Iningi lokuqukethwe ngezansi lishicilelwa embikweni wokuhlaziya. "I-rhetoric of theungqedi lobungqingili ngenxa yamaqiniso esayensi". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

(1) Izingane ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi abobulili obufanayo zinobungozi obukhulu bokuqhamuka nokushayela ubungqingili, ukungahambisani nezocansi nokuziphatha ngendlela yobungqingili - le miphumela yatholakala ngisho nasezifundweni ezenziwa ababhali abathembekile “ku-LGBT +”.
(2) Izifundo ezikhonjiwe yizishoshovu ze-LGBT + - ukunyakaza nabasebenzisana nabo (ukuvikela isimangalo sokuthi akukho mehluko phakathi kwezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko nezingane ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo) zinamaphutha amakhulu. Phakathi kwazo: amasampula amancane, indlela enobandlululo yokuheha abaphendulayo, isikhathi sokubheka okufushane, ukungabikho kwamaqembu okulawula kanye nokwakheka okunamaqembu amaqembu alawulayo.
(3) Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngamasampula amakhulu abamele isikhathi eside sokubuka kukhombisa ukuthi, ngaphezu kwengozi eyandayo yokuthola indlela yokuphila yobungqingili, izingane ezikhuliswe ngabazali abangongqingili ziphansi kunezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko ngezindlela eziningi.

Isingeniso

Ngonyaka we-2005, i-American Psychological Association (APA) ikhiphe incwadi esemthethweni ekhuluma ngezingane ezivela “emindenini” yobungqingili (Patterson et al. 2005). Ngemuva kokuhlaziya izifundo ezahlukahlukene ze-59 zezingane ezinjalo, i-APA ayibonanga bufakazi bokuthi izingane emindenini yobungqingili eyodwa ziphila zimbi kunalezo ezijwayelekile. Lokhu okutholakele kukhonjwe kaningi kumvelo ye-LGBT + - ukunyakaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, emacaleni asenkantolo yase-US - kufaka phakathi u-Obergefell v. I-Hodges ", isisombululo esilinganisa ubudlelwano bobulili obufanayo nobudala bendabuko be-26 Juni 2015.

Kodwa-ke, abanye ochwepheshe abesabi ukuvumelana "nomugqa weqembu" futhi baveze inani elikhulu lamaphutha enkambiso ezifundweni ezikhonjiswe yi-APA (Imaka 2012; I-Nock xnumx; I-Lerner 2001; Schumm xnumx) Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nabaphenyi banamathela kokuqinisa mayelana ne-"LGBT +" - ukuhamba kwezikhundla¹baphoqelelwa ukuba benze ukubhuka futhi, yize bedlula, basho ukushiyeka okuningi kwendlela yalezi zifundo (I-Biblartz xnumx; UPerrin 2002; I-Anderssen 2002; I-Tasker 2005; Meeezan 2005; Inciphisa i-xnumx).

Umphenyi uWalter Schumm uxwayisa ngokuthi izitatimende eziphelele mayelana nokungabikhona komehluko, ukukubeka ngobumnene, ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi kunengozi yokuthi abafundi bangazithatha zibhekane nobuso. Ubika ukuthi uPatterson akazange afake izifundo ezifana neSarantakos (1996a, I-2000d) nePuryear (1983), abathole umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezingane zabazali abathandanayo nabobungqingili, ngokuya ngokusebenza kwezifundo, ukunxenxa ubulili, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nezidakamizwa, ukuphambuka kwezocansi kanye nobunikazi bobulili (Schumm xnumx).

Nakhu okubhalelwa yisazi sezenhlalo uRichwine noMarshall:

"... Ocwaningweni lwesayensi yezenhlalo, ukungakwazi ukuthola ubufakazi bomphumela ohlosiwe akusho ukuthi umphumela awukho. Ikhwalithi yocwaningo olwenziwe, ikakhulukazi mayelana nosayizi nokumelwa kwesampula yedatha, isiza ososayensi bezenhlalo ukuthola ukuthi imiphumela ye-hypothetical ayikho ngempela noma ayitholakali ngamathuluzi ezibalo ezinawo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezifundo zesikhathi esidlule yokuqhathanisa izingane emindenini yobungqingili nobungqingili ayinikezi ithuba lokukhipha ngokuqiniseka ubukhona bomehluko lapho iqhathaniswa nesampula ebanzi yabantu.

Ikakhulu, umsebenzi oyinhloko wezifundo ezinjena kwakuwukuthola nje inani elanele lezingane ezinjalo ukuze zihlaziywe. Iningi lamasethi wedatha akhona anemininingwane ye-demographic yedatha ayiqukethe isibalo esanele sabazali abangongqingili ukuze bahlaziywe ngolwazi. Isibonelo, idatha esetshenziswe kabanzi "Yengeza Impilo" iqukethe cishe i-50 yalezi zingane, yize iqiniso lokuthi inani lababambe iqhaza li-12105 yentsha ... "(I-Richwine xnumx).

Umcwaningi uLauren Marx wenze ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwezifundo ze-59 kakhulu i-APA ebhekisele kuzo - sizobheka lokhu kuhlaziya ngezansi.

Ucwaningo lukaLauren Marx

Ku-2012, iphephabhuku iSocial Science Research lishicilele umsebenzi kaLauren Marx, ophinde wahlola idatha kanye nendlela yokusebenza yezifundo ze59, lapho i-APA isusele khona okutholakele (Imaka 2012) UMarx uthole ukuthi "izitatimende ezinqumayo, kufaka phakathi lezo ezenziwa yi-APA, azange zifakwe ngokuqinile" futhi "bezingasuselwa kwisayensi," amasampula ayefana; Ama-26 avela ezifundweni ze-59 ayengenalo iqembu elilawula ubungqingili nhlobo, kanti kwamanye, omama abangabodwa (!) Ayevame ukusetshenziswa njengeqembu “lokulawula abobulili obuhlukile”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho noyedwa ocwaningweni owayenamandla anele wezibalo adingekayo ukuthola imiphumela engahloliwe. Ngezansi kunezinkinga eziphambili zokucwaninga.², lapho izishoshovu zenhlangano ye- “LGBT +” zincike, zivikela impikiswano mayelana “nokungabikhona komehluko” phakathi kwezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko nabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo.

Amasampula angameleli

Ukuze idatha etholakele yesayensi isetshenziswe kubantu bebonke, amasampula (amaqembu afundwayo) lapho imininingwane etholakele kufanele amele inani labantu lonke ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka. Esinembe kunazo zonke zokutadisha kwesayensi yisampula ye-probabilistic - isampula enqubweni lapho ilungu ngalinye labantu elijwayelekile linethuba elilinganayo lokukhethwa kwisampula, futhi ukukhetha kunguqu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasampula angameleli awavumeli ukwenza ama-generalizations athembekile maqondana nesibalo sonke, ngoba asimele. Isibonelo, umbono wabantu bezwe ngezenzo zikahulumeni awukwazi ukufundwa ngokwesisekelo socwaningo lwabasekeli beqembu elilodwa; uma kucutshungulwa kahle, isampula ehilela abasekeli bawo wonke amaqembu nezinye izinto eziningi iyadingeka.

Ukukhetha okuhle

Amasampula "alula" - kwizibalo, amasampula afanele yilezo ezingamasampula ezingatholakalanga ngesampula engahleliwe lapho kungekho idatha eyanele yokwakha isampuli yokumela (ngokwesibonelo, imvamisa emincane kakhulu yento ebonakalayo). Amasampula anjalo atholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, kepha angakhombisi izici zabantu bonke. Isibonelo, indlela yokwakha isampula “elula” yokufunda abazali ebudlelwaneni bobulili obufanayo nokukhangisa emaphephandabeni nakomagazini bezithameli ezingongqingili. Abaphenyi babe sebebuza abantu abaphendula izikhangiso ukuthi bancome abanye abangase bazimisele ukubamba iqhaza. Iqoqo elilandelayo labaphenduli licelwa ukuthi likhombise abanye abebengaphendula, njll. Isampula likhula ngokuya ngomgomo “weqhwa”.³.

Kulula ukubona ukuthi amasampula “alungile” angaba kanjani amele ukutadisha inani labantu. Abantu abanokuhlangenwe nakho okungekuhle njengabazali kungenzeka babe mancane amathuba okuzinikela kunhlolovo kunabantu abanokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle. Ukukhetha i-snowball kuvame ukudala amasampula angasho lutho, yingakho abahlali bedolobha abamhlophe nabacebile behola kakhulu ezifundweni ezedlule zabazali bobulili obufanayo.⁴. Ukuthola isampula lezinhloso kuyingxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi yezenhlalo uwonke. Akunandaba noma yiphi isifundo noma inani labantu elifundwayo, amasampula amakhulu nabamele bayadingeka ekufinyeleleni eziphethweni ezakholisayo ngeqembu elithile.

Amasampula amancane

Ezifundweni athembela kuzo i-APA, inani lezingane elikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo laliyi-44 - ngenkathi inani lezingane ezisampulini lalicishe liyi-12; kwakukhona futhi omama abathandana nobungqingili ocwaningweni, ngenkathi kwakukhona omama abayizinkulungwane ze-18 abayisampula (UKim Xnumx) Inani eliphakathi lezingane elikhuliswe ngabazali bobulili obufanayo abafundwe ezifundweni ze-44 ngokuvamile i-39 (UKim Xnumx).

