili ezifana nowesilisa / owesifazane, owesilisa / owesifazane, wemvelo / queer. Ngokucindezelwa kokwamukelwa kwabesilisa, umkhuba wobumnandi besilisa obusizayo usiza ekuqinisekiseni izinkolelo zobungqingili zobulili / zobulili, kanye nobulili, ubungqingili kanye nokubusa kwabesilisa abakukhuthazayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwakha kabusha i-anal taboo yabesilisa nokwakha ulimi olusha lwenjabulo yangemuva - ubufebe, othisha bangasiza abafundi ukuthi babekele inselelo imigoqo yezobulili ebekelwe imingcele.

Okuthuthukisiwe

Impilo engokwengqondo nengokomzimba yabantu be-LGBT