Iningi lokuqukethwe ngezansi lishicilelwa embikweni wokuhlaziya. "I-rhetoric of theungqedi lobungqingili ngenxa yamaqiniso esayensi". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

1. I-hypothetical "gene for homosexuality" akwaziwa, ayitholwanga muntu.
2. Izifundo ezingaphansi kwesitatimende mayelana “nobungqingili obuzalwa nazo” zinokungalungi kwezindlela kanye nokungqubuzana, futhi azisivumeli ukuthi sifinyelele iziphetho ezicacile.
3. Ngisho nezifundo ezikhona ezicashunwe izishoshovu ze-LGBT+ azikhulumi ngokunqunywa kofuzo kokuthambekela kobungqingili, kodwa, okungcono kakhulu, ngethonya eliyinkimbinkimbi lapho isici sofuzo okuthiwa sinquma ukuthambekela, kuhlanganiswe namathonya emvelo, ukukhuliswa, njll.
4. Abanye abantu abavelele enhlanganweni yobungqingili, kuhlanganise nososayensi, bagxeka izinkulumo eziphathelene nokunqunywa kusengaphambili kobungqingili bezinto eziphilayo futhi bathi kubangelwa ukukhetha okunengqondo.
5. Ababhali bezindlela ze-LGBT ze-propaganda «After The Ball» kutusa ukuqamba amanga ngobungqingili:

“Okokuqala, umphakathi jikelele udinga ukuqiniseka ukuthi izitabane ziyizisulu zesimo esithile, nokuthi abasakhethi ubulili babo kunokuba bakhethe ubude babo, ibala lesikhumba, amakhono noma imingcele. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, ngokusobala, ukuthambekela kobulili kubantu abaningi kungumkhiqizo wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuqagela okwenzeka ngaphakathi kanye nezinto ezithinta imvelo ebuntwaneni nasebusheni bokufikisa, sigcizelela ukuthi ngazo zonke izinhloso ezisebenzayo, kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi izitabane zazalwa ngaleyo ndlela.

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Ongqingili abakhethanga lutho, akekho owake wabakhohlisa noma abayenge.”

Isingeniso

Ukuphikisana kokuthi ukukhangwa ubungqingili kuyinto engaphakathi - okuthiwa I-hypothesis yokunqunywa kwebhayoloji kokuheha ubungqingili kungenye yezinto eziyisisekelo ukunyakaza kwe "LGBT +". Isiqubulo esithi "Uzalelwe Ngale Ndlela"¹, okusatshalaliswa ngentshiseko esikweni elidumile, kuholele ekutheni iningi labangebona ochwepheshe bacabange ukuthi ufuzo lobungqingili luyinto engenakuphikwa futhi efakazelwe. Lokhu akulona iqiniso.

Amaqiniso athembeke kakhulu maqondana nobungqingili awukhombisi imvelo, kepha ubudlelwane bokuzimela bezenhlalo kanye nemvelo. Imizamo yamashumi eminyaka asanda kwedlula yokuthola idatha ezosekela inkolelo-mbono yezinto eziphilayo iye yakhulisa ukungabaza kokuthi imininingwane enjalo ikhona.

I-thesis yohlobo lwe-biological genesis yobungqingili ayicacanga ngokuphelele ngokwayo - ngaphakathi kohlaka lwayo kunemibono okungenani emibili echaza indlela "yemvelo yangaphakathi" yezintandokazi zobulili obufanayo: (A) ukukhanga ubungqingili kubangelwa "uhlobo olukhethekile" noma ukuguqulwa kofuzo, ngamanye amagama ubungqingili bufakiwe kwi-DNA yomuntu futhi idluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane; (B) Ukuheha ubungqingili kubangelwa noma yikuphi ukonakala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa (i-hormonal noma i-immune) okuthiwa kuthinta ingane esibelethweni futhi kuholele ekuthandweni kobungqingili enganeni.

Ngakho-ke, ingxoxo ye-biological Detinism hypothesis izohlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu. Ingxenye yokuqala izocubungula kabanzi ukuphikisana mayelana nobudlelwano bobungqingili kanye nezakhi zofuzo, ingxenye yesibili izocubungula kabanzi ukuphikisana mayelana nokukhula kokuheha ubungqingili ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-hormone ye-intrauterine. Engxenyeni yesithathu, umbono we-autoimmune genesis wokuheha ubungqingili uzohlolwa ngokunzulu.

Ingxenye Yokuqala: Uhlobo Gay?

Isitatimende ngesimo sofuzo sobungqingili sisuselwa ekwethulweni okukhethiwe kwemininingwane ethile nokucindezelwa kweminye imininingwane phakathi kwenqwaba yabantu abangenalo ulwazi olukhethekile mayelana nohlobo lofuzo. Isayensi ayilwazi "uhlobo lobungqingili", ayikaze ikhonjwe ndawo, noma ngabe miningi imizamo.

Cabanga ngezifundo lapho izishoshovu ze-LGBT + zibeka phambili le ngxabano. Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukukuchaza kafushane ukuthi yiziphi izindlela eziyisisekelo ososayensi abangakwazi ukubona ukuthi impahla yomuntu (imfanelo) yakhelwe ngofuzo. Lezi zindlela zifaka ucwaningo lwamawele nokuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Izifundo zeTwin

Ukuhlolwa kwamawele afanayo kuyindlela eyanele yocwaningo yokuhlola ukuthi ngabe zikhona yini izimfanelo ezinesisekelo sofuzo. Ukuqala - kusho ukuthini igama elithi "amawele afanayo"? Amawele anjalo aqhamuka eqandeni elilodwa elihlanganisiwe, elihlukaniswe laba izingxenye, okuvela kuzo izidalwa ezihlukile, ezingamakhophi ezakhi zofuzo zomunye nomunye. Izinhlobo zabo zenzelana ku-100%, ungazibiza ngama-clones zemvelo. Amawele angama-Identical abizwa nangokuthi amawele afanayo noma angama-monozygous (homozygous). Amawele wobungqingili akhiwa aqhamuka emaqanda ahlukene, avundiswa yisidoda esihlukile. Izinhlobo zazo ziyahlangana ngokwesilinganiso yi-50%, kungahle kube nobulili obuhlukile, ubude, umbala wamehlo, izinwele, njll. Amawele angafananga abizwa nangokuthi awafani noma ama-dizygotic (heterozygous) noma amawele aphindwe kabili.

Ocwaningweni lwamawele, kufundwa i-concordance (ukuhlangana kwezimoto). I-Concordance yesici amandla okubonakaliswa kwesici enamawele womabili anawo. Uma ukuhlonza kwanoma isiphi isici kumawele afanayo kuphakeme, khona-ke singaphetha ngokuthi le ndlela kungenzeka kungenxa yezakhi zofuzo. Uma i-concordance yesici ngamawele afanayo ayidluli i-concordance ngamawele afanayo, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ekwakhiweni kwalesi sici imvelo ejwayelekile kungaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunezakhi ezijwayelekile (I-Yarygin 2003).

Kuyadingeka ukucacisa kahle ukuthi i-concordance ikhombisa ini. Akukhombisi nhlobo ukuba khona kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo. I-concordance yesici ngamawele ikhombisa izinga lefa lwalesi sici. Lapha-ke kuyasiza ukuhlalele encazelweni yegama elithi "ukweluka 'kuye kwizifundo ezingamawele. Ifa lisesilinganisweni sokuthi kungakanani ukuhlukahluka kwesici esithile kubantu (okusho ukuthi, lo mkhakha ungahluka kanjani kumuntu nomuntu) kuhlobene nokuhlukahluka kofuzo kubantu abanikeziwe. Kodwa-ke, ezifundweni ezingamawele, i-heritability ayisona isilinganiso sencazelo yofuzo yophawu.

Izici ezicishe zicatshangelwe ngokuphelele ngofuzo zingaba namanani aphansi kakhulu wokufaka, ngenkathi izici ezingenasisekelo sofuzo ezingabonisa amanani aphezulu wokuphazamiseka. Isibonelo, inani leminwe - emihlanu kulilungu ngalinye - kubantu cishe linqunywa ngokuphelele ngofuzo. Kepha inani leminwe kumuntu libonakala ngokuhluka okungaphansi, futhi umehluko obonakalayo ezimweni eziningi uchazwa ngezinto ezingezona ufuzo ezifana nezingozi, okuholela ekuqineni okuphansi kokuqina kwempawu. Okusho ukuthi, uma uthola ngamawele angamashumi amathathu amawele lapho elilodwa lazo linganayo iminwe emihlanu esandleni sakhe, khona-ke inani elifanayo leminwe lomunye umzalwane lizobonwa ngenani elincane kakhulu lababili, uma likhona.

Ngokuphambene, ezinye izici zamasiko zingase zithandeke kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukube besicabanga ukugqoka amacici eMelika maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, khona-ke besizobona ukuthi kuphawulwa ngezinga eliphakeme le-heritability, kusukela lapho-ke bekuncike kakhulu ebulilini, okuthi, futhi, buhlotshaniswe nobukhona bababili bama-chXos noma ama-XY chromosomes. ukwahluka kokugqokwa kwamacici kuhlotshaniswa ngokuqinile nokwehluka kofuzo, yize iqiniso lokuthi lokhu kuyinkambiso yesiko kunokuba yinto yemvelo. Isibonelo, uma ubungahlola ngamabili angamashumi amathathu amantombazane angamawele lapho omunye udade efaka amacici, khona-ke ku100% yamacala owesibili naye uzogqoka amacici. Namuhla, i-coefficient of heritability ofgqoka amacici ibizokwehla kunaseMelika maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, hhayi ngoba kube nezinguquko echibini lezinhlobo zabantu baseMelika, kodwa ngoba inani lamadoda afake amacici lenyukile (Vimba i-xnumx).

Omunye wamaphayona wezakhi zofuzo wokuziphatha wayengudokotela wezengqondo waseMelika odabuka eJalimane, uFranz Joseph Kallmann. Esihlokweni esishicilelwe kwi1952, uthe ema-37 ngamawele afanayo (monozygous) awafundile, uma elinye lamawele engathandana nobungqingili, bese kuthi owesibili abe ngongqingili, okungukuthi, izinga le-concordance laliyisimanga se-100% (Kallmann xnumx) UKallmann akazange akhombise ngokuqondile ukuthi uvivinya kanjani i-monozygosity yalabo ababambe iqhaza esifundweni sakhe. Futhi, umbhali akazange akhombise ukuthi wenza kanjani ukuqasha abahlanganyeli kulolu cwaningo, ngenkathi incwadi isithi: "Ukufuna kwabahlanganyeli abangahlelekile kwahlelwa hhayi ngosizo lwezinhlangano zezifo zengqondo, ezokuhlunyelelisa nezinhle, kepha futhi ngokuxhumana ngqo nomhlaba wobungqingili ongaphansi komhlaba" (Kallmann xnumx) Ngakho-ke, isifundo sikaKallmann sagxekwa kakhulu (Taylor 1992): URosenthal ukhombisile ukwanda kwabantu abanezinkinga zengqondo phakathi kwabaphenduli bakwaKallmann (I-Rosenthal xnumx), ULekken uphawule ukungafani okungafani kwamawele we-monozygotic kusampula yeCallamanne kuqhathaniswa nenani labantu:I-Lykken 1987).

USolwazi Edward Stein uphethe ngokuthi isampula likaKallmann "belingelona neze uhlobo lwabantu abathandana nobungqingili" (I-Stein xnumx) Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKallmann ngokwakhe uvumile ukuthi ubheka imiphumela yakhe njengento edlula "imininingwane yezibalo" (I-rainer 1960) Izibalo, amasampula afana namasampula ocwaningweni lwaseKallmann abizwa ngokuthi “amasampula alula” - afaka ukukhethwa kwezinto ngokuya ngezinqubo ezilungele umcwaningi. Kusetshenziswa isampula enjalo, umuntu ngeke akwazi ukwenza ngokwesayensi, ngoba izakhiwo zesampula ezinjalo azivezi izakhiwo zabantu abavamile.

Isibonelo, uma inhlolovo yenziwa enxanxatheleni yezitolo ekuseni ngosuku olulodwa kuphela, khona-ke imiphumela yayo ayimele imibono yamanye amalungu omphakathi, njengoba kungaba njalo uma inhlolokhono yenziwa ngezikhathi ezihlukile zosuku kaninginingi ngesonto. Noma uma ubuza abathengi esitolo ukuthi bazothenga utshwala, khona-ke ngoLwesihlanu ebusuku, umphumela ngeke uhambisane nemiphumela ngeSonto.

Ku-1968, izazi zaseMelika uHeston noShields bahlola ikhonsathi yobungqingili kuma-7 amawele afanayo. Ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni batholakala ku-Madsley Twin Rejista (IHeston xnumx) Bonke abaphendulayo babeyiziguli zengqondo. Ababhali baveze i-concordance ngamawele afanayo kwi-43%. Lolu cwaningo luphinde lwagxekwa, kubandakanya nababhali ngokwabo, ngenxa yokugula kwabahlanganyeli kwengqondo kanye nosayizi omncane kakhulu wesampula (Taylor 1992; IHeston xnumx).

Ukufundwa kukaBailey noPilard

Ucwaningo olulandelayo lokukhanga ubulili phakathi kwamawele lwenziwa e1991 nguMichael Bailey waseNorthwestern University noRichard Pillard waseBoston University eMelika (I-Bailey 1991) Bahlola ikhonkrithi yobungqingili kubafowethu abanamazinga ahlukahlukene wobuzane. Amalunga amabili we-56 angamawele afanayo, amawele we-54 angamawele afanayo, izelamani ze142 kanye namabili ama-57 wababili abangamzali². Ithebula elingezansi libonisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwabo.

Ubungqingili be-Concordance
kuya ngezinga lobudlelwano (I-Bailey 1991)

Uhlobo lobudlelwano	Amaphesenti ezinhlobo eziphelele	IConcordance
Amawele omazisi	100%	52%
Amawele angafani	50%	22%
Twin bafowethu	50%	9,2%
Abathempeli (hhayi izihlobo)	Akukho ukufana okubalulekile	11%

UBailey noPillard bathi njengoba kumacala angama-52% ingane yakubo yesibili emawele afanayo nayo yayinokuthandwa kobungqingili, ngakho-ke "... ukuthambekela kobungqingili kungenxa yethonya lofuzo ...".

Isifundo seBailey noPilard, njengasezifundweni zamawele ezedlule, sinezinkinga eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, uma ubungqingili bebunganqunywa ngofuzo, i-concordance phakathi kwamawele afanayo ibizoba yi-100%, hhayi i-52%, ngoba izinhlobo zabo ziyefana kwi-100%, hhayi kwi-52%. Ekuphawuleni ngodaba luka-Bailey noPylard, uRiesch uphinde waphawula ukuthi izinga lokuhlangana phakathi kwabantu abangabafokazi ngokwezizukulwane - izelamani - laliphakeme kakhulu kunelabazalwa abangawona amawele, okukhombisa ukubaluleka kwethonya lemvelo. (Susa i-1993) Ngokwemigomo ye-genetics, ngaphezu kwe-100% yokuhlangana kwesifiso sobulili kumawele afanayo, iphesenti lokuhlangana kwamawele afanayo nabazakwabo abangamawele kufanele liphakeme kakhulu, ngokulandelana, i-22% ne-9,2% (bheka ithebula elingezansi).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunikazi bamawele afanayo (100% of kufanana umehluko uthi: Izikhathi ze-50, okubuye futhi, kukhombise ithonya eliveziwe ngaphezulu lemvelo kunofuzo (bheka ithebula elingezansi).

Ukuqhathanisa ikhonkrithi phakathi kwezigaba (I-Bailey 1991)

Qhathanisa Izigaba	Umehluko ngokufana kwezakhi zofuzo	Umehluko phakathi kwama concordances
Amawele omazisi kanye namawele angafani	Izakhi zofuzo eziphindwe kabili	2.36
Abafowethu abangamawele namawele	Akukho mehluko kumaphesenti ezinhlobo eziphelele	2.39

Okwesibili, uBailey noPilton abakhethanga isampula lokuphikisana labobungqingili. Okusho ukuthi, abafaki abantu ocwaningweni ngokuya ngamazinga ocwaningo lwezifundo olungagunyaziwe: abanasifiso semiphumela, abangajwayelene, njll. Njengoba umcwaningi uBaron ebhala:

"... Esikhundleni salokho, ababambiqhaza baqashwa ngokuthumela izikhangiso kumamagazini ezitabane. Ukukhetha okunjalo kwabahlanganyeli kuyangabaza kakhulu, ngoba kuncike ekufundeni kwalomagazini nakwisisusa salabo abavume ukubamba iqhaza. Leli qiniso liholela ekuphambukeni kwemiphumela, ngokwesibonelo, eqinisweni lokuthi inani lamawele wobungqingili lizodliswa. Ngani? Ngoba ababambiqhaza babecabanga ngokuziphatha kobulili kwabafowabo abangamawele ngaphambi kokuba bavume ukubamba iqhaza. Futhi lokhu kubeka ukungabaza ngokungahleliwe kwesampula. Ngobufakazi besayensi, isampula kufanele ibe engahleliwe ngangokunokwenzeka, okungukuthi, bekufanele ukufaka onke amawele esivivinyweni, bese senza ucwaningo lokuziphatha kobulili ... "(I-Baron 1993).

Okwesithathu, njengoba abacwaningi uHubbard noWald babhala ekuhlaziyeni kwabo:

"... iqiniso lokuthi i-concordance phakathi kwamawele - i-22% - idlula ephindwe kabili i-concordance phakathi kwabafowethu abalula - i-9,2% - ikhombisa ukuthi isizathu sokuthuthuka kongqingili akuyona imvelo, kodwa imvelo. Ngempela, ukufana kofuzo kwamawele asezindalini kuyafana nokufana kwabazalwane abajwayelekile. Futhi uma izici zezemvelo nokukhula zinomthelela omkhulu esimweni samawele asezingeni eliphakeme, akumangazi ukuthi phakathi kwamawele afanayo, ithonya lemvelo liphakeme kakhulu. Yize kunjalo, umbono wengqondo womuntu onomawele wakhe ofanayo uxhunyaniswe ngokungalingani nalamawele ... "(IHubbard xnumx).

Abaphenyi uBillings and Beckwiers babhale ekubuyekezweni kwabo "... yize ababhali bakuhumusha lokho okutholakele njengobufakazi besisekelo sezakhi zofuzo zobungqingili, sikholwa ukuthi imiphumela, kunalokho, ikhombisa ukuthi izinto ezikhuliswe kanye nemvelo zinomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ubungqingili" (Amabhili xnumx, k. 60).

Ngabe imiphumela ye-Bailey noPillet iphindaphindwe?

Ngabe ukhona okwazile ukuphinda (ukuphinda) imiphumela ka-Bailey no-Pillard - ukuthola ikhonsathi phakathi kwamawele afanayo okungenani kwi-52%? Ku-2000, uMichael Bailey ngokwakhe wazama ukuphinda ucwaningo lwakhe eqenjini elikhulu lamawele e-Australia. I-concordance yokuthambekela kobungqingili yayincane ngisho nangaphansi esifundweni sakhe sokuqala. Phakathi kwamawele afanayo, bekuyi-20% kwabesilisa, ne-24% kwabesifazane, naphakathi kwamawele afanayo - i-0% yamadoda, ne-10% kwabesifazane³ (I-Bailey 2000).

