*Inhlangano ye-LGBT ibonwa njengenhlangano eyeqisayo!

Lo mbiko wukubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe kobufakazi besayensi obuphika izinganekwane neziqubulo ezithuthukiswa izishoshovu ze-LGBT ezibeka ukuthi ubungqingili buyisimo esijwayelekile, esijwayelekile, esingenamuntu futhi esingashintshi. Lo msebenzi awuwona “wokulwa nabantu abungqingili” (njengoba abalandeli babo bengaphikisana dichotomy yamanga), kodwa kunalokho ngoba zona, ngoba zigxile ezinkingeni zendlela yokuphila yobungqingili efihlekile kubo nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abo, ikakhulukazi ilungelo lokuthola ulwazi oluthembekile ngesimo sabo kanye nobungozi bezempilo obuhambisana nalo, ilungelo lokuba nokukhetha kanye nelungelo lokuthola ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kwezokwelapha ukuqeda Kulesi simo, uma benentshisekelo.

Okuqukethwe

I-1) Ingabe abantu bobungqingili bamele i-10% yabantu? 
I-2) Ingabe bakhona abantu "bobungqingili" embusweni wezilwane? 
I-3) Ingabe ukukhangwa kobungqingili kuzalwa? 
I-4) Ukukhangwa ubungqingili kungasuswa? 
I-5) Ingabe ubungqingili buhlotshaniswa nobungozi bezempilo? 
I-6) Ingabe ubutha bobungqingili buyi-phobia? 
I-7) "Ubungqingili" - "ubungqingili bokugcina"? 
I-8) Ingabe ukushayela ngemigwaqo yobungqingili kanye ne-pedophilia (idrayivu yocansi yezingane) kuhlobene? 
I-9) Ngabe amalungelo ezitabane aphulwe? 
I-10) Ingabe ubungqingili buxhumene nobunqunu bocansi? 
I-11) Ingabe ubungqingili kwakuyinto evamile eGreece yasendulo? 
I-12) Ngabe kukhona ubungozi ezinganeni ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo? 
I-13) Ingabe "ukujwayelekile" kokuheha ubungqingili iqiniso elifakazelwe ngokwesayensi? 
I-14) Ingabe ubungqingili bebungafakiwe kuhlu lokuhlanekezelwa kwezocansi ukuvumelana kwesayensi? 
I-15) Ingabe "isayensi yanamuhla" ayiyakhethi impikiswano yobungqingili?

ILabhulali Yezwe Yomphakathi Yesayensi Yezomnotho ne-SB RAS

Bika inhloso

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ososayensi bezishoshovu kanye nezishoshovu zenhlangano ye-LGBT, abagqugquzele ukuthi, kusukela ekubukeni kokuziphatha, i-physiology kanye nomthetho wokulawulwa komthetho, ubudlelwano bezothando nobulili phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo, babonwa njengabalingana ngokuphelele (), bakhuphule kakhulu imisebenzi yabo (bobabili eRussia nasemhlabeni) ( futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuphakeme kakhulu ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile nokuthi ukubonakaliswa kwabo okuphezulu kunjani ukudala umndeni kanye nokuzalwa kwempilo entsha kususelwa emlandweni, emasikweni-ebusosheni, ezinhlolweni zokuziphatha, kwezenhlalo, kwezomzimba, ngokwengqondo nangokwendalo. Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zigxekwa izishoshovu ze-LGBT, ezidinga ukuthi icatshangwe kabusha ngomqondo wenkambiso noma ngisho nokuqedwa kohlobo lobudlelwano bocansi kanye nokushada ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubudlelwane bobungqingili. Emisebenzini yabo, lezi zishoshovu zivame ukubiza uchungechunge lwezimpikiswano eziphenduka iziqubulo ngesisekelo lapho zigxeka abaphikisi ngoguquko abaludingayo. Phakathi kokuphikisana okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, "wonke umuntu weshumi ungungqingili," "kuzalwa abantu abathandana nabesilisa," "ukutholwa kungashintshwa," "ukutholakala kobungqingili kutholakala ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ze-1500," nabanye. Lo mbiko ugxile ekuhlaziyeni ubuqiniso bezinye izinsolo ezisetshenziswa yilezi zishoshovu.