Imiphumela emibi yamanga

Amasampula amancane akhulisa amathuba okuthola imiphumela emibi-engemihle, isb., Isiphetho sokuthi akukho mehluko ngesikhathi lapho ukhona ngempela. Abaphenyi bahlala bezama ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa amathuba emiphumela emibi nengalungile. Ekubuyekezweni kwe-2001 konyaka (I-Lerner 2001) kutholakale ukuthi kusuka ezifundweni ze-22⁵ (kubhekiswe kuzo izishoshovu ze-LGBT +), esimweni esisodwa kuphela lapho ubungako besampula babukhulu bwanciphisa amathuba okuba nemiphumela emibi ye-25%. Kulolu cwaningo lonke lwe-21, amathuba wemiphumela emibi engamanga avela ku-77% aya ku-92%.

Amaqembu okulawula angahambelani noma awekho nhlobo

Ukuphetha ngokuthi amaqembu amabili ayahluka kunoma yiziphi izinyathelo ezifundwayo, kuyadingeka ukuqhathanisa iqembu locwaningo (isibonelo, izingane ezikhuliswe abantu bobulili obufanayo) neqembu lokulawula noma lokuqhathanisa (isibonelo, izingane emindenini yendabuko). Ocwaningweni oluhle, la maqembu amabili—ukufunda nokulawula—kufanele afane ngaphandle kwezici ezingase zibe nomthelela ezilinganisweni zomphumela ocwaningwayo. Endabeni yokufunda izingane kubantu abathandanayo bobulili obufanayo, lena imvelo yokukhangwa ucansi kanye nobudlelwano babazali. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwezifundo ezingama-59 ezicashunwe yi-APA embikweni wayo wezi-2005, zingama-33 kuphela ezazinamaqembu okulawula, futhi kulezo zifundo ezingama-33, eziyi-13 zasebenzisa izingane ezinomama abangabodwana abathandana nobulili obuhlukile njengeqembu labo elilawulayo. Ezifundweni ezingu-20 ezisele, amaqembu okulawula achazwa kabanzi ngokuthi "omama" noma "abashadile," futhi ezimweni ezingavamile kuphela amaqembu okulawula ashiwo ngokucacile ukuthi yizingane abazali bazo ababeshadile.

Ngokusho kweqembu labacwaningi abavela ku-Institute of American Values:

“… Inkinga enkulu [engxoxweni yomthelela ezinganeni ezikhuliswa ngabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo] ukuthi izifundo eziningi ezingakhombisi mehluko zisuselwa ekuqhathaniseni omama abangongqingili abangashadile nabomama abahlukanisile nabobulili obuhlukile. Ngamanye amagama, baqhathanisa izingane ezivela kweminye imindeni engenababa nezingane ezivela kweminye imindeni engenababa ... "(I-Mar Guardt 2006).

Ezinye izindaba zendlela

Abaphenyi baphawule ezinye zezinkinga zendlela ocwaningweni lwezingane zabazali ebudlelwaneni bobulili obufanayo. Kubandakanya izici eziningi eziyinkinga, njengokuthembela okungekho emthethweni nokuqina kokuhlaziywa kwedatha, kanye nezimpendulo ezinobandlululo zabahlanganyeli (isb. Abazali bobungqingili) ngezizathu zokuphelelwa yithemba komphakathi (Meezah 2005; I-Lerner 2001) Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifundweni eziningi, bobabili ababambiqhaza nabaphenyi baziswa ngohlobo lolo cwaningo.⁶, futhi leli qiniso lingaholela ekuhlanekeni ezigabeni zokuqoqwa kwedatha nokucubungula (UKim Xnumx) Ngaphezu kwalokho, bambalwa kuphela izifundo ezifunde imiphumela yesikhathi eside, yesikhathi eside, ngenkathi eminye imiphumela ingeke ibonwe kuze kufike isikhathi sokufikisa sekwephuzile (UPerrin 2002; Inciphisa i-xnumx).

Ucwaningo lukaMark Regnerus

NgoJulayi 2012, i-athikili ephephandabeni elibukezelwe ontanga ngesiNgisi i-Social Science Research yakhishwa i-athikili nguMark Regnerus, uprofesa wezokuhlalisana kwabantu eYunivesithi yase-Austin (I-Regnerus 2012a) Le ndatshana yayinesihloko esithi "Bahlukene Kangakanani Izingane Zabantu Abanebudlelwano Bobulili Bunye?" Imiphumela Yokucwaninga Yezakhiwo Ezintsha Zomndeni. ” Ngenkathi uRegnerus eshicilela lokho akutholile, imikhankaso yenkululeko kanye nezikhungo ezisekela ongqingili zaqala umkhankaso omkhulu wokuzihlazisa yena nocwaningo lwakhe. URegnerus ukhishwe esikhundleni⁷: amashumi ezinkulungwane zezincwadi ezihlukumezayo ezithunyelelwe ama-e-mail nasendlini yakhe, izinsolo zokuqagela, ukugxekwa kwezindlela nemiphumela yakhe, ubiza ibhodi labahleli ukuthi likhiphe incwadi yakhe, kanye nobuholi beNyuvesi yase-Austin ukuthi bamuxoshe (USmith 2012, Izinkuni 2013).

Yini eyayikhethekile ngoRegnerus? URegnerus wahlola abantu abadala abakhulele emindenini yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, njengokuthi: umndeni wamadoda nabesifazane abashadayo; umndeni lapho abazali bebengabungqingili; umndeni wokukhulisa; umndeni onobaba wokutholwa / umama ongizalayo; umndeni onomzali ongayedwa kanye nabanye. Uthole ukuthi izinkomba ezahlukahlukene zenhlalonhle nezenhlalo, izingane ezinabazali ezingabobungqingili bezingafani nezingane ezikhulela emndenini ophelele wendabuko, nasezinganeni eziqhamuka komunye, umzali ongayedwa noma ozikhulisayo.

Imiphumela YeRegro

URegnaso kule ndatshana uveze ukuthi obekugxilwe kulolu cwaningo bekuqhathanisa izingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko egcwele izingane ezinezingane ezinabazali ezinobungqingili. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabaphendule abakhulele kubazali bomshado abashadayo, abaphenduli bomama ababengabungqingili bakhombise ukwehluka okubalulekile kulezi zinhlaka ezilandelayo:

• Umndeni othola izinzuzo zezezimali (i-17% (trad. Family) kanye ne-69% (umama ngobungqingili.))
• Njengamanje kwisibonelelo semali (10% vs 38%)
• Njengamanje kunomsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele (49% vs 26%)
• Okwamanje asisebenzi (8% vs 28%)
• Uziveza njenge-100% heterosexual (90% vs 61%)
• Isiphetho emshadweni (13% vs 40%)
• Wake wahlushwa i-STD (8% vs 20%)
• Wake wakuthola ukuthintwa ngokocansi okuvela kubazali (2% vs 23%)
• Wake waphoqelelwa ukuya ocansini ngokumelene nentando (8% vs 31%)
• Inkomba Yokufezekiswa Kwezemfundo (Isilinganiso Seqembu: 3,19 vs 2,39)
• Inkomba Yokuphepha Komzali Womzali (4,13 vs 3,12)
• I-Index ye-Impact Index ye-Parent Family
• I-Depression Index (1,83 vs 2,20)
• Isikali Sezinga Lokwehla (2,82 vs 3,43)
• Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwensangu (1,32 vs 1,84)
• Imvamisa yokubhema (1,79 vs 2,76)
• I-TV Frequency (3,01 vs 3,70)
• Imvamisa yokuboshwa kwamaphoyisa (1,18 vs 1,68)
• Inani labesifazane abathandana nabo kwezocansi (phakathi kwabaphenduli besifazane) (0,22 vs 1,04)
• Inani labalingani besilisa besilisa (phakathi kwabaphenduli besifazane) (2,79 vs 4,02)
• Inani labalingani besilisa besilisa (phakathi kwabaphenduli besilisa) (0,20 vs 1,48)

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabaphendule abakhulele kubazali bomshado abashadayo, abaphenduli kababa wabo ubungqingili bakhombise ukwehluka okubalulekile kulezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

• Umndeni othola izinzuzo zezezimali (i-17% (trad. Family) ngokuqhathaniswa ne-57% (ubaba ku -ungqingili.))
• Muva nje bekunemicabango yokuzibulala (5% vs 24%)
• Njengamanje ngokwesibonelelo (10% vs 38%)
• Uziveza njenge-100% heterosexual (90% vs 71%)
• Wake wahlushwa i-STD (8% vs 25%)
• Wake wakuthola ukuthintwa ngokocansi okuvela kubazali (2% vs 6%)
• Wake waphoqelelwa ukuya ocansini ngokumelene nentando (8% vs 25%)
• Inkomba Yokufezekiswa Kwezemfundo (Isilinganiso Seqembu: 3,19 vs 2,64)
• Inkomba Yokuphepha Komzali Womzali (4,13 vs 3,25)
• I-Index ye-Impact Index ye-Parent Family
• I-Biological Umama Proximity Index (4,17 vs 3,71)
• I-Depression Index (1,83 vs 2,18)
• Inkomba Yekhwalithi Yobudlelwano yamanje (4,11 vs 3,63)
• Inkomba Yezinkinga Zobudlelwano (2,04 vs 2,55)
• Imvamisa yokubhema (1,79 vs 2,61)
• Imvamisa yokuboshwa kwamaphoyisa (1,18 vs 1,75)
• Inani labesifazane abathandana nabo kwezocansi (phakathi kwabaphenduli besifazane) (0,22 vs 1,47)
• Inani labalingani besilisa besilisa (phakathi kwabaphenduli besifazane) (2,79 vs 5,92)
• Inani labalingani besilisa besilisa (phakathi kwabaphenduli besilisa) (0,20 vs 1,47)

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinkomba zabaphendulile ezinabazali ababengabungqingili zihluke kakhulu hhayi kuphela kubaphenduli abavela emindenini yendabuko ephelele, kodwa futhi nakwabaphendulayo abakhulele kwezinye izinhlobo zemindeni (imindeni eyikhulisayo, njll.). Okuthakazelisa kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi ukuba khona komzali onothambiso lobungqingili kuthinta ukwakheka kokuziphatha kobulili ezinganeni.

