I-rhetoric yezombusazwe yezishoshovu ze-LGBT yakhelwe kuma-postulates amathathu angenasisekelo aqinisekisa "ukujwayelekile", "ukuzalwa" kanye "nokuhlaselwa" ukuheha ubungqingili. Yize kukhona imali eningi futhi nezifundo eziningi, lo mbono awutholakalanga isayensi. Ivolumu eyenziwe ubufakazi besayensi kunalokho kukhombisa okuphambene: ubungqingili buyi kutholiwe ukuphambuka kusuka kunqubo ejwayelekile yesifundazwe noma yenqubo yokuthuthuka, enikeze ukugqugquzeleka nokuzimisela kweklayenti, inika usizo ekukulungiseni okusebenzayo kwezengqondo.

Njengoba wonke umbono we-LGBT wakhelwe phezu kwezizathu ezingamanga, akunakwenzeka ukukufakazela ngendlela enengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze bavikele umbono wabo, izishoshovu ze-LGBT ziyaphoqeleka ukuthi ziphendukele enkulumweni engenamizwa yokomzwelo, ubuDemoni, izinganekwane, izifakazelo kanye nezitatimende zamanga ezingazi, ngegama - ngomqondo. Umgomo wabo kule mpikiswano ukuthola iqiniso, kepha ukunqoba (noma ukubonakala kwayo) ezingxabanweni nganoma iyiphi indlela. Abanye abamele umphakathi we-LGBT sebevele beligxekile isu elimbona nje elifushane, bexwayisa izishoshovu ukuthi ngelinye ilanga lizobuyela kubo njenge-boomerang, futhi banxusa ukuthi bayeke ukusabalala kwezinganekwane ezilwa nesayensi, kodwa kwaba yize.

Okulandelayo, sizocabanga ngamaqhinga anengqondo ajwayelekile, amaqhinga, kanye nama-sophics, asetshenziswa ngabameli bemibono ye-LGBT.

I-AD HOMINEM
UKUSETYENZISWA KWALEZI
Ukungazi okuyihlazo
ISICELO SEZIMOTO
UKUQASHWA KUVUNYELWE
ISICELO SOKWELULA
Amaqiniso akhethiwe
Ukushintshwa KWEMISEBENZI
ISICELO SOKUQHAWULA
UKUQHUBEKA NONSENSE
ISICELO SOKUKWELASELA
ISICELO SOKUTHENGA
AD NAUSEAM
HLANGANYELWA 

I-AD HOMINEM (isikhalazo kumuntu)

Ayikwazi ukuphikisa impikiswano uqobo lwayo, umuntu ohlonishwayo uhlasela umuntu amqokile: ubuntu bakhe, isimilo sakhe, ukubukeka kwakhe, izinhloso zakhe, ikhono lakhe, njll. Ingqikithi isemzameni wokudicilela phansi lowo muntu, amethule emphakathini njengongakufanele ukwethenjwa. Kuvame ukuhlanganiswa namaqhinga “ubuthi bomthombo»(Poisoning The Well), lapho idemagogue ngaphambi kwengxoxo ishaya isiteleka esilungiselela ngesitayela se-Ad Hominem, izama ukudambisa umthombo. Isibonelo: “Ijenali lapho lushicilelwa khona lolu cwaningo lunamazinga aphansi okucaphuna; le yi "magazine magazine" ye-"Murzilka" level ». Ukuhlaselwa okunjalo akuhlangene nekhwalithi neqiniso lezimpikiswano uqobo. Lo ngumzamo wokuphambukisa ukunakwa emaqinisweni, ukumboza i-logic ngemizwa engemihle futhi udale izimfuneko zokuphetha okunesisekelo. Vele, ukudalwa kwemibonakaliso emibi yomthombo akusho ukuthi izimpikiswano ngokwazo seziphikisiwe.

Kunemikhakha emithathu ebalulekile yamaqhinga we-Ad Hominem:

1) Isikhangiso somuntu (inguquko ebuntwini) - ukuhlaselwa okuqondile kwezimpawu zomuntu ophikisayo, imvamisa ngezithuko noma ukwehlisa isitatimende esingavunyelwe. Othile uqaphele kahle ukuthi uma ukuqonda kunamandla kubuthakathaka, ukuqina kwalokho kusho. Isibonelo: "Lo welaphi ungumzenzisi, iscroundrel, charlatan, kanti idiploma yakhe ingamanga.". Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izimfanelo zomuntu, ngisho nezinengekayo kunazo zonke, azenzi izimpikiswano zakhe zibeaphutha.

2) I-Ad hominem circumstantiae (izimo zomuntu) - Inkomba yezimo okuthiwa zibonisa isikhundla kumphikisi, okusikisela ukukhetha kwakhe nokungathembeki. Isibonelo: "Lo msakazi uyikholwa lamaKatolika." Ukuphikisana okunjalo kuyiphutha futhi, ngoba iqiniso lokuthi umphikisi ngesizathu esithile uthambekele ukubeka phambili ngokuqondile lo mbango awenzi impikiswano ngokwayo ivele endaweni enokubukwa enengqondo.

3) Isikhangiso sasekhaya (enjalo yena) - okubonisa ukuthi ophikisana naye ngokwakhe akanasono. Isibonelo: "Abantu abaningi abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile abathandanayo nabobulili obuhlukile bathandana nabo ngokwabo." Futhi, ukuphikisana okunjalo kuyiphutha ngokwemvelo, ngoba akuyiphikisi impikiswano futhi akwenzi kube yiqiniso elingatheni ngokwezinto ezinengqondo. Iqiniso noma inganekwane yesitatimende alihambisani nalokho umuntu okusunduza akwenzayo. Iqiniso lokuthi ubulili be-anal, uma kunjalo, benziwa ngabobulili obuhlukile abukunganaki imiphumela eyonakalisayo lesi senzo esiphendukezelayo futhi asilinganisi ngokulingana nemvelo.