Inhloso yalo msebenzi ukusabalalisa imininingwane eseyatholakala kancane ngenxa yesimo sezepolitiki esivele sithuthukile emashumini eminyaka adlule. Inhloso yalomsebenzi akukhona ukuthethelela udlame olubhekiswe kubantu abathile; thina, ababhali siyakugxeka ngokweqiniso ukwenziwa kobudlova ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kanye nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni ngezinga elifanayo njengoba sigxeka amanga, ukukhohlisa amaqiniso nokungabekezeleli imibono yabanye.

Ukuphuthumayo kwenkinga

Umbuzo wesimo somphakathi wesayensi, abezindaba, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, abantu basemadolobheni maqondana nezindlela ezingezona zokuzala zesifiso sobulili akulula. Isibonelo, ukuheha ubungqingili obufanayo kubhekwa njengokuhlukahluka okungenamkhawulo kwesimo esijwayelekile kusuka ku-1987 yonyaka ngokuya ngezigaba ze-American Psychiatric Association (APA) (DSM-III-R 1987), kepha kubhekwa njengepharaphara enemibandela (ubungqingili be-ego-dystonic) ngokuya ngesigaba se-Chinese Society of Psychiatry (I-CCMD 2001) Ukuhehsa kubantu abangavuthiwe (i-pedophilia) kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile okunemibandela ngokusho kwe-APA (DSM-V 2013), ngokuhambisana nomqondo "wokuphulwa kokucabanga kocansi", okwethulwe yisinqumo se-APA ngonyaka we-1973 (I-Drescher 2015) Encwadini yezindaba yeHarvard School of Mental Health, i-pedophilia ibizwa nge- "oriental" (IHarvard Mental School 2010) Ingxoxo evulekile ngokufakwa kwezintshisekelo zocansi ezilwaneni ezisesigabeni se "oriental" (I-Miletski 2017), kanye nokuchithwa komqondo weparaphilia (ukuhlanekezela ngokocansi) kanjalo (I-Bering2015, ch. I-5). Ubulukhuni benkinga futhi bubangelwa yingxenye ebalulekile yezepolitiki: kukhona iminyakazo yezenhlalo ukuvikela izintshisekelo zabantu abafuna ukuqaphela ngokuphelele izinhlobo zokungakhangi ukuzala kokuziphatha kobulili ekuziphatheni komphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, "ILGA","UNambla","I-B4U-Act","I-Zeta-verein","Isifiso sobulili"Nabanye

Kodwa-ke, ngokweqiniso, izinhlangano ezimelele ukunyakaza kobungqingili kohlaka lwe- “LGBT +” zithole ithonya elikhulu kunawo wonke.

Izindlela zomnyakazo we- "LGBT +" ukuthi ongqingili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, basabalalisa ulwazi oluhle kuphela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, noma yiluphi ulwazi olubucayi lubekelwa phansi futhi luvinjelwe. Emphakathini wesayensi kanye nesiko elidumile, isithombe esithile, esikhethekile sokuziphatha kobungqingili kanye nobungqingili senziwe futhi siyaqhubeka nokwakhiwa.