Ukuxhashazwa

Ukushicilelwa kwabangela umphumela webhomu eliqhumayo kude kakhulu komphakathi wososayensi abasebenza emkhakheni wezenhlalo yomndeni. Lokhu kutholwa bekuphikisana nokusakazwa okukhulu, okwakusungulwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-2000 emphakathini wenkululeko wesayensi waseMelika ngokungatholakali kwethonya lokufuna kwabazali ubulili ezinganeni futhi kwabangela ukufutheka okukhulu kwezinhlangano zomphakathi ezingqingili. URegnerus waphinde wabizwa ngokuthi "yi-Homophobia" futhi wasolwa ngemiphumela yakhe ngokumangalelwa “kwemishado” yobungqingili (le ndaba yenzeka ngaphambi kwesinqumo esidumile seNkantolo Ephakeme YaseMelika), yize uRegnerus engazange azise lezo zimpikiswano kuleyo ndaba. Abezindaba zenkululeko bade babiza uRegnerus ngokuthi "indlovu esitolo sezitolo ze China"Ferguson 2012).

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uGary Gates, umqondisi weSikhungo Sokufundisa Ngocansi Nenkululeko Yunivesithi yaseCalifornia, oyilungu lababambisene nobungqingili, uhole iqembu labodokotela abangamakhulu amabili wePhilosofi neMithi abathumele incwadi kuJames Wright, umhleli omkhulu we-Social Science Research, efuna chaza, "le ndatshana ibukezwa kanjani ngokuvamile futhi ivunyelwe ukushicilela" (Amasango xnumx) Umbhalo wale ncwadi ushicilelwe kwi-blog ethi "The Movement for New Civil rights", eholwa ngumsebenzisi u "Scott Rose" - lesi isisho esinye isishoshovu se-LGBT + - inhlangano ka-Scott Rosenweig, esesebenze umzamo omkhulu ukudelela uRegnerus.

URosenweig ufune ukuthi ubuholi beNyuvesi yaseTexas e-Austin benze uphenyo ngezenzo zikaRegnerus njenge "licala elikhona. " Ubuholi baseyunivesithi batshele uRosenweig ukuthi sekuqalile ukuthi kube nokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ukuthola ukuthi ngabe izenzo zikaRegnerus zine “Corpus delicti” ezidingekayo ukuze kuqulwe uphenyo olusemthethweni. URosenweig wazithumela ngokushesha lezi zindaba kubhulogi lakhe, wakubiza ngokuthi “uphenyo ngezenzo zikaRegnerus” (Scott Rose 2012a). Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku akuzange kuveze ukungahambelani ezenzweni zikaRegnerus ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha ezesayensi; Kodwa-ke, le ndaba yayisekude.

Ku-blogosphere, abezindaba kanye nezincwadi ezisemthethweni, ukushushiswa kukaRegnerus kwaqala, hhayi kuphela ngesimo sokugxekwa komsebenzi wakhe wesayensi (izindlela zokuhlaziya nokucutshungulwa kwedatha yezibalo), kodwa nangendlela yokuthukwa komuntu siqu nokusongela impilo kanye nokuphila. Lesi sakamuva sifanelwe ukunakwa ngokukhethekile njengesinkomba sezimo semizwa sokuzwana esizungeze le ndaba. URegnerus uphendule kabanzi ngokugxekwa komsebenzi wakhe esihlokweni esalandela seSocial Science Research, eshicilelwe izinyanga ezine ngemuva kwesokuqala (I-Regnerus 2012b).

Ukuphendula ngokugxekwa

Lesi sihloko sasiqukethe izimpendulo kumaphuzu ayinhloko abagxeki bakaRegenerus ababanjwa kuwo.

I-1. Ukusetshenziswa kwesifinyezo esithi “LM” (“mama ongamadoda athandana nabesilisa”) kanye no- “GF” (“baba onga gay”). Ucwaningo lukaRegnerus lwaluthinta izingane zabantu abadala kuphela ababike ukuthi omunye wabazali babo banobungqingili, ngakho-ke akazange abe nethuba lokuthola ukuthi ngabe lo mzali uzichaza njengongungqingili. Futhi ku-Western sexology kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo yabantu, lokhu kunokubaluleka okubalulekile kwesikhashana, ngoba, ngokubona kwabo, umuzwa wangaphakathi ubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzibandakanya ekuhlanganyeleni ubudlelwane bobungqingili. URegnerus uvumelane nalokhu kugxekwa futhi wathi uzolungisa isifinyezo esithi “LM” ku- “MLR” (umama ebuhlotsheni bobulili obufanayo) kanye no- “GF” kuye ku- “FGR” (ubaba obudlelwaneni bobungqingili). Lokhu akuguquki umongo weziphetho zakhe nokunemba kokuhlaziywa.

I-2. Ukuqhathaniswa kwemindeni yabaphendulayo nabazali ababenobudlelwano bobungqingili nemindeni ephelele enabazali bemvelo abashade bodwa. Ukugxekwa ukuthi kulokhu kuqhathaniswa, imindeni enabazali ababenobungqingili ifaka nemindeni enomzali ongayedwa, futhi bekucasulwa ukuqhathanisa nemindeni ezinzile egcwele. URegnerus ukuphikile izinsolo. Uveze ukuthi isifundo sakhe sifaka ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemindeni, kubandakanya ukukhulisa nokungapheleli, nomzali oyedwa, okuthe noma kunjalo, abukho ubudlelwano bobungqingili. Umehluko emindenini enjalo ubuye ungathandanga abazali ababenobungqingili. Ubuye waveza ukuthi isibalo esiphansi kakhulu semibhangqwana enobudlelwano “obuzinzile” bobulili obufanayo senza ukuthi kube nzima ukuqhathanisa ngokwehlukana imibhangqwana enjalo yobungqingili ezinzile nemindeni ezinobungqingili.

I-3. Ukukhethwa kwemindeni yabaphenduli enabazali ababenobudlelwano bobungqingili, njengokuguquguquka okuzimele. Lokhu kugxekwa kungenye indlela yokungagculiseki ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqina kwezimbili esifundweni sakhe. Kunethuba lokuthi ukungazinzi (okuvele kukhona) emndenini wobungqingili bekuyinto enquma ukushintshwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane ebudlelwaneni bobungqingili, futhi kulokhu, ukungazinzi emndenini kufanele kube “ukwahluka okuzimele”, kunokuba ubudlelwano bobungqingili. URegnerus uphakamise ukuthi lezi zinto zingahlobana ngandlela thile, kodwa ngokuya ngendlela yesayensi yezemfundo, kuyiphutha ukususa ukugxila kusuka esimweni esichazwe ngokucacile (ubudlelwane bobungqingili) kuya encazelweni ecacile nengacacile (ukungazinzi komndeni). Ukwenza isibonelo, ukuze sihlaziye impumelelo yabadlali bebhola, kubalulekile ukuthatha umehluko wenani lamagoli anamaphuzu, hhayi ubuhle bokushiswa.

I-4. Gxila ebuhlotsheni bobungqingili obunobungozi. Ngokusho kwabagxeki bakhe, isizathu ukuthi ubudlelwano obungazinzi babantu abathandana nobungqingili obukhona kusampula yeReginer babuyinto “eyenzeka kudala” lapho ubudlelwano obunjalo babucekelwa phansi, nokuthi isampula yanamuhla izokhombisa ukuzinza okukhulu kobudlelwano obunjalo. URegnerus uphendule ngokuthi akazange aqhamuke nocwaningo lokuhlonza abazali abanobudlelwano bezitabane ezingazinzile. Ucwaningo lwakhe lugxile ezinganeni ezindala ezikhuliswe ngesikhathi esithile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, waphawula ubufakazi bokuthi umshado wezitabane eNorway naseSweden usengozini enkulu yesehlukaniso kunasemishadweni yobungqingili (Andersson 2006, I-Biblartz xnumx), kanye nobufakazi bamazinga aphezulu wokwehlukanisa nesehlukaniso phakathi kwezithandani zanamuhla ezitabane eMelika (Hoff xnumx).