Ku-2010, udokotela wezifo zaseSweden uLangström wenza ucwaningo oluningi oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuthambekela kobulili kumawele, ehlaziya imininingwane yamawele ezinkulungwane eziningana zamawele angabobulili obufanayo nabobulili obuhlukile (I-Långström 2010) Abaphenyi bakhombe ukuthambekela kobungqingili ngokuya ngobukhona babalingani bobulili obufana nobakhe impilo yonke. Babala i-concordance ngamapharamitha amabili: ngokuba khona okungenani komlingani oyedwa wobungqingili ngesikhathi sokuphila, kanye nenani eliphelele labalingani bobungqingili ngesikhathi sokuphila. Izinkomba zeConcordance kusampula zaziphansi kunalezo ezitholwe kuzo zombili izifundo nguBailey et al. (1991) kanye (2000) Eqenjini lababambe iqhaza ababenomlingani okungenani oyedwa wobulili obufanayo, i-concordance emadodeni yi-18% yokufana kanye ne-11% yamawele afanayo; kwabesifazane, i-22% ne-17%, ngokulandelana.

Inani eliphelele labalingani bezocansi, izinkomba ze-concordance emadodeni zifinyelela ku-5% ngokufana kanye ne-0% yamawele afanayo; kwabesifazane, i-11% ne-7%, ngokulandelana. Kumadoda, i-61% ne-66% yokuhluka kuchazwa yizici zemvelo ezithinta iwele elilodwa kuphela, ngokulandelana, kanti ukungafani akuchazwa nhlobo yizici zezemvelo ezivamile ngamawele. Izici ezihlukile zezemvelo zibalwe nge-64% ne-66% yokuhlakazeka, ngokulandelana, ngenkathi izici ezijwayelekile zezemvelo zibalwa nge-17% ne-16%, ngokulandelana (I-Långström 2010).

Ku-2002, abacwaningi uPeter Birmen waseColumbia University kanye noHanna Bruckner waseYale University of America benze ucwaningo olunzulu nolumele nenani elikhulu lababambe iqhaza (I-Bearman 2002).

Bathola amazinga amancane kakhulu we-concordance yokuthambekela kobungqingili: I-6,7% ngamabili angamawele afanayo, i-7,2% ngamawele ahlukile, kanye ne-5,5% kubafowethu abajwayelekile. UBirmen noBruckner baphetha ngokuthi batholakala:

"... ubufakazi obukhulu obuxhasa imodeli yokuhlalisana kwabantu ezingeni ngalinye ..., imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi ukukhulisa izingane ngesisekelo sokungathathi hlangothi ngokobulili, ngaphandle kokuthola sobala ubulili bengane, kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kokuthambekela kobungqingili ..." (I-Bearman 2002).

Ngokungafani nemisebenzi esanda kubuyekezwa, udokotela wezifo zengqondo uKenneth Kendler nozakwabo benza ucwaningo olukhulu ngamawele besebenzisa isampula ye-probabilistic enamawele we-794 wamawele nabafowethu nodadewethu abajwayelekile be-1380I-Kendler xnumx) Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi abakutholile "basikisela ukuthi izici zofuzo zingaba nomthelela oqinile ekubhekeni ucansi." Lolu cwaningo, nokho, lwalunganele ukuthola iziphetho ezibucayi kangako mayelana nethonya lezakhi zofuzo kwezocansi: kukho konke, kuma-19 we-324 ngazimbili zamawele afanayo, umuntu onezifiso zobungqingili wakhonjwa indlela, ngenkathi e-6 yamabili ama-19, ukuthambekela kobungqingili kwakuvumelanayo (kubonwe ku umfowethu wesibili); okungenani umuntu oyedwa othambekele kobungqingili watholwa ku-15 yezithandani ze-240 zamawele wobulili obufanayo, kuyilapho ama-2 emibhangqwana ye-15 ayethandana. Iqiniso lokuthi ku-8 kuphela yamawele we-564 lapho ukuthambekela kobungqingili kuhlangana khona (i-1,4%) kukhawulele amathuba okusebenzisa lezi miphumela ekuqhathaniseni okukhulu kwamawele angafani futhi angafani.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amawele afanayo azungezwe cishe yindawo efanayo - uthando lwakudala, ubudlelwane nezinye izingane, njll. - ngokuqhathaniswa namawele angafanani nabafowethu nodadewethu abajwayelekile. Njengoba amawele afanayo abukeka ngokufana nangobuntu bawo, isimo esifanayo kubo kungenzeka kakhulu kunamawele afanayo nabafowethu nodadewethu abajwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izimo, i-concordance coefflication ephezulu ingachazwa yizemvelo hhayi izinto zofuzo.

Ngokusho kokwelashwa kwengqondo uJeffrey Satinover (I-Satinover xnumx) izinto ezithinta ngokuphelele ukwakheka kohlobo lokuziphatha komuntu kwezocansi zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezinhlanu:
I-1) imiphumela ye-intrauterine (prenatal), efana nokuxineka kwama-hormone;
I-2) i-extrauterine (postnatal) imiphumela yomzimba efana nokulimazeka nokutheleleka ngegciwane;
I-3) okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-extrauterine, njengokuxhumana komndeni, imfundo;
I-4) isipiliyoni sokubeletha, ngokwesibonelo, umphumela oqinisayo wokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo;
I-5) ukukhetha.

Ukungabikho kwe-concordance ye-100% kumawele afanayo akuvezi nje ukuthi ithonya lezakhi zofuzo alinakulungiswa, kodwa futhi nokuthi izici ezingezona zofuzo azikwazi ukuthi zibe yi-intrauterine kuphela. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukube bekunjalo, i-concordance ibisazosondela kwi-100%, ngoba amawele afanayo athinteka yizici ezifanayo zemvelo ye-intrauterine ”(I-Satinover xnumx, k. 97).

Uma izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ekubumbeni isimilo sabantu ekuziphatheni nasekuziphatheni okuthile kobulili, khona-ke lonke lolu cwaningo lusivumela ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi lesi sihloko asiphelelwa ithonya lezinto zofuzo. Ukufingqa ucwaningo lwamawele, singaphetha ngokuphephile ukuthi isayensi ayikhombisanga ukuthi isifiso sobulili ngokujwayelekile kanye nokuthambekela kobungqingili ikakhulu kunqunywa ngofuzo lwabantu.

Izifundo zofuzo zamangqamuzana

Ukufunda umbuzo wokubamba iqhaza kwezakhi zofuzo ekwakhekeni kokuthambekela kobungqingili futhi, uma kungenzeka, izinga lokuzibandakanya, sizihlole kakhulu izifundo lapho ifa lofuzo lomlingiswa (esimweni esithile sokukhanga ubungqingili) linqunywa ngofuzo lwasendulo, kodwa azange babeke umsebenzi wokunquma ukuthi iyiphi ufuzo oluthile lubhekene nalesi sici. Ngasikhathi sinye, izakhi zofuzo zingafundwa ngosizo lwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. izindlela zamamolekyuli ezenza ukwazi ukubona ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo ezihlukile zofuzo ezihambisana nezimpawu zomzimba noma zokuziphatha.

Isifundo Se-Dean Haymer

Omunye wemizamo yokuqala yokwenza ucwaningo lwama-molecule wokuthambekela kobungqingili wenziwe nguDean Haymer nozakwabo e-National Institute of Health eMaryland, eMelika (I-Hamer 1993) U-haymer uphenye imindeni enamawele afanayo abesilisa, lapho okungenani amawele abe nokukhangwa ngabobulili obufanayo. Phakathi nenani lemindeni eliphelele, uHaymer wakhomba i-40, lapho ubhuti ongqingili enomzakwabo ohlukile naye owayengungqingili, futhi wahlola i-DNA yabo kumasayithi afanayo. Ucwaningo olufanayo lubizwa ngokuthi "ucwaningo oluhlangene lwefa" - ngesiNgisi "ngesixhumanisi sofuzo".

Ocwaningweni lwefa elixhunyiwe, kwenziwa okulandelayo: eqenjini lezifundo ezinomkhuba owaziwayo owaziwayo, kuhlaziywa ukwenziwa kwezingxenye ezifanayo ze-DNA - zibizwa ngokuthi abamaka. Uma kuvela ukuthi eqenjini lezifundo inani elikhulu lamamaki litholakala esifundeni esifanayo se-DNA, khona-ke kungacatshangelwa ukuthi zonke lezi zimaki zzuzwe njengefa “zihlangene” - zixhunyiwe - okungukuthi, zingaba yingxenye yohlobo oluthile lofuzo (I-Pulst 1999).

UHaymer uthe ema-33 ngababili abavela kwi-40, abafowethu abathandana nobungqingili banesifunda esifanayo sobulili ku-X chromosome, ayibiza ngokuthi "Xq28." UHeimer uphethe ngokuthi isifunda iXq28 siqukethe izinhlobo zokuthambekela kobungqingili.

Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imiphumela kaHaymer ichazwa kaningi kabi. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uHaymer uthole isifunda esifanayo se-DNA - Xq28 - kuwo wonke amabhangqa e-33, kuwo wonke amadoda e-66, kodwa empeleni, ukulandelana kwe-nucleotide yesifunda se-Xq28 kutholakale kufana phakathi kwabafowethu ngamawele amabili, futhi ukulandelana kwe-Xq28 kuwo wonke amabhangqa bekungafani - U-Haymer akazange athole i-gene "yesitabane" edumile.

Lolu cwaningo lunezingqinamba eziningi ezibalulekile. U-Haymer akazange abheke ukufana kwe-Xq28 kumabili umbhangqwana ngokuhehwa ngokobulili obuhlukile, kodwa kuphela phakathi kwabungqingili (Byne xnumx) Uma engazange ayithole le ndawo phakathi kwabazakwabo abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, kodwa phakathi kwabongqingili, lokhu bekuzokhuluma ngomphumela wokuvuma kwesiphetho sakhe. Kodwa-ke, ukube wayethole i-Xq28 phakathi kwabafowabo abathandanayo, iziphetho zakhe ngabe zithole inani le-zero (IHorton xnumx) Futhi, njengoba abacwaningi uFausto-Sterling noBalaban baphawulile, isampula le-Heimer liqukethe inani lemininingwane elingakaphelele: lamacala we-40, kuphela ezimeni ze-15 ze-DNA heterozyggiving zilinganiswa ngokuqondile; kumacala asele we-25, imininingwane ibalwe ngokungaqondile (I-Fausto-Sterling 1993) Kuma-38% kuphela wamacala lapho uHeimer et al alinganise ngqo izinga le-heterozygosity le-chromosome yomama, futhi ku-62% bamane balibala ngokususelwa kwimininingwane etholakalayo.

Isisho kufanele senziwe ngesiqephu esilandelayo esihlobene nokushicilelwa kweHaymer 1993 yonyaka. E-1995, umagazini waseNew York Native ushicilele i-athikili enesihloko esithi "Ucwaningo" ngohlobo "lobungqingili aluzange luphumelele lolu daba: intatheli uJohn Krudson weChicago Tribune uveze ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwa ucwaningo lwesayensi olwenziwe ngumcwaningi" (I-Chicago Tribune 1995) Le ndatshana ikhombisa ukuthi umsebenzi kaHaymer wagxekwa kakhulu yizazi ezahlukahlukene ngecala lokuthi uHaymer akazange enze isheke lokuqinisekisa lokuba khona kweXq28 phakathi kwabafowethu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile. Abagxeki bahlanganisa isazi semvelo esidumile nesazi ngezakhi zofuzo uRichard Levontin noRuth Hubbard waseHarvard University (I-Chicago Tribune 1995) Ngaphezu kwalokho, yona futhi le ndatshana ithi i-Federal Bureau of Ethics of the National Institute of Health ifunda isikhalazo somunye wabasebenzi abasebasha e-Heimer, igama lakhe alaziwa, owabika ngokukhohliswa kwemiphumela eyenziwe nguHeimer esifundweni sakhe: ngokusho kwesikhulu salesi sikhulu, uHeimer ngamabomu akufakiwe kushicilelo imiphumela ekhombisa ukungabi nangqondo komqondo mbono wokuqokwa kofuzo wokuthambekela kobungqingili (I-Chicago Tribune 1995) Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwalesi sihloko kumagazini waseNew York Native, umagazini weSayensi yaseMelika ushicilele enye indatshana eqinisekisa iqiniso nesizathu sokuphenywa kweFederal Ethics Bureau ngokumelene noHeimer (Horgan xnumx, k. 26). INational Institute of Health ayidalulanga imiphumela yophenyo, kepha uHaymer wabe esedluliselwa komunye umnyango. Kufanele futhi kwaziwe ukuthi uHaymer wenza ucwaningo lwakhe ngohlobo “lobungqingili” esebenzisa imali eyisibonelelo, empeleni eyabelwa ukuba ifundele i-Kaparosi sarcoma, umdlavuza wesikhumba ovame ukuthinta iziguli zobungqingili ezine-AIDS (Mukherjee xnumx, k. 375). Ukuba semthethweni kokushicilelwa kukaHaymer kuncike ekutheni iqembu elizimele labacwaningi lingayithola yini imiphumela efanayo. Lokhu akwenzekanga.

Ukuphindaphinda kwemiphumela ye-Haymer

Ku-1999, iqembu labaphenyi abavela eNyuvesi yaseWestern Ontario, eholwa usosayensi ogama linguRice, lenze isifundo esifanayo (kusetshenziswa indlela "yokuhlanganisa izakhi zofuzo") phakathi kwamadoda ayizitabane ze-52 (Ilayisi xnumx) Ababhali abakwazanga ukuphinda imiphumela etholwe nguHaymer futhi baphetha ngokuthi: "imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu ayizange iveze ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili."

Kwathi ku2005, kwenziwa isifundo esisha noDean Haymer (UMansanski Xnumx) Ababhali abatholanga ubudlelwano obuphakeme ngokwezibalo phakathi kwe-Xq28 nokuthambekela kobungqingili, kodwa bathi bathola "ukuxhumana okuthandekayo" kwamanye amasayithi (kuma-chNosX e-7, 8 kanye ne-10 chromosomes).

Kodwa-ke, le miphumela ayikwazanga ukuphindwa kolunye ucwaningo e-2009, lapho iqembu labaphenyi abavela e-Oxford eNgilandi nase-University of Ontario eCanada lenza ucwaningo lwemindeni ye-55 lapho kwakukhona khona amadoda ayizitabane: izakhi zofuzo zaqoqwa kubahlanganyeli be-112 futhi kwenziwa uphenyo olunzulu lobuhlobo ngokufakwa kwezimpawu zomshini we-6000 (I-Ramagopalan 2010) Ukuhlaziywa akuzange kuveze ubudlelwano obalulekile phakathi kwezibalo zofuzo nobungqingili.

Ku-2015, iqembu lababhali abavela ezikhungweni ezahlukahlukene zesayensi eMelika, ngokokusesha okubanzi kwezinhlangano, lithe bathola ubudlelwane obalulekile bendawo ekwi-chromosome ye-8 futhi akubalulekile kangako kwi-Xq28 (I-sanders xnumx) Eziphethweni eziku-athikili yabo, ababhali bavumile ukuthi "umphumela wezakhi zofuzo ekuthambekeleni ubungqingili kude akunakuthathwa esinqumeni ... cishe lo mphumela uyingxenye yesizathu esiyimbangela."

Ku-2017, iqembu elifanayo lababhali lisebenzise indlela yesimanjemanje futhi enembile ebizwa ngokuthi ukusesha okuphelele kokufuna izinhlangano⁴. Ukucinga izinhlangano ezihlangene kubanzi kusekelwe ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo (ulwazi lokufunda kusuka ku-DNA) ukuthola izici ezithile ze-DNA ezingase zihambisane nomkhondo ophenywayo. Ososayensi bahlola izigidi zokuhlukahluka kofuzo ngenani elikhulu labantu abanezimfanelo ezifanayo, nabantu abangenazo lezi zimfanelo, futhi baqhathanisa imvamisa yokuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwamaqembu womabili. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lezo zinhlobonhlobo zofuzo ezivame kakhulu kubanikazi bezici kunalabo ngaphandle kwalo zihlobene ngandlela thile nalesi sici. Ngalesi sikhathi, kutholakale ubudlelwano obalulekile bezibalo zezifunda ezikwi-chNosX chynosomes kanye nama-13 (I-sanders xnumx).

Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguSanders nozakwabo (2017) alutholanga uhlobo lokuthambekela kobungqingili, futhi aluzange luveze isimo sabo sofuzo (ababhali ngokwabo bayasichasisa), futhi aluzange luqinisekise imiphumela yeHaymer 1993 yonyaka, eyabeka isisekelo sesikhala eside nohlobo lobungqingili. Enye yeziphetho zale ncwadi kwaba ukucatshangelwa ukuthi konke ukwahlukahluka kofuzo okungenhla kungathinta ukuqagela ukuthambekela kobungqingili (I-sanders xnumx, k. 3).

UFrancis Collins, umphathi wephrojekthi wokuqamba uhlobo lomuntu, ubhala okulandelayo:

"Amathuba asondele ku-20% wokuthi amawele afanayo endoda yobungqingili nawo azokuba ngongqingili (ngokuqhathaniswa ne-2 - 4% kubantu jikelele) akhombisa ukuthi ukunakwa kwezocansi kuthonywa yizakhi zofuzo, kepha akufakiwe kwi-DNA, kanye nanoma yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezibandakanyekile amele umbono - kodwa hhayi isiphetho esichaziwe kusengaphambili ... "(UCollins 2006).

Ucwaningo olukhulu kakhulu besebenzisa usesho olubanzi lwezinhlangano ezihlose ukunquma ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okuhambisana nokuthambekela kobungqingili, lwethulwe engqungqutheleni yonyaka ye-American Society of Human Genetics e2012 (I-Drabant 2012) Njengomphumela wokusesha okubanzi, abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile obabutholakele bokuthambekela kobungqingili kubo bobabili ubulili. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu abavela database weNkampani ye23andMe zahlolwa.

Ababhali bakamuva kakhulu futhi abakhulu kunabo bonke ucwaningo kwizakhi zofuzo zobungqingili utshele mayelana nemiphumela yayo:

"Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuziphatha komuntu ngokobulili ngokusekelwe ku-genome yakhe,"

kusho u-Ben Neal, uprofesa ophikweni lwe-Analytical and Translational Genetics e-Massachusetts General Hospital, osebenze kulolu cwaningo.

Ngokusho kukaprofesa we-University of California Genetics Institute uDavid Curtis,

“Ayikho inhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo esintwini esinomthelela omkhulu ekukhetheni ubulili. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuziphatha komuntu ngokobulili ngokusekelwe ku-genome yakhe."

Ama-Epigenetics

E-2015, iqembu labaphenyi abavela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, iLos Angeles yethule ingqungquthela engqungqutheleni ye-American Society of Human Genetics⁵ebimeme ukuthi abacwaningi bakwazi ukubona izintandokazi zocansi ngokususelwa kumamaki we-epigenetic ngokunemba kwe-67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Ukuheha ukunaka okukhulu emsebenzini wabo, ababhali bahlele ngisho nokukhishwa kwezindaba okubandakanya abezindaba (ASHG 2015) Lezi zindaba zasakazeka ngokushesha ezinhlokweni zamaphephandaba asezingeni eliphakeme, yize bekukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye ocwaningweni kanye nendlela engathandeki yokulamula (I-Yong xnumx).