UKUSETYENZISWA KWALEZI (unkatio elenchi)

Iphutha elinengqondo nenqubo yokubheka izinto, equkethe iqiniso lokuthi lapho ubhekene nesitatimende esithile esiqinile futhi ebona ukuthi izindaba zakhe zimbi, umuntu ohloniphekile empendulweni yakhe uyaqhubeka axoxe ngesinye isitatimende, okungenani siyiqiniso futhi sifana nesokuqala, kepha asihlobene nengqikithi yombuzo. Ama-agumenti asekela isiphetho sokuqala ayasuswa ekucabangeni nasezimpikiswaneni zokunye okunikezwayo esikhundleni salokho. I-thesis, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuvela ukuthi iqinisekisiwe, ayihlangene nethisisi yokuqala. Leli qhinga lingasetshenziswa kokubili ukufakazela nokuphikisa. Ngokwesibonelo:

Thesis: "Ukuqinisekiswa komshado wobungqingili e-Russia akuhambisani nomthetho, ngoba kuphikisana nemibono yabantu abaningi. ”
Impendulo ngokufakwa esikhundleni se-thesis: "Umphakathi wentando yeningi awukwazi ukubandlulula ongqingili; kufanele babe namalungelo njengawo wonke umuntu, kubandakanya nelungelo lokushada. ”

Lesi sisho ngobuqili siqukethe amagama athi “intando yeningi” kanye “nomshado”, anikeza umlingisi umbono wokuthi izingxabano zalowo mqondo wokuqala zithola impendulo eqotho. Akaboni nakancane ukuthi umphathi wezimali usishalazela ngokuphelele isiphakamiso esiyisisekelo sedemocracy futhi uphendula ngezitatimende ezingenamqondo, ezingazange ziphikiswe yinoma ngubani. Yebo, ongqingili abanakubandlululwa; yebo, banelungelo kuwo wonke amalungelo abanye abanawo - akukho mpikiswano ngalokhu, ikakhulukazi njengoba eRussia ongqingili banawo wonke amalungelo abanye abawenzayo, ngoba akukho mthetho owodwa obandlulula izakhamizi ngenxa yokuthanda kwabo ucansi. Ngakho-ke, bekhuluma "ngokulingana emshadweni", izishoshovu ze-LGBT ziphendukela kuzo ukufakwa esikhundleni kwemiqondoukukhipha "Isidingo sokushintsha incazelo esemthethweni yomshado edlula inqubo yentando yeningi" ngoba “Ilungelo lokushada” -izinto ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezihlukile. Ikakhulu kusukela umshado - lokhu akulilungelo, kepha isiko elithile lesiko. Izingqinamba ezisebenzayo - impahla, ifa, ukugada - zilawulwa ngokuphelele yi-notary.

Esinye isibonelo. Umbuzo: “Kungenzeka yini ukuvumela ongqingili ukuthi basebenze nezingane, uma kutholakala amazinga aphakeme ngokweqile e-pedophilia phakathi kwabo? "
Impendulo ecasulayo efakwa esikhundleni se-thesis: "Uxolo, kepha amacala amaningi okuhlukunyezwa kwabantu abesilisa abathandana nabesilisa!"

Njengoba lokhu kwenzeka kaningi, umuntu ongenalwazi uzoqala ukuzivikela, futhi idemogogue izomholela kude ne-thesis yasekuqaleni, ngokuhumusha ukuhumusha ngengxoxo kube indiza efanele yena. Indlela yokuphuma kwalesi simo empeleni ilula: udinga ukukhomba ngokushesha umbono we-theisis bese uqhaqha udemoni ngekhala lakho embuzweni wokuqala. Yenza izikhathi eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Umbhalo ofana nalokhu: "Unikeze impendulo enhle embuzweni" Yikuphi ukujwayeza iningi labashayeli bezidakamizwa? "Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona into engiyicelile, ake sibuyele ukudingida umbuzo wami. I-pedophilia ye-Heterosexual ivela kaningi i-2 kaningi kunobungqingili, yize inani lamadoda abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile lidlula inani lamadoda angongqingili cishe ngezikhathi ze-35. Ngakho-ke, ngamaphesenti, ama-pedophiles phakathi ongqingili mayelana nezikhathi ze-xnumx ezinkulu nokuthi - ngokuya nge-APA. Kunengqondo yini ukuthi izibalo ezinjengalezi zivumele ongqingili ukuba basebenze nezingane? "

I-sophism efana nesisekelo esenzweni, ayithinti isihloko sengxoxo futhi asihambelani, yaziwa ngokuthi "Izilwane ezincanyana". Isibonelo: "Uveze ikhasi le-615 njengomthombo wesilinganiso, kepha lisekhasini elihluke ngokuphelele". Akunakwenzeka ukuphikisana ne-thesis ngesisekelo sezimpikiswano ezingasho lutho nezesibili, ukugwema impendulo yombuzo oyinhloko, okuyiqiniso, okungumongo wendaba. Noma ngabe ukukhetha-kwe-nit kulungile, ukuqina kwabo ukuthi abalungile ngokwanele ukuphika izinsolo.

Ukungazi okubumbayo (ukungazi ngamabomu)

Kuqukethe ukunganaki noma yiziphi izimpikiswano ezingahambelani nemodeli yangaphakathi yangempela. Ngokungafani nokungazi okujwayelekile, umuntu uyazi amaqiniso nemithombo, kepha uyenqaba ukuwabona, noma azijwayeze nabo uma bengakufinyeleli okulindelwe kuye. Umuntu onjalo uvame ukuvela nezimo ezisezingeni lesitayela se-Ad Hominem bese esebenzisa amaqhinga I-Adapidem (kamuva. "ukudlulisa itshe"), okubandakanya ukwenqaba izimpikiswano zomphikisi njengokungenangqondo ngaphandle kokunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi bangamahloni (lokhu kungamanga, imfundiso yenkolo yokuqamba amanga, uqamba amanga, njll.). Izitatimende zika-Ad Lapidem zingamanga ngoba azithinti isisekelo sezimpikiswano futhi azibathinti nganoma iyiphi indlela. "I-sophism"amagama wokuphikisana"Futhi"ukuhlolwa okungagxiliwe", Lapho ukusolwa okungafanele kwezimpikiswano zomphikisi ngokuvela ngokungaziphathi kufaka khona izimpikiswano.

