Indaba engagwegwesi yowayengungqingili, echaza impilo yansuku zonke “yezitabane” ezijwayelekile - izigebengu ezingapheli, ukuxega kanye nezifo ezihambisana nazo, amakilabhu, izidakamizwa, izinkinga zamathumbu aphansi, ukucindezeleka kanye nokuququda, umuzwa onganeliseki wokunganeliseki nesizungu, kusukela okuwukuziphatha okubi kanye ne-Datura enikeza kuphela ukuphumula kwesikhashana. Lokhu kulandisa kuqukethe imininingwane enyanyekayo yezenzo zobungqingili nemiphumela yazo, okushiya insalela yendle ecasulayo ngokungangabazeki ezoba nzima kumfundi ovamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, badlulisela konke ngokunembile sokuhlakaza ububi bokuphila kobungqingili buqhathaniswa nokuhlanza umbala wethanga. Ibonisa iqiniso elibuhlungu lobungqingili besilisa njengoba linjalo ngempela - umkhonyovuongenangqondo futhi ongenamusa. “Ukuba yisitabane” ekugcineni kusho ukuhlupheka nobuhlungu okucijwe ku-ukumbiwa kwegazi negazi, kunokuba kubambelele ezandleni zabafana abanamehlo amakhulu e-kawaii yoyoynyh inganekwane yabalandeli.
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Izihloko
Izinkinga zomphakathi "wezitabane" ngeso langaphakathi
Ku-1989, izishoshovu ezimbili zesitabane se-Harvard eshicilelwe incwadi echaza uhlelo lokuguqula isimo sengqondo somphakathi jikelele ngobungqingili ngokusebenzisa inkulumo-ze, imigomo eyisisekelo okuxoxwe ngayo lapha. Esahlukweni sokugcina sale ncwadi, ababhali bazichaza ngokweqile i-10 izinkinga ezinkulu ekuziphatheni kwabobungqingili, okumele kubhekwane nazo ukuze kuthuthukiswe isithombe sabo emehlweni omphakathi jikelele. Ababhali babhala ukuthi ongqingili bazenqaba zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha; ukuthi baya ocansini ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi uma bengena ngendlela, baqala ukumemeza ngcindezelo kanye nokuqothuka kwabasekhaya; ukuthi bangama-narcissistic, amanyala, ubugovu, bathambekele emangeni, ku-hedonism, kokungathembeki, unya, ukuzibhubhisa, ukuphika iqiniso, ukunganaki, ukuthatheka kwezepolitiki kanye nemibono yobuhlanya. Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, lezi zimfanelo zacishe zaba munye nanye ezichazwa ngudokotela wezengqondo odumile ogama lakhe Edmund Bergler, owafundela ubungqingili iminyaka engu-30 futhi waqashelwa “njengomcabango obaluleke kakhulu” kulo mkhakha. Kuthathe ababhali abangaphezu kwamakhasi angama-80 ukuchaza izinkinga ezihambisana nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi wezitabane. Isishoshovu se-LGBT u-Igor Kochetkov (umuntu osebenza njenge-ejenti yangaphandle) enkulumweni yakhe "Amandla ezepolitiki wenhlangano ye-LGBT yomhlaba: izishoshovu zawufeza kanjani umgomo wazo" wathi le ncwadi isiphenduke i-ABC yezishoshovu ze-LGBT emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi neRussia, futhi eziningi zisasukela ezimisweni ezichazwe kuyo. Embuzweni: "Ngabe umphakathi we-LGBT uzisusile lezi zinkinga?" U-Igor Kochetkov wamphendula ngokumsusa futhi ebuza ukuvinjelwa, ngokusobala, ukuthi izinkinga zaqhubeka. Okulandelayo incazelo emfushane.
I-Lesbianism: izimbangela nemiphumela
Ubungqingili besifazane baziwa ngokuthi i-lesbianism (okuvame kakhulu ngama-sapphism, i-tribadism). Leli gama livela egameni lesiqhingi sesiGrikhi iLesbos, lapho uSappho wasendlovukazi yasendulo azalwa futhi ehlala khona, emavesini lapho kukhona khona izinkomba zothando phakathi kwabesifazane. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobungqingili besilisa, ubungqingili besifazane bufundiswe kancane. Ubudlelwano bobulili obufanayo phakathi kwabesifazane abunakubhubhisa futhi bufaka izinkinga ezimbalwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho asikho isidingo esithile sokuqondisa imizamo yokucwaninga kule ndawo. Noma kunjalo, kusukela kokuncane okwaziwayo ngabesifazane abangena ebudlelwaneni bobulili obufanayo, akukho sithombe esibukeka njengemvula. Abesifazane abathandana nobungqingili basengozini enkulu yokuhlupheka ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo futhi bakhombise izingqinamba eziningi ezihlobene nendlela yabo yokuphila: ubudlelwane besikhathi esifushane, ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala, ugwayi nezidakamizwa, udlame lozakwethu kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yokutheleleka nge-STD. Izithandani ezindala, ngaphezu kontanga yazo, ngaphansi kwe ingozi yokuthola ukukhuluphala nomdlavuza webele, и kaningi bika ukuba khona kwamathambo, i-asthma, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, inani elandayo lezifo ezingamahlalakhona kanye nempilo engeyinhle iyonke.