I-Epigenetics yisayensi ecwaninga ngezinto lapho isisho sezakhi zofuzo siguqukayo ngenxa yethonya lezinqubo ezingathinti ushintsho ekulandelaneni kwe-DNA ezinhlotsheni zofuzo. Ngamanye amagama, izinqubo ze-epigenetic yilezo zinqubo lapho ezinye izici zithonya khona ubukhulu bezakhi zofuzo (okungukuthi, izakhiwo zomzimba). Ukulungiswa kwendawo kwe-molecule ye-DNA kungaba nomthelela ku-gene expression (expression), futhi lokhu kulungiswa kunqunywa ngamaprotheni akhethekile wokulawula, ama-enzyme ahlotshaniswa ne-DNA. Enye yezindlela zokuthonya yi-DNA methylation. Inhlanganisela yamaprotheni alawulayo ne-DNA ibizwa ngokuthi umaki we-epigenetic.

Abasencane kanye nozakwabo bathi inhloso enkulu yocwaningo lwabo bekuwukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthola "ukuthambekela ocansini" komuntu omaka izimpawu ze-epigenetic. Kuze kube manje, bafunda amasampula e-DNA wababili abangamawele ama-37, kulawa amabili ngababili umfowethu wayengungqingili, futhi ama-10 ngababili abangamawele afanayo, kuwo womabili la mazakwabo ayengungqingili. Njengoba kushiwo kuqoqo, abacwaningi bafunda izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlukaniswa (i-heterosexual vs.ungqingili) besebenzisa i-algorithm ye-FuzzyForest yezibalo zekhompyutha futhi ekugcineni bakhethe imodeli esebenza kahle kakhulu kufaka phakathi ama-5 epigenetic markers ahlukanisa kahle izinto ku-67% yamacala. Ababhali baphakamise ukuthi okuncamelayo ngokocansi kulawulwa ngama-5 epigenetic markers. Kodwa-ke, ukuhumusha okunjalo kwabangela, ukuyibeka ngobumnene, ukufiphala kokugxekwa kochwepheshe (Isikhungo Semidiya Yesayensi 2015, Ngomusa xnumx, I-Yong xnumx, I-Gelman 2015, I-Briggs 2015) Indlela yokusebenza (amandla wesampula aphansi ngokweqile, indlela engabazisayo enengozi enkulu yemiphumela emihle yamanga, njll.) Nokuhunyushwa kwayo kwabangela ukungabaza okukhulu. UJohn Grillie weCentre for Epigenomics e-Albert Einstein College of Medicine uphawulile, ephawula nge-hype ezungeze lolu cwaningo olwenziwe nguNgun nozakwabo:

“… Ngaphandle kokukhuluma mathupha ngaye noma ngozakwabo, kodwa uma sifuna ukugcina le ndawo yesayensi, asisakwazi ukuvumela ucwaningo olubi lwe-epigenetic ukuthi luthenjwe. Ngokuthi "kubi," ngiqonde okungachazwanga. ... "(Ngomusa xnumx).

Ekugcineni, ukuqiniseka kwabahlaziyi abakweqa lokhu kuphinda kwethulwe engqungqutheleni kwabuzwa imibuzo, futhi i-athikili, ayikaze ishicilelwe ndawo.

Kungani imiphumela yezifundo zofuzo zamangqamuzana iphikisana kangaka - iyahluka futhi ihluka?

Indima elinganiselwe yezakhi zofuzo

Ubufakazi besimo sofuzo sokuthambekela kobungqingili abukholeki. Isayensi ayilwazi uhlobo lwengqingili. Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, kwasungulwa iphrojekthi yamazwe omhlaba wonke ebizwa nge- “Human Genome Project” - iHuman Genome Project. Ngaphansi kohlaka lwayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamamephu wesakhi sofuzo komuntu kwenziwa - yiluphi uhlobo lohlobo lwe-chromosome elikhona, olunamaphrotheni lolo, njll. Noma ngubani angahlola - azikho izinhlobo zobungqingili ezikhonjisiwe lapho (Izinsizakalo zofuzo lomuntu ku-NCBI).

Nakhu okwabhalwa nguMayer noMcHugh emsebenzini wabo:

"... Njengoba kuye kwaqinisekiswa kaningi maqondana nezici zokuziphatha komuntu, ithonya lesici sofuzo kokuthambekela kokuthambekela kobungqingili noma amaphethini wokuziphatha kungenzeka. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuvamile kuya ngezici zezemvelo - indawo ehlukile iholela ekwakhekeni kwama-phenotypes ahlukene ngisho nasezinhlotsheni ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ezinye izici zofuzo zithonya ukuthambekela kobungqingili, noma kunjalo, okuthandwa yizifiso zocansi kubuye kuthonywe yizici ezithile zemvelo, kufaka phakathi izinto ezinengcindezi yomphakathi njengokuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo nangokomzimba kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi. Ukuthola isithombe esiphelele ngokwakhiwa kwezintshisekelo zocansi, izifiso kanye nokushayela, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake izinto zokuthuthuka, imvelo, isipiliyoni, umphakathi nentando. (Isibonelo, izakhi zofuzo zenhlalo zomphakathi ziqophe indima eqondile yezakhi zofuzo ekuziphatheni nontanga, okubonisa ukuthi ukubukeka komuntu kungathonya ukwamukelwa noma ukwaliwa eqenjini elithile lezenhlalo (i-Ebstein 2010).
Izakhi zofuzo zanamuhla ziyazi ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zinomthelela ebangeni lezintshisekelo zomuntu kanye nogqozi lwakhe, futhi, ngokufanele, okunomthelela ekuziphatheni. Yize izakhi zofuzo zingakhohlisa umuntu ekuziphatheni okuthile, amandla abo okulawula ngqo izenzo, noma ngabe uneziphi izici ezahlukahlukene, akunakwenzeka. Umthelela wabo ekuziphatheni ucashile futhi kuya ngomthelela wezinto ezithinta imvelo ... "(IMeya 2016).

Izici ze-Congenital ezingathinta ukwakheka kufaka phakathi izimfanelo zokufudumala okufana nomlingiswa omnene futhi osengcupheni, ukwanda kokuzwa okungokomzwelo, amahloni, ukufinyelela, njll. Abaphenyi ngokwabo, imiphumela yayo esetshenziswa ekubumbeni kwezishoshovu ze-LGBT + - ukunyakaza, abalokothi basho ukuthi ubungqingili bunqunywa ngofuzo, kungcono bakholelwe ukuthi ukuheha ubungqingili obuhlangene kuhlangene nezinto ezihlanganisa imvelo nokuthinta imvelo, lapho okugcina kudlala khona indima enkulu . Ukuthi ubungqingili "buyinto engaphakathi", sizwa ikakhulukazi kumafilimu aseHollywood, imibukiso yezinkulumo zokulinganisa, izingoma noma imibono emazwaneni wokuxhumana nabantu. Kodwa-ke, emphakathini wesayensi, empeleni, akekho noyedwa umcwaningi ononembeza ozosho ukuthi uthole isakhi sofuzo noma enye into ebangela ukuheha ubungqingili.

Ucwaningo okuhloswe ngalo ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi ngabe izinhlobo zofuzo (ikakhulukazi, esizeni se-Xq28) zikhona ezihlobene nesifiso sobulili obufanayo. Kuhlanganiswe ngu-V. Lysov (2018)

Umthombo futhi  amasampula	Indlela ukuhlaziya	Imiphumela ngokusho kokushicilelwa	Ingabe bukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu ze-Xq28 nobungqingili?	Eminye imiphumela
UDean Hamer et al. I-Xnumx Imindeni ye-40, ngayinye yayo yayiqukethe i-proband yobungqingili kanye nobungqingili abakhethwe phakathi kwezihlobo zakhe	izifundo ezihlangene zefa	ezimweni ze-33 ezivela emindenini ye-40, okumaka izakhi zofuzo okukhona kusayithi q28 ye-chromosome X ihlangane	ngombandelaKodwa-ke, izindlela nokutolika ziyagxekwa ngozakwethu: I-Baron 1993; Pool 1993; UFausto-Sterling et al. I-Xnumx; Bukhali 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; INorton 1995, UHaymer ngokwakhe usolwe ngokuqamba amanga: Horgan xnumx	-
UJennifer Macke et al. I-Xnumx  Imindeni ye-36, ngakunye okwakukhona nge-proband yobungqingili nezihlobo zayo, phakathi kwayo okwakukhona nobhuti oyedwa wobungqingili	sesha izinhlobo zohandayo - i-androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)	abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile obusezibalo obutholakele kwisampula	-	akukho ukuxhumana ne-androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)
UStella Hu et al. I-Xnumx (iqembu lesayensi uDean Hamer)  Imindeni ye-33, ngakunye okwakukhona nge-proband yobungqingili nezihlobo zayo, phakathi kwayo okwakukhona nobhuti oyedwa wobungqingili	izifundo ezihlangene zefa	ezimweni ze-22 ezivela emindenini ye-32, okumaka izakhi zofuzo okukhona kusayithi q28 ye-chromosome X ihlangane	ngombandelabheka uHamer 1993	-
UGeorge Rice et al. I-Xnumx Imindeni ye-46, ngakunye okwakukhona nge-proband yobungqingili nezihlobo zayo, phakathi kwayo okwakukhona nobhuti oyedwa wobungqingili	izifundo ezihlangene zefa	okumaka kwezakhi zofuzo okusendaweni ye-q28 esifundeni se-chromosome X akuhambanga	akukho	-
UMichael DuPree et al. I-Xnumx  (iqembu lesayensi uDean Hamer) Imindeni ye-144, ngayinye yayiqukethe i-proband yobungqingili eyayinomfowethu oyedwa wobungqingili	sesha izinhlobo zokhetho - i-aromatase gene CYP15 (15 chromosome)	abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile obusezibalo obutholakele kwisampula	-	akukho ukuxhumana ne-aromatase gene CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
UMustanski et al. I-Xnumx  (Iqembu lesayensi uDean Hamer) Imindeni ye-146 (kufaka phakathi imindeni evela ezifundweni zikaHamer 1993 neHu 1995), ngayinye yayiqukethe i-proband yobungqingili eyayinomfowethu oyedwa wobungqingili	Ucwaningo olubanzi lwefa elixhunyiwe	ukuhlangana okubalulekile okumaka nesimaki ku-chNosX chromosome kutholakale kwisampula, futhi, ngokusho kwababhali, "ukusondela kwezindlela zokubaluleka okungenzeka" kwabamaki kuma-chNosX e-7 naku-8 chromosomes.	akukho	ukuxhumana nabamaki ku-chNosX chromosome ngokuya ngemibandela yeLander neKruglyak (7) inkomba ehamba phambili yeLOD* ilingane ne-xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. I-Xnumx (Ithimba Lesayensi LikaGeorge) Imindeni ye-55, ngayinye yayiqukethe i-proband yobungqingili eyayinomfowethu oyedwa wobungqingili	Ucwaningo olubanzi lwefa elixhunyiwe	abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile obusezibalo obutholakele kwisampula	akukho	azikho izinhlangano ezitholakele ezinamamaki ku-chNosX chromosome ngokuya nge-Lander and Kruglyak (7)
Binbin Wang et al. I-Xnumx iqembu lamadoda angabungqingili be-Xnumx neqembu lokulawula lamadoda ama-Xnumx abesilisa abathandanayo	sesha izinhlobo zokhetho - i-sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (7 chromosome)	abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile obusezibalo obutholakele kwisampula	-	kutholakale umehluko obalulekile wokuhlangana kwe-plugoup ku-ratio yezinguquko ezisesimweni sohlobo lwe-rs9333613, olwahunyushwa ababhali ngokuthi "ukuba khona kokuxhumana okungenzeka phakathi kokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nokuheha ubuntu obufanayo"
Emily Drabant et al. I-Xnumx Amadoda we-7887 nabesifazane be-5570 (abangahlobene nobuhlobo) abakhonjwe njengabenza ucansi nge-sex drive nokuzazisa ngokwe-Klein yemibuzo	ukusesha okugcwele kofuzo	azikho izinhlangano ezibalulekile zezibalo (5 × 10 - 8) ezitholakele kusampula	akukho	azikho izinhlangano ezibalulekile ezitholwayo
USanders et al. I-Xnumx Imindeni ye-384, ngayinye yayiqukethe i-proband yobungqingili eyayinomfowethu oyedwa wobungqingili	Ucwaningo olubanzi lwefa elixhunyiwe	Ubudlelwano obabalulekile obumaka nomaka ku-chNosX chromosome kanye nokuhlangana okungenzeka ne-Xq8 kutholakale kusampula	imibandela: ngokuya ngemibandela yeLander and Kruglyak (1995), izinkomba ezihamba phambili ze-LOD zezimpawu ze-Xq28 zazilingana ne-2,99, elihambisana nenani elicatshangelwe ("ukubaluleka okusolekisayo")	ukuxhumana nabamaka ku-chNosX chromosome ngokuya nge-Lander and Kruglyak (8); isikolo esihle kakhulu se-LOD kwakuyi-1995
USanders et al. I-Xnumx iqembu lamadoda angongqingili be-1077 nabesilisa abangama-1231 abesilisa nabesifazane abathandanayo (izifundo ezifanayo noSanders et al. 2015)	ukusesha okugcwele kofuzo	azikho izinhlangano ezibalulekile zezibalo (5 × 10 - 8) ezitholakele kusampula	akukho	abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile ngokwezibalo obutholakele. Ababhali baphawule ukuthi amanani asondela ngokubalulekile atholakala kumamaki kuma-chNosX e-13 naku-14 chromosomes

* I-LOD = i-logpoint enkulu ye-lotpoint yemikhuba ibona i-Nyholt DR. Onke ama-LOD awadaliwe Alingana. NginguJ Hum Humet. I-2000 Aug; I-67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. I-LOD ebalulekile yezibalo ocwaningweni lofuzo yi-≥3,

Njengoba omunye wama-blogger aseMelika akubeka kahle, "... imizamo yokuchaza ngobungqingili ubungqingili iyefana nama-iPhones - okusha kuvela minyaka yonke ..." (Allen 2014) Ekugcineni, mhlawumbe, kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwabagqugquzeli bokuthambekela kobungqingili, isiqubulo esithi "Cishe uzalwe unqunyelwe"⁶ inomphumela ohluke ngokuphelele wenkulumo-ze.

Kwenziwe imizamo yokuthola “uhlobo lotshwala” (Umuzi wokutakula i-2017; I-NIAAA 2012), kanye no "gene killer" (UDavis 2016; I-Parshley xnumx), kodwa-ke, njengasesimweni “sofuzo wobungqingili”, abukho ubufakazi obutholakele obuvuma isimangalo sokuthi "abanjalo bayazalwa". Umuntu owenele ngeke abe nalo mbono, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi athethelele utshwala nokubulawa ngethonya lezakhi zofuzo - phela, lezi zigameko zinqunywa ngokuzikhethela, hhayi ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili. Umuntu oyiphayona lendaba “nohlobo lobungqingili” uDean Haymer, ngokusobala unethalente elihle kakhulu kwezentengiso, esebenza ngekhono ngaphakathi kohlaka lomfashini womphakathi. Njengoba elinde isikhashana ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwendatshana yakhe ye-1993 yonyaka, uHaymer ushicilela incwadi ethi "Isayensi ye-Passion: the Search for Ubungqingili i-genetic kanye ne-Behahlangual Biology", eyenze ukugqabhuka phakathi kwenhlangano ye-LGBT +I-Hamer 1994) futhi wamlethela inzuzo enkulu. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, uHaymer wenza umuzwa omusha ngokukhipha incwadi enesihloko esithi “The Gene of God: How Ukholo Lwamiswa Kanjani Ngolwethu” (I-Hamer 2004), lapho aveza khona umbono wakhe wokuthi amakholwa acishe afane nofuzo (V.L.: Kuyahlekisa ukubona ukukhetha okunje maqondana nemikhuba emibili yofuzo: isimo sofuzo okusolwa ngokuthambekela kobungqingili lwethulwa ngokukhanya, njengokuthi kunikezwe , futhi ukuxhumana okusolwa ngezinhlobo zofuzo nenkolo akukuhle, kufana nokuguqulwa.). Ngokwemvelo, akunakuqinisekiswa kwemibono yeHeimer esetholakele kuze kube namuhla, nokho, umbono wakhe waphinde wamukelwa ngemfudumalo emphakathini we-LGBT +, iphephabhuku laseMelika i-Time laze lashicilela isembozo esikhethekile salo mcimbi.

Ngemuva kwalokho, uDean Haymer washiya isayensi futhi wagxila emisebenzini yezepolitiki: ngokuhlangana "nomyeni" wakhe uJoseph Wilson (I-New York Times 2004) wasungula isitudiyo sefilimu "QWave", egxile kwimikhiqizo egxile ekunyakazeni "LGBT +" (IHuffpost 2017).

Isazi semvelo esidumile nesithandwayo kwezesayensi uRichard Dawkins sifana nefilosofi yokuqonda izakhi zobungqingili:

“… Ezinye izinto ezilungiswe imvelo kulula ukuzishintsha. Ezinye zinzima. Cabanga ukuthi sixhunyaniswe ngokujule kangakanani nesikhuthazo sobuntwana bethu: umuntu wakwelinye izwe ongumfokazi ubizwa ngokuthi ngowokufika impilo yakhe yonke. Kukhona ukucaciswa okuqinile lapha kunokusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo eziningi. Kungaba okuthokozisayo ukwazi ukuthi izibalo kungenzeka ukuthi ingane eye yavezwa ethonyeni elithile lezemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, imfundo yezenkolo esigodlweni sezindela, kamuva izokwazi ukuqeda leli thonya. Kungakuthakazelisa ngokufanayo ukwazi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izibalo zokuthi indoda enofuzo oluthile ku-X chromosome esifundeni iXq28 izoba ngungqingili. Ukuboniswa okulula kokuthi kukhona ufuzo "oluholela" ebungqingilini kushiya umbuzo ngokubaluleka kwaleli thuba cishe uvuleke ngokuphelele. Izakhi zofuzo azinankosi ekunqumeni ... "(Dawkins xnumx, k. 104).

Omunye wesibalo esiqavile ku-Russianologyology, uSolwazi Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, ekhuluma ngezizathu zokwakhiwa kokuthambekela kobungqingili, ukhomba okulandelayo:

“... Kodwa-ke, ukuphazamiseka kokuhlukaniswa kobuchopho nokushintsha kwamahomoni akubeki kusengaphambili ukwakheka kokuheha kwabantu bobungqingili, kepha kuba yisisekelo sokuhlanekezelwa kobunikazi bezenzo nokuziphatha kobulili, okwandisa ubungozi bobungqingili. Ukunikezwa kwe-Neuroendocrine kuyingxenye yamandla ye-libido kuphela. Ukwakheka kobungqingili nakho kwenziwa lula yizici ze-etiological kanye nezinqubo ze-pathogenetic ezitholakala ekuhlanekezelweni ngokujwayelekile ... "(IVasilchenko 1990, k. 430).