Ukuphikwa kwamaqiniso kungaba amaqhinga ngamabomu noma ukucabanga kokucabanga okwaziwa ngokuthi "isiqinisekiso sokukhetha"Futhi indlela yokuvikela engazi lutho"ukuphika". Izimpikiswano ezikholisayo kakhulu zizogxijwa yi-psyche yomuntu ngendlela efanayo njengoba ukhokho ukhishwa ngamanzi.

В incwadi izishoshovu ezimbili ezitabane ezenziwa ama-harvard ezinikezela ngamasu okusakaza ubungqingili achaziwe Izinkinga ezinkulu ze-10 ukuziphatha kobungqingili okufanele kuqedwe ukuze kuphumelele ngokugcwele i-ajenda yezitabane. Phakathi kwalezi zinkinga ukuphika okungokoqobo, ukucabanga okungenangqondo ne-mythomania.

«Wonke umuntu, isitabane noma oqondile, angabhekisa ezinganekwaneni ngezikhathi ezithile futhi akholelwe kulokho akufunayo kunokuba kube ngokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, izitabane ngokujwayelekile zivame ukukwenza lokhu ngaphezu kwabantu abaqondile ngoba kufanele zithole ukwesaba, ulaka nobuhlungu obengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ukwenqaba iqiniso kungukuziphatha kobungqingili ... Lokhu kungazibonakalisa njenge:
• Ukucabanga okuhle - Umuntu uyakholelwa ekutheni uthokozile, hhayi iqiniso.
• Ukungahambisanib - kusabalale kangangokuba akudingi sibonelo noma nencazelo. Sonke siphikisana lapho umphikisi wethu wobungqingili ephikisana ngokuthi kungahlobene ne-logic yethu noma eyakhe. Ngani? Ngoba unikezwe imithetho yokuqonda, kufanele uthole iziphetho ongazithandi. Ngakho-ke, izitabane zivame ukuphika ukunengqondo.
• Khulisa imizwa - Enye yezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuqeda iqiniso ukusetshenziswa kwe-rhetoric yasendle futhi eyeqile ngokweqile. Izitabane eziguqukela kule ndlela zinethemba lokumemeza amaqiniso nezimpawu ezinengqondo nezinkulumo ezingafanele zenkanuko yomuntu siqu.
• Ukubukwa okungagciniwe "Esikhundleni sokuhlaziya ngokunengqondo amaqiniso, ukutadisha inkinga nokuthola ikhambi elifanele, izitabane eziningi zibalekela iqiniso ziye eNetland futhi zenza umzamo omkhulu wokuphikisa amaqiniso nokunengqondo." (IKirk neMadsen, After The Ball I-1989, p.339)

ISICELO SEZIMOTO

Kungamacebo okuzama ukuthonya izinkolelo zomuntu ngokusebenzisa ithonya lemizwa: ukwesaba, umona, inzondo, ukuphambana, ukuziqhenya, njll. Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kaningi ngabasasazi be-LGBT bamaqhinga angokomzwelo aziwa ngokuthi "Cela isihe"(Ukuphikisana nesikhangiso misericordiam). Njengoba engenabo ubufakazi obuyiqiniso bokufakazela isikhundla sakhe, lo mbuso ufuna ukuvusa isihawu nozwela kumlaleli ukuze athole imvume kumphikisi. Ngokwesibonelo: “Abungqingili bayizisulu zokubandlululwa namatshe amabi. Akulona iphutha labo ukuthi bazalwe benjalo. Sebehlupheke kakhulu, ngakho-ke kudingeka sibanikeze konke abakudingayo. ” Izimpikiswano ezinje azilungile futhi ziyiphutha, ngoba azithinti ingqikithi yendaba futhi ziholela ekuhlolweni okunengqondo kwesimo, kubhekiswe ekubandlululweni komlaleli, obuzwa ukuthi avumelane nalokho okwashiwo hhayi ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezikholisayo, kodwa ngenxa yomuzwa wozwela, ukuhlazeka, noma ukwesaba ukubonakala kungenabuntu, emuva, kungalinyiwe futhi njll.

Enye iqhinga lokuthinta imizwelo ithi “Imali ekhokhwayo"(Uhlaselwe usoseshini), othi into ayemukeleki ngoba yenziwa yiqembu noma umuntu onedumela elibi. I-demagogue eguqukela kulamaqhinga akhomba ophikisana nabaphathi bezincwadi namaqembu angenasimilo aveze thesis efanayo noma ngaphansi. Isibonelo, umuntu oveza noma yikuphi ukugxekwa maqondana nabantu be-LGBT kungenzeka alingane noHitler noma amaNazi. Abathuthukisi bokusungula ubuqili bamaqhinga obuqili banqume ngokuqondile ukukhonjwa kwabaphikisi ngamaqembu nabantu "Izimfanelo zikabani zesibili nezinkolelo zakhe ziyenyanya umuntu omaphakathi waseMelika": UKu Klux Klan, abashumayeli abashiseka ngokweqile baseningizimu, izigebengu ezihlaselayo, iziboshwa kanye noHitler (I-Reductio ad hitlerum).

Njengoba iningi libheka izindinganiso zikaHitler njengezingamukeleki, ukusetshenziswa kokuqhathanisa okunjalo kungaholela ekuphenduleni okungokomzwelo okugqamisa ukwahlulela okunengqondo.

Ukwehluka kwesidumo se-Reductio ad Hitlerum kufaka ukuqhathanisa imibono yabaphikisi ne-Holocaust, iGestapo, i-fascism, i-generalitarianism, njll.

Ukubeka eceleni imizwa, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi uma umuntu “emabi” ngempela ngandlela thile, lokhu akusho ukuthi konke akushoyo, ukuxhasa noma ukumelele, okubalulekile kungalungile futhi akulungile. Akumelwe senqabe iqiniso lokuthi amabili, amabili, amane, kuphela ngoba uHitler wayekholelwa okufanayo.