I-5. Inani elincane 'lemindeni' yabantu besifazane abazimele abathandanayo. Ukugxekwa kuyingxenye yezinsolo zokuthi isampula le-NFSS belingameleli. URegnikufihli iqiniso lokuthi kwisampula lakhe kunabantu ababili kuphela abaphendulile ababehlala nonina ongumama kanye nomlingani wakhe wobungqingili abaneminyaka eyishumi nanye. Kodwa-ke, uRegnerus waphinda futhi ukuthi inhloso yakhe ukuthola ukuthi ngabe abazali babenobudlelwano bobungqingili, hhayi ukuthi bakhombe ukuxhomekeka kokuthambekela kobungqingili nokuqina kobumbano lomndeni wobungqingili.

"... Abanye balithathe leli qiniso njengesibonakaliso sedatha esolisayo futhi engamele muntu. Ngingabona ukuthi abagxeki kufanele babheke imininingwane yezenhlalo yesikhathi lapho ubudlelwano bezitabane obuzinzile nezingane bezingajwayelekile ... Futhi, iqiniso elinjalo njengencazelo yokuqina, ukufaka isandla kulindelo olungenangqondo, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokushicilelwa okuningi kwezifundo okususelwa kumasampula angahleliwe nachemile ... Isibonelo, ezifundweni ezedlule zezingane ezinomama abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, isampula belinqunyelwe kwabesifazane abamhlophe abacebile ngokwezimali abakwaziyo ukukhokhela inqubo yokufakelwa yokufaka, ngenkathi isampula I-NFSS imele kakhulu futhi ifaka nabesifazane abangewona abamhlophe besigaba esiphansi (I-Rosenfeld 2010, k. 757) (...) Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifundweni ezedlule zethonya lokuthambekela kobungqingili kubazali ezinganeni, kuphela "izingane ezihlala nobabili nabazali okungenani iminyaka emihlanu" (I-Rosenfeld 2010). Akunakuphikwa ukuthi isampula enjalo izokhombisa imiphumela ehlukile kunesampula engafaka izingane ezingaphandle kwalesi simiso ... "(I-Regnerus 2012b).

I-6. Umehluko phakathi kwesampula leRegnerus nedatha yokubalwa kwabantu eMelika. Ukubalwa kwabantu kukhombise iphesenti eliphakeme lezingane ezikhulela emibhangqwaneni yezitabane kunalokho okutholakala kusampula yeRegnerus. URegnerus uphendule ngokuthi ubengaxoxisi imibhangqwana, kodwa izingane zabantu abadala; umbuzo wabuzwa mayelana nobudlelwano bezocansi babazali babo, obabungekho kubalobantu; ukubalwa kwabantu kukhombisa lo mzuzu othize emlandweni wombhangqwana, ngenkathi ucwaningo lwakhe lugxile ezinkumbulweni zobuntwana.

I-7. Ukuntuleka kokuhlaziywa komshado wabantu abanokuhlangenwe "okuxubekile". Abanye bagxeki bathi abantu abadala abaxoxwa nguRegnerus babeyizingane “ezihlangene” nokuthi leli qiniso lithinta imiphumela yalo, hhayi ubudlelwano babazali bobulili obufanayo. URegnerus uphendule wathi ucwaningo lwakhe aluzange lubhekane ne-"etiology yobungqingili" kanye "nombono wokuhlukahluka," wayengenandlela yokwazi ukuthi abazali kule mishado babe “nokuzibandakanya okuxubile”. Futhi, isifundo sakhe sisuselwa kwimininingwane yezingane ezikhuliswe esikhathini esithile sokukhula kwazo ngumzali ebudlelwaneni bobulili obufanayo.

I-8. Ukuntuleka kokuhlaziywa kokuthambekela kokuphilayo kabili. Lokhu kugxekwa kungukuhluka kwesigaba esedlule: abanye abagxeki babeveza ukuthi ezimweni eziningi abazali babephatheka kabili. URegnerus waphendula ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize lokhu kungaziphikisi iziphetho zakhe, kungajabulisa ukubheka le nkinga.

I-9. Iqiniso lokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho komndeni wokukhulisa akuzange kunakwe. Abanye babagxeki baphawula ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi uRegnerus afunda ngaso ezikhumbuzweni zabaphenduli bakhe abadala, abazali bobungqingili babevame ukuthatha izingane zabo ekhaya lezintandane noma bathumele izingane zabo ekhaya labazikhulisela lona. Noma yisiphi salezi zimo sizoba nomthelela emiphumeleni yocwaningo emibi. URegnerus waphinda wahlaziya imininingwane yakhe futhi wathola icala le-21 lezingane ezazithole ulwazi lokuhlala ekhaya labangenabani. Ezimweni ezintathu, izingane zasuka emndenini wokutholwa zaya kumbhangqwana kamama nophathina wakhe, ngemuva kokuba sebesemndenini wokukhulisa izingane - lokhu kufanelana nesimo sokuqala esichazwe ngabagxeki. Abane bathunyelwe emndenini wokukhulisa izingane ngemuva kokuhlala ngokubambisana okufanayo - lokhu kufana nesimo sesibili. Futhi idatha yokuphumula ayihambelani nenqubo yanoma yiziphi izimo ezichaziwe. Ngamanye amagama, inani eliphansi labaphenduli abanokuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo alivumelani nale nkolelo-mbono ebucayi.

URegnerus waphendula abagxeki bakhe nangenye indlela enhle. NgoNovemba 2012, wafaka idatha yesampula ye-NFSS ku-ICPSR (i-Inter-University Political and Social Research Consortium) isitolo semininingwane ye-University of Michigan. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi usosayensi ngokufinyelela kwesikhungo ku-ICPSR angabheka isampula yakhe. Ukuhlaziywa kukaRegnerus kuqinisekiswa kalula, futhi ucwaningo lwakhe luvulekile - ukubalwa kungaphindwa. Sekudlule iminyaka eminingana kufakwa imininingwane, futhi kuze kube manje akekho noyedwa oveze ukuthi isampula alisezingeni eliphansi noma ukuthi ukucubungula okwenziwe ngeRegneruser kwaba yiphutha.

Imizamo yokuhlehlisa indatshana kaRegnerus ekuqaleni ayibangelwe ukungabaza ngezindlela zakhe, kodwa ukwenqatshwa okunenkani kwemiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe. Abagxeki bakhe bazi kahle ukuthi ukuhlolwa okwanele komsebenzi kaRegnerus ngesihloko esibi kangaka somphakathi waseNtshonalanga kuqhamuka ekutheni incwadi yakhe yashicilelwa ephephandabeni elibukezelwe ontanga. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni, imizamo yezishoshovu eziningi yokuguqula ubungqingili kanye nokuthandwa yathandana, okokuqala, ukudelela isinqumo somagazini sokushicilela i-athikili.

USolwazi Darren Sherkat wase-University of Southern Illinois, ilungu lebhodi labahleli beSocial Science Research, wazinikelwa ukuthi enze ucwaningo lwangaphakathi lokushicilelwa kukaRegnerus futhi abhale isibuyekezo esizimele esizimele. Ezenzweni zakhe, uSherkat wakujabulela ukuxhaswa umkhankaso wokudicilela phansi uRegnerus futhi waxhumana noScott Rosenweig. NgoJulayi 2012, uSherkat wabikela uScot Rosenweig (oyisishoshovu esifanayo esifanayo se-blogga owayefuna ukuthi ubuholi be-University of Austin baqale uphenyo kuRegnerus) ngokuthumela i-imeyili ethi "inqubo yokubukeza le ndatshana ayihambanga kahle". URosenweig ucaphune lencwadi kublogi yakhe ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Isaphulelo! Ukwephula umthetho kutholakala embhalweni obhale nge-Homophobic ”(Scott Rose 2012b) Abahleli beSocial Science Research, ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, bahlinzeka ngokuzihlola kabusha kukaSherkat kwiphephabhuku i-Chronicle of Higher Education, elalishicilela. Ukuzihlola kukaSherkat, lapho asola khona ababukezi ngendatshana kaRegneruss ngokuthi "ubuchwepheshe obanele" futhi wafuna ukuthi "ahoxise ngokushesha lo mbhalo", awubiza ngokuthi "shitty" (Bartlett 2012), uthole ukubuyekezwa kwe-rave kanye nokulamula ku-blogosphere. Kodwa-ke, ukuba ngumbono wangasese kaSherkat nochwepheshe abelana ngemibono yakhe, akazange athinte isiphetho sendatshana kaRegnerus.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uScot Rosenweig wathumela umbhalo ogcwele wencwadi kaSherkat kubhulogi lakhe. Ezinye izingcaphuno ezivela kulo:

"… URegnerus wenze ucwaningo olusontekile nolubi kakhulu obekungafanele lushicilelwe ephephabhukwini elikhulu kangaka, elihloniphekile nelithakazelisa kakhulu ... Uyamunca futhi uyisifebe sezepolitiki. Kamuva, uzoyikhokhela ngokulahlekelwa idumela ... Ngifuna ukunibonga nazo zonke ezinye izishoshovu ngokugcina lesi sihloko siseqhulwini ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lo mlingani ocwaningwayo ubuyekezwe kanjani? Ababuyekezi bangamaKrestu aphiko kwesokudla! ... "(Scott Rose 2012c)

Noma kunjalo, ukuhlaselwa kukaRegnerus kwakungenabo ubufakazi bangempela bamaphutha abalulekile ezindleleni nasekuhlaziweni kwalolu cwaningo, ngakho-ke izishoshovu zobungqingili kanye nabazwelayo, abathathe imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe njengosongo emibonweni yabo, sekudlule isikhathi eside baya ekuhlambalazeni nasekufuneni izisusa ezimbi, uzungu kanye ukukopela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuze kuxazululeke udaba lokumangalelwa kwalolo cwaningo, abahleli beSocial Science Research banqume ukuthi, ngaphezu kwababuyekezi abaqondile bale ndatshana, ngaphezu kwalokho bahehe ochwepheshe abathathu abavelele emkhakheni wezenhlalo yabantu, ukuze wonke umuntu abhale amazwana ngale ndaba Regnerus. Bonke ochwepheshe (hhayi ngokuthi "abalandeli benkolo ngokweqile" hhayi "abalondolozi bezenkolo"), beveza imibono ethile ejwayelekile kunoma yikuphi ukushicilelwa kwesayensi, abakungabazanga izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nendlela yokusebenza yocwaningo futhi baphawula ukubaluleka kwayo (Amato xnumx, I-Eggebeen xnumx, I-Osborne 2012).