I-hypothesis yesici sofuzo sobungqingili besilisa, inikeza ithuba lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabesifazane

Kuyafuneka ukusho i-hypothesis eyinqayizivele yabaphenyi base-Italy, abathi, "Ayihambelani kohlobo lofuzo olukhona lobungqingili". Ukucatshangelwa ukuthi ubungqingili kubangelwa izakhi zofuzo kuphambene nomgomo wokukhethwa kwemvelo, ngokuya ngokuthi inani labathwali bezakhi zofuzo abathikameza ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi yobungqingili edingekayo ekukhiqizeni inzalo kufanele linciphe ngokuqinile lize linyamalale ngokuphelele. Noma kunjalo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe izibalo, inani labantu abazibheka njengongqingili liyanda nesizukulwane ngasinye. Isizathu sisobala: ubungqingili abuqhutshwa ngofuzo, kepha abafuni ukubekezelela uCamperio-Ciani osobala kanye nozakwabo beza nencazelo eyindathane okwakufanele ibhekane ne “Darwin paradox.” Umqondo wabo uphakamisa ukuba khona kwe- "X-chromosomal factor" ethile, edluliswa ngomugqa womama, kungakhuphula i-androphilia (ukukhangwa ngocansi emadodeni) kuzo zozimbili ubulili, ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ekukhuleni kokuzala kwabesifazane, kunxeshezelwe ekunciphiseni ukuzala kwabesilisa (ICamperio-Ciani 2004).

Le hypothesis ingafuna ukwethenjwa ngezinga elithile uma ososayensi bethola amazinga afanele okunxephezelwa - ngokwesibonelo, uma umama onezalo ezingafani nomuntu oyedwa wayenengane ye-2, kanti umama onenzalo yobungqingili wayene-4. Eqinisweni, umehluko waphenduka ungabalulekile: ngokwesilinganiso, i-2,07 yengane okokuqala naku-2,73 - kwesesibili (ngu-34% ngaphezulu) futhi lokhu yize amaqiniso wokuzala kabusha ubungqingili nabobulili obuhlukile ayehluke cishe ngezikhathi ze-5: i-0,12 ne-0,58, ngokulandelana (ku-383 % ngaphansi) (Iemmola xnumx). Abaphenyi bachaza ukuzala okuphansi ngokungajwayelekile kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ngokuthi njengeqembu elilawulayo kwakufanele bafana ngangokunokwenzeka nama-probands obungqingili, ngakho-ke iningi labo lalingashadile. Kepha noma ngabe sithatha le datha engameleli, kuvela ukuthi ukuze kuzuzwe isinxephezelo esanele, omama bezingane zobungqingili bazodinga izingane ezingaphezu kwezingu-7 ... Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho mehluko obalulekile otholakele ekuzaleni kwesizukulwane esedlule (ogogo nomkhulu), nakho okungavumelani nomqondo mayelana nezakhi zofuzo ukudlulisa.

Izama ukuchaza imininingwane etholakele, abalobi baphawula ukuthi ongqingili bathambekele ekwandiseni isibalo sabantu abangalingani abesilisa phakathi kwezihlobo, nabobulili obuhlukile, kunalokho, ukuncipha, okungaholela ekutheni umehluko emiphumeleni. Baphinde bathi umehluko ekuzaleni ungachazwa ngezizathu zomzimba noma zokuziphatha, njengamazinga aphansi okukhipha isisu noma ukukhuphuka kwekhono lokuthola abalingani. Ekugcineni, ababhali gcizelelaokunyusa ukuzala komama kuchaza okungaphansi kwe-21% yokungafani ekuthambekeleni ubulili kwabesilisa kusampula yabo.

"Lokhu kuyahambisana nezifundo ezenziwa ngomqondo nezomdlandla ezikhombisa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kuyinto enamandla ekunqumeni isimilo sokuziphatha komuntu nomuntu nokuzazisa kwakhe. Kungenzeka ukuthi izinga eliphakeme lobungqingili bomama lisuka emasikweni hhayi ezimfeni zofuzo. Emiphakathini eminingi, njengasenyakatho ne-Italy, omama bachitha isikhathi esiningi nezingane zabo, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala, okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kobunikazi bobuntu kanye nokuya ocansini. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi umama nomndeni wakhe bangaba ngumthombo ophambili wamaphethini wokuziphatha nezimo zengqondo zomntwana, kufaka phakathi izici ezihlobene nokuthanda ucansi nokuziphatha ngokuzayo ”(ICamperio-Ciani 2004).

Ngemuva kokwenza izifundo ze3, ababhali baphoqeleka ukuthi bavume ukuthi imininingwane abayitholile "Abasivumeli ukuthi sithole ukuthi i-X-chromosome factor eholela ku-kangakanani noma iholele indoda phambili ekubeni nobuntu obuhle noma ubuphilile" (UCiani xnumx) Ngamafuphi, umnikelo walezi zifundo ekuqondeni uhlobo lokuheha ubungqingili luyi-zero.

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Ucwaningo olukhulu kunalo lonke olwake lwashicilelwa i-30.08.2019 ekushicilelweni okunesayensi okunamandla Isayensi, kususelwa kusampula yabantu abacishe babe yinkulungwane ye-500, bathole ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-99% yokuziphatha kobungqingili kunqunywa yizici zenhlalo nezemvelo. Ngokusho UDavid Curtis, uprofesa e-University of California's Institute of Genetics, "Lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ayikho into efana nohlobo lwezitabane." Esintwini akukho okuhlanganiswayo okunjalo kwezakhi zofuzo okungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuzimiseleni kwezocansi. Eqinisweni, akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuziphatha komuntu ngokobulili ngofuzo wakhe. ”

Ingxenye Yesibili: AmaHormoni?

Ngaphezu kwethonya lezakhi zofuzo, izishoshovu ze- "LGBT +" movement ziveza ukuthi kuvezwa okungenamsoco njengendlela yokusolwa yohlobo lokuzala lokukhanga ubungqingili. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi ngesikhathi inkathi isesesibelethweni isibeletho sithinteka okuthile (ama-hormone noma amasosha omzimba), okuphazamisa inqubo evamile yokukhula kwayo, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuheha ubungqingili.

Ukuhlola i-hypothesis yemiphumela yama-hormonal ekwakhekeni kokukhethwa kocansi, sifunda ngobudlelwano phakathi kokuxineka kwama-hormone we-intrauterine ekukhuleni komzimba kanye nasekwakheni kwasebuntwaneni bokuziphatha okujwayelekile kwabafana noma okujwayelekile kwamantombazane. Imodeli yokuhlolwa kokungalingani kwe-hormonal intrauterine, kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha nezisebenzayo kubantu ayenziwa, ngoba ukuphazamiseka kwe-hormonal kuholela kokuphazamiseka okubalulekile kwe-anatomical and ngokomzimba, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ezilwaneni zaselebhu⁷. Noma kunjalo, amaphesenti athile abantu azalwa ene-pathology ehlobene nama-hormone - ukuphazamiseka kokukhula kwezocansi (NDP), futhi kubantu bawo kungenzeka ukutadisha ubudlelwane bokungalingani kwe-hormonal nokuziphatha. Okokuqala, kufanele sibhale kafushane amaphuzu asemqoka emiphumela yama-intrauterine ye-hormonal.

Kukholelwa ukuthi izinkathi zokusabela okukhulu kakhulu emvelweni we-hormonal zenzeka ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-fetus. Isibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi umphumela omkhulu we-testosterone kwi-fetus yesilisa uvela kumaviki we-8 kuya kuma-24, bese uphinda kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu (Izinhlamvu xnumx) Ngesikhathi sonke sokuvuthwa, ama-estrogen aqhamuka ku-placenta kanye nohlelo lokujikeleza kukamama (I-Albrecht 2010) Ucwaningo lwezilwane lukhombisa ukuthi zingaba nezikhathi eziningi zokuzwela kwama-hormone ahlukile, ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-hormone eyodwa kungathinta isenzo zenye i-hormone, futhi ukuzwela kwama-receptors kula ma-hormone kungathinta isenzo sabo (I-Berenbaum Xnumx) Ukwahlukanisa ngocansi kwe-fetus ngokwayo kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kulo mkhakha wokucwaninga ama-hormone afana ne-testosterone, i-dihydrotestosterone (i-metabolite ye-testosterone futhi enamandla amakhulu kune-testosterone), i-estradiol, i-progesterone ne-cortisol. Kubhekwa njengento ejwayelekile uma umphumela we-hormonal ekukhuleni kwesibeletho esibelethweni kwenzeka ngezigaba. Ekuqaleni, imibungu iyahluka kuphela ekwakhekeni kwe-chromosome - i-XX noma i-XY - kanye nezindlala zazo zocansi (gonads) ziyefana. Kodwa-ke, kunalokho ngokushesha, ngokuya ngenhlanganisela ye-chromosomal, ukwakheka kwama-testes (ama-testes) kuqala kuthwali lwe-XY nama-ovari kuma-car XX. Lapho nje umehluko we-gonads usuphelile, baqala ukukhiqiza ama-hormone aqondene nobulili anquma ukuthuthukiswa nokwakhiwa kwezitho zangasese zangaphandle: ama-androgens atholwe izivivinyo anomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezitho zangasese zowesilisa zangaphandle, kanye nokungabikho kwama-androgens kanye nokuba khona kwe-estrogen kwabesifazane kuholela ekukhuleni kwezitho zangasese zabesifazane bangaphandle (UWilson 1981).

Uhlelo lokuhlukanisa ngocansi. Kuhlanganiswe ngu-V. Lysov Ukwephulwa kokulingana kwe-androgens nama-estrogen (ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo namanye amathonya), kanye nokuba khona kwawo noma ukungabikho ngezikhathi ezithile ezibalulekile zokukhula kwengane, kungadala ukuphazamiseka ekukhuleni kobulili.

Enye yezinkinga ezifundwe kakhulu zokuthuthuka kwezocansi yi-congenital adrenal cortical hyperplasia (VGKN), ehlotshaniswa nokuguqulwa kofuzo olufaka i-enzyme ethintekayo ekwakhiweni kwe-hormone cortisol (Isikhulumi 2003) Le pathology iholela ekwandisweni ngokweqile kwe-cortisol precursors (i-cortisol ne-androgens yabelana nge-precursor evamile), lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-androgens. Ngenxa yalokhu, amantombazane azalwa enamazinga ahlukahlukene wokuvelela⁸ izitho zangasese - kuya ngobukhulu bokushiyeka kofuzo kanye nezinga le-androgens elingakanani. Amacala amakhulukazi e-virilization nokukhula kwezinkinga ezijulile zokusebenza kwesinye isikhathi adinga ukungenelela okuhlinza. Ukuze kuhlukaniswe imiphumela yokuqothuka kwama-androgens, kunqunywa ukwelashwa ngama-hormone. Kwaphawuleka ukuthi abesifazane abane-HCV banengozi enkulu yokuthola ukuheha ubungqingili (Isikhulumi 2009), futhi labo abahlushwa i-HCV ngendlela enzima kakhulu kungenzeka babe nobungqingili kunabesifazane abaye baba nalesi sifo ngendlela emnene (Izinhlamvu xnumx).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwezocansi okungahambi kahle emadodeni ezakhi zofuzo ahlushwa ukungazweli ku-androgen. Kwabesilisa abane-androgen insensitivity syndrome, ama-testes ngokuvamile akhiqiza i-androgen testosterone, kepha ama-testosterone receptors awasebenzi. Ekuzalweni, izitho zangasese zibukeka njengabesifazane, nengane ikhuliswe njengeyintombazane. I-testosterone yemvelo yengane iguqulwa ibe yi-estrogen, ukuze iqale ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo zobulili zesibili zabesifazane (I-Hughes xnumx) I-Pathology itholwa kuphela lapho ukuthomba kufinyelelwa, lapho, ngokuhlukile kokufanele, ukuya esikhathini akuqali, futhi, empeleni, “abesifazane” abanjalo abazalwanga, njengo "ukungabi nazala" kanye "nabesilisa" abane-VGKN.

Kukhona ezinye izinto ezixakile ngokocansi ezithinta abesilisa abathile bezakhi zofuzo (isb., Abantu abane-XY genotype) okuntuleka kwayo kwama-androgens kungumphumela oqondile wokuntuleka kwama-enzyme ahilelekile noma ngabe ekuhlanganiseni kwe-dihydrotestosterone kusuka ku-testosterone noma ekukhiqizweni kwe-testosterone evela kwandulela i-hormone. Abantu abanokuphazamiseka okunjalo bazalwa benesici sangasese sokwahlukahluka kobuzwe (I-Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

Ngokusobala, kulezi zibonelo, ukuheha ubungqingili kanye / noma ukukhetha kokuziphatha okuthile kwabobulili obuhlukile kuhlotshaniswa ne-pathologies yokusebenza nokuziphatha. Kodwa-ke, ama-pathologies anjalo awatholakali kwabungqingili. Umcabango wokuthi ukungalingani kwe-hormonal nganoma iyiphi indlela kuholela ekwakhekeni kokukhethwa kobungqingili (okungukuthi, kuthinta isimilo) futhi akunakuthinta izici zokuziphatha okuhle nokusebenzayo akusekelwa ekuqapheleni okunamandla.

Kwenziwe imizamo ehlukahlukene yokuhlonza noma yiziphi izici ze-anatomical nezisebenzayo ezihambisana nokuthandwa ngabungqingili. Cabanga ngezifundo ezishiwo izishoshovu ze-LGBT +.

Ucwaningo lukaSimon Levey

Kwenziwe ucwaningo oluningi ocwaningweni lokuhluka kwe-neurobiological ngokuya ngokuthambekela ocansini. Owokuqala kwaba ukushicilelwa kwesazi se-neuroscientist uSimon LeVay e1991 (I-LeVay 1991). ULeVay wenze ucwaningo lwakhe ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezidumbu zabantu abashonile. Uhlukanise lezi zifundo ngamaqembu amathathu - abesifazane “abathanda ubulili obuhlukile” abangu-6, amadoda “ongqingili” abangu-19 ababulawa ingculaza, nabesilisa “abanobulili obuhlukile” abangu-16 (le mingcele inikezwa ngamamaki acashuniwe ngenxa yokuthi izinto ezithandwa umufi zaziwukuqagela).

Eqenjini ngalinye, uLeVey walinganisa ubukhulu bendawo ekhethekile yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuthi yi-interstitial nucleus ye-anterior hypothalamus.⁹. Kwi-hypothalamus, ama-nuclei amaningi anjalo ahlukaniswa nge-0.05 ukuya kwi-0.3 mm³ ngosayizi (Byne xnumx), ezibalwa ngezinombolo: 1, 2, 3, 4. Ngokuvamile, ubukhulu be-INAH-3 buxhomeke ezingeni le-testosterone testosterone emzimbeni: i-testosterone eyengeziwe, i-INAH-3 iba nkulu. U-LeVey uthe ubukhulu be-INAH-3 kwabobungqingili babuncane kakhulu kunabesilisa abakhangwa abobulili obuhlukile, ngokufana kakhulu nabesifazane. Njengoba ukwakheka komzimba womuntu kunqunywa izakhi zofuzo, uLeVey uphakamise ukuthi uma ubukhulu be-INAH-3 buhambisana nesiqondiso sesifiso sobulili, khona-ke "... libido ingenxa yesakhiwo sobuchopho ..." ngakho-ke izakhi zofuzo zihambisana nokushayela ucansi.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uLeVey uzinikele ngokuphelele kulo msebenzi futhi ngethemba lokuthola umphumela onjalo. Ngemuva kokuthi umngane wakhe wobungqingili uRichard Sherry abulawa yi-AIDS, uLeVey wacindezelwa isikhashana (Newsweek xnumx, k. 49). Utshele izintatheli ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwakhe ekhuluma ngokuxhamazela: “Nginomuzwa wokuthi uma ngingatholi lutho, ngizoyeka ngokuphelele isayensi” (Newsweek xnumx, k. 49).

Ucwaningo lukaLeVey belunamaphutha amaningi okusebenza, yena uqobo obekumele awasho njalo, kepha abezindaba babaziba ngabom. Yini uLeVey athola ngempela noma ongayitholanga? Lokho angakutholanga ngokungalingani ukuxhumana okuphakathi kosayizi be-INAH-3 nokuthambekela kwezocansi. Njengasemuva njenge-1994, umcwaningi uWilliam Byne waseNew York uhlolisiswe kakhulu isitatimende mayelana nembangela yofuzo yobungqingili (Byne xnumx): okokuqala, le yinkinga yokukhetha izinto zocwaningo. U-LeVey wayengazi kahle ukuthi yikuphi ukuthambekela kwezocansi abantu ayebafunda ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezigulini ezinengculaza ebulalayo, amazinga aphansi e-testosterone abonwa womabili ngenxa yethonya lesifo nangenxa yemiphumela emibi yokwelashwa (Iza i-2016) Kusuka kwidatha kaLeVay, akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukuthola ukuthi ingakanani i-INAH-3 eyazalwa futhi ingafaki iqiniso lokuthi ingancipha ngesikhathi sempilo. Zonke izifundo ezikhonjwe nguLeVay "njengongqingili" zashona ngenxa yezinkinga zengculaza. U-LeVey uqobo, esihlokweni esifanayo, ubhuka:

"... imiphumela ayisivumeli ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi ngabe ubukhulu be-INAH 3 buyimbangela noma umphumela wokuthambekela kocansi komuntu, noma ngabe ubukhulu be-INAH 3 nobungqingili bobulili buyashintsha ngokushintshwa kokunye okungafani okungaziwa okungokwesithathu ..." (I-LeVay 1991, k. 1036).

Okwesibili, asikho isizathu sokusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi uLeVey uthole noma yini. Abaphenyi uRuth Hubbard no-Elija Wald encwadini yabo ethi Ukubhujiswa Kwenganekwane Ka-Genesis: INDLELA Ososayensi, Odokotela, Abaqashi, Izinkampani Zomshwalense, Abafundisi Nabavikeli Bamalungelo Abantu Abenza Ngolwazi Ngofuzo, babuze ukungagcini nje ngokuchazwa kwemiphumela kaLeVey, kodwa nokuthi iqiniso yini? umehluko (IHubbard xnumx, k. 95). Yize uLeVey eveze ukuthi eqenjini labantu ababheka njengongqingili, ubukhulu be-INAH-3 babuncane kunesilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-INAH-3 eqenjini labantu abababheka njengabesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, kulandela imiphumela yakhe ukuthi amanani aphakeme kakhulu futhi aphansi asatshalaliswa ngokuphelele okufanayo kumaqembu womabili. Kunomqondo wokubala - umthetho wokuhanjiswa okujwayelekile. Kwenziwe lula, lo mthetho uthi isibalo esikhulu sabanikazi balesi sici sinamapharamitha walesi sici ebangeni eliphakathi, futhi bambalwa kuphela abanikazi abanamapharamitha wenani eleqile. Okusho ukuthi, kubantu be-100, i-80 izoba ne-160 - ukukhula kwe-180, i-10 ingaphansi kwe-160, i-10 ngaphezulu kwe-180 cm.