Amanethiwekhi amaningi e-Intanethi anomthetho owaziwa ngokuthi “Umthetho kaGodwin”, lapho kubhekwa khona ingxoxo lapho nje kuqhathaniswa ukuqhathanisa noHitler noma ubuNazi, futhi iqembu elenza lesi siqhathaniso lithathwa njengelilahlayo.

Uhlangothi oluphambili lwe-diametric ngephutha lokuzibandakanya ochazwe ngenhla "Ukuphakama okuhambisana"(Ukuhlonishwa yinhlangano). IDemagogue ithi into efiselekayo ngoba iyimpahla yeqembu noma umuntu ohlonishwayo. Ngakho-ke, abasakazi be-LGBT bahlala bebhekisa kosaziwayo abahlukahlukene abathi babenakho ukuthambekela kobungqingili, yize empeleni lezi zibonelo zithathwa kusuka emunweni owaziwayo noma ingxenye yesigaba "hhayi ngiyabonga, kepha kuphambene". Abathuthukisi benkolelo-ze-gay bayichaza ngale ndlela:

“... kumele sinxephezele imikhuba emibi ekhona yabesifazane nabesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, sibethule njengezinsika zomphakathi ... Abantu abadumile bomlando balusizo kithina, njengoba ngifile njalo, njengesipikili, ngakho-ke angeke aphike noma yini noma afake isimangalo... Ngokubhekisa ukukhanya kwaso okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kula maqhawe ahlonishwayo, umkhankaso wabezindaba onekhono, ngesikhathi esisodwa, ungenza umphakathi wezitabane ubukeke njengonkulunkulu wempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. " (IKirk neMadsen, After The Ball I-1989, p.187)  

Lapho umuntu enikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa zokuthi abantu abanjalo nabanjalo banezimfanelo ezaziwayo futhi ngaphandle kokucabanga nangobufakazi bokuthi bonke abantu abanale mfanelo, wenza iphutha "generalization yamanga"(Isilula se-Dicto).

UKUQASHWA KUVUNYELWE (ingxabano ngokuvuma)

Leli yiphutha elinengqondo elenzeka lapho ukwethembeka kwento kufakazelwa isitatimende sokwethembeka kwayo, ngaphandle kokunikeza idatha ekholisayo noma ukuphikisana okuthandekayo. Isitatimende ngokwaso asibubufakazi noma ukuphikisana; kukhombisa kuphela izinkolelo zomuntu ozivezayo. Isibonelo: “Ubungqingili buyinto engaphakathi futhi ayisebenzi. Lapho iphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuguqulwe indlela yokuya ocansini, i-American Psychiatric Association yaphendula ngokuthi “cha”.

Izinsolo zivame ukuhlanganiswa namaqhinga abizwa ngawo "IGallop Guiche" (Gish Gallop), okuyisibhaxu sezitatimende ezingasho lutho, ezingalungile nezaziyo ngamanga, ukuphikisa kwalowo ophikisana naye kuzodinga isikhathi esiningi. Leli qhinga lisetshenziswa njalo ezinhlelweni zethelevishini, lapho isikhathi sokuphendula sinqunyelwe. Njengoba esekhiphe isikhwama sezitatimende ezingamanga, idemogogue ishiya ophikisana naye nomsebenzi ongenakwenzeka - ukucacisela umphakathi ukuthi kungani esinye nesinye sawo singelona iqiniso. Kubabukeli abanolwazi olulinganiselwe, iGallop Guiche ibukeka imangalisa kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umphikisi eqala ukucubungula konke ukuphikisana nodlame, umphakathi uzoqala ukusheshe ukumthola amthole eyisidina; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kukhona ukuphikisana okusele ngaphandle kokuphikisa, kuzothathwa njengokuhlulwa.

Ukuqamba amanga ngamabomu Kulula kakhulu kunokuphika. I-demagogue efuna iqiniso hhayi ukunqoba kepha ayincishiswa yilutho futhi ingasho noma yini, ngenkathi iqiniso lidinga ukwakheka okuqondile nokucaciswa okunengqondo okusohlwini oluqinile lwezinhloso zeqiniso. Njengoba uJonanat Swift aphawula: “Amanga ayandiza, neqiniso liyakhubazeka emuva kwawo; ngakho lapho ukukhohlisa kwembulwa, sekwephuze kakhulu ...»

Ngakho-ke, ukuze kukhalwe amahlebezi mayelana "nezilwane zobungqingili", abasasazi be-LGBT badinga imizuzwana ye-40 yokuphika, okwathatha ividiyo emaminithini we-40.

ISICELO SOKWELULA (dlulisela emvelweni)

Leli yiphutha elinengqondo noma isu lobuciko lapho into ethile kuthiwa ilungile ngoba "ingemvelo" noma imbi ngoba "akuyona imvelo". Isitatimende esinjalo kwesinye isikhathi umbono, futhi hhayi iqiniso lokuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kunephutha, akunangqondo, akunangqondo futhi kuqukethe izincazelo ezingacacile. Inchazelo yegama elithi "imvelo", ngokwesibonelo, isukela encazelweni "ejwayelekile" kuye kokuthi "yenzeka emvelweni".

Noma kunjalo, ngokwemvelo amaqiniso ahlinzeke ngezahlulelo zenani elinokwethenjelwa impela, isikhalazo sakho silungile kusuka endaweni yokubuka enengqondo. Ngakho-ke, isitatimende “ISodomomy akuyona imvelo” hhayi iphutha. Ukungena engxenyeni engezansi yomgudu wesisu, okungathi ngemvelo kungashintshiwe ekungeneni nasekufuthumeni, kuphambene nedatha yemvelo yokwenziwa komzimba womuntu futhi kugqekeke ukulimala okuhlukahlukene nokungasebenzi, kuvame ukungaphenduki. Lokho iqiniso.