Kwashicilelwa incwadi evulekile kwi-2012 yokuxhasa isifundo seRegnerus, esayinwe ososayensi be27 emkhakheni wezenhlalo yabantu kanye nezibalo (Byron xnumx) Kule ncwadi, iqembu lochwepheshe namanothi ochwepheshe:

"... Eqinisweni, izimilo zabantu bakhe abalingiswa babazali bobulili obufanayo - ngokususelwa kubuhlanga nobuzwe - basondele ezimeni zezingane ezifanayo kolunye ucwaningo olwenziwe ngusosayensi wezenhlalo uMichael Rosenfeld (I-Rosenfeld 2010),, ngokungafani neRegnerus, yamukelwa ngentshiseko kwabezindaba kanye nasezifundweni zemfundo. Kungakuhle futhi ukuphawula okungaqondakali okuthile ngoba uMichael Rosenfeld esifundweni sakhe wasebenzisa izinsizakalo zenhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Knowledge Networks ukuqoqa imininingwane nge-athikili yakhe ephephabhukwini eligunyaziwe lesayensi yezenhlalo (I-Rosenfeld 2012), ngenkathi uRegnerus egxekwa kabuhlungu nguDarren Sherkat ngokufanayo esihlokweni sakhe. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi olunye ucwaningo olushicilelwe kwiJourism of Marriage and Family lubonise imiphumela edlulana naleyo kaRegnerus (Potter xnumx). Lolu cwaningo lukhombise ukuthi "ukusebenza kwezingane emindenini enabazali bobulili obufanayo ngezindlela ezimbili kubi kakhulu kunontanga yazo emindenini yabazali abashadile abazelwe ... Ukufana phakathi kokutholakele kulolu cwaningo nokufundwa kukaRegnerus kubuza isimangalo sokuthi uRegnerus" wonakalise konke "... "(Byron xnumx).

Ucwaningo lukaPaul Sullins 

UDkt Paul Sullins udonsele ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi ezifundweni eziningi eziyishumi nambili ezithi "akukho mehluko", zine kuphela ezazinesampula elimele ngokwanele ukwenza lezo zimangalo. Abathathu kubo (uWainright noPatterson 4, 3, 2004) basebenzise isampula elifanayo lezintsha ezingama-2006 okusolwa ukuthi zikhuliswe emibhangqwaneni engongqingili. USullins, nokho, uthole ukuthi iningi lentsha kulesi sampula (2008 kwabangama-44) empeleni belihlala nabazali bobulili obuhlukile (!), Futhi ezimweni eziningi laba bekungabazali babo begazi. Ngemuva kokubakhipha kwisampula, ababambiqhaza abasele bakhombisa izinkomba ze-psychometric ezimbi kakhulu zokukhathazeka nokuzimela kunontanga yabo abavela emindenini yobungqingili (yize ukusebenza kwesikole kwakungcono kancane).

Ukuhlaziywa kukaSullivan kubonise ukuthi "imishado" yobungqingili eyodwa iba nomphumela olimazayo ezinganeni, futhi isikhathi eside lapho ingane yayinabo "abazali" bobulili obufanayo, ingozi enkulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezingane zabazali abangongqingili “abangashadile”, izimpawu ezicindezelayo zezingane ezinabazali “abasemndenini” wabo “womshado” owodwa zikhuphuka zisuka kwi-50% ziye kwi-88%; ukwesaba noma ukukhala kwansuku zonke kukhuphuka kusuka ku-5% kuya ku-32%; umaki ojwayelekile esikoleni wehla kusuka ku-3,6 uye kwi-3,4; futhi ukuhlukunyezwa kwabazali ngokocansi kukhuphuka kusuka ku-zero kuya ku-38%.

"Yize kunobufakazi obukhulayo bokuphikisana nalokho, i-APA iyaqhubeka nokuphikisana:" Akukho cwaningo olutholile ukuthi izingane zabazali abangongqingili ziphansi nganoma iyiphi indlela ebaluleke kakhulu ezinganeni zabazali abathandana nobungqingili. " Lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi lesi sitatimende singamanga. Kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi akukho mehluko, idatha evela kulolu cwaningo izoba engalindelekile futhi kungenzeka iphazamise. Le mininingwane, kungakhathalekile ukuthi iqinisekisiwe, ishintshiwe noma ivinjwe ngocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo, ikhombisa ukuthi iningi lolwazi ngobuhlobo obunjalo luyiphutha, futhi sesiqale ukuzama ukuqonda ukuthi abazali ababili bobulili obufanayo bazithinta kanjani izingane ”(I-Sullins 2015c).

Ucwaningo lwesine (Rosenfeld 2010), oluqhathanisa izingane ezingu-3 zabazali abathandana nobulili obufanayo, lwalusekelwe kusampula ye-Census 174, lapho ngaphezu kwe-2000% "yezithandani ezithandanayo" empeleni kwakungahlukaniswanga kahle imibhangqwana engabantu bobulili obuhlukile, okuholela ekubandlululeni okukhulu kokutholakele. Ososayensi abathole leli phutha elingajwayelekile baxwayise ozakwabo ukuthi iziphetho eziningi zezifundo ezincike kulesi sampula azilungile (I-Black 2007). URosenfeld noma ngabe wayengazi ngakho, noma wakhetha ukungakunaki. UDouglas Allen, obesebenzisa isampula yaseCanada, akakwazanga ukukhiqiza kabusha imiphumela kaRosenfeld futhi waphonsela inselelo ekuphetheni kwakhe:

Sekuhlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​imiphumela yethu yehluke ngokumangazayo kuleyo yocwaningo lokuqala. Izingane ezihlala emakhaya abesilisa bobulili obufanayo zihlukile ngokwezibalo ezinganeni ezisemindenini yendabuko nasemindenini yobulili obuhlukile. Ukubaluleka komehluko kukhulu ngokwanele empikiswaneni yenqubomgomo yamanje neyesikhathi esizayo, futhi kukhombisa isidingo sangempela socwaningo oluthe xaxa ... (Allen 2012)

USullivan uveza ukuthi ezifundweni eziningi ezisebenzisa izivivinyo ezilula ezinokubukeka okumbili, ukuntuleka kokubaluleka kwezibalo kwahunyushwa ngephutha njengobufakazi bokuthi "ukungabi bikho kokwehluka", yize bekukhona umehluko omkhulu ezilinganisweni nomehluko ngobukhulu bomphumela. Ngokusho kwakhe, lezi "zifundo", ezifihlekile ngemuva komklamo ofana nesayensi, azilandeleli isayensi, kepha kusobala izinhloso ezithile zamasiko nezengqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho noyedwa kubo obheka imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokuba ngumzali wobulili obufanayo. Ngemuva kokubhekana nalolu daba nokubuka impilo yezingane ezikhuliswe imibhangqwana engqingili iminyaka eyi-13, uSullins uthole ukuthi ingozi yabo yokudangala ebudaleni iphindwe kabili kunaleyo yezingane ezikhuliswa owesilisa nowesifazane (51% kuqhathaniswa no-20%) , futhi ubungozi bezinhloso zokuzibulala buphindwe ka-5 (37% uma kuqhathaniswa no-7%). Abafundi bemibhangqwana engqingili nabo bakhombise ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okukhuluphala: ama-72% uma eqhathaniswa nama-37%, angahle ahlotshaniswe nokudangala (I-Sullins 2016).

Phambilini, abakwaSallins bathola ukuthi izingane zabazali “bobungqingili” ziba nezinkinga ezingokomzwelo eziphindwe kaningi njengezingane zabazali abathandana nobungqingili (I-Sullins 2015b).

Njengokujwayelekile, inqwaba yezinhlamvu ezithukuthelelayo yathi le ndaba yayisetshenziselwa izimpikiswano “ezinenzondo,” nokuthi umbhali, onesithunzi sobuKatolika, kungenzeka ukuthi wayeqamba imiphumela. Ukuxolisa isihawu nokubonisa kwezimo zomuntu okuthiwa zenza umuntu abe nobandlululo nokungathembeki kuyamacebo obudemoni. Izimpikiswano ezinjalo azilungile futhi ziyiphutha, ngoba azithinti umongo wendaba futhi ziholele ekuhlolweni okushubile kwesimo, zibhekise ekubandlululweni. Iqiniso lokuthi umKatolika uthambekele ukubeka phambili impikiswano ethile ayenzi ingxabano uqobo lwayo iphumele endaweni enokubukwa enengqondo. UDkt Sallins ulwe nesithunzi sokugxekwa, ngakho-ke izishoshovu zehlulekile ukuhoxisa ucwaningo lwazo.