Ngokwemithetho yokubalwe kwezibalo, ukuthola umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwala maqembu amabili ezifundo akunakwenzeka ukuqhathanisa ipharamitha elingenakho ukusatshalaliswa okuvamile. Isibonelo, uma kwelinye lamaqembu abantu elingaphansi kwe-160 cm kuzobe kungekho 10%, kodwa i-40% noma i-50%. Ocwaningweni lukaLeVay, i-INAH-3 yayiyisincane kunazo zonke kwabesilisa nabesilisa abathandanayo nabobungqingili, nosayizi omkhulu wobungqingili kanye nabesilisa abaningi abathandanayo. Kulandela ukuthi kumuntu ngamunye ngamunye akunakwenzeka ukusho noma yini ngobuhlobo obuphakathi nosayizi we-INAH-3 nokuziphatha kocansi. Noma ngabe khona kwanoma ikuphi umehluko esakhiweni sobuchopho kukhonjiswe ngokuqiniseka, ukubaluleka kwawo kuzoba senkambweni nokutholakele ukuthi izicubu zabasubathi zikhulu kunabantu abavamile. Iziphi iziphetho esingazifinyelela phezu kwaleli qiniso? Ingabe umuntu ukhulisa izicubu ezinkulu ngenkathi edlala ezemidlalo, noma ingabe isifiso esikhulukazi semisipha emikhulu senza umuntu abe ngumsubathi?

Futhi okwesithathu, uLeVey akazange asho lutho mayelana nobudlelwano bokuziphatha kobulili ne-INAH-3 kwabesifazane.

Engxoxweni ye-1994, uLeVey uthe:

“… Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi angikakhombisi ukuthi ubungqingili buzelwe futhi angikayitholi imbangela yazo. Angizange ngikhombise ukuthi izitabane "zizalwe zinjalo" - leli yiphutha elivame kakhulu ukwenziwa abantu lapho behumusha umsebenzi wami. Angiphindanga ngathola "isikhungo sezitabane" ebuchosheni ... asazi ukuthi umehluko engiwutholile wawukhona ngesikhathi sokuzalwa noma uvele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umsebenzi wami awuphenduli umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ubulili buqale ngaphambi kokuzalwa ... "(Nimmons xnumx).

Ukubhukelwa kukaLeVey kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba noma yimuphi uchwepheshe emkhakheni we-neuroscience uyazi into efana ne-neuroplasticity - amandla wezicubu zezinzwa ukuguqula ukusebenza kwawo kanye nesakhiwo sakhe ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zokuziphatha ezahlukahlukene.

Ku-2000, iqembu lososayensi baseBrithani lishicilele imiphumela yocwaningo lobuchopho abashayeli bamatekisi baseLondon (UMaguire 2000) Kwavela ukuthi kubashayeli bamatekisi, indawo yobuchopho ebhekene nokuxhumanisa indawo yayinkulu kakhulu kunabantu abavela eqenjini lokulawula abangasebenzi njengabashayeli bamatekisi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bale ndawo buxhomeke ngqo kunamba yeminyaka echithwa esebenza etekisini (UMaguire 2000) Ukube abaphenyi baphishekela izinhloso zezepolitiki, bebengasho okuthile okufana nalokhu: "Abashayeli bamatekisi badinga ukukhishwa ngakwesokunene futhi nomaphi lapho basebenza khona, kufanelekile ukushintshela kwesokunxele-drive drive kwesokunxele - ngoba bazalwe benjalo!"

Kuze kube manje, isisekelo sobufakazi obukholisayo buqoqelwe isisekelo sobumbano lwazo zombili izicubu zobuchopho ngokujwayelekile ne-hypothalamus ikakhulukazi (Izithelo xnumx; Thengisa i-2014; I-Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) I-morphology ye-Brain iyashintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zokuziphatha (I-Kolb 1998) Izakhiwo zobuchopho, ngokwesibonelo, zishintsha ngemuva ukukhulelwa (Hoekzema et al. 2016)ukuhlala esikhaleni (van Ombergen et al. I-Xnumx) nangemuva kokuvivinya umzimba njalo (INokia et al. I-Xnumx).

Ngakho-ke, ekuqinisekiseni kwamagama akhulunywa nguLeVey uqobo emuva ngonyaka we-1994, umnikelo wokufunda kwakhe unyaka we-1991 ekuzwisiseni kwemvelo yobungqingili buyi-zero.

Ukugxekwa okuningana kwemisebenzi yeLeVay, kanye neminye imibono ye-neuroanatomical, kunikezwe ekubuyekezweni kokubukeza kumagazini i-Science Science (I-Mbugua 2003).

Ukuphindaphindwa kocwaningo lukaLevay

Akekho okwazile ukuphinda imiphumela kaLeVey. Ekushicilelweni kwe-2001 konyaka, iqembu labaphenyi laseNew York lenza isifundo esifanayo - lezo zingxenye ze-hypothalamus ziqhathaniswa njengasesifundweni seLeVay, kepha ngemininingwane ephelele kakhulu nokusatshalaliswa okwanele kwalowo ofundwayo (Byne xnumx). Abakutholanga ukuncika kosayizi we-INAH-3 kubungqingili. Ababhali baphethe ngokuthi "... ukuthambekela kwezocansi ngeke kubikezelwe ngokuthembekile ngokuya ngevolumu ye-INAH 3 iyodwa ..." (Byne xnumx, k. 91).

Kamuva, kwaba nemizamo yokuthola ukuncika kokuthambekela kobulili kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho. Ku-2002, udokotela wezifo zengqondo uLasko nozakwabo bashicilele ucwaningo lwenye ingxenye yobuchopho - isithasiselo esingaphandle (I-Lasco 2002) Kwakhonjiswa ukuthi kule ndawo akukho mehluko omkhulu ngokuya ngobulili noma uhlobo lwesifiso sobulili. Olunye ucwaningo okuhloswe ngalo ukusungula umehluko wokwakheka noma osebenzayo phakathi kobuchopho babobulili obuhlukile nobuchopho bobungqingili ngenxa yokungapheleli kwemikhawulo cishe akunakuphikiswa: kwi2008, imiphumela yolunye lwalezi zifundo yafingqwa embhalweni obushicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Proceedings of the US National Academy of Science (I-Swaab xnumx) Isibonelo, olunye ucwaningo lusebenzise umcabango osebenzayo we-magnetic resonance ukukala ushintsho olwenzeka ebuchosheni lapho izifundo zikhombisa izithombe zabesilisa nabesifazane. Kutholakale ukuthi ukubuka ubuso besifazane kuthuthukise umsebenzi ku-thalamus kanye ne-orbitofrontal cortex yabobungqingili besilisa nabesilisa, kuyilapho kumaduna abesilisa nabesifazane abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile lezi zindawo bezisabela kakhulu ebusweni besilisa (I-Kranz 2006) Iqiniso lokuthi ubuchopho besifazane abathandanayo nabobungqingili benzenjani ikakhulu ebusweni besilisa, kuyilapho ubuchopho besilisa nabesifazane abathandana nobungqingili ikakhulu baphendula ebusweni besifazane, kunzima ukucabanga ngokutholwa okukhulu, ngenxa yokuthambekela kobungqingili. Ngokufanayo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukusabela okuhlukile kuma-pheromones emadodeni angewona awobungqingili nabesilisa abangqingili (I-Savic 2005).

Ubude beminwe

Isilinganiso esiphakathi kobude bomunwe wesibili (inkomba) nomunwe wesine (indandatho) yezandla, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso "2D: 4D", sehlukile kwabesilisa nabesifazane abaningi. Obunye ubufakazi buveza ukuthi lesi isilinganiso singancika kunqanaba le-testosterone ye-intrauterine, okuholele kwabesilisa abanezinga eliphakeme lokuvezwa kwe-testosterone, umunwe we-index umfishane kunomunwe wendandatho (isb. Isilinganiso esiphansi se-2D: 4D) kanye nokuphikisana (IHönekopp 2007) Ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, inkomba ye-2D: Inkomba ye-4D ihlotshaniswa nokuthambekela kobungqingili. Imizamo yokuhlobanisa ngandlela thile i-2D yesilinganiso: 4D nokuthambekela kwezocansi akuvumelani futhi kuyimpikiswano.

Ngokusho kwenye i-hypothesis, ongqingili bangaba nesilinganiso esiphakeme se-2D: 4D (eduze kwesilinganiso sabesifazane kunesilinganiso samadoda abathandana nabesilisa), kuyilapho enye i-hypothesis, okuphambene nalokho, iphakamisa ukuthi i-hypermasculinization nge-prenatal testosterone ingaholela kwisilinganiso esiphansi ongqingili kunabesilisa abathandanayo. I-hypothesis nayo yabekwa phambili mayelana nokuthambekela kobungqingili kwabesifazane ngenxa ye-hypermasculinization (isilinganiso esiphansi, izinga eliphakeme le-testosterone).

Ucwaningo oluningi lokuqhathanisa lwalesi sici kwabesifazane nabesilisa nabesifazane abangabungqingili luye lwaveza imiphumela exubile. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Nature kwi-2000 lakhombisa ukuthi kusampula yama-720 amaCalifornians amakhulu, isilinganiso i-2D: I-4D ngakwesokunene kwabesifazane abathandwayo abathandana nobulili obufana nobakhe babedlula bonke besilisa bezingafani nesilinganiso samadoda angewona awobungqingili (Williams 2000) Lolu cwaningo futhi aluzange luveze umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwesilinganiso se-2D esiphakathi: isilinganiso se-4D phakathi kwabesilisa abayizitabane nabungqingili. Ngawo lowo nyaka, olunye ucwaningo olusebenzise isampula elincane kakhulu labesilisa abathandana nobungqingili abavela eBrithani lakhombisa inani eliphansi le-2D: i-4D (isb., Ngobudoda obukhulu) phakathi kwabongqingili (Robinson 2000) Ngonyaka we-2003, ucwaningo lwesampula laseLondoners lwathola ukuthi ongqingili babe nezinga eliphansi le-2D: I-4D iqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangewona izitabane (URahman xnumx), ngenkathi ezinye izifundo ezimbili zamasampula ezivela eCalifornia naseTexas zibonisa amanani aphezulu we-2D: 4D yabongqingili (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Ku-2003, kwenziwa ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa ngamawele ayisikhombisa abesifazane abangamawele angama-monozygotic, kuwo wonke amabhangqa elinye lamawele lalinezintandokazi zobungqingili, futhi ngamabili amahlanu abesifazane abangamawele abangama-monozygotic lapho bobabili odade babethanda ukuthandwa ngabobulili obufanayo (IHholo 2003) Ngamabili amawele anezinhlobo ezihlukile zokuheha ubulili, kubantu abaziveza njengobungqingili, isilinganiso 2D: I-4D yayingaphansi kakhulu kunamawele abo, ngenkathi amawele e-concordant engatholanga mehluko. Ababhali baphetha ukuthi lo mphumela ukhombisa ukuthi "isilinganiso esiphansi se-2D: i-4D ingumphumela wokungafani kwemvelo yendawo yokukhulelwa." Futhi ekugcineni, ngonyaka we-2005, ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwesilinganiso i-2D: i-4D kusampula yase-Austrian yamadoda angongqingili be-95 kanye nabesilisa abayizitabane ze-79, kwatholakala ukuthi izinkomba ze-2D: i-4D emadodeni angewona awobungqingili ayizange ihluke kakhulu kulawo abesilisa abathandana nobungqingili (I-Voracek 2005) Ngemuva kokubukeza izifundo eziningi zalo mkhakha, ababhali baphetha ngokuthi "kudingeka idatha eminingi ukuze bakwazi ukuphetha ngokuzethemba ukuthi ngabe kunobudlelwano phakathi kwesilinganiso 2D: 4D kanye nemvelo yesifiso sobulili emadodeni, ngokuya ngokwahlukana kobuzwe."

Ukuqwayiza kwamehlo

Ku-2003, iqembu labaphenyi abangamaNgisi limemezele ukuthi lithole "ubufakazi obukholisayo bokuthi isifiso sobulili singenxa yezimpawu zobuchopho bomuntu" (URahman xnumx) UKatsi Rahman kanye nababhali bebambisene nabo bathi bathole umehluko ngejubane lokuphendula - amehlo aqwayiza - lapho bephendula imisindo enkulu. Ababhali batholile ukuthi abesifazane banokuncane okuthiwa "I-pre-pulse inhibition" (PPI) - ukwehla kokuphendula kwezimoto emzimbeni, lapho kukhona isikhuthazo esibuthakathaka sokuqala.¹⁰... Lokho wukuthi, abesifazane bacwayiza ngokushesha kunabesilisa, nabesifazane abathanda ubulili obufanayo bacwayiza kancane kunabesifazane abangabungqingili. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, okokuqala, ababhali benza isifundo eqenjini elincane lezifundo, futhi okwesibili, abawutholanga umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa nabangqingili. Akunandaba, ababhali banqume ukuthi imiphumela yabo ifakazela ukuthi ubungqingili yinto engokwemvelo. Yize kunjalo, abacwaningi nokho benze ukubhuka okuningana: baqaphele ukuthi umbuzo wokuthi ngabe umehluko owutholwayo ungenxa yokucaciswa kokuheha ngokocansi noma kungumphumela wokuziphatha okuthile kocansi kusalungiswa. Baveze ukuthi: "... ukwehluka kwe-neuroanatomical kanye ne-neurophysiological phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo nabangqingili kungaba ngenxa yezici zebhayoloji noma ithonya lokufunda ...". UDkt Halstead Harrison waseYunivesithi yaseWashington uhlaziye lolu cwaningo futhi waphawula ukushiyeka okubaluleke njengobuncane bamaqembu esivivinyo (abesifazane abayizitabane abayi-14 nabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane abayi-15, abesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abayi-15 nabesilisa abayi-15). UHarrison uphethe ngokuthi: "URahman et al. Akazange anikeze ubufakazi obugcwele bokuxhasa isiphetho sokuthi abesifazane abathandana nobulili obufanayo bakhombisa imingcele ye-PPI efana naleyo yabesilisa."Harrison xnumx) UHarrison uphinde wangabaza ukwaneliseka kwezindlela zezindlela.

Izifundo ezingamawele okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla zingasikhanyisela ngezinga lethonya lamahomoni omama, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-intrauterine, amawele afanayo nalawa afanayo awathola umphumela wawo ngendlela efanayo. Izinkomba ezibuthakathaka ze-concordance ezifundweni ezingamawele zibonisa ukuthi ama-hormone wokukhulelwa njengezakhi zofuzo awadlali indima ekunqumeni ekwakhekeni kwesifiso sobulili. Eminye imizamo yokuthola amaphuzu ama-hormonal athinta kakhulu isifiso sobulili nayo ayivelwanga, futhi ukubaluleka kwemiphumela yabo akukakamukelwa.

Imiphumela yokuxineka kwabesifazane

E-1983, uGunther Dörner et al wenza ucwaningo lokuthola ukuxhumana phakathi kokuxineka kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nobunikazi bezingane zabo ezalandela. Baxoxisane nabantu abangamakhulu amabili ngemicimbi engadala ukucindezela komama babo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa - okuwukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa kwabangeneli ngokwabo (I-Dörner 1983) Eminingi yemicimbi yayihlobene nemiphumela yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Kwabesilisa ababike ukuthi omama babo bahlangabezana nengcindezi enkulu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ama-65% ayengabungqingili, ama-25% ayenobungqingili, kanti i-10% yayingabobodwa. Kodwa-ke, ezifundweni zakamuva, kungaba phakathi kokulungiswa okuncane kakhulu noma ukungabikho kokulungiswa okubalulekile (U-Ellis 1988) E-2002, ngemuva kokwenza ucwaningo oluzoba khona lobudlelwano obuphakathi kokushaywa kocansi kanye nokuxineka kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sesibili nesesithathu, uHines nozakwabo bathole ukuthi ukucindezelwa ngumama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa "kwakuhlobene kancane nje" nokuziphatha kowesilisa wamadodakazi abo eneminyaka eyi-42 izinyanga " futhi akukho buhlobo "obujwayelekile ekuziphatheni kwabantu besifazane abamadodana abo (Izinhlamvu xnumx).

Ingxenye Yesithathu: Ukuphazamiseka Emgomeni?

Umphumela Omkhulu Wobhuti

"Umphumela womfowethu osekhulile" (ESB) noma "umphumela wokuzalwa kwabafowethu"¹¹ - leli gama laphakanyiswa ngabaphenyi baseCanada-American ogama lakhe linguRay Blanchard no-Anthony Bogert - kungukuthi ngokusho kokubona okuthile, uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abajwayelekile abesilisa nabesilisa abathandana nobulili obufanayo, abanukubezi bobungqingili, ongqingili nabadlwenguli banabazalwane abaningi asebekhulile, kepha hhayi odadewabo abadala (IBlanchard 1996; I-Bogaert 1997; IBlanchard 1998; ILalumiere 1998; IBlanchard 2000; I-Cote xnumx; IMacCulloch 2004; IBlanchard 2018).

Okwamanje, kusasele ingxoxo evulekile yokuthi ngabe (i-1) ngabe i-ESB ikhona ngempela, futhi (2) uma ikhona, ukuthi ngabe iyimbangela yemvelo noma yezenhlalo (I-Zietsch 2018; Ama-Gavrilets 2017; I-Whitehead 2018).

Naphezu kwemiphumela ephikisanayo emkhakheni we-ESB nezimbangela zayo, abanye abacwaningi kanye nezibalo zomphakathi, bezama ukuthola izizathu zebhayoloji zobungqingili, bayamukela ngokucacile incazelo yebhayoloji ye-ESB kangangokuthi bazikhipha ngokuphelele ezinye izincazelo ezingaba khona (ithonya lokukhuliswa, njll. .).

.️2023 ukwengeza:
Ososayensi boMnyango Wezengqondo eNyuvesi yaseVienna benza ukucubungula kwezibalo zedatha ngomphumela omkhulu womfowethu. Baphethe ngokuthi, lapho behlaziywa kahle, ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwenani labazalwane abadala kanye nokuthambekela kobungqingili kuncane, kuhlukile ngobukhulu, futhi ngokusobala akuqondile emadodeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubufakazi besayensi obukhona ihaba ngenxa yemiphumela yezifundo ezincane.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. Umthelela we-oda lokuzalwa lobuzalwane njenge-artefact yezibalo: ubufakazi obuguquguqukayo obusuka ku-calculus yamathuba, idatha elingisisiwe, nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta okuhlukahlukene. Untanga J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Okubi kwe-ESB hypothesis

I-ESB akuyona i-axiom engenamibandela, iqiniso lokuba khona kwayo yisihloko sengxoxo eqhubekayo yesayensi ngezizathu eziningi.