Njengesibonelo sokukhanga okuyiphutha emvelweni, kungabonakala enye yamagama abalulekile ezinkulumo-ze zobungqingili: “Ubungqingili buqashelwa ezilwaneni; okwenziwa yizilwane kungokwemvelo; lokho kusho ukuthi ubungqingili bungokwemvelo kumuntu. ”  Ngokwengeza ireferensi engalungile yemvelo, lesi siphetho siqukethe amanye amaphutha amabili anengqondo:
I-1) "Ukukhishwa kwemiqondo", Kuboniswe ngokuhunyushwa okungaqondile kwe-anthropomorphic ngokuziphatha kwezilwane kanye nomzamo wokudlulisa" ukuphambuka kwemvelo kokujwayelekile "njengendlela" yemvelo ".
I-2) "Isethulo esikhethiwe samaqiniso", Ichazwa ekukhulisweni okukhethekile okukhethekile komhlaba wezilwane empilweni yomuntu. 

Kumahlaya we-Aristophanes "Clouds", ukungabi nangqondo kwale ndlela enjalo kukhonjisiwe: ukuzama ukufakazela kubaba ukuthi kukhona yini ukushaya abazali bakhe nezingane zakhe, indodana inikeza isibonelo se-roosters, lapho uyise ephendula khona ukuthi uma efuna ukuthatha isibonelo kuma-roosters, makamthathe konke.

Kunoma ikuphi, ukuba khona kwanoma yikuphi ukwenzeka emvelweni akufakazeli ubuciko bayo, ukufiseleka noma ukwamukelwa. Umdlavuza, ngokwesibonelo, yinto yemvelo ngokuphelele - yisiphi isiphetho esingatholwa kulolu lwazi? Yebo, cha.

Amaqiniso akhethiwe (ukukha i-cherry)

Iphutha elinengqondo elihlanganisa ukukhomba kuphela imininingwane namaqiniso asekela iphoyinti lokubuka elidingwa yi-manipulator, ngenkathi indiva yonke eminye imininingwane efanele engayisekeli. Ngakho-ke, baphendukela ekuqinisekiseni ukujwayelekile kokuziphatha kwezilwane, izishoshovu ze-LGBT azinakanga zonke izihluku nokubi okukuye futhi zigxile kuphela ekubonakalisweni kobulili bakhe obufanayo, ngenkathi zivala amehlo ekuphoqelweni kwazo nasekuhambeni kwesikhathi.

Ngokufanayo, bebhekisisa ocwaningweni lofuzo, abasakazi bekusakaza kuphela izingcaphuno ezingumongo ezisekela lo mqondo "Ukunikela ngezakhi zofuzo ekuthuthukisweni kokwenza ucansi"ngenkathi indiva ukubhuka okugcizelelwa ngabaphenyi ukuthi "Lo mnikelo kude nokuthatha isinqumo".

Kwesinye isikhathi “ukukha ama-cherry” kufinyelela ngokwedlulele kangangokuba umqhathi ucishe aze aphule umusho ocashuniwe, ehlanekezela umyalezo wawo ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, i-APA ecaleni lomthetho weLawrence v. Texas, okuholele ekuchithweni kwemithetho yama-sodomy emazweni ase-14 US, ikhonjiwe okulandelayo dictum I-Freud:
“Ubungqingili ngokungangabazeki akusiyo inzuzo, kepha akusona isizathu sokujabha, noma ububi noma ukonakaliswa. Ngeke ihlukaniswe njengesifo. Sikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungukuhlukahluka kokwenza ucansi ... "
Ukungalungeli ukuqeda lesi sicelo, i-APA yathula ithi, ngokusho kukaFreud, lokhu "ukuhlukahluka emsebenzini wezocansi kubangelwa okuthile intuthuko yezocansi emangele» - okungukuthi, imelela i-pathology.

Ukushintshwa KWAMA-CONCEPTS (i-equivocation)

Kuqukethe ukusebenzisa igama elifanayo ukuchaza izehlakalo ezimbili ezahlukene, noma ukwenza sengathi akuyona into okungeyona, okuholela esiphethweni esingamanga. Isibonelo, i-WHO ihlinzeka ngencazelo eqondile kakhulu yobungqingili: "Isifiso sobulili esikhethekile noma esivelele sabantu bobulili obufanayo, ukuxhumana noma ngaphandle komzimba." Kepha abasakazi bezitabane, bekhuluma ngezilwane, babiza “ubungqingili” noma ikuphi ukuhlangana phakathi kwezilwane zobulili obufanayo, noma ngabe zingenaso isisusa sobulili. Ngakho-ke, amaqhugwane angabesifazane, okuthi uma kungekho owesilisa owanele, akha ababili ukunakekela inzalo, afakiwe kwizibalo zezilwane "ze-450 zezilwane" zobungqingili ", yize zithandana nabesilisa kuphela. Eqinisweni, asikho isilwane esisodwa esingahlangabezana nencazelo ye-WHO, ngoba akekho umuntu emvelweni akhombisa "I-sex eyingqayizivele noma ebaluleke kakhulu»Kubantu bobulili babo, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokuxhumeka ngokomzimba.

Esinye isibonelo sokufakwa esikhundleni kwemiqondo siyabonakala encazelweni ucwaningo U-Evelyn Hooker, owethulwe yi-APA njengobufakazi “besayensi” “bokungafani” kobungqingili (yize lolu cwaningo aluzange luthole umgomo onjalo). Ngokusekelwe kusampula ye-30 (!) Yabantu, uHooker uphethe ngokuthi "Abanye ongqingili bangamele abantu abaphakeme ngokuphelele. ”. Ngale ndlela, “Ukusebenza ngokwanele komphakathi” Abanye ongqingili benza sengathi "Okujwayelekile" bonke ubungqingili (i-generalization yamanga), yize iqiniso lokuthi amandla okwenza imisebenzi yezenhlalo awavimbeli ubukhona be-psychopathology.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eshaya maqondana "nokujwayelekile" kobungqingili, i-APA ibhekisa emisebenzini ekhombisa ukwanda kwabo (iBullough 1976; iFord & Beach 1951; iKinsey 1948 kanye ne-1953), ngaleyo ndlela ingena esikhundleni I-prevalence ngezwi "Okujwayelekile" yize ukuvelela noma ubumbano lwento ngokwenzekile alukhombisi ukufana kwayo. Ngaphezu kokufakwa esikhundleni semiqondo, impikiswano yamanga "Isikhalo kwinombolo".