URichard Horton, umhleli-omkhulu wephephabhuku lesayensi i-Lancet, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngale ndaba yombhali:

“... Iningi lezincwadi zesayensi, mhlawumbe uhhafu, kungenzeka zingamane ziveze iqiniso. Ukhungathekiswe yizifundo ezinamasampula amancane, imiphumela emibi, ukuhlaziywa okunganele, kanye nokungqubuzana okusobala kwentshisekelo, kanye nokuthambekela kwezimfashini ezibaluleke ngokungangabazeki, isayensi iphendukele ebumnyameni ... Ukwanda okubonakalayo kokuziphatha kocwaningo olungamukeleki emphakathini wesayensi kuyethusa ... Ekufuneni kwayo yenza umbono, ososayensi kaningi balungisa idatha esithombeni sabo sezwe noma baguqule imibono emininingwaneni yabo ... Ukuphishekela kwethu "ukubaluleka" kubulala izincwadi zesayensi ngezinganekwane eziningi zezibalo ... Amanyuvesi abandakanyeka emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wemali nethalente ... Futhi ososayensi ngabodwana, kufaka phakathi okuphezulu kwabo ubuholi, bungenzi okuncane ekushintsheni isiko lokuhlola, kwesinye isikhathi eligadla ebubini ... "(IHorton xnumx).

Owayengumhleli-omkhulu-we-New England Journal of Medicine, uMarcia Angell, wabelane ngezambulo zakhe:

"... Akunakwenzeka nje ukukholelwa izivivinyo eziningi zemitholampilo ezishicilelwe noma ukuthembela emiqondweni yabodokotela abathembekile noma ezincwadini ezaziwayo ezinemibhalo. Angijabule ngalesi siphetho, engiye ngahamba kancane futhi ngokunganqikazi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20 ngisebenza njengomhleli ... ”(Angell xnumx).

Isishoshovu saseMelika kanye nomlobi ongazifihli izinto azithandayo zobungqingili, uprofesa wezobuciko obunenkululeko uCamilla Paglia, encwadini yakhe ethi "Vamps And Tramp", ophawulwe kwi1994:

“... Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, isimo sesingalawuleki: indlela yesayensi efanelekile ayinakwenzeka lapho inkulumo enengqondo ilawulwa yiziphepho, kulokhu izishoshovu ezingongqingili ezithi zineqiniso elishisekayo, kufanele sazi ukuthi iqiniso likhona kuphela ... Kumele sazi ngokuxubana okungaba yingozi kobushoshovu bezitabane ngesayensi ekhiqiza inkulumo-ze eningi kuneqiniso. Ososayensi abayizitabane kufanele babe ososayensi kuqala kunabo bonke, bese kuba izitabane ... "(I-Paglia 1994).

Umcwaningi uC. Martin uthi ukucabanga kokucabanga kwenkululeko kubusa kwisayensi yanamuhla yezenhlalo e-USA:

"... Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwesisekelo okuhlanekezela isayensi ngezizathu eziningi ... ukucutshungulwa kwamaphrojekthi wokucwaninga kuyenzeka: izazi zokuhlalisana kwabantu azihlongozwakali ukuthi zithinte amaqhinga angathandeki kanye namaqiniso angathandeki ... imiphumela enganakwa lapho imibono eveziwe ivezwa kahle futhi inenkululeko ... ifihla amaphuzu angahambelani ne-ajenda yenkululeko ... "(UMartin 2016).

Akusho nje ukuthi ukubusa kwemibono ethile kanye nemibono emphakathini wesayensi kuthonya isayensi kanye nencazelo yolwazi lwesayensi emphakathini. Lesi simo sidinga imisebenzi ephuthumayo yemfundo.

Isifingqo

Ngabe abantu bobungqingili bamele i-10% yabantu?

(1) Ucwaningo e-United States, eBrithani, eCanada nakwezinye izindawo, okuhlanganisa amasampula okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeminyaka yonke, kukhombisa ukuthi iphesenti labantu abaziveza njengobungqingili yi-1% -2%.
(2) Ukushicilelwa komlindi osebenza ngokungemthetho u-Alfred Kinsey, kwesinye isikhathi okubhekiselwa kuye lapho ethi i-10% yabantu bobulili obufanayo, kunemaphutha asenkambweni nasekuziphatheni okuhle.
(3) Ezinye izibalo ezivelele phakathi kwenhlangano yobungqingili ziyaqinisekisa ukuthi ziyandisile isibalo ngokwezinhloso zenkulumo-ze.
(4) Ukuqashelwa kokuqhamphuka kwesimo esiveni asisho lutho mayelana nokuma kwaso kwezenhlalo noma ngokomzimba.