Okokuqala, lo mphumela awutholakali kuzo zonke izifundo. UBrendan P. Zietsch waphawula ukuthi abaxhasi be-ESB hypothesis bafaka ekuhlaziyeni kwabo kuphela imiphumela yezifundo ezishicilelwe ezihambisana nemibono yabo, futhi bazishaye indiva izifundo, izincwadi zezindaba, izethulo, izethulo ezingqungqutheleni lapho i-ESB ingatholakali (I-Zietsch 2018) Le nkinga ibaluleke kakhulu, inikezwe ukuthi kumasampula ayisithupha kwabayisikhombisa afanayo, i-ESB ayizange iqinisekiswe (I-Bearman 2002; I-Bogaert 2005, 2010; UFrancis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; I-Zietsch 2012) Isishoshovu se-LGBT +, esishiwo ngenhla, somnyakazo we-Simon LeVay, emsebenzini wakhe sinikeza ukubuka konke kwezifundo lapho i-ESB ingatholakalanga khona (I-LeVay 2016).

Okwesibili, lezo zifundo lapho i-ESB yatholakala khona isuselwa kunqubo eyisampula engathandeki. Abasekeli be-hypothesis ye-ESB basebenzise leyo mibandela yokuhlaziywa kwenani labantu okuholela ekutheni kungafakwa wonke amasampula we-probabilistic atholakalayo (isb., Lawo masampula akhethwe ngokungahleliwe maqondana nokwehlukahlukana okufundwayo okuzimele - ukukhangwa ngocansi kuleli cala). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kufaka kuphela lawo masampula lapho isilinganiso sabalingani abangafani nesabelo sabantu abathandana nobungqingili emphakathini ojwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, amasampula kusuka ekuhlaziyweni kweBlanchard kwe-2018 yonyaka aqukethe ngokwesilinganiso i-51% yabobungqingili, ngenkathi kusesilinganisweni sabo sonke, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ubuningi yi-2 - 3%). Esimweni samasampuli angenamandaba anjalo, ubungozi bokukhetha amaqembu abungqingili nabobulili obuhlukile bukhuphuka, abangafani kuphela ngokuguquguqukayo kwesimo sokuqala. Ithebula le-Blanchard 1 i-2018 libonisa ukuthi iningi lamasampula afakwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta athathwe kubantu abangabameleli kakhulu: izigebengu zocansi, abantu abahamba ngamashifu, abahamba ngezinyawo, ama-psychopaths, njll. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi azikho kulezi zinkinga zokukhethwa kwesampula okwaxoxwa ngazo endatshaneni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imigomo yokufaka yeBlanchard isetshenziswe ngendlela yokuthi kungafakwanga izifundo ezinkulu ngamasampula okungenzeka (lapho i-ESB ingazange iqinisekiswe). I-heterogeneity enkulu yobukhulu bomphumela phakathi kwezifundo ngazinye ekuhlaziyeni kwe-meta ibonisa ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi amaqembu akhethwe kanjani ocwaningweni anethonya elikhulu ku-ESB. Lokhu kukhulisa amathuba okuthi izici zesampula zidale i-ESB, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amasampula amakhulu okungenzeka angakhombisi i-ESB nakancane.

Okwesithathu, enye inkinga yezindlela ukuthi izindlela zokuhlaziya zokuthola ama-ESB zibonakala zinokuphikisana futhi kuhloswe ngazo ukuthola umphumela owuthandayo. Isibonelo, abanye abacwaningi basebenzise ukuhlolwa kwezibalo zendlela eyodwa ukukala umphumela (isb., I-Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; I-Purcell 2000) noma ahumushe imiphumela yabanye abacwaningi abangazange bathole i-ESB ibalulekile, bethi kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuhlolwa kwendlela eyodwa (IBlanchard 2015) - Noma-ke kuyaziwa ukuthi izivivinyo zendlela eyodwa zingasetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni ezivamile kakhulu ezingahambelani nemibandela yokuhlaziywa kwe-meta (Lombardi xnumx) Umcwaningi uBartlett ubhala okulandelayo:

“… Ngenxa yokushoda okulinganayo kwamadoda athandana namanye kubantu, kunzima ukuthola amaqembu alinganayo abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ocwaningweni. Isampuli sabangqingili nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abavela kubantu abanobukhulu obuhlukile bomndeni kuletha inkinga ekulinganiseni i-ESB. Amathuba okuthi lolu cwaningo luzoba nomphumela wokukhohlisa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezelamani, hhayi izelamani ezindala kuphela, luyanda uma kukhethwa ongqingili abavela emindenini emikhulu, kuyilapho umphumela unyamalala uma kukhethwa abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile emindenini emikhulu kusampula. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).

Okwesine, i-ESB isuselwe kuphela kwimiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuhlobanisa. Ukutholwa kokulungiswa kwangempela kufana nokutholwa kwesizathu esidala lokhu kuhlangana. Noma yikuphi ukuxhumanisa kudinga nencazelo yemishini yalokho okungazange kufezeke (Ama-Gavrilets 2017).

Okwesihlanu, i-ESB akuyona indawo yonke. I-ESB ayikwazi ukuchaza ubungqingili emadodeni angenabo abafowethu asebekhulile, futhi ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuntuleka kokukhanga kwabobungqingili kubafowethu abancane abanomfowethu osekhulile wobungqingili, ayikwazi ukuchaza ukungafani kwezintandokazi zocansi phakathi kwamawele¹². I-ESB ayenzeki emadodeni abesilisa nababili. Ukuheha okungama-bisexual kungaqondwa njengokuheha okuya ocansini kwababili nabobulili obuhlukile, ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-ESB paradigm, amadoda abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abathandanayo kufanele babe ne-ESB encane kunamadoda angongqingili, kodwa amadoda angaphezu kowobungqingili. Noma kunjalo esifundweni I-Bogaert (2006) I-ESB ibiyinto efanayo kubantu abathandanayo nabobungqingili. UMcConaghy nozakwabo (2006) kwenziwe ucwaningo lwe-ESB kubantu “abathandana kakhulu nabobulili obuhlukile” (abantu abanesifiso sobungqingili) uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo labobulili obuhlukile obuhlukile. I-ESB ibhekelwe abesilisa nabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela kadadewethu omkhulu nayo yabonwa emadodeni, yize ingenamandla kangako. Ngokusho kwababhali, imiphumela yabo ikhombisa ukuthi izimbangela ze-ESB zemvelo zincane kakhulu kunezomphakathi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-ESB hypothesis ichaza kuphela i-17% yenani eliphelele lamacala wokuheha ubungqingili futhi abesilisa kuphela (I-Cantor xnumx) I-ESB ayichazi izintandokazi zobungqingili kubantu besifazane. Abasekeli be-hypothesis ye-ESB bazame kaningi ukuthola lo mphumela kwabesifazane abathandayo ubungqingili, kodwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela (IBlanchard 2004).

Okwesithupha, i-ESB ayisebenzi kumamodeli wangempela wokuqagela ngokwesiko. Ngokucabanga ngobukhona be-ESB, ngokuya ngeparadigm yayo, umuntu angabikezela (imodeli ngokusho I-Bogaert 2004) ukuthi inani elikhulu labesilisa abathandayo ubungqingili liyabonakala ku: (a) imindeni yezenkolo, lapho amathuba okuba khona kwezingane ephakeme; (c) amasiko aseMpumalanga nawamaSulumane, ngokwesiko ahlukaniswa yimindeni emikhulu; kanye nokwanda okuphansi - emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga enokuphila okuphezulu, lapho inani lokuzalwa liphansi kakhulu emiphakathini yaseMpumalanga (ICaldwell 1997) Umkhuba ofanayo, ukubeka kancane, awuhambelani namaqiniso.

I-ESB hypotheses

Kunemibono eminingana echaza i-ESB etholakala kwezinye izifundo (James xnumx), phakathi kwazo okubalulekile ezimbili kungahlukaniswa: (1) exposed biological prenatal exposed (maternal immunization hypothesis) kanye (2) kwezokuhlalisana kwengqondo kwezenhlalo (ukubonakaliswa kwezimo zemvelo). Ngezansi sizohlaziya zombili lezi zinsolo.

I-hypothesis yabafazi

UBlanchard noBogert, njengesisekelo semvelo se-ESB, babeka phambili isizatho sokulwa kokulwa nokuzivikela komama, esokuthi amasosha omzimba wesifazane kuthiwa angakwazi ukukhiqiza amasosha omzimba “kuma-antijeni amadala” esibeletho sowesilisa, futhi okuthiwa ama-antibodies afanayo aqongelela nokukhulelwa okulandelayo okwenziwa yisibeletho sowesilisa, ukwandisa ingozi yokulimazeka kwe-intrauterine kumfana ngamunye olandelayo (IBlanchard 1996) Umqondo ophikisayo wokulwa nokulwa nezifo komama ngokuzama ukucacisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezintandokazi zomfana onobungqingili ngokufanisa nokukhulelwa kweRh-war (I-Bogaert 2011).

Ukukhulelwa kokungqubuzana kwe-Rhesus yisimo se-pathological esidalwa ukubakhona kwesibeletho sofuzo esifaka iprotheni ethile kumaseli wegazi nokungabikho kohlobo olunjalo kumama (okungukuthi, umama kulesi sibonelo une-Rh-negative kanti i-fetus iyi-Rh-positive). Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kokuqala kukamama one-Rh-positive nge-Rhus positive, amaseli we-fetus angena egazini likamama futhi abangele ukusabela kokuzivikela komzimba - ukwakheka kwama-antibodies kumaseli egazi. Ngokukhulelwa okulandelayo kulo mama onengane efikelwa yi-Rhusitive, ama-antibodies avela egazini likamama azongena egazini le-fetus futhi abhubhise amaseli akhe abomvu egazi, abangele i-hemolysis kanye nokuhlakazeka kokuzalwa. Kungaleso sizathu-ke lapho ama-obstetrician-gynecologists elawula isimo se-Rh sikamama okhulelwe nobaba wengane.

I-Blanchard ne-Bogert hypothesis isuselwa ezimisweni ezifanayo nokukhulelwa kwe-Rh. Kulokhu, isici esidala ukwakheka kwama-antibodies (Rh positivity kulesi sibonelo esingenhla) ubukhona be-chromosome yokudlala, okuwukuthi, ubulili besilisa besibeletho. I-ch chososome ibopha ukwakheka kwamaprotheni nama-hormone akhona esibelethweni sowesilisa (kodwa hhayi kowesifazane!) Kusekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuqala kwe-embyogenesis. Ngokusho komqondo oxoxiwe, izinhlayiya zezicubu zezinsana ezithwala "i-antigen yesilisa" zingena egazini likamama futhi zibangele ukwakheka kwama-antibodies, okuthi, ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa okulandelayo okwenziwa yisibeletho sowesilisa, kuwele umgoqo wobuchopho begazi, kungene ebuchosheni bezingane futhi kuhlasele amaseli ezinzwa athile aqukethe “i-antigen yesilisa” ", Ngokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukukhula kwengqondo ye-embryonic" ngohlobo lowesilisa ", ngenxa yalokho umfana azalwe enengqondo" yobuchopho besifazane "futhi kuthiwa ubungqingili noma i-transgender. Ukugonyelwa kwabesifazane kukhuphuka ngokukhulelwa okusha ngakunye kwengane yowesilisa, ngakho-ke, amathuba okuphambuka okusolwa ukuthi anda kanye nomfowethu omdala ngamunye.

Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis yeBlanchard neBogert, ukuqinisekiswa kokulimala komzimba kwe-intrauterine ukwehla kwesisindo somzimba lapho kuzalwa emadodeni angungqingili anabafowethu abadala.

Izinto ezingalungile ze-hypothesis yomama

UWilliam H. James (2004) uhlolisise ngokucophelela izindlela eziyisisekelo ze-hypothesis yezingxabano zomzimba zokuvikela omama.

Okokuqala, umcabango wokuthi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa umama ugonyelwa kuphela ngama-antigen athile e-fetus wesilisa, kodwa hhayi owesifazana - ukubeka kancane, kuyangabaza. Omama bangaba nemiphumela yokuzivikela komzimba ezinganeni, kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane, okungewona “ama-antijeni amaduna”, kodwa othize othize anokuzivikela kabusha kwezifo kulezi zimo, futhi ama-pathologies afundwa kahle (Abadansi xnumx) Ukuphendula okunjalo katatu kuvame kakhulu: (a) i-RCH eshiwo ngenhla, lapho kuthinteka khona amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, anesici esihle se-Rh ebusweni bawo, imvamisa 10 - 20%; (b) i-alloimmune thrombocytopenia yezinsana ezithinta ama-platelet, imvamisa ye-4% noma i-12%, uma amafomu we-asymptomatic nawo ebhekwa (Turner 2005); i-neutropenia yezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, ithinta ama-neutrophils, imvamisa i-4% (I-Han 2006) Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, ama-antigen awokuzalwa komuntu ngamunye, hhayi owesilisa ojwayelekile. Akhulisa izingane ezilandela obobulili obuvela kubaba ofanayo. Zithinta izakhi zegazi (futhi hhayi izitho ezithile nezicubu) lapho kuthintana negazi le-fetus (i-umbilical, placenta, njll) nesistimu yomzimba yokuzivikela yomzimba (ngenxa yokuhlukumezeka kwezitho zangasese zangaphandle, ingaphakathi lesibeletho, njll.) Ngesikhathi sokubeletha.

Ama-antibodies we-maternal alloimmune okuthiwa angena obisini lukamama, njengawo wonke amanye ama-antibodies (I-Gasparoni xnumx), ngokwesibonelo, ama-alloimmune antibodies omama ku-Rh factor, angena ebisini lukamama, kungaholela esifweni se-hemolytic yosana olusanda kuzalwa (I-Beer 1975) Ngokufanayo, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ubisi olunama-antibodies angama-hypothetical ngokumelene “nama-antijeni angamaduna” ngeke lubekezelelwe kabi ngabazalwane bakamuva, okuzoholela ezinkingeni zokuncelisa ibele kanye nokupheliswa kwawo kokuqala, kanye ne-allergic colitis. Kodwa-ke, ukubukeza kwezincwadi zezokwelapha kunikeza isithombe esihlukile ngokuphelele: i-oda lokuzalwa alihlobene nesikhathi sokuncelisa noma ngokuvamile lihambisana kahle nalo (UMartin 2002) Imvamisa ye-allergic colitis ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa isuka ku-0,01% iye kwi-7,5% (I-Hildebrand xnumx; I-Pumberger xnumx; I-Xanthakos 2005), ngenkathi izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zombili ubulili zithintekile. Kufakwe kulezi zibalo ukusabela kobisi lwenkomo.

Siyaphinda ukuthi ngombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukungabonakali kwe-intrauterine ye-fetus yesilisa akunangqondo kumama. I-phylogenesis yomuntu njengesilwane esanyisayo ihlala izigidi eziningi zeminyaka. Kungani isikhathi eside kangaka emzimbeni womuntu bengazange benze izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuvimbela ukubiza okungaka eqophelweni lokuziphendukela kwezimpendulo zokuzivikela komzimba? Ukuphendula kokuzivikela komzimba emzimbeni wezinsikazi ngesikhathi sokuvela okuguquguqukayo nenqubo engenakufinyeleleka yomzimba wesifazane onempilo njengokukhulelwa kwengane yesilisa, okuyi-50% yazo zonke izinto zokukhulelwa, kungaholela ekulinganiselweni okukhulu ngokobulili nezinkinga zokuvela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-Phylogeneis ihlala iholela ekukhetheni nasekugcinweni kwezici ezifanele kunazo zonke zezinhlobo. Isibonelo, kunobufakazi obalulekile bokuthi ukukhethwa komlingani wesilisa kuhlotshaniswa ne-histocompatibility tata (GCS) (I-Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), okungukuthi, ezingeni le-phylogenetic, izinqubo zezinhlobo zenhloso kuhloswe ngazo ukwandisa ukwehluka ngesisekelo se-GCS kanye nokwandisa amandla enzalo (Williams 2012; IGuleria 2007).

Ukuvikela umbono wakhe, uBogert unikeza njengesibonelo impendulo enjalo yokuzivikela komzimba njengokukhulelwa kwengxabano ye-Rh (RCH) (I-Bogaert 2011), okuholela kwisifo se-hemolytic sengane esanda kuzalwa - okucatshangelwa ukuthi le nto (engcupheni icishe ibe ngu-15% wabantu (Izetbegovic 2013)) ayizange inyamalale ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imvamisa yeFC esikhathini esedlule sesintu njengenhlobo yayiphansi kakhulu. Njengamanje esigabeni samanje, into eguqukayo efana nokudideka kobuntu iyabonakala, ngakho-ke akubonakali kuyindida ukuthi izindlela zemvelo zokuvimba ukungqubuzana kukaRhesus bezingakaqali. Ngokuthuthuka kwe-transplantology, isintu sihlangabezane nento enjalo ebikade ingekho njengomphumela wokunqatshwa komzimba (cishe i-100% yabamukeli), akumangazi ukuthi abantu abanayo indlela yemvelo yokucindezela kwabo. Endabeni ye-RCH kanye nokufakelwa kokuphikwa kokudalwa komuntu njengohlobo, asikho isikhathi esedlulile sokwakhiwa kwezindlela ezinxephezelayo¹³. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulungiswa okuzinzile kokungasebenzi komzimba komama abane-50% yenzalo yabo kuzoba yinto exakile.

Ngokuvamile, kubonakala kungabaza ukuthi kunezakhi ezithile noma izinto zesibeletho sowesilisa ezinempahla ye-antigenic ethize kowesilisa kuphela. I-testosterone yamahhala, i-globulin ebopha ama-sex ubulili noma i-cell membrane androgen receptor, ayivikeleki kumzimba ngoba wonke futhi akhona emzimbeni wesifazane.

Okwesibili, umcabango wokuthi ama-antibodies akhulelwe alimaza ngokukhethekile ubuchopho besibeletho sowesilisa (okuholela ku "feminization"), kepha ngasikhathi sinye awephuli eminye imisebenzi yobuchopho futhi awathinti ama-testicles (aqukethe imikhiqizo eminingi kakhulu yofuzo ye-Y-chromosome - - Ukuyibeka ngobumnene, impikiswano.