ISICELO SOKUXHUMANA NAMINANI (i-pagum ad numeram)

Kunikezwe ukuxabana ngephutha lilinganisa inani labalandeleli bomqondo neqiniso labo. Ngakho Isifundo seKinsey (kuqashelwe ukuqamba amanga ngonyaka we-2006) kukhombisile ukuthi i-48% yamadoda asesampuleni yakhe (okubandakanya iningi lama-marginals) okungenani wayenokuthintana kobungqingili empilweni yabo, okwaba yisisekelo sabasasazi mayelana nokujwayelekile kwalabo oxhumana nabo. Kodwa-ke, izehlakalo nemibono esekelwa kabanzi ayilona iqiniso.

Ukuxhumana kwaleli phutha "Isikhalazo kuningi"(Isiphakamiso sesikhangiso populum). Esikhundleni sokucabanga okunengqondo, owedemokhrasi uphendukela kumbono womphakathi. Isibonelo: "Iningi labantu baseMelika liyawusekela umshado wezitabane.". Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi lingaba liqinisile, umbono wakhe awuphephile emaphutheni. Iqiniso / iqiniso lesitatimende alikwazi ukuqinisekiswa / ukuphikiswa yinani nje labasekeli baso. Isibonelo, emlandweni bekuba nezikhathi lapho iningi impela licubungula uMhlaba usicaba, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi umhlaba uyisicaba ngempela. Umbono weningi ukhombisa ukuthandwa kombono kuphela, hhayi iqiniso noma ukwaneleka kwawo, yize kuvame ukuduma okubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Ukuletha ku-Absurdity (ab absurdo)

Njengoba ingakwazi ukuphika ngokuyisisekelo, umqambi udala umcabango womphikisi aze afinyelele ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, ethula isimo esingamanga futhi esingenangqondo, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu uzama ukungcolisa umcabango wokuqala. Isibonelo: “Njengoba wenqabela inkulumo-ze yobungqingili ezinganeni, ake khona-ke siyokwenqabela inkulumo-ze yokungasali ngakwesokunxele. ” Amasu anjalo awanawo amandla obufakazi futhi enzelwe kuphela ukungabi nalwazi okuphelele kophikisi. Ngokuvamile kuhambisana namaphutha anengqondo alandelayo:

• “Isifaniso samanga"- Ukuqhathanisa lapho inani lezici ezifanayo ezintweni eziqhathanisiwe lifinyelela ku-zero, ngenkathi kunganakwa ngokuphelele umehluko oyisisekelo: "Ukwelapha ongqingili kufana nokuphatha abomvu"

• “I-dichotomy yamanga"- iphutha eliqukethe umbono" omnyama nomhlophe ", unganaki konke okungenzeka, ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbili ezeqisayo: “Ongasekeli abantu abathandana nobungqingili uyisitabane. Noma ungowamatabane noma umelene nawo. ". Ngasikhathi sinye, amathuba wesithathu (noma inani elikhulu kakhulu lamathuba) awavunyelwe, yize umuntu, ngokwesibonelo, engahle angahambisani “nezitabane” nobulili babo obuhlanekezelwe, kepha aphikisane nomqondo okhuthazwe ngonya we-LGBT ongavunyelwe, kufaka phakathi abongqingili abaningi.

• Ukungalandelani (lat. "akufanele kube") - iphutha elenzeka lapho isiphetho esingenangqondo sitholakala esitatimendeni esithile, esinganilandeli ngokuqondile kuso. Isibonelo:

Leli phutha livela futhi uma isizathu esisekude kutholakala ukuthi sivela kunoma yikuphi ukwenzeka ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi sikhona. Isibonelo: "Abanye abantu bangongqingili ngoba bazalwa benjalo.". Lokhu kufaka nokuzenzisa othandekayo enhliziyweni yenkohliso njengoba ukukhishwa kokuhlobana kokufanelekile, izifakazelo zobufakazi и ukuphenya ngembangela.

ISICELO SOKWELULA (i-agumum ad verecundiam) 

Kulokhu, esikhundleni sokunikeza ubufakazi, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kubhekwe noma yisiphi isitatimende njengesiqondile (noma esingelona iqiniso) ngoba omunye umthombo othathwa njengegunyaziwe ukubheka njengokulungile (noma kungamanga). Isitatimende uqobo sokuthi umbono othile wesiphathimandla uqondile asiqukethe iphutha elinengqondo. Kodwa-ke, iphutha elinjalo livela uma umuntu ezama ukuphikisa ngokuthi umbono onegunya uhlale ulungile ngokuyisisekelo futhi, ngakho-ke, akufanele ugxekwe. Umbono wemithombo enegunya awulona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi; nazo zingaphutha noma zifihlwe ngamabomu. Iphutha lapho kukhulunywa ngombono wesiphathimandla kwenzeka lapho:

1) isihloko akusona esekhono lakhe;
2) igunya lichemile maqondana nesihloko;
I-3) kunobufakazi bokuthi igunya alilungile.

Uvame ukuzwa izikhalazo ongaziwa igunya: "Ososayensi bafakazele ... Odokotela bengqondo bakholelwa ukuthi ... Kunokuvumelana emphakathini wezesayensi ..." Amagama ososayensi nodokotela bengqondo abanamathiselwe, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa imininingwane. Ngakho-ke, uma ingxabano yomphikisi iqala ngemishwana efanayo, khona-ke kungalindeleka ukuthi izimpikiswano ezingenasisekelo nezingavunyelwe zizolandela.