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UJan Goland ekwelashweni kongqingili (inhlolokhono yevidiyo ekhethekile)
Isibikezelo
Ngasekuqaleni kwe-1990, izishoshovu ezalungqingili e-US zazama ukwazisa ongqingili njengeqembu "elivikelwe" elikhethekile eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuze iqembu elithile labantu lithole isimo esivikelekile, kufanele kube okwangempela, okungelona iqiniso futhi kuhlale njalo (okungewona umphakathi wezitabane). Kulokhu, izishoshovu zezitabane zethule izinganekwane ezahlukahlukene ezazithathwa kalula futhi zisatshalaliswa ngabezindaba zenkululeko. Ngokuphikisana namaqiniso esayensi kanye nomqondo ojwayelekile, bekuthiwa okungenani umuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi ubungqingili, nokuthi ukuheha ebulilini bomuntu kuwuphawu lokuzalwa, njengomjaho, okubangelwa uhlobo olukhethekile futhi olungaguquki njengombala wesikhumba. Emzameni wokuzilinganisa ngokwabantu abambalwa abacindezelwe ngokobuhlanga, izishoshovu zaze zaqamba namazwi anjengokuthi "amancane" kanye "nabantu abayizitabane".
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Inganekwane yokuthi "umehluko ebuchosheni"
Njengokuqinisekisa "ubuzwe" bokukhangwa ubungqingili, izishoshovu ze-LGBT zivame ukubhekisela kukho ukutadisha isazi sezinzwa uSimon LeVay wango-1991, lapho kuthiwa wathola khona ukuthi i-hypothalamus yabesilisa “abanobungqingili” ilingana neyabesifazane, okuthiwa ibenza ongqingili. Yini ngempela ayithola uLeVay? Angakutholanga ngokuqinisekile kwakuwukuxhumana phakathi kwesakhiwo sobuchopho kanye nemikhuba yocansi.
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Ingabe i- "Homophobia" i-phobia?
V. Lysov
I-imeyili: science4truth@yandex.ru
Iningi lezinto ezilandelayo lishicilelwa kwiphephabhuku elibukezelwe ontanga kwezemfundo. Izifundo zanamuhla zezinkinga zenhlalo, i-2018; IVolumu 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Ukuqamba kanye nokuzenzisa kokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi" Homophobia "enkulumweni yesayensi neyomphakathi".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.
Ukutholwa Okusemqoka
(1) Isimo esibucayi maqondana nobungqingili asihlangabezani nenqubo yokuxilongwa kwe-phobia njengomqondo we-psychopathological. Awukho umqondo osabekayo wokuthi “Homophobia”, kuyigama lokuphikisana kwezepolitiki.
(2) Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “ukuhanjiswa kwabantu besifazane” emsebenzini wesayensi ukuveza wonke umkhawulo wesimo esibucayi emisebenzini yobulili obufanayo akulungile. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukubulala abantu abathandana nabo nabesifazane" kufaka umugqa phakathi kwesimo sengqondo sokuqonda ubungqingili ngokusekelwe kuzinkolelo zokuziphatha kanye nezindlela zokubonakalisa ulaka, kuguqula umbono wenhlangano obhekene nolaka.
(3) Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukubulala abantu besifazane" kuyindlela yokucindezela eqondiswe kulawo malungu omphakathi ongayemukeli ukuhlanganiswa kwendlela yokuphila yobungqingili emphakathini, kodwa ongazizwa enenzondo noma esaba okungenangqondo abantu abangongqingili.
(4) Ngaphezu kwezinkolelo zamasiko nezempucuko, isisekelo sesimo sengqondo esibucayi emisebenzini yobulili obufanayo, ngokusobala, izivikeli mzimba zokuziphatha - ukusabela kwemvelo amanyalaithuthukiswe ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo yomuntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanzeka nokuzala.
Ukwelashwa kobungqingili ngaphambi kwenkathi yokulungiswa kwezombusazwe
Amacala amaningi okuphumelela kokulungiswa okwelashwa kokuziphatha kobungqingili nokuheha kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe ezincwadini zobungcweti. Bika I-National Association for the Study and Therapy ofungqingili iveza ukubukelwa kobufakazi obuqandayo, imibiko yomtholampilo kanye nocwaningo kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuze kube manje, okufakazela ngokuqiniseka ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane abanentshisekelo bangalwenza lolu shintsho kusuka ebungqingili kuya kobungqingili. Ngaphambi kwenkathi yokunemba kwezombusazwe, kwakuyiqiniso elaziwayo lesayensi, okuyinto ngokukhululeka Ubhale umshini omkhulu wezindaba. Ngisho ne-American Psychiatric Association, ngaphandle kobungqingili be-syntonic kuhlu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo e-1974, kuphawuliwe, lokho "Izindlela zokwelapha zesimanje zivumela ingxenye enkulu yabongqingili abafuna ukuguqula isimo sabo ukwenza kanjalo".
Okulandelayo ukuhumusha izindatshana kusuka eNew York Times ye1971.