Ingabe abantu “bobungqingili” bakhona embusweni wezilwane?

(1) Ukuphikisana kwezishoshovu ze-LGBT + ngokusekelwe ekubukeni kokuziphatha kobulili obufanayo phakathi kwezilwane akulungile. Iziqephu zesikhashana zokuziphatha kobungqingili phakathi kwezilwane azifani nesifiso sobulili obufanayo nokuzibona kubantu.
(2) Ukuhunyushwa kokuziphatha kwezilwane zobulili obufanayo ukuhlola isimo sezokwelapha, sokuziphatha nezomthetho sokuziphatha kobuntu obufanayo kuyaqhathaniswa, kuthulekile ngokubheka ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha kwesilwane okungezona ukuzala, okuvela endaweni yokubukwa okungafani nokuhunyushwa ngokuthi i-pedophilia, ukulala nomuntu, ukulala nezilwane, njll.
(3) Kunezici eziningi ezichaza ubujamo bokungazali, kubandakanya nokuziphatha kobulili obufanayo. Lezi zigameko zidinga ukufundelwa okuthe xaxa, kepha zingaphandle komongo wesimo senhlalo yabantu.

Ingabe ukukhangwa kobungqingili kuzalwa?

(1) "Uhlobo lokuzenzisa" lomuntu ongqingili alwaziwa; alutholwa muntu.
(2) Izifundo ezifaka ngaphansi kwesitatimende "semvelo yangaphakathi yobungqingili" zinokuphikisana okuningana kokuphikisana nokuphikisana, futhi azivumeli iziphetho ezingenakuphikwa.
(3) Ngisho nocwaningo oluboniswe izishoshovu ze-LGBT + alukhulumeli ukunqunywa kofuzo kokuthambekela kobungqingili, kepha ngomphumela ongcono lapho isakhi sofuzo sinquma ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, kuhlanganiswe nethonya lezemvelo, ukukhuliswa, njll.
(4) Ubuntu obudumile phakathi kwenhlangano yobungqingili, kufaka phakathi izazi, bayakugxeka lokhu okushiwo ngembono yokuqotelwa kobungqingili futhi bathi kunqunywa ngokuzikhethela.

Ngabe ukukhangwa kobungqingili kungaqedwa?

(1) Kunesisekelo esikhulu sobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi ungumuntu onobungqingili futhi ongaqedwa ngokuphelele.
(I-Xnumx) Isimo esibalulekile sokusebenza ngempumelelo kokwelashwa okuphindayo ukubamba iqhaza kwesiguli nesifiso sokushintsha.
(I-Xnumx) Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhangana kobungqingili, okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthomba, kunyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo lapho umuntu esekhulile.

Ingabe ubungqingili buhambisana nezingozi zempilo?

(1) Ukusetshenziswa komgudu wesibeletho njengesitho sangasese kuhlobene nengozi yezempilo yesimo esithathelwanayo nesihlukumezanayo.
(2) Phakathi kwabantu abahola indlela yokuphila yobungqingili, abesilisa nabesifazane, kunezingozi eziningi ezanda zezifo ezahlukahlukene, ezithathelanayo (i-HIV, i-syphilis, i-gonorrhea, njll.), Nokuhlinzwa, nodokotela wengqondo.

Ingabe ubutha bobungqingili buyi-phobia?