Uhlobo lokuncenga kwabasemagunyeni Ipse dixit (lat. "uthe"). Ukuphikisana okunqumayo kuvunyelwe kuphela ngesitatimende esingenasisekelo somuntu oyedwa, imvamisa ngaye: "Njengesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo nodokotela, ngingasho ukuthi ubungqingili yinto ejwayelekile."

Ukuze unikeze isisindo izitatimende ezingenasisekelo, i-manipulator imvamisa ihamba nayo ngezixhumanisi zemithombo ehlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwemithombo kuvame ukwembula ukuthi abagcini nje ngokuxhasa izimpikiswano zakhe, kepha baphikisana ngqo nazo. Isibonelo ukutadisha imibhangqwana yobungqingili ebumnyameni-albatross, eyethulwa njengengxabano yokuxhasa ubungqingili, ayigcini nje ngokubonisa ubukhona bokuheha kobungqingili kulezi zinyoni, kodwa futhi ikhombisa ukungathandeki kwabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo, obukhonjiswe ngokunganakwa ngamanani angaphezu kwesigamu amanani wokuqandelwa amachwane nempumelelo yokuzala, uma kuqhathaniswa nokujwayelekile ngababili.

Ngokufanayo ngaphansi kwevidiyo edumile yenkulumo-ze pyromaniac Isihloko singumbhalo, amakhasi ama-5 awo, phakathi kokunye, agcwele izixhumanisi zezifundo ezahlukahlukene ezinezihloko zokuzenzisa. Inani elinomxhwele lezixhumanisi linikezwa lapho kuphela ukudala inkohliso yokuthembeka nokuqina, ngesisekelo sesibalo esifanele sokuthi akekho ovela kuzithameli ezihlosiwe ozozihlola. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokufunda imininingwane evela kulezi zifundo, umfundi onelukuluku lokwazi uzokwazi ukuzibona mathupha ukuthi abazisekeli izimangalo ezenziwe kule vidiyo.

Ukukhalaza okuvame kakhulu okungagunyaziwe kwabasemagunyeni abamele ubudlelwano bobungqingili ngokungangabazeki kuyireferensi esinqumweni se-WHO ku-1990 sokukhipha ukuxilongwa "kongqingili" ngokufana nokuhlukaniswa kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxabana kuvame ukuthatha isimo se- "indilinga enonya"(Circulus vitiosus), lapho Thesis isizathu lesitatimende esivela kuyo: “I-WHO isususe ubungqingili kwi-ICD ngoba kuyinto ejwayelekile. Ubungqingili yinto ejwayelekile ngoba i-WHO imxoshile e-ICD. ” Impela, lezi zitatimende ezimbili azethulwanga ngokulandelana, kepha zihlukaniswa yivolumu ethile ye-verbiage.

Njengoba i-WHO imane nje iyisikhungo esixhumanisa abaphethe ngaphansi kwe-UN, engaqondiswa ulwazi lwesayensi, kepha ngemihlangano etholwe ngokuboniswa kwezandla, noma yiziphi izinkomba ezincwadini zayo zokucacisa isikhundla esiphikisayo zimane nje azisho lutho. Lesi sikhalo kwigunya lamanga noma elingafanele.

I-WHO ayizenzi sengathi inesayensi isingeniso ekuhlukaniselweni kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo e-ICD-10 kubeka ngokusobala ukuthi:

"Thula izincazelo nemiyalo ungathwali uqobo lwayo inchazelo yethiyori futhi ungazenzi sengathi encazelweni ephelele yesimo samanje solwazi lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Amane nje ayizimpawu zokuphawula kanye nokuphawula ngalo inani elikhulu labeluleki nabeluleki emazweni amaningi omhlaba bavumile njengesisekelo esamukelekayo sokuchazwa kwemingcele yesigaba ekuhlukaniseni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. ”

UKUFAKA ISIKHALO NGOKUPHIKELELA (i-argumentum ad antiquitatem)

Kuluhlobo lokuphikisana okuyiphutha lapho umbono othile uthathwa njengelungile ngesisekelo sokuthi kwenzeka kwamanye amasiko esikhathi esedlule. Ngakho-ke, abaxolisi bobudlelwano bobungqingili babambe ngokulangazelela noma yiziphi izinkomba zokuziphatha kobungqingili obuthile emithonjeni yomlando, noma izingcezwana ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla ziyinto engacacile futhi ziyaqondisana, futhi okuchazwe kuyo akufani nokuqhathaniswa nokwenzeka namuhla emphakathini we-LGBT. Kuyimpikiswano enengqondo enengqondo yokuthi i-APA ihambise kabusha, kubhekiswa encwadini "Ukwehluka ngokobulili emphakathini nasemlandweni”(Bullough 1976) njengobufakazi 'bokujwayelekile' wobungqingili. Ingxabano lapha ithatha isimo “Kunjalo ngoba bekuhlala njalo". Umuntu angakhumbula izinto eziningi ezinyanyekayo ezihambisane nobuntu kuwo wonke umlando wawo, kepha ngeke kwenzeke kunoma yimuphi umuntu onengqondo ukuba azibize ngokuthi "zilungile".

Esinye isibonelo sephutha elinengqondo lapho iminyaka yomqondo isebenza njengezinga leqiniso laso “Faka isikhalazo kokusha”(I-argumentum ad novitatem), ngokusho kokusha, lapho kufanele khona. Ngakho-ke, noma yiluphi ucwaningo olwenziwe ngaphambi konyaka ka-1948 luzosuswa eceleni ngama-polemic sodomites njengokuthi "aphelelwe yisikhathi", kepha lokhu-ke, kuphela uma iziphetho zocwaningo zingabahambeli kahle. Uma iziphetho zisezandleni zabo, khona-ke ukufundwa kukaKinsey kusuka ngo-1906, nencwadi kaWilhelm Fliess kusuka ngonyaka we-XNUMX, ekhuluma ngomcabango wokuthi "ubungqingili obungokwemvelo" (noma ukwakheka komzimba), kuyafaneleka impela. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi "Izindinganiso eziphindwe kabili", Ubani kabani obonwa ngokufanele ngumphawuli kuVK:

AD NAUSEAM (kuya ku-nausea)

"Into esemqoka ukukhuluma ngobungqingili kuze kube yilapho sekukhathele ngokuphelele" - Ngokuqondile enqunywe ngabathuthukisi bezinkulumo-ze-gay. Leli qhinga lidala ingxoxo ngokweqile ukuze uvikele ukuxoxisana ngezihloko ezingahambi kahle kumuntu olawula imishini. Kuqukethe ukuphindaphindwa okungathandeki kwezitatimende ezithile kuze kube yilapho abaphikisi bekhathele beyeka ukwenza okuyize ukwenza abangane babe ngumbangi onenkani ngomqondo ovamile. Kunzima ukuzishukumisa ukuthi uphike futhi kaningi kusethi ejwayelekile umanyazi Imfundiso yokuthi ngokuqhubeka kokunamathela isabalalise abalandeli be-sodomy, nomaphi lapho kunethuba khona: “Ubungqingili yinto evamile; ungowokuzalwa; ayelashwa; izilwane nazo ziyizitabane; ku-WHO kufakazelwe; yamukelwa emhlabeni wonke, njalonjalo. " 

Umphumela ukhiqiziwe ukuqubuka ukuthi kwanele ukusimane siphindaphinde isitatimende kaninginingi, ngaphandle kwengxabano noma ubufakazi. Ekugcineni, abanye abaphikisi abathathwe yindlala ngeke basinde futhi banikele, kepha kusukela ngaphandle kuzobukeka sengathi abasenakuphikisa. Lapha ungakhumbula ukubusa kukaGoethe: “Abaphikisi bethu basiphikisa ngendlela yabo: bayaphinda imibono yabo futhi abanaki eyethu. ” Ngokwemvelo, ukuphindwa kwephuzu elithile lokubuka akubonisi logic kulo futhi akukufakazeli lokho.

HLANGANYELWA (Izibuko ezihambisayo)

Leli qhinga, eliqukethe ekuguquleni ngokungaguquki inkomba enquma ubuqiniso bempikiswano, livame ukuphindiselwa uhlangothi olulahlekayo emzameni oshisekayo wokusindisa ubuso. Isibonelo:
"Ngikhombise okungenani umuntu oyedwa ongqingili ozohlomula ekwelashweni kabusha."
- Ngiyacela, nangu ubufakazi bevidiyo UChristopher Doyle UDavid I-Pickup, nokuningi inqwaba abanye.
- cha. Lezi akuyona izitabane zangempela. (iqhinga isikhohlisi esingamanga). Ukushintshwa kwabo akuyona into yangempela futhi ngokuvamile kuwubufakazi obungenasayensi. Imithombo enegunya iyakhombisa.
- Sicela okungelona iqiniso nge Iwebhusayithi ye-APA: I-27% yabongqingili kanye ne-50% yama-bisexuals baba ngabobulili obuhlukile ngenxa yokwelashwa kwe-psychoanalytic. 
- cha. Lokhu ucwaningo oluphelelwe yisikhathi.
- Lapha Ucwaningo lwe-2008 lonyaka...

Lokhu kulandelwa yizitatimende ngesitayela se-Ad hominem, i-Ad lapidem, njll.

Lapho kungeyona impikiswano eyodwa, kepha kwethulwe kaningana ukufakazela i-thesis, umphathi wezandla uvame ukusebenzisa amacebo "Ukuphikisa okungaphelele"... Uhlasela eyodwa, ezimbili zezimpikiswano ezisengozini enkulu, eshiya okubaluleke kakhulu futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokunakwa, futhi ngasikhathi sinye enze sengathi uphikisa yonke le mqondo kubasosayensi. Lokhu kusikhumbuza i-axiom ye-intanethi eyaziwa njengoMthetho kaDanth:Uma umuntu ethi uzuze impikiswano kwi-Intanethi, khona-ke imvamisa imane iphambene". 

---

Kunezimpawu eziningi ezengeziwe, amaqhinga wokuphamba nezindlela zokusebenza kwengqondo, kepha sizogxila kokuhlakazekile. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela ezingalungile akubathinti iqiniso lezimpikiswano, akubenzi balunge kancane kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwamaphuzu, kepha kuphinde kugcizelele ukungasebenzi komgxeki kanye nokuntuleka kwempikiswano eyanele eqinisweni.

Kuliqiniso, amaphutha achazwe ngenhla angatholakala ekuphikisaneni kwalabo abaphikisana nokusakazwa kwemibono ye-LGBT, kodwa futhi banezimpikiswano eziyiqiniso, kanti abasakazi be-LGBT abanazo izimpikiswano ezinjalo, futhi ngeke babe (ngenxa yokuthi "isisekelo iphutha"). Ngokucophelela noma cha, basebenza ngokuhambisana nomyalezo okhonjwe ekuqaleni "izinhlamvu zokunyakaza kwezitabane»:

"Umthelela wethu uyenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amaqiniso, ukuqonda kanye nobufakazi ... Lapho siqhubeka nokuphazamisa umuntu ofana naye ekhaya ngezinkulumo ezingenamqondo noma ezikhohlisayo, uyokwenqena lokho okuyikho okwenzekayo, okuyinto enhle kuphela." (IKirk neMadsen, After The Ball I-1989, p.153)

Amaqhinga ajwayelekile kakhulu asetshenziswa yi-LGBT demagogue afingqiwe kuthebula elingezansi. Uma ophikisana naye esebenzisa noma iyiphi yaleli tafula empikiswaneni, mtshele ukuthi usebenzisa izindlela ezingalungile zempikiswano ezivimbela ukusungulwa kweqiniso, bese umcela ukuthi abuyele kulayini wokuxoxa noma impikiswano. Uma ophikisayo eqhubeka nokuphendula ngokuqukethwe etafuleni, ukuqhubeka kokuqhubeka kwengxoxo naye akunangqondo. Njengoba omunye we-classic asho: "Uma uxabana nesiwula, sekuvele kube yiziwula ezimbili". Ungakwazi ukubala ukhamo.