Uma, eqinisweni, ukusabela kokuzivikela komzimba kwenzeka ngokumelene “nama-antijeni amaduna”, ama-antibodies omama abengaba namandla omzimba ngokuyinhloko angaba nomthelela omkhulu futhi okungenani kanyekanye wokuhlola, aqukethe "i-antigen yesilisa" kakhulu kunobuchopho. Izinhlobo eziningi eziqondene nabesilisa ziyaziwa (isb., Zitholakala ku-ch chososome) (Ginalksi xnumx) Ukuvezwa kwalezi zakhi zofuzo - okuwukuthi, ukufundwa kolwazi kanye nokwakheka kwamaprotheni nezinhlaka - kwenzeka hhayi kuphela hhayi kakhulu ebuchosheni, kodwa ikakhulukazi ezivivinyweni, okufanele kube yinjongo eyinhloko yalokhu kuhlasela “kokulwa nomuntu wesilisa” okuqondile, hhayi ingqondo (Ginalksi xnumx) Kwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili, ukubonwa okwandayo kwe-testicular pathologies kuzoqapheleka: ama-hypospadias, i-cryptorchidism, umdlavuza wamasende, njll, noma kunjalo, nokho akukho ukuxhumana kokuphazamiseka kwe-testicular nobungqingili noma i-ESB kwatholakala (UPierik xnumx; UFlannery xnumx) Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyathokozisa ukwazi ukuthi amadoda ane-hypospadias, naphezu kwamazinga aphansi e-testosterone ngesikhathi sokukhula kwengane, anamazinga aphakeme wobuntu bengqondo (ISandberg 1995) Futhi kuzolindeleka ukuthi kubantu abahehe ubungqingili, ukuthomba kuzokwenzeka ngokuzayo ngenxa yezilonda ezivivinya amasosha omzimba, noma kunjalo, izifundo ezinkulu azizange ziveze umehluko esikhathini sokuthomba kuya ngokuthandwayo kocansi.USavin-Williams 2006).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungena kwama-antibodies womzimba okuvela emzimbeni ungene egazini kuya engqondweni ye-fetus bekungeke kwenzeke ngenxa yomgoqo wegazi-ingqondo (BBB), owakhiwa kakade evikini le-4-th lokukhulelwa (I-Zusman 2004) Ama-antibodies anjalo azokwazi ukunqoba i-BBB kuphela nge-pathologies engathi sína yokugcina - ngokuphulwa kwemisebenzi yokuzivikela, engaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwemizwa ebuchosheni. Kodwa-ke, uma i-BBB ye-fetus isesimweni esijwayelekile, noma ukwephulwa kwamasosha omzimba akuholeli ku-pathologies ye-neurological yosana olusanda kuzalwa - i-BBB ivimbela ama-antibodies. Ocwaningweni olukhulu oluhlanganisa i-17 283 pair yomama abanezingane, abukho ubudlelwano obutholakele phakathi kokukhushulwa komama okuthe xaxa kanye nokuqina kwengqondo, ukubuyiselwa kwengqondo, ukwehluleka, njll. (UFlannery xnumx).

Futhi, i-hypothesis yokuthi ama-antibodies angama-hypothetical alimaza ubuchopho ngendlela yokuthi abangele ukuthi buveze ubulungu bayo bungathembekile. Esigabeni se-embyogenesis, umehluko wobulili obuvela ebuchosheni uvezwa buthakathaka, futhi ukwakheka kokugcina kobuchopho, ngokobulili, kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthomba, lapho umphumela wokuzivikela womzimba ungekho khona (ILenroot 2007; I-Paus xnumx) Umqondo wokuba khona kwengqondo kobuchopho benhlangano ye-neural ebonakala ngobulili obuthile uyangabaza kakhulu futhi akukaze kuboniswe ngokuqiniseka (I-Lauterbach 2001; INunez 2003) Iskena se-MRI sikhombise ukubala okungabalulekanga kuphela hhayi umehluko obonakalayo ekwakhiweni kobuchopho kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa, ngokufana okuphambili phakathi kobulili (I-Zanin xnumx; IMitter 2015).

Ngokusho komqondo, kufanele silindele ukuthi ongqingili abanezingane ezindala, abanobuchopho "besifazane", bazohlala bengabantu bezimpawu zokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu besifazane, ngoba kucatshangwa ngokuphelele ukuthi ukukholelwa ukuthi "demaskulinization" ubuchopho buzothinta kuphela izintandokazi zocansi zomfana, kepha zidlule okunye izimfanelo ezithile zabesilisa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezinye izifundo, ukuheha ubungqingili obufanayo kubantu abadala kuhlangana nezakhi zobuchopho “zabesifazane” kakhulu, kepha ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, ngokobukhulu nomsebenzi, kwenzeka ikakhulu emva kokuzalwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho ababhali ngokwabo, bangumphumela wokubeletha isipiliyoni, hhayi izinto zokukhulelwa. Ucwaningo lukaBogaert et al. (2003; 2005); UKishida et al. (2015); Semenyna et al. (2017) awuzange uveze ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-ESB kanye nobunzima bezimpawu zowesifazane emadodeni.

Okwesithathu, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-hypothetical intrauterine immune lesion, inani labazalwane asebekhulile, ukuheha ubungqingili kanye nokunciphisa umzimba ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ukusho okuncane, okungabazayo.

Njengobufakazi bokuhlaselwa okujwayelekile kokuzivikela komzimba, abagqugquzeli be-ESB hypothesis kanye nokulimala kokulimaza komzimba bayasho ukuthi amadoda anabafowethu asebekhulile anesisindo esiphansi sokuzala (IBlanchard 2001) Ukwehla kwesisindo somzimba lapho kuzalwa abafana abanabazala, ezifundweni zikaBlanchard kwakumayelana namagremu we-170 (5% wesisindo somzimba) (IBlanchard 2001) Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis engaphansi kwengxoxo, ukwehla okufanayo kufanele kubhekwe kubafana abathandana nobungqingili abanabafowethu abadala, futhi akufanele kubhekwe emantombazaneni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akunjalo - esifundweni saseNorway, esasifunda ubudlelwane be-hypothetical yezimpendulo zokuzivikela komzimba kanye nokunciphisa umzimba ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, kwafundwa amacala okuzala we-181 000, kwathi ukulahleka kwesisindo ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwabonwa kuwo womabili amantombazane nabafana (Magnus 1985) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hypothetical "big brother effect" yaphawulelwa bobabili ubulili futhi yayiphansi kakhulu - i-0,6%, ivezwe umehluko wamagremu we-20 ± 4,5 maqondana nesisindo esijwayelekile sokuzalwa kuma-3 500 gram (Magnus 1985).

Ngokusho kwale mininingwane, iqhaza lezici zokuzivikela komzimba ngokuvamile ekunciphiseni isisindo somzimba libonakala lingabaza. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMagnus nozakwabo ocwaningweni lwabo baphinde bafunda nomphumela wamagciwane asematheni wesisindo sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa - kulokhu kubuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi uma ukwehla kwesisindo kubangelwa amasosha omzimba kuma-antigen antigen, kuzoqapheleka kubo bobabili abafana namantombazane .. Magnus nozakwabo bafunda isisulu sezingane zabobabili ubulili lapho kuzalwa omama abangene emshadweni omusha bazala izingane ezintsha - uma ukwehla kwesisindo kubangelwa izimpendulo zokuzivikela komzimba, isisindo sokubeletha ezinganeni zenye indoda kufanele ngabe ukubuyela kuzinkomba zokuqala ezijwayelekile, ngoba omunye ubaba ungumthwali wama-antigen amasha futhi inqubo yokuzivikela yomzimba iyadingeka ekuqongeleleni amasosha omzimba omzimba (ukukhulelwa okuningana)Magnus 1985) Kodwa-ke, isisindo somzimba ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwezingane kusuka komunye ubaba sahlala sinciphile, futhi ababhali baphetha ngokuthi ubudlelwano bazo noma yiziphi izinqubo zokuzivikela mzimba ngokuncipha kwesisindo somzimba lapho kuzalwa akuqinisekiswa kusampula yabo (Magnus 1985).

Imbangela yokuncipha kwesisindo ngesikhathi sokuzalwa ingaba yilezi: (a) ukuvuvukala; (b) ukungatholakali kweningi; (c) izifo ze-autoimmune zezifo zabesifazane, ngokwesibonelo, i-systemic lupus erythematosus (ehlanganiswe nenqwaba yama-pathologies endlela yokuzalwa); (d) nenkimbinkimbi yama-pathologies ahambisana nokuphazamiseka kwe-testicular. Akukho kulokhu okungenhla okuye kwaphawuleka kwabesilisa abayizitabane abanabafowethu abadala.

Ubudlelwano bokulahlekelwa kwesisindo lapho kuzalwa nezimpendulo zokuzivikela komzimba abuchazwanga futhi buhlala buyinkinga ecatshangelwe kakhulu. Ngokusho UJames (2006) ukwehla okuphawulekile kwesisindo somzimba ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kungenzeka kungenxa yethonya le-testosterone (IManikkam 2004) Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga akhuphukayo e-testosterone emzimbeni wesifazane ahlotshaniswa namathuba akhulayo okuzala umfana (James xnumx; UJames 2004b) UBlanchard, ekuthuthukiseni umbono wakhe ngekhwalithi yobufakazi obuxhasayo, wabhekisa ocwaningweni I-Gualtieri and Hick (1985)owathi ingxenye yezingane ezelwe iyaguquka iye ebulilini besifazane kuya ngenani lezingane (ngamanye amazwi, izingane eziningi zizalwa emndenini, mancane amathuba okuba umfana azalwe). Kodwa-ke, kube nephutha lokuchazwa kulolu cwaningo (bheka James xnumx, k. 52; James xnumx) Ngokuphikisana, izifundo ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu: ukuhlaziya ukuzalwa kwezigidi ezingama-4 eFrance (James xnumx) kanye nokuzalwa kwenkulungwane kwe-150 e-USA (I-Ben-porath xnumx) uveze ukuthi amathuba okuzala umfana akhuphuka ngesibalo sokwanda kwabazalwane asebekhulile futhi ancipha ngokunyuka kwesibalo sodadewethu asebekhulile, okuphikisana ne-ESB. IBiggar et al. (1999) Ngokususelwa kule mininingwane, senze ukucwaningwa kwezibalo kwe-1,4 yokuzalwa kwesigidi esisodwa futhi sathola ukuthi amathuba okuba nomfana anda ngokukhuphuka kwenani labafowethu asebekhulile.

Okwesine, umcabango wokuthi umfana wokuqala owazalwa emndenini akufanele abe nezintandokazi zobungqingili futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ubungozi bokukhula kwabo bukhuphuka ngokwanda kwesibalo sabafowethu asebekhulile, ukusho ngobumnene, nangokuqagela.

Akuwona wonke amadoda angokobungqingili onabafowethu asebekhulile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abafowethu asebekhulile noma abafana kuphela emndenini abangongqingili. Abasekeli be-hypothesis babeka phambili isitatimende esithi omama balabo bantu basolwa ngokukhipha izisu ngokuzimela kwezingane zesibeletho ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwabo, okwaqala inqubo yokugonywa. Ukwanda kwemibhangqwana ekhipha izisu okuzenzakalelayo yi-1%; cishe kwesigamu salawa macala, i-fetus inayo i-karyotype ejwayelekile, okungukuthi, kungacatshangelwa ukuthi uhhafu wokukhipha isisu okwenziwa nje ubangelwa yimizwa evelayo (Lee 2000) Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo ngesilinganiso sobulili semibungu eshonayo ngenxa yokuphuma kwesisu okukhombisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye bekungowesifazane: isilinganiso sowesilisa / sowesifazane yi-0,76 (I-Eiben xnumx) 0,71 (I-Eiben xnumx) 1,03 (Yiba xnumx); I-0,77 (USmith 1998) 0,77 (I-Evdokimova 2000) 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx) 0,35 (IHalder 2006) 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusho kwe-hypothesis yokuzivikela komzimba, ubuchopho besibeletho ngasinye sowesilisa esibelethweni kufanele sihlaselwe ngamandla akhula kuyo yonke ukukhulelwa okulandelayo, okungukuthi, bangene “kakhulu” besifazane, kepha lokhu akunjalo. Akubona bonke abafowethu abancane bendoda abayizitabane abanezintandokazi zobungqingili. Kuyamangaza ukuthi abafowethu abancane babantu abephula umazisi wobulili - obukhula kwengqondo yabo, ngokomqondo kaBlanchard, kufanele bube nokuvama "I-xnumx eluhlaza).

Futhi, ngokusho komqondo, bekungalindeleka ukuthi abafowethu abazalwa kamuva babe nezinkinga eziningi zomzimba ngenxa yokwanda kokuhlaselwa kwe-immunological kusuka kumama, noma kunjalo, okuphambene neqiniso kuyiqiniso: i-oda lokuzalwa lamuva lihlotshaniswa ikakhulu nentuthuko esikhundleni sokonakala impilo (Juntunen xnumx; ICardwell xnumx; I-Sorenson 2005; I-Richiardi xnumx).

I-Social Impact Hypothesis Echaza i-ESB

Ababhali be-hypothesis yomama okugomela uqobo baphawula:

“… Kunezinhlobo, ezinye izincazelo ezingaba nomphumela womfowethu omkhulu ngaphandle kwe-hypothesis yempendulo yomzimba womama. Umbono oqhudelana kakhulu othandwayo ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kwezocansi nabesilisa abadala kwandisa amathuba okuthi umfana athuthukise ukukhangwa ngobungqingili, nokuthi amathuba omfana okuhlanganyela ekuxhumaneni okunjalo akhuphuka ngokulingana nenani lakhe kanye nenani labafowabo abadala ... ”(U-Ellis 2001).

Wellings kanye nozakwabo (1994, pp. 204 - 206) ithole ukuthi amadoda afunda ezikoleni zabafana ezingamabhodi kungenzeka ukuthi abike noma yiluphi ulwazi lobungqingili ngesikhathi sezimpilo zabo kunamadoda angahambanga nezikole ezinje, kepha akukho mehluko ngokwesilinganiso abantu ababika okuhlangenwe nakho kobungqingili kamuva empilweni. ” Blanchard (U-Ellis 2001) kubhekiselwe ekushicilelweni Wellings kanye nozakwabo (1994) njengobufakazi bokuthi i-hypothesis yomphakathi ayisebenzi. Kodwa-ke, bahumushe le datha ngendlela eyinqayizivele. Ama-Wellings ekhasini le-206 anikela ngegrafu ekhombisa ukuthi cishe i-1,5% yamadoda angama-7925 angafundanga esikoleni sama boarding abike ukuthintana kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili abaningi eminyakeni edlule ye-5, kanye ne-2% yamadoda angama-412 afunda esikoleni isikole se boarding. Ngokusobala, le mininingwane (usayizi wamaqembu) ikhuluma kakhulu ekuthandeni isizatho somphakathi. Cabanga ngezinye izifundo maqondana nombono wenhlalo.

UBlanchard uqobo uveze ukuthi phakathi kwabanukubezi besilisa, cishe ama-25% kwakungabantu abanukubeza ngokobulili obufanayo (IBlanchard 2000b). Lokhu kucishe kuphindwe kayishumi inani labobungqingili phakathi kwabesilisa abanezintshisekelo zocansi ezibhekiswe kwabesilisa abadala. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi phakathi kwamadoda, ubungqingili kanye ne-pedophilia kunembangela efanayo, futhi lesi sizathu kungukuhlangenwe nakho kocansi (noma okwehlukile kwezocansi) besebancane (UJames 2004). Ngokwalo mbono, isipiliyoni sokuqala sobungqingili sizocindezela ukwakheka kwezintshisekelo zobulili kwabobulili obuhlukile lapho usumdala. Isi-Rimafedi (I-Remafedi 1992) ithole ukuthi kwintsha, ukungaqiniseki ngokuthanda kwabo ezocansi kuyancipha ngeminyaka: laba balobi basikisela ukuthi ubunikazi bobulili buqala ngesikhathi sobusha futhi bunethonya ngokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala avame kakhulu obudlova bezingane ebuntwaneni abonwa emadodeni ayizitabane kunakwabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili (Paul 2001; I-Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); kube nobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kokuhlaselwa kwabesilisa ngokocansi kanye necala locansi (I-Glasser 2001); izilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili besilisa abikwa bekhuthazekile noma baphoqwa ukuba bahlanganyele ubulili kuze kube seminyakeni ye-19 (Cunningham 1994); Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, amanani aphezulu okuthandwa abathandana nobungqingili abonwa emadodeni ahlukunyezwa ngokocansi ebuntwaneni (UJohnson 1987; I-Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre ungene Tate xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; I-Glasser 2001; Rind xnumx; I-Garcia xnumx; I-Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; I-Laumann xnumx; I-Lenderking 1997; Paul 2001; I-Tomeo 2001; Freund xnumx) Kungaphethwa ngokuthi inzalo yobungqingili, kungakhathalekile iminyaka yobudala bento ehehayo, inembangela evamile. Izifundo zikaBlanchard zikhombisile ukuthi i-SBE ibonakala futhi phakathi kwabathandana abathandana nobungqingili, okungukuthi, abantu abanjalo banabafowethu abadala (I-Bogaert 1997).

U-Lee et al. (2002) uzame ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi kulezi zici ezimbalwa zobungozi - ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo kwengane, izinkinga zokuziphatha, kanye nokuhlukumezeka ngokocansi kwengane - okuhambisana nokulandelayo: i-pedophilia, umbukiso, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwezingane kwakuyinto ethile ebeka engcupheni i-pedophilia. Ezinye izinto ezihlobene (ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo nezinkinga zokuziphatha) zazingahlobene kangako ne-pedophilia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sinikezwe ukucaca okucacile phakathi kokuba khona kwezingane zangasese ezimbalwa emndenini nezihlobo, izithandani kufanele zibhekwe njengenye indlela engenye encazelweni yemvelo. Lapho umzalwane oyedwa (imvamisa endala) ekhombisa ukuthambekela kobungqingili, abanye abafowethu baba sengozini yokuyengelwa noma ukudlwengulwa, okungalungisa imisebenzi yabo yobungqingili (ICameron 1995) Ngokwezibalo zaseBrithani, i-38% yamacala odlame locansi emndenini ayenzeka kumfowethu (Cawson xnumx) Ngokusho komcwaningi I-Bartlett (2018), izingxoxo ezifundweni zengqondo ezithandwayo mayelana nokuthi ubuntu bomuntu omdala benziwa yini ngokuya ngomyalo wokuzalwa kwakhe iyindaba ende enenqwaba yezincwadi zesayensi ezihlanganisa izinkulungwane zemisebenzi eshicilelwe (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; I-Salmon xnumx) Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule, ucwaningo ngalolu daba lwakhiwe emcabangweni wokuthi ukuncintisana phakathi kwabafowethu nodadewethu kwezinsizakalo zokunakwa kwabazali kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-oda lokuzalwa kwezingane emndenini lithinta izimfanelo ngazinye zezingane. Njengoba izingane zijwayela ukusetshenziswa kwama-niches ahlukahlukene emndenini, njengomthetho, izingane ezindala zihamba phambili futhi zithatha ingxenye yamandla obuzali bazo, ngenkathi izingane kamuva zikhululeka futhi zinobungane (I-Sulloway 1996) Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi njengoba ubukhulu bomndeni obuhlukahlukene kanye nesimo senhlalo nomnotho ngokuhlanganiswa namasampula amancane kuthinta kakhulu imiphumela yokubala kwezibalo, izifundo lapho kungenzeka khona ukufunda noma ukuqhathaniswa ngokwanele kwe-ESBs kuqhathaniswa kufanele kube okungenani nokuqhathaniswa kwezingane eziyinkulungwane ezingama-30, ngenkathi ukuthi izifundo eziqhathanisa amasampula afanayo avela emindenini zithathwa kanjani njengokwenele ukusuka emindenini ye-500 (Paulhus 2008) Noma izifundo ezinamasampula amancane zibonisa idatha ephikisanayo ku-ESB, ezifundweni ezinkulu (isb. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; I-Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), ithonya le-oda lokuzalwa kuzimpawu ngazinye (Damian xnumxa) Lokho okuvezwa yilolu datha oluvelele kungumphumela owenziwa kabusha lapho izinkomba zobuhlakani bengane ngayinye elandelayo ziwela cishe ingxenye yeshumi yokuphambuka okujwayelekile uma ingane ihlala ebudaleni (I-Kristensen 2007), okukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi imbangela yalomphumela ukuncipha kokutshalwa kwezimali kwabazali, hhayi izinqubo ze-intrauterine zezinto eziphilayo. Izifundo ezinamazinga amakhulu ziveza nomphumela wokuhleleka kokuzalwa ezimotweni ezinjengokusebenza kwezemfundo, impumelelo yezezimali, nengozi yokuzibulala (I-Bjørngaard 2013; I-xnumx emnyama).