(1) Isimo esibucayi maqondana nobungqingili asihlangabezani nenqubo yokuxilongwa kwe-phobia njengomqondo we-psychopathological. Awukho umqondo osabekayo wokuthi “Homophobia”, kuyigama lokuphikisana kwezepolitiki.
(2) Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “ukuhanjiswa kwabantu besifazane” emsebenzini wesayensi ukuveza wonke umkhawulo wesimo esibucayi emisebenzini yobulili obufanayo akulungile. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukubulala abantu abathandana nabo nabesifazane" kufaka umugqa phakathi kwesimo sengqondo sokuqonda ubungqingili ngokusekelwe kuzinkolelo zokuziphatha kanye nezindlela zokubonakalisa ulaka, kuguqula umbono wenhlangano obhekene nolaka.
(3) Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukuhanjiswa kwabantu besifazane 'kuyindlela ecindezelayo eqondiswe kulawo malungu omphakathi ongavumi ukuthi indlela yokuphila yobungqingili ifakwe emphakathini, kepha ongazizwa enenzondo noma esaba okungenangqondo abantu abathandana nobungqingili.
(4) Ngokungeziwe ezinkolelweni zamasiko nezempucuko, isimo esibucayi sokwenza izinto zobungqingili sibukeka sisekelwe ohlelweni lokuzivikela lomzimba - ukusabela okungokwebhayoloji okuye kwavela enqubweni yokuvela komuntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanzeka nokuzala.

"Ubungqingili" - "ubungqingili bamuva"?

(1) Ucwaningo alwesekeli i-psychoanalytic hypothesis yesimo sengqondo esibucayi sabantu abathandanayo nabokuziphatha kobungqingili.
(2) Isimo esibucayi sabantu abathandanayo abesilisa nabesilisa abathandanayo baboniswa yizo zombili izindlela ezisetshenziswayo (amasosha omzimba wokuziphatha) kanye nomphumela wokuhehsa ukuthanda nokulahla ukungafani.

Ingabe ukushayela kobungqingili kanye ne-pedophilia (idrayivu yocansi yezingane) kuhlobene?

Ukuheha ubungqingili kanye ne-pedophilia yimikhakha edlulayo ngokususelwa ekushintsheni kokukhangwa ubungqingili ngeminyaka yento ehehayo.
(1) Inhlangano yokunciphisa nokuqeda unyaka osemthethweni wokuvuma (ukwenza isenzo sobulili) yazalwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yenhlangano yobungqingili, futhi izinhlangano okuhloswe ngazo ukuqedwa kweminyaka yobudala yemvume nokususa ukuheha ezinganeni kwenziwa futhi kwaholwa ngongqingili.
(2) Emphakathini wesayensi, udaba lokunciphisa iminyaka yemvume nokususwa kokuheha izingane ngokobulili ezimweni eziningi kuboshwe ngaphansi kwenhlangano ethi "LGBT +".
(3) Ngokwesilinganiso esikhulu sabesilisa abathandana nobungqingili, izintandokazi zobudala ezinobandlululo ngokuqondene nezinsizwa nabafana ziyabonakala.
(4) Ukulalana kwabantu bobungqingili ebuntwaneni kwandisa ingozi yokushayela ubungqingili okwalandela.
(5) Isibalo senani lamacala wokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane zobungqingili ngabantu abadala kuya inani lamacala wokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane zobungqingili likhulu kaningi kunesilinganiso sabantu abakhangwa abobungqingili kubantu abathandanayo nabobulili obuhlukile.

Ngabe amalungelo ezitabane aphulwa?

(1) Izindlela eziyisisekelo nokuqonda okungokwesiko komshado njengenyunyana yendoda nowesifazane ngaphandle kwalezo zibopho zezingane, izilwane, izinto ezingaphili, umshado kumlingani oyedwa, umshado phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo nezinye izinhlobo zemibono ye-postmodern.
(2) Wonke umuntu ozibheka njengongungqingili kanye / noma owenza ubungqingili unamalungelo nemikhawulo efanayo umuntu ongazibheki njengongqingili futhi ongazenzi ongqingili enayo futhi enqunyelwe.
(3) "Izishoshovu ze-LGBT +" - ukunyakaza akudingi ukwelulwa kwezici zomthetho okuthiwa azitholakali kubo (eqinisweni, zitholakala ngokuphelele kubo), kepha ukuphakamisa isenzo ngokususelwa kubungqingili buye kwisimo esengeziwe somthetho, ngamanye amagama, kudinga ushintsho encazelweni kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo yomshado.
(4) Ezinye izishoshovu ze-LGBT + zimemezela obala ukuthi injongo eyinhloko yokuvuselelwa komshado okungeyona eyokuphishekela “amalungelo alinganayo,” kodwa ukuqedwa komshado njengengxenye eyakha umphakathi.