I-American Psychological Association (APA) ithi izingane ezikhuliswe emibhangqwaneni yobulili obufanayo ziyalingana noma ziphakeme kunezemibhangqwana yobulili obuhlukene ngokukhula kwengqondo nokuphila kahle.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba uProfesa Paul Sullins athola, cishe zonke izifundo ezishiwo yi-APA zenziwa ngamasampula amancane, angameleli ngakho-ke imiphumela yawo ayithembekile kakhulu. Uma singafaki zonke izifundo ezingameleli, kusele izifundo eziyi-10 kuphela ezisebenzise amasampula angahleliwe avumelekile. Kulaba, ba-4 kuphela abangatholanga monakalo ezinganeni ngokukhuliswa kobulili obufanayo, kanti abanye abangu-6 bathola ukulimala.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezingane ezivela emindenini yobulili obuhlukile, izingane ezinakekelwa imibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo zingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwengozi yezinkinga ezingokomzwelo, okuhlanganisa ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukuziphatha okubi, ubudlelwano kontanga obumpofu kanye nokungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo. Sikhuluma ngengane ngayinye yesihlanu. Banethuba eliphindwe kabili lokutholwa benokuphazamiseka kokukhula, okuhlanganisa, kodwa kungagcini nje, ukukhubazeka kokufunda noma ukuphazamiseka kokunaka kokungasebenzi kahle.

Onyakeni odlule, izingane ezivela emibhangqwaneni yobulili obufanayo zazinethuba eliphindwe kabili lokubona udokotela noma ukuthatha imithi yezinkinga ezingokwengqondo. Basemathubeni aphindwe ka-2 okuthintwa abazali noma abanye abantu abadala ngokocansi, futhi amathuba aphindwe ka-10 okuphoqwa ocansini bengathandi.

Maningi kakhulu amathuba okuthi lezi zingane sezike zabhekana nokuhlukana kobudlelwane bomzali oyedwa ngaphambi kokuba ziqale ukuhlala nabazali bobulili obufanayo. Kodwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bathole okunye ukuhlukana komndeni bese bedlulela komunye umbhangqwana wesithathu, ngoba abantu bobulili obufanayo bahlukana kaningi kunabobulili obuhlukile.

Imininingwane ethokozisayo ukuthi izingane ezivela emibhangqwaneni yobulili obufanayo zinethuba eliphindwe ka-3 lokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, naphezu kokuba namabanga angaphezu kwesilinganiso. U-Paul Sullins uchaza lendida ngokuthi phakathi nocwaningo, imibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo yayazi ukuthi ibhekwe, ngakho yenza yonke imizamo yokuveza uhlangothi lwayo olungcono kakhulu ukuze izethulele yona kanye nemibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo ngokuvamile ngendlela evumelanayo. . Ukwengeza, amaphuzu aphezulu atholwe eqenjini lezingane ezikhuliswe abazali abathandana bodwa kusukela ekuzalweni. Makhulu amathuba okuthi lezi zingane zikhuleliswe ngokufakwa odongeni. Futhi lapho umama ekhetha isidoda ukuze akhulelwe ingane yakhe engakazalwa, ubheka umnikezeli ongaphezu kwesilinganiso—oneziqu zobudokotela noma one-IQ ephakeme. Futhi njengoba lezi zingane zikhethelwe ukuhlakanipha, zingalindelwa ukuba zibe namakhono engqondo angavamile kunesilinganiso sabantu.

Kodwa phakathi nenkathi yokuthomba, lezi zingane ngeke zibe namathuba amancane okuba nobuhlobo bothando noma zicabange zisebudlelwaneni obuzayo obuhlanganisa ukukhulelwa noma umshado.

Njengabantu abadala, izingane zabazali bobulili obufanayo zinamathuba aphindwe ka-2 okuba nokucindezeleka, izikhathi ezi-4 zokucabanga ngokuzibulala, maningi amathuba okuba zibheme, zisebenzise insangu, futhi ziboshwe. Banethuba eliphindwe ka-3 lokuphinga, izikhathi ezi-3 zokuthi bangasebenzi futhi bathole izinzuzo.

Abesifazane abakhuliswe abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo basengozini enkulu yokuba bashade noma babe nobuhlobo obuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu ngeminyaka engama-30, futhi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba bake bakhulelwa ngokuphindwe kathathu.

Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, umonakalo ezinganeni mkhulu uma abazali bazo bobulili obufanayo beshadile. Kuyaxaka ukuthi umshado phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo uletha ezinganeni okuphambene nalokho umshado ophakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane obanika zona. Izingane ezihlala nabazali abashadile abanobulili obuhlukile zivame ukwenza kangcono, kuyilapho lezo ezihlala nabazali bobulili obufanayo zivame ukwenza okubi kakhulu. Amathuba okunukubezwa nokunukubezwa kwezingane nawo ayanda uma abazali bobulili obufanayo beshadile.

Ngakho, ngokusobala ukuba abazali bobulili obufanayo kubeka izingane esimweni esingesihle. Emibhangqwaneni yobulili obufanayo, ingane ngayinye ngokuqinisekile iyoncishwa ukunakekelwa koyedwa noma ababili kubazali bayo begazi, okuzoholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele ekukhuleni kwayo nasekuphileni kahle kwayo.

Ezinye izingane eziphuma emindenini yobulili obufanayo zibika izigameko ezihlasimulisa umzimba zokuhlukunyezwa nokungazinzi, kodwa isikhalo esivame kakhulu ukuthi phezu kokuba nomama abanothando, bahlala bezabalaza futhi bezizwa bengafaneleki ngaphandle kobudlelwane noyise.

Abazali ababili begazi emshadweni onezingxabano eziphansi bayindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthuthukiswa kanye nenhlalakahle yengane. Ukuba khona kwabo bobabili abazali begazi kuwukubikezela okunamandla kwemiphumela emihle ezinganeni.

UDkt. Sullins

Ingozi yokushayela ubungqingili

Ngaphandle kokugomela kwezishoshovu ze-LGBT + - umnyakazo okuthiwa ucwaningo awubonisi umehluko phakathi kwezingane ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo nezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko, lezi zifundo zinemikhawulo emibi yendlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo olufanayo lukhombisa umehluko wobunikazi bobulili kanye nokuheha izingane ngokobulili ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo ezinganeni ezivela emindenini yendabuko. Umcwaningi wezemfundo wezingane owaziwayo uDiana Baumrind waphawula ukuthi:

"... Kungamangaza uma ... ubunikazi bezocansi bezingane bungakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lobunikazi babazali bazo ngokocansi ..." (I-Baumrind 1995, k. 134).

UStacey noBiblarz ngokufanayo baphawula:

"... Ubuningi bobufakazi obunqwabelene emkhakheni wezifundo zobulili nobulili abusekeli abasekeli benkolelo yokuthi ukuba ngumzali wabantu bobulili obufanayo akuthinti intshisekelo yezocansi yezingane ..."I-Stacey xnumx, ikhasi 177) Kungamangaza uma ... ubunikazi bezocansi bezingane bungakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lobunikazi babazali bazo ngokocansi ... ”.

UStacey noBiblarz benze ucwaningo lwezifundo ze21, abazikhetha ngokuya ngezinqubo zokuhambisana namazinga ayisisekelo okubaluleka kwezibalo kanye nokutholakala kwemininingwane ekuqapheleni ukwakheka kokuziphatha kwezingane kwezithandani zobulili obufanayo (I-Stacey xnumx, k. 159). UStacey noBiblarz bathola ukuthi ucwaningo lumane luphikisana nesitatimende esithi “akukho mehluko” uma kuziwa kokuthandwayo ngocansi kanye nobunikazi bezingane ezincane (I-Stacey xnumx, k. 176):

“… Ababhali bazo zonke izifundo ezingama-21 bacishe ngazwilinye esitatimendeni sokuthi abatholanga mehluko ezinkomba zokukhula noma ukusebenza kwezingane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwethu ngokucophelela kwemiphumela etholakele kukhombisa ukuthi kwezinye izinkomba - ikakhulukazi maqondana nobulili nobulili - ukuthambekela kwezocansi kwabazali kubaluleke kakhulu ezinganeni zabo kunokuba abacwaningi bephikisana ... Izingane ezikhuliswe ngabazali abangongqingili zithambekele kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-homoerotic okuthandayo, ukuzibandakanya ebudlelwaneni bobungqingili nokuhola impilo yobungqingili ... "(I-Stacey xnumx, k. 167, 170, 171).

URekers noKilgus banombono ofanayo noStacey noBiblarz, abathi umehluko ekwakhekeni kokuziphatha kobulili phakathi kwabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo nezingane emindenini yendabuko (Ama-Rekers 2001, k. 371-374, 379-380).

Ocwaningweni lukaGolombok noTasker e1996, izingane zomama abathandana nobungqingili bafundwa isikhathi eside - okokuqala beneminyaka eyishumi, base beneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane (IGolombok 1996) Kutholakale ukuthi ebudaleni, i-36% yezingane zabomama abathandana nobungqingili ibike ukuthi inesifiso sobungqingili ngokuhlukahluka, kanti phakathi kwezingane zomama abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, kukhona ama-20%. Kodwa-ke, ngenani elikhonjisiwe lezingane, akekho noyedwa wezingane zomama abathandanayo abangena ebudlelwaneni bobungqingili, kuyilapho phakathi kwezingane zabomama abathandana nobungqingili i-67% inobudlelwano bobungqingili (IGolombok 1996, amakhasi 7 - 8).

Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguBailey kanye nozakwabo (1995) luhlole izingane ezindala zobaba bobungqingili futhi lwathola ukuthi ama-9% wamadodana abo angabungqingili futhi athembekile, okuphindwe kaningana ukwanda kobungqingili kubantu abaningi (I-Bailey 1995).

Okunye okufanele sikubalule wucwaningo lweSarantakos (1996), olwaluqhathanisa nezici ezitholakala kothisha bezingane ezikhuliswe imibhangqwana engongqingili kuqhathaniswa nezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko (I-Sarantakos 1996).

“… Ngokusho kothisha, ezinye izingane ezivela kubantu bobulili obufanayo zididekile ngobunikazi bazo kanye nokuqonda ukuthi yini ethathwa njengokuyiqiniso nokulindelwe kubo ezimweni ezithile. Kubikwe ukuthi amantombazane avela kobaba abayizitabane akhombisa ukucabanga nokuziphatha "kobuntwana" kakhulu kunamantombazane avela kubazali bobulili obufanayo. Kwabikwa ukuthi iningi labafana labomama abathandana nabobulili obufanayo babengabesimame ekuziphatheni nasekuziphatheni kwabo kunabafana babazali abathandana nabobulili obufanayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabafana abanabazali abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile, babethanda kakhulu amathoyizi, imisebenzi yezemidlalo nemidlalo evame ukukhethwa amantombazane; kaningi kunabafana abavela emindenini yendabuko bakhala ezimeni ezifanayo ezicindezelayo futhi kaningi bafuna izeluleko kothisha besifazane ... "(I-Sarantakos 1996, k. 26).

URichard Redding emsebenzini wakhe we-2008 walo nyaka waphawula:

"... Ucwaningo olutholakalayo lukhombisa ukuthi izingane ezikhuliswe imibhangqwana yobungqingili zingakheka ekuthandeni okuholela ebudlelwaneni bobungqingili nasekuziphatheni kobulili okungahambisani nazo ..." (Inciphisa i-xnumx).

Ekuhlaziyweni kukaTracy Hansen, okubandakanya ngokuthe ngqo izifundo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezishicilelwe abalobi abathembekile enhlanganweni ye-LGBT +, ehlola izingane ezindala kuneminyaka eyi-18, ekhuliswe ngabathandani abathandana nobungqingili, kutholakale nokuthi phakathi kwalezi zingane inani eliphakeme ngokungalingani abantu abangahlukani ngokobulili obuhlukile (UHansen xnumx) Idatha efanayo yatholakala ekuhlaziyeni kukaCameron, okubandakanya izifundo zamadodana obaba bobungqingili (ICameron 2009) Idatha efanayo yatholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta nguWalter R. Schumm (2010) - ngokuqhathaniswa nezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko, ezinganeni ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo, amathuba okuthola indlela yokuphila yobungqingili aphakeme kakhulu (Schumm xnumx) Idatha efanayo yatholakala ocwaningweni lwezingane zabomama abathandana nobungqingili olwenziwa nguGartrell nozakwabo (I-Gartrell xnumx).

Intatheli yobungqingili uMilo Yannupolos uthe angajabulela ukuba nezingane, kodwa ubengeke afune ukubakhulisa enhlanganweni yobungqingili, ngoba izintandokazi zocansi ikakhulukazi zincike emfundweni nakwindawo ezungezile, ngakho-ke akafuni kube nesibopho sokuthi izingane zakhe zingakwazi uthole inketho enhle kakhulu yokuthuthuka futhi akazange abe nobungqingili.

Moira GreylandUzalelwe emndenini lapho umama ayengungqingili futhi ubaba engungqingili, ukhuluma kakhulu ngesiko lesitabane:

“Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesiko lobungqingili nobungqingili inkolelo yokuthi ukuya ocansini kwasekuqaleni kuhle futhi kuyasiza, kanye nolwazi oluqinisekile (ungakhohliswa umzuzwana ukuthi abakwazi lokhu) ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokwakha omunye ubungqingili ukunikeza umfana ulwazi lobulili. NGAPHAMBI kokuthi "onakaliswe" ukuheha intombazane ... Izinkolelo zangempela zabazali bami yilezi: wonke umuntu ungungqingili ngokwemvelo, kepha umphakathi wobungqingili uyabanqamula ngakho-ke ubakhawulele. Ukuya ocansini ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuvusa abantu isifiso sokuya ocansini nawo wonke umuntu, futhi lokhu kuzobasiza ukuthi babe "ngokwabo", baqede ubungqingili kanye nokuholela ekuqaleni kwe-utopia. Izophinda futhi ibhubhise umndeni wenuzi onenzondo nobuzali bawo, ubulili, ubudala (yebo, lokhu kubalulekile kubaxhaphazi bezingane) kanye nayo yonke eminye imikhakha. Uma izingane ezanele zinukubezwa ngokocansi zisencane, ubutabane buzovele bube "yinto ejwayelekile" futhi bamukelwe, futhi imibono yesidala yokwethembeka izonyamalala. Njengoba ucansi luyingxenye yemvelo futhi ebalulekile kunoma ibuphi ubudlelwano, izithiyo phakathi kwabantu zizonyamalala futhi i-utopia izofika, ngenkathi isiphetho sama-dinosaurs silindele "isiko lobungqingili". Njengoba umama wayevame ukusho, “Izingane zishaywa ngesando emakhanda ukuthi azifuni ucansi ... Bobabili abazali babefuna ngibe yisitabane futhi bathuswa ubufazi bami. Umama wayengihlukumeza kusukela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwengu-3 ubudala. Inkumbulo yami yokuqala ubaba enza okuthile okunodlame ikakhulukazi kimi ngineminyaka emihlanu. " (I-Faust 2015).

Ubufakazi babantu abakhulele “emindenini” yobungqingili

NgoMashi 2015, abantu abayisithupha abakhulela “emindenini” yobungqingili bafaka isimangalo emelana nokusemthethweni “komshado wobungqola” eNkantolo Ephakeme. Omunye wabo, uSolwazi wase-State University of California eNorthridge kanye noMongameli weSikhungo Sokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Wezingane, uRobert Lopez, endaweni yakhe isitatimende wabelana ngokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu nezindaba zabanye. Ukhuluma ngokuhlupheka kwengqondo, umuzwa wokungaqedi kanye nokulangazelela okungaziwa kukababa wakhe, inkosikazi kanina ayikwazanga ukumvala indawo. Uprofesa uthi izithombe zemindeni yobungqingili kwabezindaba zenziwa futhi zilawulwa ngokucophelela. AmaLesbians anokukhathazeka okungenampilo ngobulili bezingane zawo, esho, njengoba kuqinisekiswa intatheli uSally Cohn ku isihloko enesihloko esithi "Ngingungqingili futhi ngifuna ingane yami ibe yisitabane nayo." Ngenkathi ezinye izingane zifunda iThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer futhi zibukela u-Oliver Twist, waphoqeleka ukuthi afunde izincwadi ezithandana nabobulili obufanayo futhi abuke amafilimu ezithandani. U-Lopez uzibiza ngokuthi "ungowabesilisa nabesifazane," futhi ubulili bakhe bokuqala bobulili obufanayo benzeka eneminyaka engu-13 nabalingani ababili abadala. 

Uma ingane yabantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile ibona ukuthi inina ongumama futhi ingumama wokutholwa, kodwa ingenayise, futhi iveze ukungagculiseki noma umona wezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko kulokhu, isolwa ngokukhuluma kabi “ngokulingana”, “ngokumelene nezitabane. "Futhi ukusebenza kwayo" kukhaphela "wonke umphakathi we-LGBT.

“Ucwaningo“ lokuvumelana ”mayelana nokuba ngumzali wobulili obufana nobunye lunamaphutha amakhulu. Okubi kakhulu ukucabanga okucashunwe kule ndlela. Umphakathi ukunquma kanjani ukuthi iyini injabulo, ingane “ehlelwe kahle” noma “echumayo”? Emikhondweni enjalo, isifiso esiyisisekelo kunazo zonke sikamama nobaba, ngemvelaphi yabo kanye nokukhululeka ebunimeni bamanga obubekwe kwipolitiki asikho.
Iningi lezingane lizalwa futhi likhula ngaphandle kokuphoqwa ngumthetho ukwanelisa isidingo sabantu abadala sokuthola isinxephezelobandlululo lwangaphambilini. Ngokungafani nabo, izingane zabazali abangongqingili zinentengo yamakhanda abo. 'Bayimpahla' yemibhangqwana engungqingili futhi, ngenxa yalokho, umphakathi wezitabane. Ngaphandle kokuthi banenkani, bayazi ukuthi umphakathi onobungqingili uzobabheka “njengempahla” yabo ngisho noma sebekhulile. Izingane zabalingani bobungqingili zivame ukuba ngamapulangwe akhonjiswa emphakathini ukufakazela ukuthi "imindeni yobungqingili" ayihlukile kunobungqingili. Ngazi amacala lapho abantu abadala bedonsela izingane ukuba zinikeze ubufakazi obungamakhanda kubaphathi bezomthetho nasezinkantolo.
Ijaji uJeffrey Sutton likhiphe isinqumo sokuthi imibhangqwana yobungqingili efanayo ayikwazi ukukhulisa izingane ngokubi kunabobulili obuhlukile. Wazi kanjani lokho? Sesidlulile isikhathi esincane selokhu kwaba semthethweni ukushada kobungqingili. Akazi ukuthi izingane zifunani, futhi kulwazi lwami - akulungile ”(I-Lopez 2015).