Ngakho-ke, isisekelo semvelo sokukhangwa ngabobulili obufanayo, okuqhakanjiswa ngumqondo wokuhleleka kokuzalwa kwabafowethu, awunakho ukwesekwa okuphathekayo, ngenkathi kunobufakazi obuningi obumelene nakho.

Ubungcwele be-LGBT + Attitude - I-Blanchard Movement

Ake sithi i-ESB nokugonywa komama kwenzeka futhi kubangela ushintsho ekuziphatheni. Kulesi simo, i-hypothesis yeBlanchard ihlanganisa ubungqingili kanye ne-transsexualism (kanye ne-pedophilia yobungqingili) - nasenhlanganweni yanamuhla ye "LGBT +" lokhu kungukuhlambalaza. Isibonelo, ngokusho kwe-American Psychological Association, isifiso sobulili kanye nobunikazi bezocansi kuyizinto ezihlobene ngokuphelele (APA 2011 / 2014) Ngokusho komqondo kaBlanchard, i-transsexualism iyindlela yokuziphatha ebangelwa noma (1) ukubonakaliswa okwedlulele kokukhangana kobungqingili, lapho "ubufazi" bobuchopho bushiwo khona nokuthi buthinta nokuzazisa komuntu ngokocansi; noma (2) ukuphambuka kwengqondo lapho okukhanga khona ngokobulili kungaqondiswanga kubulili obuhlukile, kepha mathupha ngesithombe sobulili obuhlukile (uBlanchard ubize isimo sokugcina ngokuthi “autogynephilia”¹⁴) (IBlanchard 1989; I-Bailey 2003) UBlanchard ngokungacabangi ubheka i-transsexualism njengento eyenzeka emzimbeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwinhlolokhono, uBlanchard waphawula:

"... Ngingathi uma kungenzeka uqale kusukela ekuqaleni, ungawunaki wonke umlando wokukhishwa kobungqingili eDSM, ubulili obujwayelekile yikho konke okuhambisana nokuzala¹⁵... "(ICameron 2013).

Isikhundla esinjalo ngesibindi sibangela ukungagculiseki phakathi kwabamele i- "LGBT +" - inhlangano, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yayo emele u- "T" (I-Wyndzen xnumx; I-Troadsmap; I-Dreger 2008; USerano 2010).

Izishoshovu ze- "LGBT +" zibhala ngeBlanchard - ukunyakaza:

“… UBlanchard uvame ukucashunwa amaqembu alwa nama-LGBT (…) Futhi kungani? UBlanchard ukhule engumKatolika, unombono wendabuko wokuthi noma yikuphi ukuya ocansini okungabandakanyi ipipi nesitho sowesifazane sangasese akujwayelekile (...) Ukube uDkt Blanchard wayenanati ngaphandle kwesikhundla negunya, wayengadunyazwa kalula. Kepha lokhu akunjalo - kunalokho, ubesekomitini le-JSM elibhekele ukusebenza kwezifo ezikhungathekisayo nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (...) Uphikisana ngokusobala nabantu be-LGBT ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-hypothesis kaBlanchard kuphakamisa ukungabaza kwenye yezimfundiso eziyisisekelo ze- "LGBT +" - ukunyakaza - umqondo wokuma kokuhlukahluka kokwehluka kocansi ngokobulili kwento. Ngempela, kuleli cala, sizokwambulwa isizathu sokuheha kwabungqingili - I-PATHOLOGICAL impendulo yomzimba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izishoshovu zenhlangano ye- "LGBT +" zizodinga ukuhlanekezela ukuqonda kwezokwelapha kanye ne-biology ngendlela yokuthi kubalwe impendulo yokuzivikela yomzimba ebangela ukuphuma kwesisu, ukuncipha kwesisindo, ukuncipha kwamathuba okuzala, ushintsho esimweni sokuqonda kwengqondo esidinga izidakamizwa ze-hormonal nokungenelela kokuhlinzwa, kanye okuthandwa yi-pedophilic kanye nokuthambekela ebudloveni kuyindlela evamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzoba namathemba wokuvinjwa kokuthandwa kwabungqingili kubafana ngokusetshenziswa kwama-anti-Rhesus immunoglobulins ekukhulelweni kwengxabano ye-Rh. Iyiphi ingxenye yabazali besikhathi esizayo, ngisho nalabo abathembekile enhlanganweni ethi "LGBT +", abayokwenqaba ngenkani ithuba ukunciphisa izingozi zokukhangwa ubungqingili kubafana babo? Ngempela, esikhathini sanamuhla, wonke umuntu wesifazane uchazwa ngokucophelela mayelana nokwamukelwa kanye nenqubo yokukhipha isisu. Ngabe ilungelo lowesifazane lokuthonya impilo yengane nayo selizokwanda ilungelo lokuthonya ekuziphatheni kwakhe ngokocansi kwesikhathi esizayo, noma ingabe kuzoba nokuvinjwa kokhetho nokushushiswa kwalabo ochwepheshe abazonikeza lelo thuba?

Ngandlela thile, okwamanje, lezi zingqinamba ziyi-probabilistic.

Izinkinga zokutolika

Kukhona eminye imikhawulo ebalulekile yangaphakathi emiphumeleni yezifundo zamandla, ezifanayo nalezo ezixoxwe ezigabeni ezedlule. Ukushaya indiva le mikhawulo kungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko zokuchazwa okungalungile kocwaningo endaweni yomphakathi. Kuyalingisa impela ukucabanga, njengoba kuboniswe yisibonelo sesakhiwo sobuchopho, ukuthi uma iphrofayli elithile lokuphila lihambisana nesimo esithile sokuziphatha noma sokusebenza kwengqondo, khona-ke iphrofayli elinjalo lokuzalwa liyimbangela yalesi sici. Lokhu kucabanga kusekelwe kwephutha.

Sibonisa kafushane okunye ukulinganiselwa okuhambisana nalokhu kule ndawo yocwaningo kusetshenziswa isibonelo esilandelayo somqondo. Ake sithi kufanele senze ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa ubuchopho babafundisi be-yoga kanye nabakhi bomzimba. Uma usesha isikhathi eside ngokwanele, khona-ke ekugcineni kuzoba nokwehluka okubalulekile kunoma iyiphi indawo yesakhiwo se-morphological noma imisebenzi yobuchopho phakathi kwala maqembu. Kodwa lokhu bekungeke kusho ukuthi umehluko onjalo unquma izici zezimo zokuphila zomqeqeshi we-yoga nomakhi womzimba. Izici zobuchopho zingase zibe ngumphumela kunokuba zibe imbangela yamaphethini ahlukile wokuziphatha nezintshisakalo. Izifundo ze-neuroplasticity zibonisa ukuthi yize zikhona izikhathi zokuthuthuka ezinzima lapho ubuchopho buguquka ngokushesha futhi buqine (ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezilimi zezingane ezincane, ubuchopho buyaqhubeka nokushintsha kukho konke impilo, baphendule emaphethini wokuziphatha (ngokwesibonelo, ukugigiya noma ukudlala ku insimbi yomculo), isipiliyoni sempilo, i-psychotherapy, izidakamizwa, ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo nobudlelwano. Ukuthola ukubuka konke okuwusizo nokufinyelelekayo kwezifundo ze-neuroplasticity, bheka iDoidge 2007.

Ukunquma ukuthi okuthile kunesizathu sokuzalwa kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi ukuhlonza isixhumanisi esithile sofuzo kungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Izifundo ezinikezela ngokungenakunqotshwa "ubufakazi" obungenakuphikwa bokuthi ongqingili "bazalwe ngaleyondlela", futhi imiphumela yabo ihambelana kakhulu nemvelo.

Kwezinye izimo, ngokwesibonelo, ezifundweni ezingamawele, ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi izinto zakuqala zezemvelo zinomthelela omkhulu ekuqubukeni kokuthambekela kobungqingili. Ukuxhunyaniswa phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili akusho neze ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane bembangela phakathi kwabo. Abadlali be-basketball bade - ukudlala i-basketball ngokuqinisekile kuhlobana nokukhula okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, alikho "uhlobo lwe-basketball". Ngokusobala, ezinye izixhumanisi ezithokozisayo zivezwa njengezizathu ezisolwa ngokwezizathu zezepolitiki nezinkulumo-ze.

Ekugcineni, ake sithi abanye abantu banganqunyelwa ukuthambekela kobungqingili ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukuthonya kwehomoni, noma ezinye izici zomzimba noma zobuchopho. Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ubungqingili yinto ezalwe ngayo? Akunjalo nakancane ekuqondeni kokuthi lokhu kumelelwa kanjani ngabezindaba kanye namasiko athandwayo. Abafana abancane abanamahloni futhi abanobuciko obaba abangazange banake indlela abakhuliswa ngayo, babengesona isibonelo sohlobo olufanelekile lokuziphatha, bangaba sengozini yokuthola ukuthambekela kobungqingili. Lokhu akubangelwa “uhlobo” lobungqingili, kodwa ngenxa yenqubo yengqondo ephazamisekile yokwenziwa kobunikazi bobulili. Abafana abanjalo banesidingo esingokomzwelo sokuziqinisa nokunakwa kwabesilisa. Kuvela isithombe esifanayo emantombazaneni angahambelani namaphrofayili wezocansi asendulo. Izinkinga nezidingo ezingokomzwelo zezingane ezinjalo zivame ukudlalwa ngokuthambekela kwamanje ekubukeni kwezwe nezocansi.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa enye yezinkinga ezijwayelekile eziphakama ngokuchazwa okwandayo kwezifundo ezinjalo - umcabango wokuthi izici ze-neurobiological zinquma imodeli ethile yokuziphatha.

Uma imvelo ivumela umuntu okhangwa ngabobulili obuhlukile, kungani-ke ingayinikeli ngezimpawu zomzimba ezidingekayo ekugcwalisekeni kwayo? Isibonelo, ulwelwesi olucwebezelayo nolunemisipha eminingi ye-rectum, ekwazi ukubekezelela ukungqubuzana okuhlala isikhathi eside, kanye nezindlala ezikhipha ukugcotshwa okukhulu, ipenisi elincanyana lokungena ngaphakathi kwe-rectum, njll. Manje, uma lezi zimpawu zazikhona phakathi kobungqingili, khona-ke umuntu wayengakhuluma ngokuzalwa. Uma, uma kunesethi evamile yama-chromosomes nohlelo lokuzala olujwayelekile, zikhangwa entweni okungenakukwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngenhloso yazo okuhlosiwe, khona-ke inkulumo ngesimo sezinto eziphilayo yalesi simo ibonakala icabanga njengokucatshangwa kakhulu.

Umbono wabanye abamele inhlangano ye- "LGBT +"

I-American Psychological Association e2014 ikhiphe umhlahlandlela wezifo zengqondo kanye ne-sexology. Nazi izingcaphuno eziqondile ezivela kulo:

"... Njengamanje, azikho izakhi zofuzo ezitholakele ezingahlotshaniswa nobungqingili ..." (URosario in I-APA 2014, k. 579)

"Iqiniso elingenakuphikwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokocansi kunqunywa yinhlanganisela yezici eziningi: okungokwemvelo, kwezenhlalo kanye nokuzikhethela ..." (UKleinplatz in I-APA 2014, k. 256).

Umlobi wezahluko eziningana ebuholini be-APA uyilungu lekomidi lochwepheshe le-APA, uSolwazi Lisa Diamond, ongazifihli izintandokazi zakhe zobungqingili. IDayimane liphikisana nombono wesimo sofuzo sobungqingili. Uqinisekile ukuthi imibono ethi "ubungqingili yazalwa ngaleyondlela futhi ayinakushintsha" iyiphutha. Ngonyaka we-2013, enkulumweni eseCornell University, uDiamond wathi:

"… Ngikholwa wukuthi umphakathi obusayo kufanele uyeke ukuthi" sizalwe ngale ndlela futhi asinakushintsha ", bese sisebenzisa lesi siqubulo emzabalazweni wethu… Ngicabanga ukuthi asisayidingi le ngxabano futhi ibuhlungu, ngoba namuhla umthamo ogculisayo uqoqiwe imininingwane yesayensi eyaziwa “kolunye uhlangothi” kanye nakithi ... ”(I-Diamond 2013).

Umbhali wezincwadi eziningi kwezobuciko nefilosofi, ongakufihli lokho akuthandayo — abesilisa nabobulili obuhlukile, i-American Camilla Paglia, isho ngokungananazi:

“... Ubungqingili akuyona into ejwayelekile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuyinselele kokujwayelekile ... Ama-theorists eQueer - leli qulu elishwabene labakhohlisi be-freeloader - bazamile ukuthatha izifundo ze-post-structuralist, bethi akukho okujwayelekile, ngoba yonke into ayihleliwe futhi ihlobene. Lokhu ukuphela kokufa okuyisiphukuphuku lapho abantu abathanda kakhulu amagama bewa khona lapho beyizithulu, beyiziphukuphuku futhi bengaboni emhlabeni obazungezile. Imvelo ikhona, noma ngabe ososayensi bayathanda noma cha, kepha kwimvelo ukuzala kungukuphela komthetho ongenakuphikwa. Lokhu kujwayelekile. Izidumbu zabesilisa nabesifazane zenzelwe ukuzala. Umthondo ulingana nesitho sangasese sowesifazane, futhi akukho ukujijisana okuyinqaba ngamagama okungashintsha leli qiniso lezinto eziphilayo ... Akekho umuntu ozalwa eyisitabane. Umbono ngokwawo uyahlekisa ... Ubungqingili ukujwayela, hhayi impahla yangaphakathi ... "(I-Paglia 1994, amakhasi 70 - 76).

Isishoshovu esivelele saseMelika, uCynthia Nixon, sihlaselwe yi-LGBT +, okuyinhlangano yokuveza obala umbono wokuthi umshayeli wakhe wobulili obufanayo uqhutshwa ngokuzikhethela, hhayi i-biology (I-Witchell 2012).

Isishoshovu se-LGBT + yaseMelika - intatheli yenhlangano uBrandon Ambrosino nayo ithe ayizalwanga, kodwa ngonembeza wakhetha indlela yokuphila yobungqingili (I-Ambrosino 2014), okuthukuthelise intukuthelo yabanye ozakwabo kunhlangano ye "LGBT +" (Arana xnumx).

I-feminist ne-LGBT + Isishoshovu - uKarl Mantilla Movement esihlokweni sakhe ubhala ukuthi:

“… Kudala ngicabanga ukuthi isu le-“ LGBT + ”- ukunyakaza kokusebenzisa impikiswano mayelana nokungabi namuntu kukhubazeke ngendlela exakile… Impela, lokhu kungukukhetha - bekungahluka kanjani? … Isikhathi esithile ngike ngaya eqenjini lokweseka abesifazane abathathe isinqumo sokuthi babe ngamantombazane athandana namanye amadoda emshadweni wesintu. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngabuza lo mbuzo: "Uqonde kanjani ukuthi ningabongqingili?" Omunye wesifazane waphendula ngokuthi wayengakaze azizwe esondelene nabesilisa ngokomzwelo nokuthi wayehlala eqondwa kangcono ngabesifazane. Omunye washo ngokushesha ukuthi naye, wayenomuzwa wokuthi angakhululeka kuphela ngokomzwelo kwabesifazane. Laba abanye bavuma ngekhanda bevuma. Yini eyayingalungile kuleso simo? Cishe bonke abesifazane bazizwa ngale ndlela! Bonke abantu besifazane abathandana nobulili obuhlukile engake ngabazi babezizwa bekhululeke ngokwengeziwe ukuthemba abangane babo, bezizwa besondelene nabo, bezizwa beqondakala kangcono futhi bevulekele abesifazane ngokwengeziwe. Uma ngabe lokho kudinga ukuba ngungqingili, bonke abesifazane bangabobulili obufanayo. Lokhu kudala njengomhlaba ... izikhalazo zabesifazane zokuthi amadoda abo awakhulumi nabo, abaqondi imizwa yabo futhi abanandaba nalokho abakushoyo. Ezinye zezindatshana ezivame kakhulu komagazini besifazane ukuthi ungayenza kanjani indoda yakho ivuleke futhi ikhulume nawe ... umuzwa wokusondelana ngokomzwelo nomuntu awunasisekelo sokwakheka, kungenxa yezimpawu zomuntu ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo ... ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwacaca kimi ukuthi abesifazane leli qembu labasekeli lavele lazizwa linecala elikhulu ngokushiya abayeni babo ... Ngakho-ke, umbono wokuthi abakwazanga ukwenza lutho ngokuthi bangama-lesbibi, ukuthi kunesizathu semvelo, wabakhulula ecaleni nasekuzibophezeleni ngezenzo zabo ... "(Mantilla xnumx).

Isishoshovu se-LGBT +, inhlangano ese-California egama linguGail Madwin, yenze ngisho nesiza sonke esiveza ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kobungqingili akuyona into esekufeni kepha kungenxa yokuzikhethela (Queer ngokuzikhethela). Lowo owayeyisishoshovu se-LGBT +, ukunyakaza kukaDavid Benkof futhi kugcizelela iqiniso lokuthi indlela yokuphila yobungqingili ayinqunywa nhlobo yiziphi izinto eziphilayo (Benkof xnumx).

Amanothi

I-1: Sizalwe sinjalo
I-2 Ngokuvamile ayihlobene
I-3 Ngokucacisa "ngokuqinile" ukuthambekela kobungqingili: I-2 nokuningi yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi Isikali seKinsey.
I-4 English I-GWAS, i-Genome-Wide Association Study
I-5 emphakathini wesayensi yamukele umkhuba wokuhambisa izingqungquthela - incwadi emfushane, imvamisa i-150 - amagama we-250 ngosayizi - kulandelwa ukushicilelwa kwendatshana ephelele yejenali
I-6 English: mhlawumbe izalwe inesihlava
I-7 Kulokhu, ukusatshalaliswa kwemiphumela kumuntu ngamunye kungakhawulelwa
I-virilization ye-8 - igama lokwelashwa lokwephulwa lapho izimfanelo zobulili zabesifazane zikhula zibe ngowesilisa
I-9 i-English: "i-interstitial nuclei ye-anterior hypothalamus (INAH)"
I-10 yesiNgisi: "Isithiyo esilandulelayo sokuphendula komuntu okuyisimanga (PPI)"
I-11 i-English: "umphumela wokuzalwa kwama-fraternalzala (FBO)"
I-12 Bheka Ingxenye Yokucwaninga Nge-Twin
Ngaphezu kwalokho i-13, ama-antigen endabeni ye-PK nokusabela kwe-graft arhente (umuntu) ecaleni likaPK), kodwa isimilo sowesilisa.
I-14 isuka esiGrekini ama-autos - "self-", gini - "umfazi" no-filia - "uthando"; "Zithande wena njengowesifazane"
I-15 bengingathi uma umuntu engaqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, angawunaki wonke umlando wokususa ubungqingili kwi-DSM, ubulili obujwayelekile yikho noma yini ehlobene nokuzala

ulwazi olwengeziwe

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