Ingabe ubungqingili buxhumene nobunqunu bocansi?

(1) Ebudlelwaneni obubhalisiwe nobungqingili, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamadoda, kunezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili kunakwisibalo sabantu abathandanayo.
(2) Ngokwesilinganiso, ubudlelwano obubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni bobungqingili kanye “nemishado” amafushane kakhulu kunemishado yobungqingili.
(3) Ubudlelwano bobungqingili kanye "nemishado" kuvame kakhulu ukuthi kube nokuvuleleka ngokocansi - bavumela ubudlelwano bezocansi ngaphandle kombhangqwana.
(4) Amazinga odlame ebudlelwaneni bobungqingili kanye nakwezithandani ezihlala ndawonye, ​​ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesifazane, aphakeme kunasesibalweni esingafani nobungqingili.

Ingabe ubungqingili kwakuyinto evamile eGreece yasendulo?

(1) Emphakathini wasendulo wamaGrikhi, izenzo zocansi zenzeka phakathi kwabantu abadala nezingane, phakathi kwabantu nezilwane, phakathi kwabantu abadala bobulili obufanayo, kepha zazingalingani neze nobudlelwano bobulili obuhlukile.
(2) Ubungqingili ngomqondo waso wanamuhla - njengobudlelwano bezocansi phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo - ikakhulukazi esimweni sowesilisa, wagwetshwa kanzima futhi wajeziswa kanzima ngumphakathi e-Greece yasendulo.
(3) Kunemibono esungulwe kahle mayelana nokuba khona kwenkathi ethile yomlando nasezindaweni ezithile ze-Ancient Greece hhayi yobungqingili, kodwa yezokuhamba ngezinyawo (i-pedophilia yongqingili), eyayiyingxenye yesikhungo esithile sokukhulisa abafana (ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kobulili ngenxa yokuhleleka komphakathi noma impi). Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi komfana nomeluleki babulawulwa ngokuqinile futhi ingxenye yezinyawo yakhishwa ngaphandle.

Ingabe zikhona izingozi ezinganeni ezikhuliswa ngabashadikazi bobulili obuhlukile?

(1) Izingane ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi abobulili obufanayo zinobungozi obukhulu bokuqhamuka nokushayela ubungqingili, ukungahambisani nezocansi nokuziphatha ngendlela yobungqingili - le miphumela yatholakala ngisho nasezifundweni ezenziwa ababhali abathembekile “ku-LGBT +”.
(2) Izifundo ezikhonjiwe yizishoshovu ze-LGBT + - ukunyakaza nabasebenzisana nabo (ukuvikela isimangalo sokuthi akukho mehluko phakathi kwezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko nezingane ezikhuliswe ngabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo) zinamaphutha amakhulu. Phakathi kwazo: amasampula amancane, indlela enobandlululo yokuheha abaphendulayo, isikhathi sokubheka okufushane, ukungabikho kwamaqembu okulawula kanye nokwakheka okunamaqembu amaqembu alawulayo.
(3) Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngamasampula amakhulu abamele isikhathi eside sokubuka kukhombisa ukuthi, ngaphezu kwengozi eyandayo yokuthola indlela yokuphila yobungqingili, izingane ezikhuliswe ngabazali abangongqingili ziphansi kunezingane ezivela emindenini yendabuko ngezindlela eziningi.

Ingabe "ukujwayelekile" kokuheha ubungqingili kuyiqiniso elifakazelwe ngokwesayensi?