Ngempela, lindela ukuba ngumzali ngokulinganayo kubantu bomphakathi ophawuleka ukungazinzi ukubambisana nokwanda umlutha ukuzibulala, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukudakwa, umlutha wezidakamizwa, udlame lwasekhaya и i-pedophilia - kungukuthi, ukuyibeka ngobumnene, ingenangqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungenani oyedwa wabazali “abathandana nobungqingili uyisihambi enganeni.

Kukuzuzisa ingane ukukhuliswa ngunina noyise. Lo mthetho usekelwa ubunzima obuningi nezinkinga ezingokomzwelo nezingqondo izingane eziningi eziyizintandane noma ezikhuliswe kumzali ongayedwa noma emindenini engenabazali ezibhekene nazo: amazinga aphansi empilo yomzimba nengqondo, imfundo, ukwaneliseka empilweni, uzwela nokuzethemba, kanye namazinga andisiwe emakhaya nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi, ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa, ubumpofu nokuzala izingane ngaphandle komshado. Ukusuka emndenini wendabuko emashumini eminyaka adlule akukwenzanga ngcono inhlalakahle yengane, futhi akukho datha kuze kube manje ekhombisa ukuthi ukuba ngumzali wobulili obufanayo ngandlela thile kuphakeme kunomzali ongayedwa noma imindeni yokutholwa (kuyilapho kunobufakazi bokuthi buphansi kunabo). Ukugunyazwa "kwemishado" yabantu bobulili obufanayo kuguqula isimo esingesihle sezingane ezivela emindenini enjalo sibe "yinto ejwayelekile" ebekwe emthethweni kuzo zonke izingane ezikhuliswa ngabashadile bobulili obufanayo. Ubudlelwano bobungqingili abazinaki izintshisekelo zengane, bakha imibono esontekile ngobudlelwano phakathi kwabobulili obuhlukile futhi, kungenzeka ukuthi, buba nemiphumela efinyelela kude, engakafundwa imiphumela ezozibonakalisa ngokuzayo. Izifundo zakuqala eziqhathanisa izingane ezisuka emindenini yabazali nezingane ezinabazali abahlukanisile futhi azitholanga mehluko kwaze kwaba yilapho ukuhlukumezeka kwesehlukaniso kuzizwa sekukhulile.

Isimo sezingane emindenini ye-LGBT saqala ukuwohloka ngokushesha kuma-80s, lapho umkhankaso "wamalungelo angama-gay" kanye nokugunyazwa "komshado wama-gay" ngokusemthethweni ungena esigabeni esinolaka. Izingane ezincane ze-LGBT zitshele u-Lopez ukuthi izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zazizijezisa kanjani ngokuzizwa zidabukile ngokwemvelo mayelana nokungabikho komzali. Enye ingane, eyazalwa ngomzali oyedwa kuyise oyisitabane, yakhononda kudokotela wayo wezengqondo wesifazane ukuthi yayiphatheke kabi kakhulu ngoSuku Lomama. Ngenxa yalokhu, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sammangalela “nge-homophobia” futhi samphoqa ukuba axolise kuyise. Ngokusho kukaLopez, izingane zemikhaya yobulili obufanayo azikwazi ukukhuluma iqiniso ngobuncane bazo ngisho nalapho sezikhulile. Iningi labo alisoze laphumela obala ngenxa yesimo sezulu sokwesaba nokugwazwa okudalwe wumkhankaso wokugunyaza “umshado wezitabane”.

ULopez uqobo washushiswa ngenxa yezambulo zakhe. Wabizwa ngokuthi "umphikisi wokulingana", "anti-gay," "wokusabalalisa inzondo nezindinganiso zokulwa namaMelika." Ukushicilelwa kwamaphiko amakhulu namabhulogi amakhulu ahlanganyele ekubhujisweni kwesithunzi sikaLopez: iHuffington Post, Right Wing Watch, Frontiers LA nabanye. Umkhankaso ohlanganyelwe wezinhlangano ze-LGBT kanye nabezindaba bawo onobungane waholela ekutheni uLopez anqatshelwe izinkulumo. Wayehlaselwa yiqembu ngokuhlaselwa ngokomzimba, njalo kufanele abekezelele ukuthukwa emsebenzini, emicimbini eyahlukene yomphakathi nasezingqungqutheleni zomsebenzi. Cishe ukuxhashazwa okufanayo kwezishoshovu kwesobunxele kwenzeka kuyo yonke imindeni eyisithupha yobungqingili efake icala. Yingakho abanye abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu bakhetha ukungaziwa.

Imininingwane eyengeziwe

Imininingwane eyengeziwe nemininingwane kungatholwa emithonjeni elandelayo:

1. Dent gw Awukho Umehluko?: Ukuhlaziywa Komzali Abangabodwa. Ave Maria Law Ukubuyekezwa. I-2011.
2. UKim Umphumela Wokukhulisa Ubulili Obufanayo Kubantwana: Ukuhlola Ucwaningo. Isisekelo samaGugu. Ukukhishwa Okufingqiwe Cha. I-3643 | NgoJuni 19, 2012.
3. Byrd D. Umshado We-Conjugal Uqhakambisa Ukuphila Okunempilo Kwabantu Nezomphakathi. Ku: Kuyini ukulimaza?: Ingabe ukubhalisa ngokomthetho ubulili bobulili obufanayo kubalimaza abantu, imindeni noma umphakathi? I-16, 32 (Lynn D. Wardle ed., Lanham, Md. University Press of America, 2008).
4. Allen dw (2013). Amanani okuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme phakathi kwezingane zemindeni yobungqingili. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Economics of the Household, 11 (4), 635-658.
5. Sullins D. Izinkinga Zokomzwelo phakathi Kwezingane ezinabazali Abangabodwa-Ubulili: Umehluko ngeNcazelo (Janawari 25, 2015). Ijenali yaseBrithani Yezemfundo, Inhlangano Yesayensi Yezokuziphatha Neziqu ze-7 (2): 99-120, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500537
6. UPhelan je Izikhumbuzo Zobaba Bazo Ngabesilisa Abathandana Nobulili Obufana Nabo Nabobulili Obuhlukile. Psychological Reports Vol 79, Issue 3, pp. 1027 – 1034.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.1027
7. I-Schumm wr Ukubuyekezwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kokucwaninga kokukhulisa abantwana bobulili obufanayo kanye nokutholwa. Psychol Rep. I-2016 Dec; 119 (3): 641-760. I-Epub 2016 Sep 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594
8. UCameron P, uCameron K, uLandesson T. Amaphutha yi-American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, kanye ne-National Educational, Association ekumeleleni ubungqingili emafushaneni e-Amiko mayelana nokuchibiyelwa 2 eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US. Psychol Rep. I-1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
9. UGlenn T. Stanton, Umqondisi, Izifundo Zokulungiswa Komndeni http://factsaboutyouth.com/posts/are-children-with-same-sex-parents-at-a-disadvantage/
10. UHeather barwick (2015) Umphakathi Othandekayo Wezitabane: Izingane Zakho Ziyalimaza https://thefederalist.com/2015/03/17/dear-gay-community-your-kids-are-hurting/

Amanothi

I-1. Kwezinye izimo, kuze kudalulwe.
I-2. Ukucaciswa kwemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kweMarx (2012) kunikezwe emsebenzini: uKim CC Umphumela Wokukhulisa Ubulili Obufanayo Kubantwana: Ukuhlola Ucwaningo. Isisekelo samaGugu. Ukukhishwa Okufingqiwe Cha. I-3643 | NgoJuni 19, 2012.
I-3. Isibonelo: UHelen Barrett noFiona Tasker, “Bakhula Ngabazali Abangama-Gay: Ukubukwa Kobaba Abangama-GNUMX Ngozakwabo Bamadodana Nabo,” i-Educational and Child Psychology, Vol. I-101, Cha. I-18 (1), iphe. I-2001 - 62
I-4. Isibonelo: UGary J. Gates, “Ukuqanjwa Komndeni nokukhulisa Izingane Phakathi Kwabashadikazi Abobulili Obunye,” Ukugxila Komndeni, Ubusika 2011, Umkhandlu Kazwelonke Ebuhlotsheni Bemindeni
I-5. Kwafundwa ingqikithi ye-49, kepha ezimweni ze-27 kwakungekho maqembu wokuqhathanisa nhlobo.
I-6. Okusho ukuthi, kwakungeyona “isifundo esiyimpumputhe” esivimbela ukwanda nobuchopho ekuhloleni imiphumela.
I-7. "Ubuqotho bohlelo lokucwaninga ngesayensi yezenhlalo lusongelwa ngokuhlaselwa komphakathi nokuqapha kwabezindaba esesikubonile kuleli cala." USmith 2012

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