Njengesizathu “sokwanda” kobungqingili, kuthiwa “ukuzivumelanisa nezimo” (ukuzivumelanisa nezimo noma ukuvumelana nezimo) kanye nokusebenza kwezenhlalo kwabantu abathandana nobungqingili kuyaqhathaniswa nobungqingili. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo" kanye nokusebenza komphakathi akuhlobene nokuthola ukuthi ukuphambuka kwezocansi kuphazamiseka kwengqondo futhi kuholele eziphethweni ezingezinhle zamanga. Akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ukuthi isimo sengqondo asiphambuki, ngoba isimo esinjalo asiholeli ku-"adaptation" ephazamisekile, ingcindezi noma umsebenzi wezenhlalo okhubazekile, ngaphandle kwalokho ukuphazamiseka okuningi kwengqondo kufanele kukhethwe ngokungafanele njengezimo ezijwayelekile. Iziphetho ezikhonjiwe ezincwadini ezicashunwe ngabasekeli bokuthi ubungqingili abuwona yini ubufakazi besayensi, futhi izifundo ezingabazekayo azithathwa njengemithombo ethembekile.

Ngabe ubungqingili bebungafakwa kuhlu lokuhlanekezelwa ngokobulili ngokuvumelana kwesayensi?

Ukuvota okwenziwe yi-American Psychiatric Association ngoDisemba 1973 ngokungafakwa kobungqingili ekuhlukaniseni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwenziwa ngaphandle kokwethula noma iyiphi imininingwane ebalulekile yocwaningo, ngaphandle kokubhekwa nokuhlaziywa okufanele, ngaphandle kwengxoxo eyanele, ngaphansi kwengcindezi enamandla evela ezinhlanganweni zobungqingili nezishoshovu. Lesi sinqumo saba uphawu lokuqala olubalulekile lwesikhathi semfundiso yenkolo "yokunemba kwezepolitiki."

Ingabe “isayensi yanamuhla” ayiyakhethi impikiswano yobungqingili?

Izitatimende ezinjengokuthi “imbangela yofuzo yobungqingili isifakazelwe” noma “ukukhangwa kobungqingili akunakushintshwa” zenziwa njalo emicimbini yokufundisa yesayensi edumile naku-inthanethi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezihloselwe abantu abangenalwazi ngokwesayensi. Kulesi sihloko, ngizobonisa ukuthi umphakathi wesayensi yesimanje uphethwe abantu abaveza imibono yabo yezenhlalo nezombusazwe emisebenzini yabo yesayensi, okwenza inqubo yesayensi icheme kakhulu. Le mibono ehlongozwayo ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezitatimende zezombusazwe, ezihlanganisa maqondana nalokho okuthiwa. “abancane bobulili obufanayo”, okungukuthi “ubulili obufanayo buwukuhluka okujwayelekile kobulili phakathi kwabantu nezilwane”, ukuthi “ukukhangwa kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kungokwemvelo futhi akukwazi ukushintshwa”, “ubulili buyisakhiwo somphakathi esingakhawulelwe ekuhlukaniseni kanambambili”, njll. njalo njalo. Ngizobonisa ukuthi imibono enjalo ibhekwa njengeyiqiniso, izinzile, futhi isungulwe emibuthanweni yesayensi yaseNtshonalanga yesimanje, ngisho noma bungekho ubufakazi besayensi obunamandla, kuyilapho imibono ehlukile ibhalwe ngokushesha ngokuthi “isayensi-mbumbulu” kanye “namanga,” ngisho noma inobufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda. emva kwabo. Ziningi izici ezingabalulwa njengembangela yokuchema okunjalo - ifa elimangalisayo lenhlalo nomlando eliholele ekuveleni "kokungavumelani kwesayensi", imizabalazo eshubile yezombangazwe eyadala ubuzenzisi, "ukuhweba" kwesayensi okuholela ekuphishekeleni imizwa. , njll. Ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukugwema ngokuphelele ukuchema kwesayensi kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano. Kodwa-ke, ngokubona kwami, kungenzeka ukudala izimo zenqubo yesayensi elinganayo.

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